GT Thuc Hanh Hoa Huu Co (ĐH Đà L T)

TRNG AI HOC A LAT
GIAO TRNH
THC HANH HOA HU C
PHAM VAN TAT - NGUYEN QUOC TUAN
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MUC LUC
PHAN I. AI CNG................................................................................................. 7 I. Noi quy lam th nghiem ....................................................................................... 7 II. Chuan b th nghiem, e cng va tng trnh .................................................. 7 III. Quy tac lam viec vi hoa chat oc, de no, de chay ......................................... 8 IV. Phng phap cap cu s bo : ........................................................................... 8 V. Dung cu thuy tinh va cach s dung .................................................................. 9 VI. Thiet b un nong va lam lanh........................................................................ 16 VII. Thiet b khuay ................................................................................................ 17 PHAN II. CAC PHAN NG TONG HP HU C............................................... 23 I. PHAN NG HALOGEN HOA .......................................................................... 23 II. Phan ng nitro hoa .......................................................................................... 32 III. PHAN NG SUNFO HOA ............................................................................. 36 IV. PHAN NG ANKYL HOA .............................................................................. 43 V. PHAN NG AXYL HOA .................................................................................. 51 VI. phan ng amin hoa ......................................................................................... 59 VII. PHAN NG DIAZO HOA VA GHEP CAP ................................................... 66 VIII. Phan ng oxy hoa va kh............................................................................. 75 PHAN III. PHAN TCH NH TNH XAC NH NHOM CHC CAC HP CHAT HU C.......................................................................................................... 85 CHNG I. PHAN TCH NH TNH NGUYEN TO TRONG HP CHAT HU C .................................................................................................................................... 85 I. XAC NH CACBON BANG PHNG PHAP CACBON HOA ...................... 85 II. XAC NH CACBON VA HIDRO BANG PHNG PHAP OXI HOA ........... 85 III. XAC NH NIT............................................................................................ 86 IV. XAC NH LU HUYNH .............................................................................. 86 V. XAC NH HALOGEN .................................................................................... 87 CHNG II. HIDRO CACBON NO ............................................................................ 88 I. IEU CHE VA TNH CHAT CUA METAN ...................................................... 88 II. PHAN NG BROM HOA HIDROCACBON NO ............................................. 88 III. TAC DUNG CUA KALI PEMANGANAT VI HIDROCACBON NO ........... 89 IV. TAC DUNG CUA ACID SUNFURIC VI HIDROCACBON NO .................. 89 V. TAC DUNG CUA ACID NITRIC VI HIDROCACBON NO .......................... 89 CHNG III. HIDROCACBON KHONG NO ............................................................ 91 I. IEU CHE ETILEN.......................................................................................... 91 II. PHAN NG CONG BROM VAO ETILEN ...................................................... 91 III. PHAN NG OXI HOA ETILEN BANG DUNG DCH KALI PEMANGANAT92 IV. IEU CHE AXETILEN................................................................................... 92 V. PHAN NG CONG BROM VAO AXETILEN .................................................. 92 VI. PHAN NG OXI HOA AXETILEN BANG KALIPEMANGANAT .................. 93 VII. PHAN NG TAO THANH BAC AXETILUA................................................. 93 VIII. PHAN NG TAO THANH ONG (I) AXETILUA....................................... 93 Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan Khoa Hoa Hoc
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CHNG IV. HIDROCACBON THM ..................................................................... 95 I. PHAN NG OXI HOA BENZEN VA TOLUEN ................................................ 95 II. PHAN NG BROM HOA BENZEN VA TOLUEN........................................... 95 III. PHAN NG NITRO HOA BENZEN............................................................... 96 IV. PHAN NG SUNFO HOA BENZEN VA TOLUEN........................................ 96 V. PHAN NG NITRO HOA NAPHTALEN ......................................................... 97 VI. PHAN NG SUNFO HOA NAPHTALEN ...................................................... 97 CHNG V. DAN XUAT HALOGEN CUA HIDROCACBON................................ 99 I. IEU CHE ETYL BROMUA............................................................................. 99 II. IEU CHE ETYL CLORUA ............................................................................ 99 III. IEU CHE IODOFOM T RU ETYLIC VA AXETON......................... 100 IV. IEU CHE BROMOFOM T AXETON ...................................................... 100 V. IEU CHE BROMBENZEN .......................................................................... 101 VI. PHAN NG CUA DAN XUAT HALOGEN VI DUNG DCH KIEM ......... 101 VII. PHAN NG CLOROFOM VI DUNG DCH KIEM ................................. 102 VIII. PHAN NG CUA NGUYEN T HALOGEN VI NHAN THM ............. 103 IX. PHAN NG CUA NGUYEN T HALOGEN VI MACH BEN CUA NHAN THM................................................................................................................. 103 CHNG VI. ANCOL - PHENOL - ETE .................................................................. 105 I. IEU CHE ANCOL ETYLIC TUYET OI ..................................................... 105 II. PHAN NG CUA ANCOL ETYLIC VI NATRI ........................................... 105 III. OXI HOA ANCOL ETYLIC BANG ONG (II) OXIT................................... 106 IV. PHEP TH XANTOGENAT ......................................................................... 106 V. OXI HOA ANCOL ETYLIC BANG DUNG DCH KALI PEMANGANAT...... 107 VI. PHAN NG CUA ANCOL VI THUOC TH LUCA ................................. 107 VII. PHAN NG ESTE HOA .............................................................................. 108 VIII. PHAN NG IODOFOM ............................................................................ 108 IX. PHAN NG CUA ETYLENGLICOL VA GLIXERIN VI ONG(II) HIDROXIT.......................................................................................................... 109 X. PHAN NG EHIDRAT HOA GLIXERIN.................................................... 109 XI. IEU CHE IETYL ETE (ETE ETYLIC) .................................................... 110 XII. PHAN NG CUA PHENOL VI NATRI HIDROXIT VA MUOI NATRI CACBONAT........................................................................................................ 110 XIII. PHAN NG CUA CAC PHENOL VI SAT (III) CLORUA ...................... 111 XIV. PHAN NG BROM HOA PHENOL........................................................... 111 XV. IEU CHE PHENOLPHTALEIN................................................................ 111 XVI. PHAN NG CUA PHENOL VI ACID NITRIC .................................... 112 XVII. PHAN NG CUA PHENOL VI BENZOYL CLORUA ........................... 112 XVIII. PHO HONG NGOAI CUA ANCOL TERT-BUTYLIC ............................. 113 CHNG VII. ANEHIT - XETON.......................................................................... 114 I. IEU CHE AXETANEHIT T AXETILEN.................................................. 114 II. IEU CHE AXETON T CANXI AXETAT ................................................... 114 III. PHAN NG MAU CUA ANEHIT VI ACID FUCSINSUNFUR ........... 115 IV. PHAN NG OXI HOA ANEHIT BANG HP CHAT PHC CUA BAC (THUOC TH TOLEN) ..................................................................................... 116 Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan Khoa Hoa Hoc
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V. PHAN NG OXI HOA ANEHIT BANG ONG (II) HIDROXIT ................ 116 VI. PHAN NG OXI HOA ANEHIT BANG THUOC TH FELINH .............. 117 VII. PHAN NG CUA AXETON VA ANEHIT BENZOIC VI NATRI HIDROSUNFIT .................................................................................................. 117 VIII. PHAN NG TAO 2,4-INITROPHENYLHIRAZON CUA BENZANEHIT VA AXETON ....................................................................................................... 118 IX. PHAN NG TAO RA SEMICACBAZON CUA AXETON ............................. 119 X. PHAN NG CUA BENZANEHIT VI SEMICACBAZIT HIDROCLORUA ............................................................................................................................ 119 XI. PHAN NG CUA XETON VI NATRI NITROPRUXIT .............................. 119 XII. PHAN NG CUA BENZANEHIT HOAC AXETON VI PHENYL HIDRAZIN.......................................................................................................... 120 XIII. PHAN NG NGNG TU ANOL VA CROTON CUA ANEHIT AXETIC ............................................................................................................................ 120 XIV. PHAN NG CUA ANEHIT BENZOIC VI DUNG DCH KIEM (PHAN NG KANIZARO - TISENCO) ........................................................................... 120 XV. PHAN NG TRIME HOA ANEHIT AXETIC............................................ 121 XVI. PHAN NG EPOLIME HOA PARAFOMANEHIT .............................. 121 XVII. PHEP TH IODOFOM (PHAN NG RIENG CHO CAC METYL XETON) ............................................................................................................................ 122 XVIII. PHAN NG TAO HEXA METYLEN TETRAMIN (RIENG CHO FOMANEHIT) ................................................................................................. 122 XIX. PHAN TACH HON HP 2,4-INITROPHENYL HIRAZON CUA BENZANEHIT VA AXETON BANG SAC K LP MONG .............................. 123 XX. PHO ELECTRON VA PHO HONG NGOAI CUA ETYLMETYLXETON ... 123 CHNG VIII. ACID CACBOXYLIC VA DAN XUAT.......................................... 125 I. TNH CHAT ACID CUA ACID CACBOXYLIC .............................................. 125 II. PHAN NG ECACBOXYL HOA VI VOI TOI XUT ................................. 125 III. PHAN NG VI AMIN THM.................................................................... 126 IV. PHAN NG MAU VI FeCl3 ....................................................................... 127 V. PHAN NG OXI HOA ACID FOMIC ........................................................... 127 VI. PHAN NG OXI HOA ACID OXALIC......................................................... 128 VII. TNH CHAT CUA ACID OLEIC ................................................................. 128 VIII. TNH CHAT CUA ACID TACTRIC ........................................................... 129 IX. TNH CHAT CUA ACID SALIXYLIC ........................................................... 129 X. IEU CHE VA THUY PHAN SAT (III) AXETAT .......................................... 129 XI. IEU CHE ETYL AXETAT ......................................................................... 129 XII. IEU CHE ISOAMYL AXETAT .................................................................. 130 XIII. PHAN NG THUY PHAN ESTE............................................................... 130 XIV. TNH CHAT CUA ANHIRIT AXETIC ..................................................... 131 XV. PHAN NG THUY PHAN CHAT BEO BANG DUNG DCH KIEM ......... 131 XVI. TNH CHAT NHU TNG HOA CUA XA PHONG ................................. 132 XVII. PHAN NG TAO THANH MUOI KHONG TAN CUA ACID BEO CAO 132 XVIII. TACH HON HP ACID BEO CAO T XA PHONG NATRI.................. 133
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
Khoa Hoa Hoc
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XIX. XAC NH MC O KHONG NO CUA CHAT BEO BANG CH SO IOT ............................................................................................................................ 133 XX. XAC NH CH SO ACID CUA CHAT BEO ............................................. 134 XXI. PHO CONG HNG T PROTON CUA METYL PROPIONAT ............. 134 CHNG IX. AMIN VA HP CHAT IAZO THM ............................................. 136 I. IEU CHE METYLAMIN T AXETAMIT ..................................................... 136 II. IEU CHE ETYLAMIN T AXETAMIT ....................................................... 136 III. TNH CHAT CUA AMIN MACH H ........................................................... 137 IV. IEU CHE ANILIN ...................................................................................... 138 V. PHAN NG TAO THANH VA PHAN GIAI CAC MUOI CUA ANILIN ........ 139 VI. PHAN NG OXI HOA ANILIN .................................................................... 139 VII. PHAN NG BROM HOA ANILIN .............................................................. 140 VIII. PHAN NG SUNFO HOA ANILIN ........................................................... 140 IX. PHAN NG AXETYL HOA ANILIN............................................................. 140 X. PHAN NG IAZO HOA ANILIN ................................................................ 141 XI. IEU CHE PHENOL T PHENYLIAZONI CLORUA ............................. 142 XII. IEU CHE IOTBENZEN T PHENYLIAZONI CLORUA ...................... 142 XIII. IEU CHE CHAT MAU METYL DACAM (HELIANTIN)......................... 143 XIV. IEU CHE CHAT MAU -NAPHTOL DACAM ........................................ 143 XV. PHAN TACH HON HP METYL DACAM VA METYLEN XANH BANG SAC K COT ............................................................................................................... 144 CHNG X. HIDROXI ACID VA XETOACID ....................................................... 146 I. PHAN NG CUA - HIDROXIACID VI SAT (III) CLORUA..................... 146 II. PHAN NG NHAN BIET ACID LACTIC TRONG SA................................ 146 III. PHAN NG PHAN HUY ACID LACTIC..................................................... 146 IV. OXI HOA ACID LACTIC BANG KALI PEMANGANAT............................... 147 V. IEU CHE MUOI ACID VA MUOI TRUNG TNH CUA ACID TACTRIC .. 147 VI. PHAN NG CUA NATRI KALI TACTRAC VI ONG (II) HYDROXYT... 148 VII. PHAN NG TAO THANH ACID PIRUVIC T ACID LACTIC ................ 148 VIII. PHAN NG CUA ETYL AXETOAXETAT VI DUNG DCH NATRI HIDROXIT.......................................................................................................... 148 IX. PHAN NG CUA ETYL AXETOAXETAT VI SAT (III) CLORUA............. 149 X. PHAN NG CUA ACID SALIXILIC VI SAT (III) CLORUA...................... 149 XI. PHAN NG CUA ACID SALIXILIC VI NC BROM............................. 150 XII. THUY PHAN ACID AXETYLSALIXILIC (ASPIRIN) .................................. 150 CHNG XI. GLUXIT .............................................................................................. 151 I. PHAN NG CUA NHOM HIDROXI TRONG PHAN T MONOSACCARIT 151 II. CAC PHAN NG CUA NHOM CACBONYL TRONG PHAN T MONOSACCARIT .............................................................................................. 151 III. PHAN NG MAU CUA MONOSACCARIT ................................................. 153 IV. PHAN NG CUA CAC NHOM HIDROXI TRONG PHAN T ISACCARIT ............................................................................................................................ 153 V. CAC PHAN NG CUA NHOM CACBONYL TRONG PHAN T ISACCARIT ............................................................................................................................ 154 VI. PHAN NG THUY PHAN SACCAROZ .................................................... 155 Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan Khoa Hoa Hoc
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VII. PHAN NG THUY PHAN POLISACCARIT .............................................. 156 VIII. IEU CHE XENLULOZNITRAT ............................................................ 156 CHNG XII. AMINOACID VA PROTIT ............................................................... 158 I. PHAN NG CUA ACID AMINOAXETIC VI CAC CHAT CH TH ............ 158 II. PHAN NG CUA ACID AMINOAXETIC VI ONG (II) OXIT.................. 158 III. PHAN NG CUA ACID AMINOAXETIC VI ACID NITR ...................... 159 IV. PHAN NG MAU CUA - AMINOACID VI NINHIDRIN....................... 159 V. TNH CHAT EM CUA DUNG DCH PROTIT ........................................... 159 VI. KET TUA THUAN NGHCH PROTIT.......................................................... 160 VII. KET TUA PROTIT BANG ACID VO C AC ........................................... 160 VIII. KET TUA PROTIT BANG MUOI KIM LOAI NANG................................. 161 IX. KET TUA PROTIT BANG PHENOL VA FOMALIN .................................... 161 X. S ONG TU PROTIT KHI UN NONG .................................................... 162 XI. CAC PHAN NG MAU CUA PROTIT......................................................... 162
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LI NOI AU
Sach thc hanh hoa hoc hu c gom ba phan.
Phan I la phan ai cng ve ky thuat thc hanh tong hp hu c, phan II la phan thc hanh tong hp hu c. Phan III la phan thc hanh phan tch nh tnh xac nh nhom chc.
Phan ai cng trnh bay nhng quy tac lam viec trong phong th nghiem hoa hu c, nhng quy tac bao hiem, nhng ky nang va phng phap thc hanh. Phan thc hanh tong hp hu c trnh bay ly thuyet va nhng bai thc hanh tong hp cu the cua cac loai phan ng c ban a hoc trong chng trnh. Phan thc hanh phan tch nh tnh xac nh nhom chc cac hp chat hu c bao gom phan thc hanh ve cac phan ng cua cac nhom chc va mot so phng phap xac nh cac nhom chc trong hp chat hu c.
Phan cong bien soan Phan I, Phan II : GV Pham Van Tat Phan III : GV Nguyen Quoc Tuan
Khoa Hoa Hoc
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Phan I. AI CNG
I. Noi quy lam th nghiem
- Trc khi lam mot bai th nghiem Sinh vien phai chuan b trc e cng th nghiem nha, thong qua kiem tra cua giao vien phong th nghiem roi mi c lam bai th nghiem o. - Trong khi lam th nghiem Moi sinh vien phai lam viec mot cho quy nh, lam bai th nghiem a c giao vien thong qua va di s giam sat cua giao vien. Khong c lam th nghiem mot mnh trong phong th nghiem. Cam ngi ngoai en tham sinh vien trong phong th nghiem. Cam an uong, hut thuoc trong phong th nghiem. Phai gi trat t, im lang; phai co tnh nghiem tuc, chnh xac,trung thc va khoa hoc; phai tuan theo cac quy tac bao hiem va gi cho lam viec gon gang, sach se. Cam vt giay loc, cac chat ran, axit, kiem, chat de chay, chat de bay hi vao be nc ra ma phai o vao cho quy nh cua phong th nghiem. Dung moi ban phai o vao bnh cha dung moi ban e tinh che lai. Phai gi dung cu th nghiem sach se, tranh lam o v. Lam o v phai bao cao vi giao vien. Khong c lam th nghiem vi dung cu ban. Khong c t tien mang dung cu hoa chat ra khoi phong th nghiem. Khong c s dung dung cu may moc khong thuoc pham vi bai th nghiem cung nh khi cha hieu tnh nang va cach s dung. Khi lam th nghiem phai mac ao choang, phai co khan mat va khan lau ban cho lam viec. - Lam xong th nghiem Sinh vien phai bao cao ket qua vi giao vien, ghi so tng trnh nop cho giao vien. Lam khong co ket qua phai lam lai. Phai don sach se cho lam viec, ra ngay dung cu th nghiem tra lai cho phong th nghiem. Tat ien, nc, bao cao vi giao vien kiem tra lai mi c ra ve.
II. Chuan b th nghiem, e cng va tng trnh

