HA V C 9

I. NH NGHA, PHN LOI V TN GI CC HP CHT V C

A. OXIT
1. nh ngha:
Oxit l hp cht ca oxi vi mt nguyn t khc.
- Cng thc tng qut: RxOy
- V d: Na2O, CaO, SO2, CO2...
2. Phn loi:
a. Oxit baz: L oxit ca kim loi, tng ng vi mt baz.
Ch : Ch c kim loi mi to thnh oxit baz, tuy nhin mt s oxit bc cao ca kim loi nh
CrO3, Mn2O7... li l oxit axit.
V d: Na2O, CaO, MgO, Fe2O3...
b. Oxit axit: Thng l oxit ca phi kim, tng ng vi mt axit.
Ch : Oxit ca phi kim u l oxit axit.
V d: CO2, SO2, SO3, P2O5...
c. Oxit lng tnh: L oxit ca cc kim loi to thnh mui khi tc dng vi c axit v baz (hoc vi oxit axit
v oxit
baz).
V d: ZnO, Al2O3, SnO...
d. Oxit khng to mui (CO, N2O)
e. Oxit hn tp (oxit kp):
V d: Fe3O4, Mn3O4, Pb2O3...
Chng cng c th coi l cc mui:
Fe3O4 = Fe(FeO2)2 st (II) ferit
Pb2O3 = PbPbO3 ch (II) metaplombat
3. Cch gi tn:
Tn oxit: Tn nguyn t to oxit + oxit.
V d: CaO: canxi oxit
K2O: kali oxit
- Nu mt nguyn t to thnh nhiu oxit (c nhiu ho tr):
* Oxit baz: Tn kim loi (km theo ho tr) + oxit.
V d: FeO st (II) oxit
Fe2O3 st (III) oxit
SnO thic (II) oxit
SnO2 thic (IV) oxit
* Oxit axit: (tin t ch s nguyn t) tn PK + (tin t ch s nguyn t) oxit.
- Cc tin t: 1. mono 2. di 3. tri 4. tetra 5. Penta
6. hexa 7. hepta 8. octa 9. nona 10. deca
Ring tin t mono (s 1) thng ch dng vi CO (cacbon monooxit)cacbon oxit
- V d: SO2 sunfu dioxit
SO3 sunfu trioxit
N2O dinit oxit
NO nit oxit
N2O3 dinit trioxit
NO2 nit dioxit
N2O5 dinit pentoxit Cl2O7 diclo heptoxit
P4O10 tetraphotpho decaoxit
S d khng gi NO2 l nit (IV) oxit v P4O10 l photpho (V) oxit v nh vy s khng phn bit
c vi N2O4 v P2O5.
B. AXIT
1. nh ngha L hp cht m phn t c mt hay nhiu nguyn t H lin kt vi gc axit.
- Cng thc tng qut: HnR (n: bng ho tr ca gc axit, R: gc axit).
- V d: HCl, H2S, H2SO4, H2SO3, HNO3...
Mt s gc axit thng thng
K hiu Tn gi Ho tr
- Cl Clorua I
= S Sunfua II
- NO3 Nitrat I = SO4 Sunfat II
= SO3 Sunfit II
- HSO4 Hidrosunfat I - HSO3 Hidrosunfit I = CO3 Cacbonat II
- HCO3 Hidrocacbonat I
PO4 Photphat III
= HPO4 Hidrophotphat II
- H2PO4 ihidropphotphat I
-CH3COO Axetat I
- AlO2 Aluminat I
2. Phn loi
- Axit khng c oxi: HCl, HBr, H2S, HI...
- Axit c oxi: H2CO3, H2SO3, H2SO4, HNO2, HNO3...
3. Tn gi
* Axit khng c oxi:
- Tn axit: axit + tn phi kim + hidric.
- V d: HCl axit clohidric
H2S axit sunfuhidric HBr axit bromhidric
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* Axit c oxi:
- Tn axit: axit + tn phi kim + ic ().
- V d: H2SO4 axit sunfuric
H2SO3 axit sunfur
HNO3 axit nitric
HNO2 axit nitr
Ngoi ra c th chia axit thnh axit mnh v axit yu
Axit mnh(HNO3, H2SO4, HCl)
Axit trung bnh H3PO4, H2SO3)
Axit yu (CH3COOH)
Axit rt yu(H2CO3, H2S)
C. BAZ (HIDROXIT)
1. nh ngha
Baz l hp cht m phn t gm c mt nguyn t kim loi (hay nhm -NH4) lin kt vi mt hay
nhiu nhm hidroxit (-OH).
- Cng thc tng qut: M(OH)n M: kim loi (hoc nhm -NH4).
n: bng ho tr ca kim loi.
- V d: Fe(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, NaOH, KOH...
2. Phn loi
- Baz tan (kim): NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2...
- Baz khng tan: Cu(OH)2, Fe(OH)2, Al(OH)3...
3. Tn gi
- Tn baz: tn kim loi (km theo ho tr nu KL c nhiu ho tr) + hidroxit.
- V d: Fe(OH)3 st (III) hidroxit
Fe(OH)2 st (II) hidroxit
Zn(OH)2 km hidroxit
NaOH natri hidroxit
D. MUI
1. nh ngha
Mui l hp cht m phn t gm nguyn t kim loi (hoc nhm - NH4) lin kt vi gc axit.
- Cng thc tng qut: MnRm (n: ho tr gc axit, m: ho tr kim loi).
- V d: Na2SO4, NaHSO4, CaCl2, KNO3, KNO2...
2. Phn loi