Khi lam mot bai th nghiem, sinh vien phai chuan b trc nha, oc cac van e ly thuyet lien quan ti bai thc hanh trong cac giao trnh ly thuyet hay sach hng dan thc hanh, tm hieu ve tnh chat cua cac chat ban au va san pham cung nh tnh oc va cach e phong, tm hieu cac ieu kien phan ng, cac dung cu cho bai thc hanh. Tren c s o lam e cng cho
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan Khoa Hoa Hoc
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bai thc hanh e sau khi lam xong th nghiem, bo sung them thanh bai tng trnh nop cho giao vien.
III. Quy tac lam viec vi hoa chat oc, de no, de chay
ai a so cac hp chat hu c eu oc. Khi tiep xuc vi hoa chat, can phai biet ay u tnh oc, kha nang de no va de chay cua no cung nh cac quy tac chong oc, chong chay va chong no. - Khi lam viec vi cac hoa chat oc nh KCN, NaCN, HCN, dimetylsulfat, dimetylamin, Cl2, N2O4, cloranhidrit cua cac axit n gian, cung nh khi tien hanh nhng phan ng co tach ra kh oc eu phai eo mat na hay knh bao hiem, phai lam trong tu hot, phai co s hng dan cua giao vien hay nhan vien phong th nghiem. - Cac kim loai kiem c gi trong bnh dau hoa ay bang nut bac. Phai dung cap lay kim loai ra ( khong dung tay), lau kho bang giay loc, tranh cho kim loai tiep xuc vi nc hay CCl4. Phai huy Na hay K sau phan ng bang mot lng nho ancolbutylic hay amylic. - Thuy ngan c gi trong bnh nut kn, at cac thiet b co cha thuy ngan trong khay men hay nha, thu hoi thuy ngan ri vai bang ban hon hong ong hay dung mao quan qua bnh noi vi bm hut dong nc. - Brom c gi trong bnh day co nut nham, lay brom trong tu hot, eo knh bao hiem va gang tay, moi lan lay brom cho vao bnh phan ng qua pheu nho giot a c th trc o kn va khong c qua 10 ml. - Khi lam viec vi acid H2SO4 ac, oleum, phai rot can than qua pheu va lam trong tu hot, pha loang acid trong bnh chu nhiet bang cach rot tng phan acid vao nc khi khuay, khong pha loang oleum, khong dung H2SO4 ac trong bnh lam kho chan khong. - Khi lam viec vi cac chat de chay nh benzen, ete, aceton, etylaxetat, CS2, ete dau hoa, phai e xa ngon la, un nong hay chng cat bang bep cach thuy, cach dau hay cach cat hoac bep ien boc. - Ete c gi trong bnh nut chat co mao quan hay ong CaCl2. Khong chng cat ete etylic,tetrahydrofuran, dioxan khi cha loai peoxit. Tat ca cac hoa chat cho lam viec phai cha trong lo co nhan ro rang va co phu mang parafin. Khong lam th nghiem vi hoa chat khong co nhan ro rang.
IV. Phng phap cap cu s bo :

- Khi b bong nhiet : Boi ngay dung dch KMnO4 loang hay ru vao cho b bong, sau o boi glicerin, m vazlin hay sunfidin.
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- Khi b bong acid : Ra cho b bong nhieu lan bang nc roi bang dung dch Na2CO3 hay kiem 3%. - Khi b bong kiem ac: Ra cho b bong nhieu lan bang nc roi bang acid axetic hay acid boric 1%. - Khi b bong brom : Ra nhieu lan bang ru etylic roi bang dung dch Na2S2O3 10%, sau o boi vazlin vao cho bong. - Khi b bong phenol : Ra nhieu lan bang glycerin cho ti khi mau da tr lai bnh thng roi bang nc, sau o bang vet thng bang bong tam glycerin. - Khi ri chat hu c len da : Trong a so trng hp ra bang nc khong co tac dung th ra bang dung moi hu c (ru etylic ) nhng can ra nhanh va bang mot lng ln dung moi, tranh tao thanh dung dch ac chat hu c tren da. - Khi th phai kh clo hay brom : Ngi bang dung dch amoniac loang hay ru etylic roi i ra cho thoang. - Khi b au oc bi hoa chat : Uong mot lng tng oi nhieu nc sau o neu b au oc bi acid th uong mot coc NaHCO3 2%, neu bi kiem th uong mot coc acid acetic hay acid limonic 2%. - Khi b thng bi manh thuy tinh : Gap het manh thuy tinh ra khoi vet thng, boi con Iod 3% roi bang vet thng lai. Neu chay mau nhieu th cot garo roi a i benh xa. - Khi co am chay : Tat het en hay bep ien tran, phu ngon la bang khan hay chan amiang hoac cat, neu can dung bnh kh CO2. Trong moi trng hp neu b au oc nang hay b chay ln phai goi y, bac s hay c quan phong cha chay.
V. Dung cu thuy tinh va cach s dung

Cac loai dung cu hoa hoc chu yeu lam bang loai thuy tinh bosilicat hay molipen co he so gian n tng oi nho, rat ben vi acid va kiem, u ben vi s thay oi nhiet o. Loai thuy tinh pyrex co o ben vi nhiet cao hn, co he so gian n nho, co the lam viec nhiet o cao va chu c s thay oi nhiet o en 250oC nhng kem ben hn vi kiem. Thuy tinh thach anh co nhiet o mem hoa nhiet o 1400oC, co he so gian n nhiet rat nho (6.10-7 cm/o), rat ben vi s thay oi nhiet o va trong suot vi tia t ngoai.
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Trong phong th nghiem thng dung cac loai dung cu sau : Bnh cau :bnh cau ay tron co 1,2,3,4 co, ngan hay dai va hnh qua le dung e thc hien phan ng, chng cat ap suat thng, chng cat loi cuon hi nc ; bnh qua le dung khi phan ng co lieu lng nho. Bnh cau ay bang dung e chuan b hoa chat hay tien hanh cac phan ng nhiet o thap hn 100oC. Tuyet oi khong dung bnh cau ay bang e lam viec di ap suat thap.
Hnh 1-Bnh cau ay tron mot co a), hai co b),ba co c), co dai d), ay bang e), qua le g)
Bnh cau co nhanh ( bnh Wurtz va Claisen) : Bnh Wurtz dung e lam bnh hng hay co khi dung e cat chat long co nhiet o soi thap ap suat thng, con bnh Claisen dung e cat chat long di ap suat thng hay ap suat thap.
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Hnh 3 -Bnh Bunsen a) va ong nghiem nhanh b). Hnh 2-Bnh Wurtz a) va Claisen b)
Bnh Bunsen : dung lam bnh loc ap suat thng hay chan khong. Co the thay bnh Bunsen bang ong nghiem nhanh khi loc mot lng nho chat.
Bnh non ( Erlen) : Dung e ket tinh, chuan b hoa chat, lam bnh hng, tien hanh cac phan ng n gian. Coc (Bese) : Dung e tien hanh cac phan ng n gian nhiet o thap hn 100oC hoac dung lam bnh ho tr.
c Hnh 4-Hnh non thng a), nut nham b), cac loai coc c) Ong sinh han : Dung e ngng tu hi khi tien hanh phan ng hay khi chng cat. Neu khi ngng tu hi tr lai bnh phan ng, dung ong sinh han bau hay xoan lap thang ng hay nghieng goi la ong sinh han ngc (hoi lu) neu ngng tu hi ra bnh hng, dung ong sinh han thang lap xuoi goi la ong sinh han xuoi.Ong sinh han khong kh dung e lam ong sinh han hoi lu hay xuoi oi vi cac chat long co iem soi cao hn 150oC.
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Hnh 5 - Cac loai ong sinh han khong kh a), thang b), bau c), xoan d). Pheu nho giot va pheu chiet : Pheu nho giot dung e cho hoa chat vao bnh phan ng, con pheu chiet dung e tach biet hai chat long khong tron lan vao nhau. Cau tao cua chung giong nhau ch khac ve dung tch. Can chu y rang, khoa pheu va nut pheu khong chuan, ch dung rieng cho tng pheu nen phai co day cot nut va khoa pheu vao pheu, trc khi dung phai boi m vao khoa pheu va kiem tra o kn cua pheu bang cach th vi nc, ete hay axeton.
Hnh 6-Pheu chiet a) va pheu nho giot b).
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Hnh 7- Cac loai cot
cat phan oan
Cot cat phan oan : Dung e chng cat, tach biet hai chat long hoa tan vao nhau. Co loai cot cat rieng hay noi lien vi bnh cat ay tron hay qua le. Coc s va bat s : Dung e co dung dch hay nung khan cac chat ran. Ong canxi clorua : Dung e bao ve he phan ng tranh hi nc tham nhap vao bnh phan ng.
Ong noi : Dung e noi tiep vao ong sinh han dan chat long chay vao bnh hng khi chng cat. Hnh 8- Cac loai coc s a) va bat s b) Ong mao quan : Dung e xac nh nhiet o nong chay co ng knh 0,5-0,8 mm, dai 60 - 80 mm, con mao quan dung thay cho a bot khi un soi hay chng cat co ng knh 1 - 1,5 mm va han kn mot au. Ong thuy tinh : Co nhieu loai khac nhau ve ng knh, thang hay uon cong vi goc o khac nhau, dung e noi cac bo phan cua he thong phan ng qua ong cao su. Ong cao su va ong polietylen: Dung e noi cac bo phan cua may phan ng hay dan kh va hi i vao bnh phan ng. Bm chan khong dung ong
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cao su day. Ong cao su de b pha huy cua cac kh nh Cl2, SO2, HCl,NH3, nen tot hn la dung ong thuy tinh noi lien vi nhau bang oan ong cao su ngan hay dung ong polietilen. Ong polietylen ben vi dung moi nhng de mem hoa khi un nong nen ch dung nhiet o thng.
Hnh 9- Cac ong canxiclorua n gian a) va hnh ch U b)
Hnh 10 - Cac loai ong noi
Khi noi ong cao su vao ong thuy tinh, phai boi ong cao su bang nc hay glixerin cho ong cao su vao t mot ben roi xoay vao dan.
Hnh 11- Ong mao quan a), ong thuy tinh uon cong b), khoan ong c) dao dua khoan d), may ep nut e), dao cat thuy tinh g) Cac loai nut :Thng dung nut cao su hay nut bac co cac c khac nhau. Khi muon dung bac co ng knh thch hp th dung may ep nut, con nut
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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cao su th mai. Khi cho nut cao su vao ong thuy tinh, ong sinh han, nhiet ke, pheu nho giot, can boi glixerin vao au ong (khong dung m hay vazlin), dung tay gi gan cho cho nut vao, khong an manh ma xoay dan vao, lau sach glixerin con lai ben ngoai. Hien nay ngi ta dung dung cu nham chuan e thay nut. Khi dung o nham, phai chu y boi m dung cho chan khong vao cho nham cua nut roi mi lap may, nhat la khi lam nhiet o cao. Cach lap dung cu phan ng : Khi thc hien mot phan ng tong hp, trc het phai chon dung cu thch hp vi lng hoa chat dung va qua trnh phan ng e lap may phan ng.Phai chuan b tng bo phan rieng cho va bnh, va nut, sau o mi lap thanh may hoan chnh. Lap may theo th t t di len tren. Lap may vao gia bang cap hai, ba, hay bon ngon tuy theo hnh dang bnh nhng cac cap nhat thiet phai co em bang nhung hay cao su, cap vao gia co bnh gan cho lap nut va khong qua chat. He phan ng ve pha e gia, quay ve ngi lam viec. ua khuay, cot cat phan oan phai lap v tr thang ng, con ong sinh han va pheu nho giot co the lap the thang ng hay hi nghieng tuy cau tao cua bnh phan ng. Lap may xong, kiem tra lai o ngay ngan va o kn cua he, chu y xem he co cho thong vi kh quyen khong, e tranh tang ap suat trong he khi un nong hay do kh tach ra khi phan ng. Sau o mi cho hoa chat vao e thc hien phan ng.
Hnh 12 - He thong dung cu phan ng dung cho tong hp hu c he thng a), he nham b). 1. ua khuay, 2. pheu nho giot, 3. ong sinh han, 4. bnh cau 3 co, 5. ong noi lap ua khuay, 6. nhiet ke, 7. ong noi hai nhanh, 8. vong sat bnh.
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Thc hanh hoa hu c
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VI. Thiet b un nong va lam lanh

Trong phong th nghiem thng dung en con, en kh, en dau, hi nc nong, cac dung cu ien nh bep ien, lo ien, bep cach chat long. Ngoai ra con dung en hong ngoai. en con, en dau, en kh hay bep ien tran dung e co hay cho bay hi nc khong dung e un nong chat long de bay hi hay de chay, khong un nong chat a co mot lng ket tua trong bnh.
Hnh 13 - en kh a), bep cach thuy b), bep hi c) Khi muon gi nhiet o on nh th dung bep cach chat long : nhiet o thap hn 100oC, dung bep cach thuy ; nhiet o cao hn dung bep cach cat, cach dau ; en 200oC - bep cach parafin hay glixerin ; en 220oC - bep cach dau ; 250 - 300oC - bep cach acid sunfuric ( ch dung khi xac nh nhiet o nong chay) ; 325oC - bep hon hp H2SO4 - K2SO4 vi ty le 3 :2 ; en 400 500oC - bep hon hp muoi natri nitrat (48,7%), kali nitrat (51,3%) en 600oC bep hp kim - hp kim Vut (50% Bi, 25% Pb, 12,5% Sn, 12,5% Cd). Muon un nhiet o co nh th dung hi cua chat long co nhiet o soi on nh. Phng phap lam lanh re tien nhat la dung nc lanh nhiet o 5 -30oC bang cach nhung bnh vao chau nc lanh hay cho dong nc ti ngoai thanh bnh. Khi lam lanh mot dung dch nong, phai lam lanh t t bang cach pha dan nc lanh vao nc nong ong thi lac va khuay. Muon lam lanh sau hn, ngi ta at bnh trong hon hp sinh han tuy theo nhiet o can dung. Thng dung hon hp sinh han cua nc a vi muoi vo c. Chang han vi muoi NaCl ( 33% so vi nc a ) co gii han nhiet o -21,5oC ; KCl (30%) cho -11oC ; NH4Cl (25%) cho -15oC v.v...
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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Muon lam lanh sau hn na dung hon hp nc a kho vi cac chat long nh vi ete cho nhiet o -98oC ; etanol cho -75oC ; axeton cho -86oC ; etylenglicol cho -15oC.... Muon ieu hoa nhiet o thap cua bnh phan ng, dung ong vong co nhieu lo nho cho nc ti len bnh phan ng hoac co the dung ong thuy tinh uon cong hay xoan at trong bnh phan ng roi cho nc lanh i qua. Khi un nong bang bep cach chat long, muon gi nhiet o co nh trong suot thi gian phan ng, dung nhiet ke t ngat tiep xuc noi vi rle. Nhiet ke t ngat cam trong bep cach chat long.
Hnh 14- Vong ong lam lanh
Hnh 15 - Nhiet ke t ngat tiep xuc va rle
VII. Thiet b khuay

Trong phong th nghiem, e thu c hon hp ong nhat cua cac chat ran, ngi ta dung phng phap tron, con cac chat long dung phng phap lac hay khuay. Lac dung trong trng hp khong can un nong hay lam lanh, khong can cho them tac nhan phan ng va khi phan ng khong tach ra san pham kh. n gian la lac bang tay. Khi tien hanh phan ng trong cac bnh ln, trong thi gian lau, vi lng hoa chat ln va nhat la trong cac he d the, ngi ta dung phng phap khuay e lam tang s tiep xuc gia cac tng va lam de dang cho s khuech tan. Thc ra, ngay trong he ong the ngi ta cung khuay e tang s khuech tan chat pha loang va tang s tiep xuc cua hon hp vi be mat lanh hay nong e ieu hoa nhiet o trong he. He khuay gom co ua khuay va may khuay. Trong phong th nghiem thng dung ua khuay thuy tinh hay kim loai khac nhau phu thuoc vao the tch bnh phan ng, chieu rong cua co bnh va yeu cau cu the cua phan ng. Vi bnh co rong, dung loai bi cheo hay xoan hieu dung hn ; vi co bnh hep, dung ua co hai ban thuy tinh ma khi khuay se duoi ra nh lc ly tam.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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Hnh 16 - Cac loai ua khuay a), cach lap ua khuay qua ong cao su b), va ong noi thuy ngan c). ua khuay lap v tr thang ng, noi vi mot may khuay, lap vao co bnh qua ong cao su trum qua ong noi thuy tinh cam sau vao nut cao su. Neu phan ng co chat de bay hi hay de chay thoat ra th lap ua khuay qua ong noi cha thuy ngan hay glixerin. Neu phan ng thc hien trong he kn hay khi chng cat chan khong th dung may khuay t.
VIII. Thiet b lam kho va chat lam kho

Qua trnh loai chat phu la chat long, thng la nc va dung moi hu c, ra khoi chat nghien cu la qua trnh lam kho. Chat nghien cu co the la chat ran, kh, long hay hon hp. Lam kho chat ran : qua trnh lam kho chat ran, da tren s bay hi nc hoac dung moi nhiet o thng, khi un nong hay nhiet o thap trong chan khong. Cac chat ran khong hao nc, de b phan huy bi nhiet th lam kho trong khong kh, thng tren giay loc hay tren pheu xop co dong khong kh i qua. S bay hi xay ra cho ti khi at c can bang cua ap suat hi nc va ham lng nc trong chat ran.
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Thc hanh hoa hu c
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Hnh 17-Bnh lam kho a), bnh lam kho chan khong b), thiet b lam kho n gian c), may lam kho d). Cac chat ben vi nhiet, khong bay hi nhiet o thng, co the lam kho trong tu say nhiet o thch hp cho tng chat. Cac chat hao nc de b ra trong khong kh thng c lam kho trong bnh hay chuong lam kho co cha cac chat hut nc manh nh CaCl2,CaO, NaOH, P2O5, H2SO4 ac, phu thuoc vao tnh chat hoa hoc cua chat. e tang toc o bay hi, co the dung bnh lam kho chan khong hay tu say chan khong. Khi lam kho mot lng nho chat, dung thiet b chan khong n gian hoac may lam kho bang hi chat long. Ngoai ra co the lam kho bang bc xa hong ngoai co chieu dai song t 10.000 en 30.000 Ao Lam kho chat kh : Cac chat kh thng c lam kho bang cach cho kh i qua cot hap thu cha chat lam kho ( CaCl2, CaO, P2O5), thng tron vi si amiang hay thuy tinh, goi la cot lam kho ; hoac cho i qua bnh cha acid sunfuric ac goi la bnh ra kh, hoac cho i qua ong nhung trong bnh lam lanh cha nc a kho vi axeton hay nit long, goi la bnh ong lanh.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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Hnh 18 - Bnh ong lanh a), cot lam kho b), bnh ra kh c) Lam kho chat long : Qua trnh lam kho chat long dung e tinh che dung moi khan hoac loai nc trc khi chng cat. Thng lac chat long vi chat lam kho. Chat lam kho la chat ran co kha nang hut nc cao nhng khong co tac dung hoa hoc vi chat hu c ; khong co tac dung xuc tac cho cac qua trnh oxy hoa, trung hp hay ngng tu ; khong hoa tan nhieu hp chat hu c; co tac dung lam kho nhanh, re va san co. Trong phong th nghiem hu c thng dung nhng chat lam kho thong dung sau : -Chat lam kho hao nc tao thanh hidrat : o la nhng muoi khan hay cac hydrat thap chuyen thanh hydrat cao. -Canxi clorua khan la chat lam kho re, san co, de ieu che, co kha nang lam kho cao, tao hydrat CaCl2.6H2O 50oC nhng lam kho cham. Dung lam kho hydratcacbon no va cha no, xeton, ete, khong dung ancol, phenol, amin, acid va dan xuat, aminoacid. CaCl2 co cha chat phu la Ca(OH)2. -Magie sunfat khan la chat lam kho trung bnh, tao hidrat MgSO4.10H2O, tr ve hoa hoc nen co the dung e lam kho nhng chat khong lam kho c bang CaCl2. -Natri sunfat la chat lam kho trung bnh, re, tao hydrat Na2SO4.10 H2O 32oC nhng lam kho cham, khong en cung, nen khong thuan li e lam kho benzen, toluen, dung lam kho cac dung moi phan cc va chat khong ben trong axit. -ong sunfat tao hydrat CuSO4.5H2O, lam kho tot hn Na2SO4. S thay oi mau t khong mau thanh xanh chng to co s hap thu nc nen dung e phat hien nc trong phan tch nh tnh. -Kali cacbonat khan la chat lam kho ieu hoa, tao hidrat K2CO3.2H2O, dung lam kho xeton, nitrin, este. -Axit sunfuric dung lam kho cac chat kh, chat ran hay long trong bnh lam kho, lam kho brom, etylbromua. Acid sunfuric b giam tac dung khi hap thu nc, acid 95% giam tac dung en 100 lan so vi acid ac, nen thng cho them mot lng BaSO4 (0,18 g cho 1 lt acid ) khi BaSO4 tach ra thanh ket tua chng to tac nhan het tac dung. -Kiem ran dung lam kho amoniac, amin, ete, hidrocacbon. KOH co tac dung cao hn NaOH nhat la trang thai nong chay.
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Thc hanh hoa hu c
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-Chat lam kho co phan ng hoa hoc vi nc la cac oxyt kim loai hay phi kim loai, cac kim loai va hp chat cua chung. ieu kien can thiet la phan ng vi nc xay ra nhanh va hoan toan. -Phosphor pentoxit P2O5 la chat lam kho nhanh va hieu dung, dung lam kho trong bnh lam kho, lam kho hidratcacbon, dan xuat halogen, nitrin, khong lam kho trong bnh chan khong. Khi lam kho chat kh, phai tron vi silicagel. -Canxi oxyt va bari oxyt tao thanh hidrat ben khong tan trong ru etylic lam kho ancol, hidratcacbon, ete, kiem va cac chat kh trung tnh. Trong phong th nghiem con dung hon hp voi toi xut e lam kho cac chat tren nhng khong dung cho andehyt va xeton. -Kim loai kiem K,Na,Ca thng dung lam kho hidrocacbon loai parafin, xycloparafin, ete a c loai nc trc bang mot chat lam kho khac ch con vet nc. -Chat lam kho lien ket vi nc bang lc hap phu cac chat nay la nhng chat ran, co be mat lien ket ln vi nc bang lc hap phu vat ly, de ieu che, de tai sinh, tr hoa hoc vi chat c lam kho. Chat dung pho bien la silicagel, hap phu nc c en 20 - 30% khoi lng, dung trong bnh lam kho. Silicagel th trng co mau xanh, khi hap phu nc co mau hong. Zeolit la nhom silicat ket tinh xop, co 4 loai A, X, Y, M khac nhau ve cau truc, lam kho hieu dung, co the giam ham lng nc en 0,01%.
IX. Thiet b loc

Loc la qua trnh tach chat ran ra khoi chat long. ap suat thng, thng loc bang giay loc tren pheu thuy tinh. Khi loc cac axit hay kiem, cac anhydrit, chat oxyhoa va cac chat pha huy giay loc, dung pheu loc xop voi cac c khac nhau. Khi loc cac chat long co o nht cao hay dung dch nong, ngi ta dung pheu loc nong bang nc nong hay ien. Ngc lai, khi loc chat co nhiet o nong chay thap hay chat long co iem soi thap, dung pheu loc lanh.
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c Hnh 19- Pheu loc xop a), pheu loc nong b), pheu loc lanh c). Trong phong th nghiem hu c, e loc nhanh, ngi ta loc di ap suat thap bang cach giam ap suat trong bnh loc. Dung cu e loc chan khong la pheu loc s ( pheu Buchner) lap vao bnh Bunsen la bnh hng. Bnh hng noi vi bm hut chan khong ( bm dong nc hay bm dau ) qua bnh bao hiem. Khi loc, lap dung cu cho kn, cat giay loc cho va pheu, tam t giay loc bang nc hay dung moi, m bm chan khong cho giay loc b hut chat vao long pheu roi t t o dung dch vao pheu sao cho chat ran phu kn eu mat giay loc, tranh khong e chat ran tren giay loc b nt ne ra. Neu co vet nt ne th dung nut thuy tinh ep lai.
Hnh 20 Pheu loc s a), va he loc di ap suat thap b). Khi loc mot lng nho chat, dung ong nghiem nhanh thay cho bnh Bunsen. Khi loc chat de bay hi, dung bm dong nc.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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Phan II. CAC PHAN NG TONG HP HU C

I. PHAN NG HALOGEN HOA
Phan ng halogen hoa la qua trnh gan nguyen t halogen X(F,Cl, Br,I) vao phan t hp chat hu c bang phan ng the hoac cong. Quan trong nhat la qua trnh gan halogen vao nguyen t cacbon tao thanh lien ket C-X bang phan ng halogen hoa trc tiep. Cac tac nhan halogen hoa thng dung la halogen t do (F2, Cl2 trong dung moi hay the kh ; Br2 dang long, I2 dang ran ), hidro halogenua HX (HF trang thai kh ; HCl, HBr, HI dang hon hp ang ph vi nc tng ng la 38%, 47,5%, 57% ), phosphor halogenuaPX5 (PCl5, PBr5),PX3 (PCl3, PBr3, PI3) ; SOCl2 ; SO2Cl2 ; N-bromsucxinimit va N- bromphtalimit. 1. Phan ng the trc tiep hidro bang halogen Halogen hoa trc tiep hidro cua hidrocacbon va dan xuat c thc hien bang halogen t do. C-H + X2 C - X + HX Phan ng halogen hoa ankan khi co chieu sang xay ra theo c che goc SR tao ra nhieu san pham the ( mono, di, tri,... halogen ) va hon hp cac ong phan khac nhau. Qua trnh phan tch cac san pham o gap nhieu kho khan v nhiet o soi cua chung rat gan nhau nen phan ng co y ngha trong cong nghiep ma t thuan li trong phong th nghiem. Flo hoa trc tiep hp chat hu c b han che v phan ng qua manh, de no, kem theo cac kh HF, CF4 tach ra va cac san pham phan huy khac do nang lng phan ng ln. Clo cung phan ng manh, Brom phan ng chon loc hn (chu yeu vao cacbon bac ba ), con Iod phan ng thuan nghch
RH + I2
RI
+ HI
nen thng them chat oxy hoa, chang han HIO3, e kh HI. Phan ng thuan li khi trong phan t hu c hay dan xuat co hidro linh ong do anh hng cua nhng nhom hut ien t trong phan t (-CO, COOH,...) Andehyt va xeton phan ng vi halogen cho dan xuat the -
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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CH
C O
X2
CX
C O
HX
Phu thuoc vao ieu kien phan ng, phan ng tren co the tao thanh dan xuat di, tri... Muon ieu che ch dan xuat mot lan the, dung phc dibromdioxan, SO2Cl2, bromsucxinimit hay bromphtalimit. Khi clo hoa hay brom hoa acid beo co anh sang tao thanh acid the , , . San pham mot hay nhieu lan the cung phu thuoc ieu kien phan ng
CH3CH2COOH + Cl2 CH3CH2COOH + Cl2
a.s o 77 C a.s
200 o C
CH3CHClCOOH + CH2ClCH2COOH CH3CCl2COOH + ...
Phng phap ieu che la tac dung halogen vi hien dien phosphor o ( t le theo phng trnh phan ng ) 2P + 3Br2 2PBr3 3CH3CH2COOH + PBr3 3CH3CH2COBr + P(OH)3 CH3CH2COBr + Br2 CH3CHBrCOBr + HBr CH3CHBrCOBr + CH3CH2COOH CH3CHBrCOOH + CH3CH2COBr Hoac CH3CHBrCOBr + H2O CH3CHBrCOOH + HBr Vi cac ong ang cua benzen, khi co anh sang va un nong, phan ng xay ra nhanh theo c che goc SR nh ankan
C6H5CH3 + Cl2 ,a.s C6H5CH2Cl + Cl2,a.s C6H5CHCl2 ...
Khi co peoxyt, phan ng xay ra nhiet o thap hn (70 - 90oC). Vi benzen, ong ang va dan xuat, khi co xuc tac axit Lewis nh AlCl3, ZnCl2, FeBr3, xay ra phan ng the electrofin SE vao nhan benzen. Vai tro cua xuc tac la lam phan cc hoa phan t halogen, de dang tao thanh tac nhan halogen hoa - cation halogen.
Br2 + AlCl 3 Br.... Br.... AlCl 3 Br + (AlCl 3 Br )

Phan ng the hidro bang iod cung xay ra phan ng thuan nghch.
C6 H6 + I2
d+
C6H5I + HI
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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nen phai them chat oxyhoa ( nh acid nitric, thuy ngan oxyt ) phan huy HI, nhng tot nhat la ieu che dan xuat iod t anilin qua hp chat diazoni. Naphtalen halogen hoa de hn benzen
Br o + Br2 40 - 50 C + HBr
Cac hp chat d vong nam canh mot d to ( furan, pirol, tiofen ) b halogen hoa de dang, nhat la pirol. Furan ngay khi tac dung vi nc brom trong ru etylic, cho san pham the tetrabrom
Br + 4Br2(H2O) O C2H5OH Br O
Br + Br 4 HBr
Piridin phan ng vi halogen kho khan hn benzen va cho san pham the .
+Br2(HgCl2)
N
Br
+
N
HBr
215-230oC
2. The nhom hydroxyl cua ancol bang halogen Hydrohalogenua phan ng vi ancol tao thanh dan xuat halogen theo c che the Nucleophil SN. R-OH + HX R-X + H2O ( X = Cl, Br, I) Kha nang phan ng giam theo th t : HI > HBr > HCl. C-OH > = CH-OH > -CH2OH Phan ng tren la phan ng thuan nghch. Muon thu c hieu suat cao, phai tang nong o cua mot trong cac cau t hoac tach san pham hay nc ra khoi phan ng. Thng tach nc bang H2SO4 ac, d hay chng cat ang ph. Co the dung H2SO4 vi muoi KBr khi un nong ROH + H2SO4 ROSO3H + H2O ROSO3H + KBr RBr + KHSO4
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Thc hanh hoa hu c
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Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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TH NGHIEM 1
IEU CHE BROMBENZEN