Theo thnh phn mui c phn thnh hai loi:
- Mui trung ho: l mui m trong thnh phn gc axit khng c nguyn t hidro c th thay
th bng nguyn t kim loi.
V d: Na2SO4, K2CO3, Ca3(PO4)2...
- Mui axit: l mui m trong gc axit cn nguyn t H cha c thay th bng nguyn
t kim loi.
V d: NaHSO4, KHCO3, CaHPO4, Ca(H2PO4)2...
3. Tn gi
Tn mui: tn KL (km theo ho tr nu KL c nhiu ho tr) + tn gc axit.
V d: Na2SO4 natri sunfat
NaHSO4 natri hidrosunfat
KNO3 kali nitrat
KNO2 kali nitrit
Ca(H2PO4)2 canxi dihidrophotphat
V. OXIT
II. TNH CHT HA HC
1. OXIT
1.1- OXIT AXIT
Oxit axit + dd baz Mui + H2O(mui axit)
Oxit axit +H2O dd axit
Oxit axit + mt s oxit baz Mui
1.2- OXIT BAZ
Mt s oxit baz + H2O dd baz
oxit baz + dd axit Mui + H2O
Mt s oxit baz + Oxit axit Mui
2. AXIT KHNG C TNH OXH
Tnh cht ha hc
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- Dd axit lm qu tm i mu
- Dd axit + baz Mui +H2O
Phn ng trao i: l phn ng ha hc gia axit v baz
- Dd axit + oxit baz Mui + H2O
- Dd axit + KL( ng trc H trong dy HHH KL) Mui + H2
- Dd axit + Mui Axit (mi) + Mui (mi)
Phn ng trung ha l phn ng ha hc xy ra gia axit v baz
3. BAZ
3.1- BAZ TAN
- Dd baz lm i mu ch th
Lm qu tm ha xanh
Lm phenolphtalein khng mu ha hng
dd baz + Oxit axit Mui + H2O
dd baz + axit Mui + H2O
dd baz + dd mui Baz( mi) + mui (mi)
dd baz + dd mui axit mui + nc
3.2- BAZ KHNG TAN
- baz + dd axit Mui + H2O
- Baz oxit baz +H2O
4 . MUI
Tnh cht ha hc
Dd mui + Kim loi Mui(mi) + KL (mi)
Mui + dd axit Mui (mi) + Axit (mi)
Dd mui + dd baz mui ( mi) + Baz (mi)
Dd mui + Dd mui 2 mui (mi)
Mui axit + dd baz Mui + H2O
Mt s mui b nhit phn
Phn ng trao i l phn ng ha hc trong cc cht trao i vi nhau thnh phn cu to nn
chng. Phn ng trao i(p gia axit v baz, axit v mui, baz v mui, mui v mui) xy ra khi sn
phm c cht khng tan, cht d phn hy,cht t tan hn so vi cht ban u
5. KIM LOI
Tnh cht ha hc
KL + dd axit Mui + H2
KL + phi kim Mui( oxit KL)
KL + dd mui KL (mi) + mui (mi)
Dy hot ng ha hc ca KL
K,Ba,Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn,Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au
ngha dy hot ng ha hc ca KL: Theo chiu t tri sang phi
- Mc hot ng ca KL gim dn
- Kim loi ng trc Mg tc dng vi nc dd baz + H2
- KL ng trc H tc dng vi dd axit ( HCl, H2SO4 long) to ra mui v H2
- T Mg tr i KL ng trc y KL ng sau ra khi dd mui
- Oxit ca cc kim loi t km tr i b CO, C, H2 kh thnh kim loi.
6. PHI KIM
Tnh cht ha hc
- Tc dng vi kim loi mui
2Fe(r)+3Cl2 t02FeCl3(r)
Fe(r) + S(r) t0 FeS(r)
2Cu(r) + O2(k) t02CuO(r)
Phi kim tc dng vi kim loi to thnh mui hoc oxit.
- Tc dng vi hir hp cht kh
O2(k) + 2H2(k) t0 2H2O(l)
H2(k) + Cl2(k) t0 2HCl(k)
Phi kim tc dng vi hiro to hp cht kh
- Tc dng vi oxi to oxit oxit
S(r) + O2(k) t0 SO2(k)
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4P(r) + 5O2(k) t0 2P2O5(r)

2. Bi th ha tr:
o Kali (K), it (I), hidr (H)
Natri (Na) vi bc (Ag), clo (Cl) mt loi
L ho tr I hi ai
Nh ghi cho k khi hoi phn vn
Magi (Mg), km (Zn) vi thu ngn (Hg)
xi (O), ng(Cu), thic (Sn) thm phn bari (Ba)
Cui cng thm ch canxi (Ca)
Ho tr II nh c g kh khn !
Ny nhm (Al) ho tr III ln
In su tr nh khi cn c ngay
Ccbon (C), silic(Si) ny y
C ho tr IV khng ngy no qun
St (Fe) kia lm lc hay phin
II, III ta phi nh lin nhau thi
Li gp nit (N) kh ri
I , II , III , IV khi thi ln V
Lu hunh ( S) lm lc chi khm
Xung II ln IV khi th VI lun
Pht pho (P) ni n khng d
C ai hi n ,th rng V
Em i c gng hc chm
Bi ca ho tr sut nm cn dng.

GV L TH HOA

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