Phan ng chnh 2Fe + 3Br2 2FeBr3 FeBr3 + Br2 Br+(FeBr4)C6H6 + Br+(FeBr4)- C6H5-Br + HBr + FeBr3 Phan ng phu
C6H5-Br + Br2 Fe
Br Br + HBr
Hoa chat
Benzen khan 20 ml hay 17,6 g (0,22 mol), brom 10ml (0.195 mol), bot sat hay vo bao sat 0,5g, CaCl2 khan, dung dch NaOH 10%.
Hnh 21 - Dung cu ieu che Cach tien hanh
brombenzen
Cho 0,5g vo bao sat sach, 20 ml benzen a c lam kho trc bang CaCl2 vao bnh cau c 250 ml. Lap ong noi co nhanh roi lap pheu nho giot vao co ng, ong sinh han vao co nhanh (h.21). au ong sinh han c lap ong thuy tinh e dan kh ra ngoai hap thu vao dung dch kiem nen au ong thuy tinh noi vi pheu loc phai e cach mat dung dch trong chau thuy tinh khoang 1-2 cm (1). Sau o t pheu nho giot cha 10 ml brom(2) cho t t vao bnh phan ng ong thi lac. Neu dung cu va hoa chat eu kho th phan ng xay ra ngay
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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nhng thng xay ra cham, do o khong nen cho qua nhieu brom ma phai i mot luc, neu thay phan ng khong xay ra th un nong nhe tren noi cach thuy. Khi co kh HBr bat au tach ra mi cho tiep brom vi toc o sao cho phan ng xay ra ieu hoa (3). Sau khi cho het Brom, un nong bnh tren noi cach thuy va tang nhiet o t 15- 20oC len 60-70oC cho en khi het hi brom tren chat long (khoang 20 phut). Chuyen chat long thu c vao pheu chiet, ra bang nc, dung dch NaOH 10% roi bang nc, tach lay brombenzen (4) ra khoi nc vao bnh kho roi lam kho bang CaCl2. Chng cat lay Brombenzen trong bnh Wurtz bang ong sinh han khong kh nhiet o 154 - 160 oC. o phan con lai sau khi cat ra bat s, lam lanh se thu c p- dibrombenzen, lam kho tren giay loc va ket tinh lai bang ru etylic. Hieu suat 14g brombenzen ( 50% so vi ly thuyet) va 0,5 - 1g p-dibrombenzen (6).
Ghi chu: 1) Neu khong co ong noi, co the dung bnh cau hai co. 2) Brom rat oc, lay brom va thc hien phan ng trong tu hot. 3) Cho chay manh brom, se lam tang nhiet o va tang san pham dibrombenzen 4) Sau phan ng, co the dung phng phap cat loi cuon hi nc lay brombenzen cho ti khi thay xuat hien tinh the p-dibrombenzen th thay bnh hng thu lay pdibrombenzen, roi tinh che nh tren. 5) Neu thay dung dch uc, lap ong sinh han hoi lu, un nong tren cach thuy 6070oC cho ti khi chat long trong suot.
6) Brombenzen la chat long nang, co mui giong benzen, t tan trong nc, , ; n 20 ,5602 . tan tot trong ru etylic, ete... ; ts =134,2oC; d 20 4 = 1195 D = 1 p-dibrombenzen la tinh the khong mau, tan trong ru etylic, ete, tan t trong nc. tnc = 80oC. TH NGHIEM 2
IEU CHE 1- BROMNAPHTALEN
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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Br
Phan ng chnh
Br HBr
+
Hoa chat
Br2
Naphtalen 12,8 gam(0.1 mol), Brom 5ml hay 15,6 gam(0.098 mol), ru etylic, CaCl2. Cach tien hanh
Hnh 22- Dung cu ieu che 1-bromnaptalen Cho 12,8 gam naphtalen a nghien nho va 20 ml nc(1) vao bnh cau ba co, lap ong sinh han hoi lu co ong dan kh HBr i ra hap thu tren dung dch kiem, lap nhiet ke ti ay bnh va pheu nho giot (2). un nong bnh tren bep cach thuy 40oC, lac manh bnh, cho tng giot brom t pheu nho giot vao bnh sao cho nhiet o hon hp khong cao qua 50oC. Sau khi cho het brom, un tiep cho en khi mat mau brom, thnh thoang lac bnh. Tach lp dau di ra bang pheu chiet, chuyen qua bo phan loi cuon hi nc e loai
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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naphtalen cha tham gia phan ng. Mot lng nho bromnaphtalen tach ra vi hi nc c cho tr lai bnh. Lam lanh bnh, tach lp dau nang, lam kho bang CaCl2 khan. chng cat bang bnh Claisen trong chan khong 132-135oC /12 mmHg (cung co the chng cat ap suat thng, nhng b phan tch mot phan san pham ). Phan con lai sau khi chng cat la 1,4-dibromnaphtalen c tinh che lai bang ru etylic. Hieu suat 1-bromnaphtalen la 10 gam (48% so vi ly thuyet) con 1,4dibromnaphtalen la 0,5 gam(3). Ghi chu :
1) Neu dung dung dch ru etylic thay cho nc th thu c ca alkyl bromua. ay la phng phap va ieu che alkyl bromua va bromnaptalen. 2) Pheu nho giot co ong mao quan vuot nhon thay cho nut e tranh brom ban ra ngoai khi lac, va phai cam sau vao hon hp.
3) 1-bromnaphtalen la chat long vang nhat co mui ac trng, khong tan trong nc,tan trong ru etylic, ete, o 20 20 to ,2 o C, t o ,4883, n D = 1,658 s = 261 nc = 6,1 C, d 4 = 1 TH NGHIEM 3 IEU CHE ETYL BROMUA C2H5Br Phan ng chnh KBr + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HBr C2H5OH + HBr
CH3CH2OH + HO-SO2-OH
Phan ng phu 2HBr + H2SO4 Br2 +2H2O + SO2 CH3CH2O-SO2OH + HO- CH2CH3 H2SO4 + CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3
C2H5Br + H2O
CH3CH2O-SO2OH + H2O
CH3CH2O-SO2OH + HBr CH3CH2Br + H2SO4
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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Hoa chat ancol etil 95%, 28 ml (0.5 mol) Kali bromua 30g (0.25 mol) Acid sulphuric (d = 1.84) 33 ml (0.6 mol) Dung cu Bnh ay tron ( 100 ml va 300 ml ) Bnh tam giac (200 ml) Pheu chiet Pheu nho giot Ong ngng tu Liebig Cot cat phan oan Nhiet ke Ong noi cong Cach tien hanh Trong bnh phan ng 300 ml, cho vao 28 ml etanol va 20 ml nc lanh (nc c cho vao e lam giam s tao thanh etil ete, giam s thoat HBr do bay hi va lam loang H2SO4 e ngan can s tao thanh Br2). Va khuay lien tuc hon hp phan ng va lam lanh bnh phan ng di voi nc, cho can than vao bnh phan ng 33ml H2SO4 va 30g KBr tan nho. Sau o phan ng c un cach cat va san pham bromua etil tao thanh c chng cat qua bnh hng (neu hon hp phan ng soi manh ngng un mot thi gian ngan ). Phan ng keo dai cho en khi khong con giot dau etil bromua nao c tao thanh qua ong ngng tu. Sau khi phan ng ket thuc o chat long trong bnh hng vao pheu chiet va tach lp etyl bromua di cho vao bnh tam giac 250ml at trong chau nc a. Tiep tuc cho vao bnh tam giac qua pheu nho giot tng giot acid sulphuric ong thi lac nhe cho en khi chat long tach ra lam 2 lp. Acid sulphuric tach san pham phu dietyl ete khoi bromua etil ong thi lam kho bromua etyl. Dung pheu chiet, chiet lay lp bromua etyl pha tren roi chng cat cach thuy, trong bnh 100ml ( lap rap dung cu chng cat giong nh tren ch 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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thay bnh 300ml bang bnh 100ml vathay bep cat bang bep cach thuy ) thu lay bromua etyl 35-40oC. Hieu suat 22g. Bromua etyl la mot chat long khong mau co mui ete, hoa tan tot trong ancol va ete, t tan trong nc, co nhng tnh chat rat ac trng cua mot halogenua hidrocacbon bao hoa.
20 d 20 4 = 1.4586, n D = 1.4211
II. Phan ng nitro hoa

Phan ng nitro hoa la qua trnh gan nhom nitro vao phan t hu c tao thanh lien ket C-N. Thng c thc hien bang phan ng the hidro bang nhom nitro, phan ng cong nhom nitro vao lien ket boi hoac bang phan ng the cac nhom chc khac (halogen, sunfo...). Tac nhan nitro hoa thng dung la acid nitric vi nong o t 65 en 100% (thng dung acid 65% d=1,4 va acid khoi 94% d= 1,5); hon hp acid nitric vi acid sulfuric ac goi la hon hp nitro hoa ; nitrat kim loai kiem vi acid sulfuric hoac vi acid acetic hay anhydric acetic, este cua acid nitric. Hydrocacbon loai parafin khong phan ng vi acid nitric nhiet o thng, nhiet o cao hn 200oC xay ra phan ng oxyhoa tao thanh acid cacboxylic. Acid nitric loang la nguon cung cap NO2, mot tac nhan nitro hoa that s. Phan ng nitro hoa xay ra theo s o sau :
R- H HNO3loang o 110-140 C R - NO2 + H2O
1. Nitro hoa hidrocacbon loai parafin
Trong mot so trng hp ngi ta con s dung nitrat bac tac dung vi dan xuat halogen cua day beo. 2- Nitro hoa hidrocacbon thm Nitro hoa hp chat thm la phan ng the electrophin ien hnh SE Ar - H + HNO3 Ar- NO2 + H2O Phan ng khong thuan nghch. Tac nhan thng dung la hon hp nitro hoa cua acid nitric va sunfuric. Thanh phan t le phu thuoc vao cau tao hp chat b nitro hoa. Thng dung acid nitric ac vi acid sulfuric 95,6% hoac
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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vi oleum co nong o SO3 cao hn 10-20%. Tac nhan nitro hoa la cation nitroni N O2 tao thanh t acid nitric trong moi trng acid HONO2 + H+ H2 O - NO2 H2O + N O2 vi acid sunfuric ac HNO3 + 2H2SO4
N O2 + H3O+ + 2HSO 4
+
Pha loang hon hp nitro hoa vi nc, nong o cua ion nitronium giam do s phan ly cua acid sulfuric tao thanh hidrozonium va ion bisunfat H2SO4 + H2O
H3O+ + HSO 4 Phan ng nitro hoa la phan ng phat nhiet, nen phai lam lanh tot phan ng, chu y ti toc o cho hon hp nitro hoa vao phan ng e thng gi nhiet o 65-70oC. Phan ng thng xay ra tren be mat hai tng nen phai khuay manh. Vi cac ong ang hay dan xuat cua benzen, phan ng nitro hoa xay ra theo qui tac the, hng nitro hoa va hieu suat phan ng phu thuoc vao ban chat nhom nh hng. Muon ieu che 2,4,6- trinitrophenol (acid picric), khong the dung trc tiep acid nitric ac v acid nitric oxi hoa phenol va cho hieu suat thap. ieu che acid picric bang hai giai oan : tac dung phenol vi acid sulfuric ac tao thanh 2,4-phenoldisulfoacid ben vi tac nhan oxihoa, sau o, tac dung vi hon hp nitro hoa khi un nong, hai nhom sulfo b the bang nhom nitro va ong thi nhom nitro th ba tham gia vao nhan
SO3H OH H2SO4 HO3S OH HNO3 + H2SO4 O N 2 NO2 OH NO2
Cung khong dung acid nitric hay hon hp nitro hoa e ieu che dan xuat ova p-nitroanilin, v cac amin thm de b oxyhoa va san pham oxi hoa o thng b ngng tu thanh nha. Khi nitro hoa bang hon hp nitro hoa co d acid sulfuric thu c mnitroanilin v amin tao thanh muoi trong moi trng acid, nhom amoni nh hng vao v tr meta. Muon ieu che o- va p-nitroanilin can phai bao ve nhom amin bang phan ng axyl hoa Ar-NH2 + RCOCl Ar-NH-COR + HCl
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c

o
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Cac amin a axyl hoa de tac dung vi hon hp nitro hoa nhiet o thap 3-5 C
NO2 NHCOR HNO3 + H2SO4 O2N 92% NHCOR + 8% NHCOR
Thuy phan dan xuat nitroaxetanilit trong kiem thu c nitroanilin.
Nitrobenzen thu c bang hon hp nitro hoa 40-80oC, m-dinitrobenzen 75-80oC va acid ac hn, con trinitrobenzen khong the thu trc tiep t benzen ma ch co the thu c bang nitro hoa tiep m-dinitrobenzen bang acid nitric khoi va oleum 100oC - 110oC trong 5 ngay. TH NGHIEM 4
IEU CHE NITROBENZEN
NO2
Phan ng chnh C6H6 + HNO3

2 4 C6H5-NO2
H SO
H2O
Hoa chat Benzen 11,7 gam hay 13,5 ml ( 0,15 mol ) ; axit nitric ( d = 1,4) 21 gam hay 15 ml (0,21 mol) ; axit sunfuaric (d = 1,84) 35,9 gam hay 19,5 ml ; dung dch natri cacbonat. Cach tien hanh Cho 19,5 ml axit sunfuaric vao bnh cau ay tron (1) khoang 200 ml, lam lanh bnh va lac, sau o cho them t t 15ml axit nitric ac ong thi lac va
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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lam lanh en nhiet o phong. Lap ong sinh han hoi lu, cho tiep tng phan 1 - 2 ml cua 13,5 ml benzen qua ong sinh han. Toc o cho benzen vao bnh sao cho khong co kh NO2 bay ra va gi nhiet o khong qua 50oC (2), ong thi lac lien tuc. Sau khi cho het benzen, tiep tuc un nong bnh phan ng tren bep cach thuy trong 30-45 phut va tiep tuc lac. Sau o lam lanh hon hp phan ng va o qua pheu chiet. Tach lay lp nitrobenzen tren. Ra nitrobenzen bang nc roi bang dung dch natricacbonat(3) cho ti khi ngng tach ra kh CO2. Tach lay nitrobenzen vao bnh kho, lam kho bang CaCl2 (4). Chng cat lay nitrobenzen bang bnh Wurtz tren cach thuy e loai benzen roi thu lay nitrobenzen 207-211oC bang ngon la en con (5). Hieu suat 15 gam (80% so vi ly thuyet). Ghi chu
1) Tot hn la dung bnh cau ba co, co lap ua khuay, pheu nho giot. 2) Hon hp la d the nen phai lac hay khuay manh e tao nhu tng bao am s tiep xuc tot gia cac tac nhan. Phai gi 50oC v nhiet o cao se tang san pham dinitrobenzen. 3) Ra nc e loai acid. Khong nen lac manh e e phong tao nhu tng ben, neu tao nhu tng th them vai giot ru etylic. 3) Neu co lp nc cua calci clorua tan th gan lay nitrobenzen va lam kho lai bang CaCl2 khan. e xuc tien qua trnh lam kho, lap ong sinh han khong kh vao bnh va un nong cach thuy trong 30 phut cho ti khi chat lonh trong suot.
4) Nitrobenzen la chat long dau, mau vang nhat, tan trong ru etylic, benzen, ete, rat t tan trong nc, tnc= 5,7oC, ts= 210,9oC, d 20 4 =1,5526.
TH NGHIEM 5
IEU CHE p-NITROAXETANILIT
O2N
NHCOCH3
Phan ng chnh
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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C6H5 - NHCOCH3 Hoa chat
HNO3 - H2SO4 - H2O
O2N - C6H4 - NHCOCH3
Axetanilit 13,5g (0,1 mol) ; acid nitric (d=1,4) 8ml ; acid sunfuric (d=1,84) 35ml. Cach tien hanh Cho 13,5g acetanilit nghien nho va 30 ml acid sulfuric vao coc c 500ml . Khuay hon hp cho ti khi thu c dung dch trong suot ong thi lam lanh coc e cho nhiet o khong cao hn 25oC. Lam lanh hon hp bang nc a va muoi en 0-2oC (2), them t t hon hp nitro hoa cua 8ml acid nitric ac va 5ml acid sunfuric. Nhiet o trong suot thi gian nitro hoa khong qua 2-3oC.
(1)
Sau khi cho het acid nitric, lay coc ra khoi hon hp sinh han va e yen trong 2 gi nhiet o phong va thnh thoang khuay. Sau o rot tng dong hon hp vao bnh cha nc co a nghien nho (lng nc va nc a gap 10 lan hon hp ). Sau 30 phut, loc lay ket tua tren pheu Buchner, ra bang mot lng nho nc lanh tren giay loc e loai acid vo c. Chuyen chat vao coc cha 40ml nc va them Na2CO3 cho en phan ng kiem, un en soi e thuy phan o-nitroacetanilit. Lam lanh en 50oC, ket tua p-nitroacetanilit tren pheu Buchner, ra ky bang nc, ep chat tren pheu roi lam kho trong khong kh. Tinh che lai bang ru etylic, xac nh nhiet o nong chay. Hieu suat 16g (88% so vi ly thuyet ) (3). Ghi chu
1) Co the lap ua khuay va cam nhiet ke vao ay coc 2) e tranh thuy phan acetanilit va tranh tang san pham phu octo.
3) p-nitroacetanilit la chat ket tinh, t tan trong nc, tan tot trong ru etylic, tnc = 207oC
III. PHAN NG SUNFO HOA

Phan ng sunfo hoa la qua trinh gan nhom sunfo -SO2OH vao phan t hu c tao thanh lien ket C-S. San pham tao thanh R-SO3H goi la acid sunfonic hay sunfoacid.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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Cac tac nhan thng dung la acid sunfuric vi nong o khac nhau, oleum, anhidrit sunfur va oxi, anhidrit sunfur va clo, acid closunfonic,v.v... Cac hidrocacbon loai parafin ben vi acid sunfuric nhiet o thng. Nhng hydrocacbon co so cacbon t 6-8 b sunfo hoa trc tiep bang oleum nhiet o soi, t 8-18 cacbon bang oleum trong etyl acetat. Song hydrocacbon loai parafin b sunfo hoa de dang bang anhydrit sunfur vi oxy hoac vi clo khi co anh sang. Mot ac tnh giup phan biet hidrocacbon nhan thm va hydrocacbon loai parafin la s sunfo hoa de dang cac hidrocacbon nhan thm vi H2SO4. Cac hidrocacbon nhan thm a vong (antracen, phenantren...) c sunfo hoa rat de dang, naphtalen c sunfo hoa kho hn con benzen kho hn na. Phan ng sunfo hoa vi acid sunfuric co tnh thuan nghch : ArH + HOSO3H
Ar-SO3H + H2O
e ngan nga phan ng thuy phan, phai dung d axit sunfuric t 2-5 lan u e lien ket vi nc tach ra va am bao nong o tach nhan sunfo hoa khong thap hn 100%. Nhng cach o thng lam kho khan cho viec tach sunfoaxit, nen tot nhat la loai nc khoi hon hp phan ng bang phng phap chng cat ang ph ( trong trng hp nay, dung d benzen ). Sunfo hoa benzen, ieu kien thng, dung oleum cha 5-8% SO3 hoac 80-100oC bang axit sunfuric 95% lay d 2-3 lan. Sunfo hoa phenol bang axit sunfuric loang lanh cho o-phenolsunfoaxit, 100oC cho p-phenolsunfoacid. ay, nhiet o khong ch xuc tien phan ng, gay ra nhng san pham phu nh polisunfoacid, sunfon, phan ng ngng tu va oxy hoa,...ma con gay ra hien tng ong phan hoa cac sunfoacid. Chang han, neu un nong o-phenolsunfoacid 100oC tren bep cach thuy th se chuyen thanh p-phenolsunfo acid.
OH HO3S lanh C6H5 -OH H2SO4 loang 100oC HO3S un 100oC OH
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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Anilin tao muoi vi acid sunfuric loang (anilin sunfat) ma khi un nong 180oC tao thanh p-aminobenzensunfoacid.
C6H5 - NH2 + H2SO4 o + - 180C . C6H5 - NH3 OSO3H HO3S NH2 + H2O
ieu che benzendisunfoacid t monosunfoacid bang oleum 80oC hoac d acid sunfuric 240oC
HO3S C6H6
H2SO 4
H SO + SO3 C6H5 - SO3H 2 4 80 oC
SO3H
1,3,5-benzentrisunfoacid thu c t muoi natri cua disunfoacid tac dung vi oleum nhiet o cao. Hng phan ng sunfo hoa naphtalen cung phu thuoc nhiet o. 80 90 C, sunfo hoa naphtalen bang acid sunfuric 100% cho - va -naphtalen sunfoacid theo t le tng ng la 96:4, nhng 160oC theo t le la 15 : 85%. Neu ban au thu c -naphtalensunfoacid khong tach ra ma tiep tuc un nong 160oC th theo mc o un nong, ong phan -sunfoacid se chuyen thanh -sunfoacid, ngha la co s ong phan hoa. Phan ng sunfo hoa naphtalen xay ra theo hai hng phan ng sunfo hoa thuan nghch song song vao v tr va . Toc o phan ng vao v tr cao hn gap vai lan, nen nhiet o thap thanh phan chnh la -sunfoacid (khong che ong hoc ). nhiet o cao hn, o ben thuy phan cua ong phan -sunfoacid lai nho hn ong phan -sunfoacid gap 14 lan, nen lng -sunfoacid giam, sunfoacid tang hn, nhanh at can bang trong hon hp phan ng ( khong che nhiet ong hoc ).
o
SO3H
H2SO4 o 80 C
SO3H H2SO4 160 oC
Trong a so trng hp, cac sunfoacid khong co nhiet o soi va nong chay xac nh va thng de b phan tch khi un nong, do o, ngi ta dung nhng dan xuat cua chung co nhiet o soi va nong chay on nh e xac nh cac sunfoacid. Mat khac, khi tach cac sunfoacid t do cung kho loai tr het cac chat ban vo c, v vay, cac sunfoacid thng c tach ra di dang muoi va co the tinh che lai bang phng phap ket tinh lai. Ngi ta thng dung dung dch muoi am ac de tao thanh muoi cua acid sunfonic. TH NGHIEM 6
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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IEU CHE NATRI BENZENSUNFONAT
SO3Na
Phan ng chnh
HOSO 3 H
SO 3 H
H2 O
SO 3 H
NaCl
SO 3 Na + HCl
Phan ng phu
HO 3 S
+
2 HO SO 3 H
SO 3 H
+ 2 H2O
SO 3 H
SO 2
H2O
Hoa chat Benzen 5 ml ; axit sunfuric ac co khoi 10 ml ; ru etylic ; dung dch NaCl bao hoa. Cach tien hanh Cho 10 ml axit sunfuric ac vao bnh cau 100 ml, lam lanh bang nc, cho them can than tng lng nho cua 5 ml benzen. Moi lan cho them benzen, can lac sao cho benzen hoa tan het roi mi cho phan khac. Neu phan ng qua manh th phai lam lanh bang nc a. Sau khi cho het benzen, lac tiep cho phan ng ket thuc, lam lanh hon hp roi o tng phan mot vao coc cha dung dch NaCl bao hoa ( chuan b trc dung dch gom 10 gam
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 40 -
NaCl trong 35-40ml nc trong coc va lam lanh bang nc a ). Sau mot thi gian lam lanh, dung ua thuy tinh co nhe xat vao thanh bnh se tach ra muoi natri cua benzensunfoaxit dang ket tua ac. Loc bang pheu s, ra bang mot lng nho dung dch bao hoa NaCl, ep chat, lam kho trong khong kh roi trong tu say 110oC. Hieu suat 9 - 10 gam. Ghi chu Muoi natri benzensunfonat co lan mot t NaCl, can tinh che lai bang ru etylic theo phng phap thong thng. Natri benzen sunfonat la chat ket tinh khong mau. axit khan co tnc = 171-172oC.
TH NGHIEM 7
ieu che p-toluensulfonic axit
H3C
SO3H
Phan ng chnh
H3C + HOSO3H H3C SO3H + H2O
Phan ng phu
HO3S H3C + HOSO3H H3C + H2O
SO3H H3C + HOSO3H H3C + H2O
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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HO3S H3C + HOSO3H H3C SO3H + H2O
Hoa chat Toluen 30 ml; axit sunfuric (d = 1,84 ) 5 ml ( 0,09 mol).

Cach tien hanh
Cho vao bnh cau ay tron 30 ml toluen (1) va 5 ml axit sunfuric ac, lap ong noi tach nc cha ay toluen ( hay dung he cat thuy phan ) va ong sinh han hoi lu. un soi hon hp trong 5 gi tren bep cach dau 160oC, nc tach ra se ngng tu qua ong sinh han chay xuong ong noi tach nc, con toluen noi len tren lai chay tr lai bnh phan ng. Sau 5 gi thu c khoang 2,5 ml nc. Sau khi phan ng ket thuc, lam lanh hon hp phan ng roi then vao bnh 2,5 ml nc. p-tuluensunfoaxit se ket tinh dang hirat. Loc lay ket tua tren pheu thuy tinh xop, ep ky bang nut thuy tinh. Tinh che lai bang cach hoa tan hidrat p-toluensunfoaxit vao mot lng nc nong (15ml), them than hoat tnh, un soi, loc nong. Lam lanh nc loc bang nc a va cho suc kh HCl vao hon hp. Loc lay ket tua, ra bang mot lng nho axit HCl ac, lanh. Lam nh vay hai lan. Hidrat p-toluensunfoaxit c lam kho trong bnh lam kho tren NaOH cho en khi khong thay co phan ng cua axit HCl vi AgNO3. Hieu suat p-toluensunfoaxit la 6 gam (2) ( 39% so vi ly thuyet tnh theo axit sunfuric ).
Ghichu 1) e ieu che c p-toluensunfoaxit ket tinh, e at hieu suat cao can lay d toluen va nc phai c tach ra khoi moi trng phan ng. 2) p-toluensunfoaxit ket tinh vi mot phan t nc p-CH3C6H4SO3H.H2O co tinh the hnh khoi khong mau, nong chay 104-105oC. e xac nh cac tnh chat cua ptoluensunfoaxit, phai chuyen axit thanh muoi vi kiem hu c, chang han vi ptoludin. Cho dung dch 0,5 g p-toludin vao dung dch 1 gam p-toluensunfoaxit un nong cho tan hoan toan roi lai lam lanh bang nc a, loc lay ket tua muoi ptoluensunfoaxit va p-toludin co nhiet o nong chay la 190oC. Co the tinh che lai muoi nay bang nc nong. Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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th nghiem 8
IEU CHE AXIT SUNFANILIC

H2N SO3H
Phan ng chnh
H2N + HOSO3H NH2 . H2SO4
NH2 . H2SO4
180-190oC
H2N
SO3H
Phan ng phu
SO3H H2N + HOSO3H NH2 + H2O
Hoa chat Anilin mi chng cat lai 9,3 gam hay 9 ml ( 0,1 mol ); axit sunfuric (d = 1,84) 16,3 ml (0,3 mol); NaOH 4 gam ; axit HCl (dung dch 2N) ; than hoat tnh.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 9,3 gam anilin vao bnh cau ay tron c 100ml (1) lac, cho them t t 16,5 ml axit sunfuric ac. un nong hon hp tren bep cach dau nhiet o 180-190oC ( nhiet ke cam trong bep cach dau ) cho ti khi lay mau th vi dung dch kiem ma khong thay tach ra anilin, thng sau 2-3gi (2). Lam lanh hon hp phan ng, o vao coc cha mot t nc lanh va khuay. Loc lay tinh the tach ra, ra bang mot t nc. Ket tinh lai axit sunfanilic(3) bang nc nong, neu dung dch co mau th un vi than hoat tnh e lam mat mau dung dch. Loc lay axit, ra bang nc. Axit thu c co tinh the hnh vay sang vi thanh phan p-H2NC6H4SO3H.2H2O. Khi lam kho, nc ket tinh mat i. Hieu suat 10-12 gam (60-70% so vi ly thuyet ).
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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Ghi chu
1) Co the cho tac nhan vao bat s e tao thanh muoi sunfat cua anilin roi un nong 170-180oC se tao thanh axit sunfanilic kho va tinh che lai nh tren. 2) Anilinsunfat tan trong kiem. Phan ng cha ket thuc neu thay anilin tach ra t anilinsunfat cha phan ng t tan trong kiem lam uc dung dch. Th bang cach cho mau vao ong nghiem cha nc lanh roi them dan kiem. 3) Axit sunfanilic la chat ket tinh khong mau, kho tan trong ru etylic, eter, nc, 100oC mat nc ket tinh va 280oC th phan tch, khong nong chay.
IV. PHAN NG ANKYL HOA

Phan ng ankyl hoa la qua trnh gan nhom ankyl vao phan t hu c, thng bang phan ng the hydro cua hydro cacbon va cac nhom chc nh OH, NH2. 1. Ankyl hoa hidrocacbon Phan ng ankyl hoa hidrocacbon loai parafin ap dung trong cong nghiep la phan ng ankyl hoa hydrocacbon etylenic bang phan ng cong. Phan ng xay ra trong nhng ieu kien khac nhau nen theo c che khac nhau, dung e ieu che cac hp phan cua nhien lieu co ch so octan cao. Chang han : (CH3)2C = CH2 + HC(CH3)3 (CH3)3C -CH2 - CH(CH3)2 Trong tong hp hu c, phan ng quan trong la ankyl hoa hidrocacbon thm theo c che electrophin SE. Phan ng ankyl hoa bang dan xuat halogen khi co xuc tac nhom clorua goi la phan ng Friedel - Craffs C6H6 + R-X
AlCl3
C6H5 - R + HX
Vai tro cua AlCl3 la lam phan cc hoa lien ket C-X tao nen ion cacboni tan cong vao nhan benzen theo c che SE : R- X + AlCl3 R ... X ... AlCl3 R ( AlCl3X)S phan cc hoa phu thuoc vao cau truc goc ankyl ( bac mot, hai, ba), dan xuat bac ba co the phan li hoan toan thanh ion cacboni. Tac nhan ankyl hoa la anken va ancol khi co mat acid vo c tao thanh cation cacboni tan cong vao nhan thm cung theo c che SE.
+ +
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 44 -
Phan ng Friedel - Craffs dung trong phong th nghiem co phan han che v phan ng thng tao thanh mot hon hp san pham do nhng nguyen nhan sau ay : - Hp chat tao thanh a ankyl hoa co tnh nucleophin cao hn chat ban au, tham gia phan ng vi tac nhan ankyl hoa de hn chat ban au, do o thng thu c hon hp san pham the : mono, di,...poli-ankyl. Muon thu c san pham mono th phai dung d nhieu hidrocacbon ban au. - Phan ng ankyl hoa co s ong phan hoa mach cacbon cua tac nhan ankyl hoa, cu the la s ong phan hoa cua cacbocation tao thanh do co khuynh hng chuyen t cation bac mot thanh bac hai va ba ben vng hn. S ong phan hoa nay co the tranh c bang cach thc hien phan ng nhiet o thap hn 0oC. - Phan ng ankyl hoa la phan ng thuan nghch, nen kho tuan theo quy tac hng mot cach chat che, nhiet o khong cao luon luon thu c hon hp tat ca cac ong phan, nhiet o cao, u tien tao thanh san pham ben ve nhiet ong hoc hn. Mat khac, tnh thuan nghch cung gay ra phan ng chuyen v nhom ankyl.
2. Ankyl hoa ancol va phenol
Phan ng nay dung e ieu che cac loai ete khac nhau : oi xng, khong oi xng, ete thm beo,... trong o, hidro cua nhom hydroxyl cua ancol b the bi mot nhom ankyl. Tac nhan ankyl hoa ancol thng dung la dan xuat halogen R-X (X = I,Br, Cl). Cac dan xuat halogen tac dung vi cac ancolat hay phenolat e tao thanh ete theo c che nucleophin SN R-ONa + RI R-O-R +NaI Ar-O-Na + RI Ar-O-R + NaI Phan ng ieu che ete thm xay ra kho khan hn, oi hoi ieu kien cao nen thng dung tac nhan diankyl sunfat. Cho hoa tan phenol vao dung dch kiem nc roi them mot lng d diankylsunfat, ong thi khuay hay lac. Trong a so trng hp, san pham tach ra dang dau hay ket tua. Neu phan ng xay ra lanh hay nhiet o thap th ch mot nhom ankyl cua diankyl sunfat tham gia vao phan ng 2C6H5-OH
2NaOH -2 H2O
2C6H5-ONa
+(CH3)2SO4
2C6H5 -OCH3 + Na2SO4
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 45 -
S tao thanh ete bang cach loai nc gia hai phan t ancol xay ra khi co xuc tac acid xay ra theo c che the nucleophin SN. Chang han ieu che ete dibutylic vi xuc tac acid sunfuric
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH H
+
+ + CH3CH2CH2CH2 - O H CH3CH2CH2CH2OH C4H9 O C4H9 H H

+
CH3CH2CH2CH2 O CH2CH2CH2CH3 + H
V phan ng SN2 luon luon co phan ng E2 kem theo nen phan ng co san pham phu la anken CH3-CH2CH = CH2 va cac san pham than hoa, trung hp va kh acid sunfuric en SO2. 3. Ankyl hoa amin Phan ng ankyl hoa amin la phan ng the hydro cua nhom amin NH2 cua amin beo hay thm bang goc ankyl. Phan ng xay ra khi cho tac dung ankyl halogenua (RX) vi amin. San pham thu c la mot hon hp mono, di-ankyl hay muoi amoni bac bon phu thuoc vao t le cac tac nhan. Neu d amin se thu c san pham the monoankyl, neu d ankyl halogenua se cho muoi amoni bac bon :
R-NH2 + RX R- NHR + RNH + 3X
R- NHR + RX R-NRR + RNH + 3X
R-NRR + RX R-N+(R)3 XThng dung cac metyl iodua, bromua va clorua e metyl hoa cac amin bac mot, hai va ba. Vi cac ankyl thap, thng tien hanh phan ng trong noi hap, cac ankyl cao tien hanh ap suat thng. Thng dung NaOH hoac cac cacbonat e ket hp vi acid tach ra trong phan ng. Cac phenyl halogenua (brombenzen, clobenzen )cung dung e aryl hoa amin nhng phan ng xay ra kho khan hn, thng ch at hieu suat 10-12% so vi ly thuyet. Cac este cua acid sunfuric, trc het la dimetyl va dietylsulfat cung nh vai este cua acid sunfonic dung e metyl va etyl hoa cac amin. Phan ng xay ra de dang, khong can un nong, trong dung moi thng dung la nc, ancol, clorofom, nitrobenzen, ete v phan ng nay phat nhiet. Hieu suat thng at 85%. Ancol cung dung lam tac nhan ankyl hoa khi co mat acid vo c hoac co xuc tac. Khi un nong anilin vi metanol co mat acid HCl 200-210oC se thu c metyl hay dimetylanilin phu thuoc lng metanol dung.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 46 -
Phng phap ankyl hoa xuc tac la cho hi anilin va ancol i qua chat xuc tac nh Al2O3 hoac ThO2, SiO2 300 - 320oC se thu c dimetylanilin vi hieu suat 95%. S ankyl hoa cac amin thm va beo xay ra vi hieu suat cao ( thng cho hn 92%) khi un chung vi nhom ancolat trong bnh kn 275-350oC 3C6H5NH2 + (C2H5O)3Al 3C6H5NHC2H5 + Al(OH)3
TH NGHIEM 9
IEU CHE SEC-BUTYLBENZEN
CH CH2 CH3 CH3
Phan ng chnh C6H6 + CH3CH2CH2CH2OH Phan ng phu C6H6 + H2SO4 C6H5-SO3H + H2O Hoa chat Benzen 15g hay 17 ml (0,37 mol) ; ancol butylic 6g hay 7ml (0,15mol) ; acid sunfuric 85% 38ml. Cach tien hanh Cho 38ml acid sunfuric 85%(1) vao bnh cau ba co ay tron 250ml co lap ong sinh han hoi lu, pheu nho giot va ua khuay roi at tren bep cach thuy, un nong 70-80oC (2). Sau o cho t t hon hp 17ml benzen va 7ml ancol butylic vao bnh qua pheu nho giot trong mot gi,ong thi khuay manh (3). Sau khi cho het hon hp, tiep tuc khuay trong 4 gi nhiet o tren. Sau khi phan ng ket thuc, o hon hp phan ng vao pheu chiet, tach lay lp hidrocacbon tren roi ra hai lan bang nc, lam kho bang CaCl2 va chng cat phan oan thu lay sec-butylbenzen nhiet o 170-172oC (4). Hieu suat 6g (40-45% so vi ly thuyet )(5).
H2SO4 C6H5 CHCH2CH3 + H2O CH3
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c Ghi chu 1- Can phai gi ung nong o cua acid vo c v anh hng ti hieu suat.
- 47 -
2- Can phai gi nhiet o 70-80oC trong suot qua trnh phan ng v 55oC phan ng xay ra cham, 95oC bat au co san pham sunfo hoa. 3- Phai khuay manh hay lac manh e acid va benzen tron lan vao nhau, khong tach thanh hai lp.
4- sec-butylbenzen la chat long khong mau ; ts=173oC, d 20 4 =0,8906

5- Dung xuc tac AlCl3 vi t le 1:5 so vi benzen cho hieu suat cao hn.
TH NGHIEM 10
IEU CHE ETE ISOAMIN

(CH3)2CH-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-CH(CH3)2 Phan ng chnh
2 4 2(CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH (CH3)2CHCH2CH2OCH2CH2CH(CH3)2+ H2O
H SO
Phan ng phu
H SO
2 4 (CH3)2CH-CH = CH2 + H2O (CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH
Hoa chat isoamylic ancol 50 gam(62 ml); axit sunfuric (d=1,84) 2ml K2CO3
Cach thc hien
Cho 62 ml ancol isoamylic a tinh che va 2ml axit sunfuric ac vao bnh cau 250ml. un soi nhe hon hp nay trong nhieu gi cho en khi thu c 4
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 48 -
ml nc trong bnh tach nc (hnh 23). Phan cha trong bnh c lam nguoi en 100oC va em chng cat loi cuon hi nc. Tien hanh chng cat cho en khi khong con nhng giot dau ngng tu qua phan cat. Phan cat c chuyen vao pheu chiet e tach eter ra khoi nc, cho lp eter vao bnh kho va lam khan bang mot t K2CO3 nung.
Hnh 23- Dung cu tach nc Cho eter a lam khan vao bnh Wurtz 100ml, bnh nay noi vi ong ngng tu khong kh. un nong bnh t t. Mot t amylen a c thoat ra 21oC, isoamylic ancol cha phan ng bat au i ra 128oC, va eter isoamyl 165-172oC. Eter isoamylic thu c co cha tap chat. e c san pham tinh khiet, un soi no vi 1 gam NaNH2, lay ra va lac vi axit sunfuric loang trong pheu chiet, lam khan bang CaCl2 va chng cat qua Natri kim loai. Hieu suat eter isoamylic khoang 25 gam. Eter isoamyl la chat long, soi 172oC, d15 = 0.7807.
TH NGHIEM 11
ieu che eter -NapHtyl metyl ( Nerolin, Bromelia )
OCH3
Phan ng chnh Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 49 -
OH + CH3OH
H2SO4
OCH3 + H2O
Hoa chat -Naphtol 25 gam, ru metylic 38 ml, axit sunfuric (d = 1,84 ) 5,5 ml, dung dch NaOH 5% 90ml. Cach thc hien Cho vao bnh cau 100ml 25 gam -Naphtol va 38 ml ru metylic. Lac ky bnh cho en khi phan lp -Naphtol hoa tan, sau o o them vao 5,5ml axit sunfuric ac ( hon hp phat nhiet manh). un cach thuy trong 3-4 gi. Sau khi un rot dung dch am vao bnh tam giac 250ml co cha 90ml dung dch NaOH 5% a un nong len 50oC. Trong trng hp nay Nerolin lang xuong di dang dau en va c khuay manh e tron lan vi dung dch kiem cho en khi hoa ran hoan toan (e ngan nerolin hoa ran ngay lap tc, can phai un nong dung dch kiem trong khi rot hon hp phan ng vao va phai un cach thuy bnh tam giac). Chat ket tua co mau vang nau, c loc tren pheu Buchner va x ly lan na vi mot lng dung dch NaOH bang vi lan au. Nerolin c lay ra em ra vi nc cho en khi th giay qu khong co phan ng kiem va lam kho nhiet o khong qua 50oC. San pham khan c chng cat vi hi qua nhiet en 150oC. Khi can, co the tinh che san pham bang cach ket tinh lai trong ru, hoac chng cat di ap suat thap( tS = 140oC 12mmHg) Hieu suat -Naphtyl metyl eter khoang 2 gam. tnc = 37,5 oC, ts = 282oC. Th nghiem 12 ieu che anisol
OCH3
Phan ng chnh
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 50 -
OH
NaOH
ONa
H2O
ONa + (CH3O)2SO 2
OCH3
Na2SO4
OH
NaOH
ONa
H2O
2
Hoa chat
ONa + (CH3O)2SO 2
OCH3
Na2SO4
Phenol 8,5 gam(0,03mol) ; dimetylsunfat 6 gam hay 4,4 ml; benzen 10ml; NaOH 4,5 gam ; CaCl2 1,5 gam. Cach tien hanh Hoa tan 8,5 gam phenol vao dung dch gom 4,5 gam NaOH va 30 ml nc trong bnh cau ay tron c 100ml. Lam lanh bnh en 15 oC roi them 2ml dimetylsunfat(1). ay bnh co nhiet ke va lac trong 20 phut. Thnh thoang lam lanh bnh e gi nhiet o trong bnh khong vt qua 40oC. Sau 20 phut, cho them 2 ml dimetylsunfat va lam nh tren trong 30 phut roi cho het phan imetylsunfat con lai. Lap ong sinh han hoi lu roi un hon hp trong vong 1 gi tren bep cach thuy e tiep tuc hoan thanh phan ng va thuy phan dimetylsunfat cha phan ng. Tach lay anisol bang pheu chiet, chiet lay anisol con lai trong nc bang benzen. Ket hp hai phan lai, lam kho bang CaCl2. Cat loai benzen tren bep cach thuy 80-85oC roi cat lay anisol nhiet o 154-156oC(2). Hieu suat 6 gam (60 % so vi ly thuyet ). Ghi chu
1) Dimetyl sunfat rat oc, lam trong tu hot va eo gang tay
2) anisol la chat long khong mau co mui thm, nhiet o soi 155oC. d = 0.994.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 51 -
V. PHAN NG AXYL HOA

Phan ng axyl hoa la qua trnh gan nhom t hp chat hu c, thng bang phan ng the hidrocacbon thm va hidro cua mot vai nhom chc.
O C R axyl vao phan

hidro cua
1. Axyl hoa hidrocacbon thm Phan ng axyl hoa hidrocacbon thm la phan ng the hidro cua nhan benzen bang nhom axyl khi co xuc tac, theo c che the electrophin SE. Phan ng nay thuoc loai phan ng Friedel-Crafts. C6H6 +
3 R-COX C6H5 -CO-R
AlCl
HX
Phan ng dung e ieu che cac xeton thm co cau truc khac nhau ma khong co phan ng chuyen v va ch thu c san pham ong nhat monoaxyl v nhom cacbonyl lam b ong hoa nhan thm. Tac nhan axyl hoa thng dung la cac halogen anhidrit R-COX (X la clo, brom...) cac anhidrit axit RCOOCOR cua axit beo va thm, oi khi dung phot gen va axit cacboxylic. Xuc tac la nhomclorua, oi khi dung ZnCl2, H2SO4. Vi cac tac nhan axyl hoa manh. Phan ng axyl hoa bang cloranhidrit vi xuc tac nhom clorua cho ket qua tot nhat. Vai tro xuc tac la phan cc hoa lien ket C-X tao thanh cation axyli tan cong vao nhan benzen
+ +
RCOCl
AlCl3
R C Cl AlCl3 O
RCO.AlCl4
RCO
C R O
+ H
Xeton tao thanh phc vi nhom clorua
COR +
AlCl3
C R
AlCl3
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 52 -
V the khi axyl hoa bang cloranhidrit can dung hn 1mol xuc tac cho mot mol cloranhidrit (khac vi phan ng ankyl hoa ). Khi dung anhidrit acid th phai dung hn 2mol AlCl3 cho 1mol xeton tao thanh v nhom clorua khong ch tao phc vi xeton ma ca vi acid cacboxylic giai phong ra trong phan ng C6H6 + ( RCO)2O C6H5-COR + RCOOH RCOOH + AlCl3 ( RCOO.AlCl3)- H+ Phan ng axyl hoa thng c tien hanh trong dung dch co d tac nhan axyl hoa. Dung moi thng dung la hidrocacbon thm, nitrobenzen, eter dau hoa khan. Phan ng axyl hoa phat nhiet do o can phai khong che nhiet o khi cho cloranhidrit hay anhidrit vao phan ng. 2. Axyl hoa ancol va phenol Phan ng axyl hoa ancol va phenol quan trong nhat la phan ng este hoa ROH + RCOOH
RCOOR + H2O
Phan ng thuan nghch, toc o este hoa va thuy phan este bang nhau khi thiet lap c can bang ong hoc, o, ch co khoang 2/3 acid va ancol phan ng tao thanh este va nc. e tang hieu suat cua este, thay oi trang thai can bang, can tang nong o cua ancol (hay acid) hoac bang cach loai mot trong hai san pham ra khoi hon hp phan ng (thng loai chat nao co iem soi thap hn )hoac bang cach chng cat ang ph. nhiet o thng, t le ng lng ancol va acid, phan ng at can bang trong 16 nam, tang nhiet o len 110oC, can bang at sau 10 ngay, 155oC sau vai gi. Thng phan ng c xuc tien bang ion hidro do s phan li cua acid vo c, thng dung acid sunfuric. Toc o phan ng tang khi tang nong o cua chat xuc tac, thng ch can 0,01% acid sunfuric la u e tao thanh este. Xuc tac lam tang toc o phan ng nhng khong lam chuyen dch can bang. Ngoai lng nho acid lam xuc tac, con a them mot lng ln acid vao phan ng e hap thu nc nen lng acid thng lay bang 510% so vi lng ancol. Neu dung qua d se lam giam hieu suat phan ng do tng tac acid vi ancol.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 53 -
Phan ng este hoa chu anh hng ln en hieu ng khong gian. Khi tang the tch cua goc hidrocacbon trong acid cung nh trong ancol, toc o phan ng este hoa giam. Este cua ancol bac mot cho hieu suat cao nhat, cua ancol bac hai ch 40%, ancol bac ba ch 3%. So goc va the tch cua goc hidrocacbon v tr trong acid beo va v tr octo trong acid thm cang ln th toc o va hieu suat este hoa cang giam. Phan ng este hoa co the thc hien trong tng kh tren xuc tac ran. Cho hi ancol va acid 280 - 300oC i qua ong co xuc tac ThO2 hay TiO2 thu c este vi hieu suat cao nh trong trng hp phan ng ong the. Cloranhidrit va anhidrit acid la tac nhan axyl hoa manh hn acid
R-C-Cl > R-C-O-C-R > R-C-OH > R-C-OR' O O O O O
Phan ng cua cloranhidrit vi ancol va phenol xay ra manh hn, thng phai lam lanh hay dung dung moi (benzen, toluen), co the dung trong nhng trng hp khi phan ng este hoa xay ra kho khan hay khong xay ra c do phan ng thap cua hp chat cacbonyl hoac tnh khong ben cua acid hoac ancol trong ieu kien este hoa. Anhidrit phan ng kem hn, phai co xuc tac H+ hay ZnCl2... Este cua acid thm thu c khi tac dung cloranhidrit cua acid thm vi ancolat hoac phenolat nhiet o phong. Th nghiem 13
IEU CHE ACETANILIT
NH
CO
CH3
Phan ng chnh
C6H5-NH2 +
(CH3CO)2O
C6H5-NH-CO-CH3
+ CH3COOH
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 54 -
Hoa chat anilin 4,5 ml ; anhidrit axetic 6 ml.

Cach tien hanh
Cho 4,5 ml anilin va 20 ml nc cat vao bnh cau ay tron hay bnh non c 100 ml. Lac manh va them 6 ml anhidrit axetic(1), noi ong sinh han khong kh hoi lu, un cach thuy trong vong 10 en 15 phut 80oC e hoan thanh phan ng. Hon hp tr thanh trong suot khong mau (2). Khi phan ng ket thuc, lam lanh bnh trong khong kh roi trong nc a, tinh the axetanilit se tach ra, loc tren pheu Buchner, ra bang nc lanh, lam kho trong khong kh. Tinh che lai bang nc(3). Hieu suat 5,5 gam ( 82% so vi ly thuyet ). Ghi chu
1) Co the thc hien trong moi trng acid clohidric va sau phan ng trung hoa bang dung dch natri axetat. Co the dung axetyl clorua hay acid axetic vi mot t bot kem. 2) Trong khi phan ng hay khi tinh che hon hp co mau th cho them than hoat tnh e kh mau.
3) Axetanilit la chat ket tinh trang, tan tot trong eter, ru etylic, cloroform, t tan trong nc. tnc = 114oC, ts = 305oC. Th nghiem 14
IEU CHE METYL SALIXILAT ESTER
COOCH3 OH
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c Phan ng chnh
- 55 -
COOH OH + CH3OH H2SO4
COOCH3 OH + H2O
Hoa chat Axit salixilic 6 gam, ru metylic 20 ml, axit sunfuric ( d = 1,84 ) 3 ml, Na2CO3, Na2SO4 1 gam. Cach thc hien Hoa tan 6 gam axit salixilic vi 20 ml CH3OH trong bnh 250ml. o dung dch tren vao bnh cau ay tron 250 ml. Can than them vao o 3 ml axit sunfuric ac. un hoi lu trong vong 1-2 gi. Lap lai dung cu cat va un cach thuy cho en khi cat het metanol ( tS cua metanol la 64oC) lam nguoi di voi nc. o hon hp con lai trong bnh cau vao mot pheu chiet a cha san 25 ml nc. Lac manh roi e yen. Lay lp ester di vao coc 100ml va bo lp nc tren. Ra ester vi 5 ml nc, roi vi dung dch bao hoa Na2CO3 cho en khi het axit t do. Ra lp ester mot lan na vi 50ml nc. Lay lp ester vao coc 100ml, roi them Na2SO4 khan. un cach thuy, hon hp chuyen t uc sang trong. Gan lay lp ester metyl salixilat, o the tch ester tong hp c va cho vao chai thu hoi.
Th nghiem 15 ieu che axit axetyl salixilic (aspirin)
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 56 -
COOH OCOCH3
Phan ng chnh
COOH OH + (CH3CO)2O H2SO4
COOH OCOCH3 + CH3COOH
Hoa chat
Axit salixilic 12,5 gam ; anhidrit axetic 10,2 gam hay 10ml ; axit sunfuric (d = 1,84 ) 0,5 ml ; toluen. Cach tien hanh Cho vao bnh cau ay tron 12,5 gam axit salixilic, 10 ml anhidrit axetic ( than trong v anhidrit de chay va an da) va 0,5 ml axit sunfuric ac. un cach thuy hon hp 60oC trong 1 gi. Sau o nang nhiet o len 90-95oC va gi hon hp phan ng nhiet o nay trong 20 phut. Va khuay va lam lanh hon hp. Sau khi hon hp e nguoi lai, o chat long vao 20 ml nc va khuay. Loc hut aspirin tao thanh tren pheu Buchner va ra vi mot t toluen lanh, Hieu suat aspirin khoang 16 gam. e tinh che aspirin, co the ket tinh lai trong axit axetic( 1 :1 ), hoac benzen, cloroform hay ancol etylic. Th nghiem 16 ieu che axetat -naphtyl ester
OCOCH3
Phan ng chnh
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 57 -
OH + NaOH
ONa + H2O
ONa +
Hoa chat
OCOCH3 (CH3CO)2O + CH3COONa
-naphtol 10 gam, anhidrit axetic 11,4 gam hay 10,5 ml ; NaOH 5gam; nc a. Cach tien hanh Hoa tan 10 gam -naphtol tinh khiet vao 50 ml dung dch NaOH 10% trong bnh cau ay tron 500ml. Them 125 gam a vun va 10,5 ml anhidrit axetic vao dung dch. Lac bnh cau trong vong 15-20 phut. Loc axetat -naphtyl ket tua tren pheu Buchner, ra vi nc va say kho trong khong kh. Hieu suat axetat naphtyl khoang 13 gam. e tinh che axetat -naphtyl, ket tinh lai trong ru etylic loang. Axetat -naphtyl la chat ran khong mau, tnc = 71oC, hoa tan tot trong eter va cloroform. Th nghiem 17
IEU CHE AXETOPHENON

C CH3 O
Phan ng chnh
+ (CH3CO)2O
Phan ng phu
AlCl3
C CH3 + CH3COOH O
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 58 -
C CH3 O
C CH CH3
CO
+ H2O
Hoa chat
Hnh 24- Dung cu ieu che axetophenon Benzen khan 22gam hay 25 ml ; anhidrit axetic 6,1 gam hay 5,5 ml; nhom clorua khan 20 gam; eter etylic ; axit HCl ; dung dch NaOH 10% ; CaCl2 khan. Cach tien hanh Phan ng thc hien trong bnh cau 3 co ( hay bnh cau mot co co ong noi ba nhanh), lap ua khuay, pheu nho giot va ong sinh han hoi lu nh hnh 24. Cho vao bnh cau 25ml benzen khan a lam kho Na va 20 gam nhom clorua. Sau o khuay manh, cho 5,5 ml anhidrit axetic(1) vao bnh qua pheu nho giot trong na gi hon hp phat nhiet va kh hidroclorua bay ra c hap thu vao nc, tiep tuc khuay, un nong tren bep cach thuy soi trong na gi(2). o dung dch a lam lanh vao pheu chiet cha 25 gam nc a va them axit clohidric ac e hoa tan nhom hidroxit tao thanh khi thuy phan(3). Cho them mot lng nho eter (10ml) e chiet lay axetophenon, lac, tach lp eter va chiet lai lan na bang eter. Ket hp hai phan lai, lac vi dung dch NaOH roi vi nc, tach lp eter, va lam kho bang CaCl2 khan. Chng cat lay dung moi eter. Axetophenon c chng cat di ap suat thng, nhiet o 199-203oC hay cat trong chan khong.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 59 -
Hieu suat 5 gam (83% so vi ly thuyet).

Ghi chu 1) Co the dung axetylclorua thay cho anhidrit acetic 2) un nong lau co anh hnh ti hieu suat acetophenonv tao thanh san pham nha hoa diplon C6H5(CH3)CH=CHCOCH3 3) Muoi kiem nhom tach ra khi thuy phan nhom clorua vi acetophenon
4) Acetophenon la chat long khong mau co khi hi vang, t tan trong nc, tan trong ru etylic, eter, ts=202,3oC, tnc= 22oC, d= 1, 0281
VI. phan ng amin hoa

Phan ng amin hoa la qua trnh gan nhom amin (-NH2) hay imin (NH-) vao phan t hp chat hu c bang phan ng the hay cong, hay la nhng qua trnh chuyen hoa nhng nhom cha nit a co san trong phan t thanh nhom amin hay imin. Phan ng tong hp cac amin rat a dang, ay, chung ta xet en nhng phan ng amin hoa ac trng nhat va thng dung trong phong th nghiem la nhng amin co lien ket C-N. Cac tac nhan thng dung e amin hoa la amoniac, amin, natri amidua, kali phtalimit. 1. Phan ng amin hoa bang phan ng the trc tiep Co the ieu che amin bang phan ng the nucleophin cua hidro, halogen, hidroxyl, ankoxy trong hp chat hu c bang nhom amin
R-H R-X R-OH R-OR R- NH2
Phan ng the trc tiep hidro thc hien c cac hp chat thm vi cac tac nhan hydroxylamin, natriamidua. Cac tac nhan nay ong vai tro cua mot tac nhan nucleophin nen phan ng trc tiep vi benzen rat kho khan, phan ng xay ra khi trong nhan benzen a co nhng nhom the hut ien t manh nh NO2, -SO3H lam de dang cho s tan cong nucleophin. Chang han, trinitrobenzen phan ng vi hydroxylamin khong can xuc tac va lanh
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 60 -
O2N
NH2 NO2 + NH2OH NO2 lanh C2H5OH NO2 O2N NO2 + H2O
Phan ng cua piridin vi amidua kim loai kiem trong dung moi toluen, xylen hay dung moi tr khac 110oC tao thanh 2-aminopiridin
+ NaNH2 - H2 H2O NHNa -NaOH
NH2
2. Amin hoa bang phan ng the trc tiep halogen Phng phap chung ieu che amin la phan ng Hofmann phan ng ankyl hay aryl hoa amoniac. Cac amin loai beo thu c khi cho dan xuat ankyl halogenua, thng la ankyl iodua tac dung vi amoniac, la phan ng the nucleophin vao cacbon no. Phan ng dung dung dch amoniac trong nc hay trong ru etylic, co the dung amoniac long. Ankyl halogenua tac dung vi amoniac thu c hon hp amin bac khac nhau : bac mot, hai, ba va muoi amoni bac bon.
3 RX + NH 3 RN H 3 X RNH 2 + NH 4 X 3 RX + RNH 2 R 2 N H 2 X R 2 NH + NH 4 X 3 RX + R 2 NH R 3 N HX R 3 N + NH 4 X
NH
NH
NH
RX + R 3 N R 4 N X
Khi tien hanh phan ng co d amoniac thu c amin bac mot. Khi co d dan xuat halogen thu c amin bac ba va muoi amoni bac bon la chat phu, khi chng cat muoi nay phan tch thanh amin bac ba. Halogen cua aryl halogenua ch b the bi nhom amino khi co xuc tac, thng dung muoi ong vi d dung dch amoniac ac 200-300oC va ap suat cao 60-100 atm. C6H5Cl + 2NH3 C6H5 -NH2 + NH4Cl Phng phap quan trong trong phong th nghiem ieu che amin bac mot la phan ng Gabriel t RX va kaliphtalimit.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c

O C NK C O C RCl - KCl NR C O O C 2 H2O C O O
- 61 -
OH OH
+ RNH2
3. Amin hoa bang phan ng the nhom hydroxyl Hydroxyl cua ancol kho phan ng trc tiep vi amoniac, song co the the de dang khi proton hoa nhom hydroxyl.
3 ROH R O H 2 R + RNH 2
H+
+ NH / H+
H2 O
Phan ng tien hanh trong noi hap khi un nong hon hp chat ban au vi mot lng nho axit sunfuric hay axit clohydric. Cung co the cho hon hp hi ancol va amoniac i qua xuc tac loai nc nh Al2O3 hay ThO2 nhiet o 300oC, thu c hon hp amin. C2H5OH + 2C2H5OH + 3C2H5OH + NH3 NH3 NH3

C2H5NH2 (C2H5 )3N
+ +
H2O 2H2O 3H2O
(C2H5 )2NH +
Co the tach hon hp amin bang chng cat, nhng noi chung rat kho khan, thng tach biet bang dung moi. Cho hon hp tac dung vi ru etylic tuyet oi e loai NH4Cl khong tan, nc loc con hon hp clohydrat cua amin, cho bay hi en kho, roi cho tac dung vi CHCl3 clohydrat cua amin bac hai va ba tan con bac mot khong tan. Tach amin bac hai va ba bang axit nitr. Ngi ta cung dung arylsunfoclorua. Cho hon hp amin tac dung vi dung dch KOH e loai NH4Cl roi tac dung vi p-toluensunfoclorua hay hoac -naphtalensunfoclorua, trong o amin bac ba khong phan ng, con amin bac hai va mot tao muoi. Chiet hon hp phan ng bang eter, muoi amin bac hai con lai trong dung dch. X ly dung dch eter bang axit HCl, tach amin bac ba dang muoi clohydrat trong dung dch, co roi x ly bang kiem.Muoi cua amin bac mot con lai trong dung dch kiem c tach ra bang axt hoa roi thuy phan muoi se thu c amin bac mot. 4. Chuyen hoa cac nhom cha nit thanh nhom amin. Phan ng pho bien nhat la phan ng kh nhng hp chat cha nit lien ket vi cacbon nh kh amit, nitrin, imin, izonitrin, oxim, hidrazo, nitro va nitrozo thanh amin.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 62 -
Cac amit cua acid b kh bang liti nhomhidrua

4 RCONH 2 RCH 2 NH 2
LiAlH
Kh oxim bang hon hong natri hay nhom trong moi trng acid acetic
3 RCH 2 CH = NOH RCH 2 CH 2 NHOH RCH 2 CH 2 NH 2
Na / Hg,CH COOH
Nitrin b kh thanh amin bang hidro mi sinh khi tac dung kem hay thiec vi acid clohidric hay acid sunfuric, natri vi ancol khan tuyet oi (butylic hay amylic), cung dung liti nhom hydrua
4 9 RC N RCH 2 NH 2 4 2 (RCH 2 N) 2 AlLi 2RCH 2 NH 2 2RC N
Na+ C H OH LiAlH
H O
Nhom nitro b kh thanh amin bang bot sat vi axit axetic khi un nong hoac bang dung dch ac soi cua natrihydrosunfat hoac bang litinhomhydrua.
RCH2NO2
3 H2 (Fe- CH3COOH) 3 LiAlH4
RCH2NH2
2H2O
2 RCH2NO2
(RCH2N)2AlLi + 2 LiAlO2 + 4 H2O 2 RCH2NH2 + LiOH
6 H2
+ Al(OH)3
Hp chat nitro thm cung c kh bang amonisunfua, sat vi axit clohydric hay sunfuaric, thiec vi axit clohydric, hydrosunfua va natrisunfua, hydrosunfit va bang hydro xuc tac. Trong phong th nghiem thng dung sat trong axit clohidric. C6H5NO2 + 3Fe + 6HCl C6H5-NH2 + 3FeCl2 + 2H2O Thng lay mot lng axt nho hn tnh toan v trong qua trnh sat(II)clorua tao thanh cung la chat kh, chuyen thanh sat (III) tach ra HCl theo phng trnh. Fe + 2HC FeCl + H2 2FeCl2+O + H2O 2FeCl2(OH) 6FeCl2(OH) + Fe + 2H2O 2Fe3O4 + FeCl2 + 10HCl
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 63 -
Anilin tao thanh dang muoi, b phan tch bang kiem hay cacbonat roi tach ra bang chng cat loi cuon hi nc.
C 6 H 5 N H 3 Cl + NaOH C 6 H 5 NH 2 + NaCl + H 2 O
Trong phan ng nay co tao thanh hai san pham trung gian : Nitrozobenzen va phenylhidroxylamin.
C 6 H 5 NO 2 C 6 H 5 N = O C 6 H 5 NH OH C 6 H 5 NH 2
Trong moi trng axit trc tiep thu c anilin, khong tach ra c cac hp chat trung gian. Trong moi trng trung tnh ( khi dung bot kem vi amoniclorua ) co the tach c phenylhidroxylamin. Trong moi trng kiem, nitrozobenzen va phenylhydroxylamin tng tac vi nhau tao thanh azoxybenzen
C6H5 - N=O + HONHC6H5 + C6H5 N NH C6H5 O OH - H2O C6H5 N O N C6H5
2H
2H
2H
Neu dung chat kh yeu, natri metylat, phan ng dng lai giai oan nay va tach ra c azoxybenzen, neu dung chat kh manh, bot kem trong kiem tao thanh hidrazobenzen qua giai oan tao thanh azoxybenzen va azobenzen
C6H5NO2 C6H5NO C6H5NHOH C6H5-N= N- C6H5 O
C6H5 - N = N- C6H5
C6H5 - N H- N H- C6H5
Phan ng kh bang thiec t dung trong cong nghiep, thng dung trong phong th nghiem v co tac dung kh manh. Phng trnh kh 2C6H5-NO2 + 3Sn + 3SnCl4 12HCl + 4H2O 2C6H5-NH2 +
Amin hoa bang phan ng chuyen v cac hp chat cha nit cung dung e ieu che amin bac mot. Cac amit cua acid phan ng vi brom hay clo trong moi trng kiem tao thanh amin bac mot co so cacbon nho hn amit ban au la mot cacbon
RC - NH2 + Br2 + 4NaOH O RNH2 + Na2CO3 + 2 NaBr + 2 H2O
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 64 -
TH NGHIEM 18
IEU CHE ANILIN
NH2
Phan ng chnh C6H5NO2 + C6H5NH2.HCl Hoa chat Nitrobenzen 12,4g hay 10,1ml ; acid clohydric (d=1,19) 90ml ; sat (vo bao) 20g;NaOH; etylic ; CaCl2 ;KOH.
Cach tien hanh
3Fe +
+ 3FeCl2
7HCl C6H5NH2.HCl + 2H2O C6H5NH2 + NaCl +
+ H 2O
NaOH
Cho 0,1ml nitrobenzen va 20g vo bao sat vao bnh cau co lap ong sinh han hoi lu. Cho tng phan 1-2ml cua 90ml acid clohydric vao bnh phan ng (1) ong thi lac bnh. Neu phan ng xay ra manh th lam lanh bnh bang nc ; neu qua cham co the un nhe bnh. Sau khi cho het na lng acid, co the cho nhanh hn moi lan 10-20ml. Sau o un nong bnh tren bep cach thuy trong 30 phut va lac. Phan ng c coi nh ket thuc khi het mui nitrobenzen va sat chuyen thanh oxit mau o gach. Sau o cho them 20ml nc va tng phan nho dung dch 30g NaOH trong 40ml nc cho en khi phan ng kiem theo giay qu. Chng cat loi cuon hi nc lay anilin cho en khi nc cat ra tr thanh hoan toan trong suot (2). Dung pheu chiet tach lay anilin. Chiet lp nc bang eter ( moi lan 20ml), lam kho tat ca bang KOH ran. Chng cat tren cach thuy thu lay eter roi chng cat bang ong sinh han khong kh thu lay anilin nhiet o 182-185oC. Hieu suat 7g ( 71% so vi ly thuyet) (3) Ghi chu
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 65 -
1) Dung lng d ln acid HCl e giam thi gian phan ng. Co the dung 10ml acid vi 37ml nc vi lng chat au nh tren nhng cho sat, nc va acid un soi trong 10 phut roi cho dan nitrobenzen. Co the cho 24g Sn va nitrobenzen vao bnh roi cho dan acid clohidric vao sau 2) Khi chng cat co the them vao bnh hng NaCl e han che tnh tan cua anilin. 3) Anilin la chat long khong mau hay vang nhat, sam lai khi tac dung vi anh sang va khong kh, tan trong ru etylic, eter, t tan trong nc. ts=181,1oC, d= 1,0217
Th nghiem 19
IEU CHE METYLAMIN

Phan ng chnh CH3-CO-NH2 + Br2 CH3-NH2 + Hoa chat axetamit 15 gam, Brom 15 ml, KOH, axit clohidric, ru etylic tuyet oi. Cach tien hanh Cho 15 gam axetamit va 13ml Brom vao bnh cau, lac hon hp va lam lanh trong nc lanh, cho them tng phan dung dch cua 25gam KOH trong 175ml nc cho en khi mau o sam chuyen thanh mau vang sang cua bromaxetamit. Lap ong sinh han hoi lu va pheu nho giot cha dung dch gom 40gam KOH trong 75ml nc. Cho t t dung dch kiem o xuong bnh, xong un nong hon hp tren bep cach thuy 70-75oC cho en khi mat mau thng 1530 phut(1). + + HCl 4KOH CH3-NH2 2KBr + 2H2O
+
+
K2CO3
CH3NH2.HCl ( CH 3 N H 3 Cl )
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 66 -
Tach lay metylamin tao thanh bang cach chng cat loi cuon hi nc vao bnh hng cha 30 ml axit clohidric ac trong 20 ml nc e tao thanh muoi metylamin clohidrat. Chng cat cho en khi nc ngng trong bnh hng khong con phan ng kiem. Chuyen chat thu c vao bat s, co tren bep cach thuy cho en kho, sau o cho vao bnh lam kho trong 10-12gi (trong bnh lam kho chan khong ) hay lam kho trong tu say 100oC cho kho hoan toan. Cho san pham vao ru etylic tuyet oi, un soi, loc loai amoniclorua, co nc loc con lai en the tch nho, lam lanh nhanh se tach ra ket tua metylamin clohidrat, loc tren pheu Buchner, ra bang t ru etylic va lam kho trong bnh lam kho. Hieu suat metylamin clohidrat 7-10 gam. Muon thu c metylamin t do, cho 3gam metylamin clohidrat vao bnh Wurtz, lap pheu nho giot, ong noi va ong sinh han xuoi. Cho them t pheu nho giot 35ml dung dch KOH 50%, va un nong bnh. Metylamin tach ra dang kh co mui hac. CH3NH3Cl+ Ghi chu
1) Khong c qua nhiet o tren, metylamin clohidrat bot ket tinh khong mau tan trong nc, ru etylic, khong tan trong eter, axeton, tnc = 227-228oC. Metylamin la chat kh mui tanh, de chay de tan trong etylic ancol, oc.
KOH CH3NH2
KCl
H2O
VII. PHAN NG DIAZO HOA VA GHEP CAP

Phan ng diazo hoa la phan ng tao thanh hp chat muoi diazoni khi tac dung acid nitro vi amin bac mot trong moi trng acid. Muoi diazoni cung nh cung nh cac hp chat diazoni khac cua amin thap khong vong rat khong ben, phan tch thanh ancol va nit, thng c ieu che bang cac phng phap khac. CH3NH2 + HONO
CH3OH H2O
+
N2
nen phan ng nay ac trng cho cac amin thm bac mot
C 6 H 5 NH 2 + HCl + HONO [C 6 H 5 N N]Cl + 2H 2 O
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 67 -
Tren thc te acid nitro khong ben nen thng dung acid nitro mi sinh khi tac dung natri nitrit vi acid vo c manh ( thng acid clohidric hay sunfuric)
Ar NH 2 + 2HCl + NaNO 2 [Ar N N]Cl + NaCl + 2H 2 O

Phan ng diazo hoa thuoc loai phan ng the hidro cua nhom amin bang tac nhan electrophin. Tac nhan diazo hoa t acid nitro trong moi trng acid co the la
HO-N=O - H+ O2N - N=O + H2O (- NO2- ) + NO2 (- H2O )
+
+H
+ - H2O H2O -N=O H2O
+ N=O
+X - X-
X-N=O
phu thuoc vao nong o cua acid vo c. Muon diazo hoa 1 mol amin, ve ly thuyet, can 1mol natri nitrit. Lng acid nitro d c xac nh cuoi phan ng bang giay ho tinh bot. Acid nitro tao thanh t natri nitrit trong moi trng acid phan ng vi KI tach ra iod, lam xanh giay ho tinh bot. Phan ng diazo hoa can d rat t acid nitro cuoi phan ng. Phai dung 2 mol acid vo c cho 1 mol amin, 1mol acid can e tao thanh muoi azoni, con mol th hai dung e tao thanh acid nitro ArNH2 [ArNH3+]X+ + NaNO2 HX
ArNH3X
+ HX 2H2O +NaX
[ArN2]+X-
Trong thc te lng acid c dung ln hn nhieu so vi ty le hp thc oi hoi. Trong qua trnh diazo hoa, dung dch can phai co phan ng acid, va amin thm t do tham gia vao phan ng trong moi trng acid tao thanh do s thuy phan muoi [ArNH3+] + H2O
ArNH2 + H3O+
amin Trong moi trng acid yeu (pH ln) can bang ion amoni chuyen mach ve pha tao ra amin t do, rat kho tan trong nc (tr cac amin co cha nhom sunfo va cacboxyl) va co phan ng phu [ArN2+]X- + ArNH2
Ar - N = N - NH - Ar
HX
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 68 -
Di tac dung cua acid d, hp chat diazoamoni phan huy thanh muoi diazoni va muoi amoni ArN = NHAr + 2HX [ArNH3+]X
[ArN2+]X-
Acid anh hng en phan ng diazo hoa theo hai hng ngc nhau : mot mat, acid lam giam nong o amin t do, lam giam kha nang phan ng, mat khac lam tang nong o tac nhan diazo hoa, lam tang kha nang phan ng.Thng s xuc tien diazo hoa gay ra do s tang nong o tac nhan diazo hoa chiem u the hn, nen trong phan ng diazo hoa bao gi cung dung acid. Trong dung dch nc ton tai can bang gia cac dang khac nhau cua hp chat diazo, phu thuoc vao nong o cua ion hidro trong dung dch
+ HO HO ] Ar-N=N-OH [Ar N N + + H H
Ar-N O N syn-diazotat
Ar-N N O anti-diazotat
Ar-NH-NO nitrozamin
cation diazoni
diazohidrat
Trong moi trng acid, can bang chuyen ve pha tao thanh cation diazoni, khi tang pH cua moi trng, can bang chuyen ve pha ion diazotat. Phan ng diazo hoa c tien hanh nhiet o thap, thng 0-2oC, bang cach lam lanh dung dch trong nc a, co khi them nc a vao bnh phan ng. Cac dung dch diazo khong c e lau va khong e ngoai anh sang mat tri.
1. Phan ng cua muoi diazoni
Nhom diazo co the b the bi cac nhom the khac co tnh nucleophin nh hydroxyl, nitrin, clo, brom, iod...Muoi diazoni khong ben thng b phan tch ong li hay d li
[Ar N N]X Ar + X+ N 2 [Ar N N]X Ar + + X + N 2 S phan tch d li xay ra trong dung moi phan cc, con ong li trong moi trng kem phan cc hn va anion cua muoi la anion cua acid yeu. Khi un nong dung dch acid cua muoi diazoni se tao thanh phenol va tach nit
+ + . .
[C 6 H 5 N]Cl + HOH C 6 H 5 OH + N 2 + HCl
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 69 -
Nhom diazoni cung c the bi iod khi un nong muoi diazoni vi KI cho hieu suat tot
[C 6 H 5 N N]Cl + KI C 6 H 5 I + KCl + N 2
Nitrin cua acid thm cung thu c khi tac dung xyanua ong ( thng dung phc tan Na[Cu(CN)2] vi dung dch muoi diazoni
2 [C 6 H 5 N N]Cl C 6 H 5 CN + N 2 + NaCl + CuCN
Na[ Cu ( CN ) ]
Muoi diazoni co kha nang phan ng vi phenol va amin thm e tao thanh hp chat azo goi la phan ng tiep v azo. Phan ng chung la
[Ar N N]X + H Ar Y Ar N = N Ar Y + HX
+
Y= NH2,NHAr, NHR, OH, OR Phan ng tiep v la phan ng the SE nhng cation diazoni la tac nhan electrophin yeu nen ch tng tac c vi nhng hp chat thm co kha nang phan ng cao nh nhng hp chat co cha nhom the loai I (+I va +C), o la amin va dan xuat the ankyl, phenol, va eter. Phan ng tiep v phu thuoc nhieu vao gia tr pH cua moi trng phan ng. Dung dch muoi diazoni ieu che ra co moi trng acid manh, trong moi trng o, noi chung phan ng tiep v khong xay ra. Moi trng kiem manh cung khong thch hp cho phan ng nay. V tao thanh diazotat khong co kha nang tham gia phan ng. Thc te, phan ng tiep v ch xay ra trong moi trng acid yeu hay trung tnh oi vi amin (pH=3,5-7) va trong moi trng kiem yeu oi vi phenol (pH=5-8). Phenol va amin tiep v trc het vao v tr para. Neu v tr nay b chiem bi nhom COOH hay SO3H th cac nhom o b thay the, neu la nhom CHO th tiep v xay ra v tr octo. -Naphtol tiep v u tien v tr 4 con -naphtol v tr 1. Phan ng khong tach ra nit, quan trong la phan ng kh hp chat diazo tao thanh hidrazin.
2 [Ar N N]X Ar NH NH 2 . HX
Thng thc hien phan ng nay bang cach tron muoi diazoni vi dung dch cua thiec clorua nhiet o thap hay tac dung acid sunfur vi muoi diazoni.
TH NGHIEM 20
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 70 -
IEU CHE -NAPHTHOL DA CAM
HO NaO3S N=N
Phan ng chnh
O3S NaO3S HO
+ NH3 + NaOH
NaO3S O 3S
NH2 + H2O + N N + 2H2O + 2 NaCl
NH2 + NaNO2 +2 HCl NaO + NaOH NaO
+ H2O HO NaO3S N N
O 3S
+ N
N +
Hoa chat
Acid sunfanilit 5g ; -naphtol 4g ; NaNO2 2g ; dung dch NaOH 2N ; HCl 4N; NaCl. Cach tien hanh Hoa tan 5g -naphtol trong 50ml dung dch NaOH 2N trong coc. Hoa tan 5g acid sunfanilit trong 12,5ml dung dch NaOH 2N trong coc khac, cho them dung dch cua 2g NaNO2 trong 25ml nc, lam lanh dung dch bang nc a, khuay dung dch thu c, cho them 25ml dung dch acid HCl 4N. Sau o cho dung dch th hai nay vao dung dch tren va khuay. Tiep tuc khuay trong 30 phut. Chat mau da cam dang la tach ra. e giam tnh tan
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 71 -
cua chat mau, cho them dung dch NaCl bao hoa. Loc lay chat mau tren pheu Buchner, ra bang mot t nc lanh, ep chat mau tren pheu roi lam kho trong khong kh. Hieu suat 8 gam ( 70-75% so vi ly thuyet )(1). Ghi chu : 1) -Naptol da cam hay con goi la da cam (II), da cam axit la chat ket tinh mau vang da cam sang, tan tot trong nc,la pham nhuom len, lua,da, go, giay trong cong nghiep.
TH NGHIEM 21
IEU CHE HELIANTHIN
CH3 NaO3S
Phan ng chnh
N N
CH3
O 3S NaO 3S O 3S + N
+ N H3 + NaOH NH2 + NaNO 2 + 2HCl CH3 N CH3 HCl
NaO 3S + N N O 3S
N H2 + H2O SO3 + 2 H2O + 2NaCl

+
CH3 CH3 CH3
N +
NH N=
O 3S
CH3 + NaOH CH3 - H2O NaO 3S N N N
N H N=
CH3
Hoa chat Axit sunfanilic 5gam; Natrinitrit 2 gam; dung dch natrihydroxit 2N (12,5 ml); axit clohidric 2N (12,5 ml); axit clohidric 1N (25 ml) ; Dimetylanilin 3gam(3ml). Cach tien hanh
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 72 -
Hoa tan 5 gam tinh the axit sunfanilic vao 12,5 ml dung dch NaOH 2N trong mot coc 250 ml ong thi un nhe. Axit sunfanilic tan kem trong nc nen phai chuyen no di dang muoi natri.
NaO3S NH2
Khi axit a hoa tan het, dung dch phai co moi trng kiem( th bang giay qu). Lam lanh dung dch trong nc, roi cho 2 gam Natrinitrit trong 120ml nc vao, khuay eu hon hp cho en khi natrinitrit tan hoan toan. Sau o lam lanh dung dch bang nc a. Rot dung dch tren vao coc 500ml co cha 12,5ml dung dch axit clohidric 2N, ong thi khuay manh, mot phut sau nhng ket tua bot trang cua muoi diazonium xuat hien.
+ N N SO3
San pham nhan c khong can tach ra ma c s dung nh chat trung gian, muoi nay ben hn cac muoi diazonium khac va co the gi chung trong nhieu gi. Hoa tan 3 ml dimetylanilin chng cat lai, vao 25 ml dung dch axit clohidric 1N trong mot chiec coc nho. Phai hoa tan hoan toan dimetylanilin ( khong co lp dau tren mat dung dch). Cho dung dch tren vao muoi diazonium cha trong coc 500ml va khuay manh. Trong 5-10 phut mot lp pham mau khang axit mau o c tao thanh. e chuyen sang dang muoi natri, cho dung dch NaOH 2N vao hon hp cho en khi co phan ng kiem manh. Khuay va un soi hon hp. Trong trng hp nay phan ln pham mau chuyen vao dung dch.
Trong moi trng kiem Helianthin co mau vang. Trong moi trng trung tnh no co mau cam, trong moi trng axit no co mau o, no co the chuyen mau pH = 3-4,5 do s thay oi mot nhom mang mau t cau truc quinoid sang nhom cau truc azo -N=N-. o helianthin co cau truc quinoid:
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 73 -
CH3 HO3S NH N N CH3
Cl
Khi cho kiem vao, vang helianthin c tao thanh vi cau truc azo
CH3 NaO3S N N N CH3
Lam lanh hon hp trong nc a, loc ket tua muoi natri cua pham mau cam tren pheu Buchner. San phan co the ket tinh lai ngay trong mot lng nho nc. Helianthin co dang vay hay bot, thng dung lam chat ch th mau axit, kiem.
TH NGHIEM 22
IEU CHE PHENOL
OH
Phan ng chnh
C6H5NH2 +
NaNO2
+2H2SO4 2H2O + NaHSO4
[ C6H5-N = N ]+HSO4- + + H2SO4 + N2
[ C6H5-N = N ]+HSO4Phan ng phu
+ HOH C6H5 -OH
[ C6H5-N = N ]+HSO4-
+ C6H5-NH2 H2SO4
C6H5-NH- N=N-C6H5 +
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 74 -
[ C6H5-N = N ]+HSO4-
+ C6H5-OH C6H5 - N=N-C6H4-OH H2SO4
Hoa chat
Anilin 9,2 ml ; Natrinitrit 7 gam ; acid Sunfuric H2SO4 ac 10ml ; NaCl ; eter, Natrisunfat hay CaCl2 ; nc a.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 50 ml nc vao coc c 300 ml, them dan dan 10 ml H2SO4 (1), roi va khuay va cho t t 9,2 ml anilin vao dung dch dang nong o sao cho anilin tan hoan toan. Neu dung dch khong trong suot th un nong cho tan hoan toan. Lam lanh dung dch thu c en nhiet o thng, them dan khoang 75 gam a nghien nho e a nhiet o xuong 0oC(2). Cho dung dch 7 gam natri nitrit trong 50 ml nc cha trong pheu nho giot lac tren coc vao hon hp lam lanh. Trong thi gian phan ng gi cho nhiet o khong vt qua 5oC. Khi can thiet, cho them nc a. Khi a cho phan ln dung dch natri nitrit, khuay 5 phut, lay mau th bang ho tinh bot e kiem tra nong o nitr t do. Khi thay phan ng co mau xanh vi giay ho tinh bot th ket thuc phan ng(3). Chuyen dung dch muoi Diazoni thu c trong suot o vao bnh cau c 500ml va e nhiet o thng trong 15 - 20 phut. Muoi phenyldiazoni dan dan b phan tch, tach ra N2 tao thanh phenol. Neu phan ng cham th co the un nong tren cach thuy 40 - 50oC, thnh thoang lac va tien hanh cho en khi khong thay bot kh N2 tach ra. Tach lay phenol bang chng cat loi cuon hi nc cho en khi th nc cat ra khong con co phan ng cua phenol (bang nc Brom). Cho them 7,5 gam NaCl, chiet lay phenol bang eter ( hai lan vi eter ) lam kho bang natrisunfat khan hay CaCl2, chng cat lay eter tren cach thuy roi chng cat lay phenol nhiet o 170-183oC, thu c phenol ket tinh khi lam lanh. Hieu suat 6 gam ( 65% ly thuyet )(4). Ghi chu
1) Trong moi trng axit sunfuric, toc o phan ng diazo hoa thap hn trong moi trng axit HCl, song trong axit HCl co tao thanh san pham phu la dan xuat clo.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 75 -
2) Trong khi lam lanh, can khuay manh e anilin sunfat tach ra dang tinh the nho de diazo hoa. 3) Moi lan th, phai lay mau sau khi cho axit nitr c 5 phut. Cung co the cho phan ng ket thuc khi tat ca cac muoi anilinsunfat hoan toan chuyen vao dung dch.
4) Phenol la chat ket tinh, de tan trong ru, eter, tS = 182,3oC ; nD = 1,5402, tao hidrat vi nc C6H5OH.0,5H2O, la chat de gay bong da oc vi he than kinh.
VIII. Phan ng oxy hoa va kh

1. Phan ng oxy hoa
Qua trnh oxy hoa manh cacbon cua phan t tc la gan nguyen t oxy vao nguyen t cacbon. Tac nhan oxy hoa thng dung la oxy khong kh hay cac tac nhan oxy hoa khac. Nhieu c che oxy hoa cha c thiet lap ro rang, nhng co the cho rang, trong qua trnh oxy hoa, chat hu c bieu hien tnh chat nucleophin, s de dang oxy hoa tang theo o nucleophin cua no, ngha la vao kha nang cho electron, con tac nhan oxyhoa la tac nhan electrophin. Qua trnh oxyhoa khong ch phu thuoc vao ban chat cua chat oxyhoa va chat b oxy hoa ma con vao ieu kien phan ng ( nhiet o, dung moi, nong ov.v..) Qua trnh oxy hoa co kem theo s tach hidro nguyen t co ten chung la phan ng ehidro hoa.
TAC NHAN OXY HOA : thng dung cac tac nhan vo c hay hu c, nh sau :
Kalipemanganat KMnO4 : trong moi trng trung tnh hay kiem 2KMnO4 + 2KMnO4 + H2O 2H2SO4
2MnO2
2KOH + K2SO4 +
3(O) 2MnSO4
Trong moi trng acid +
3H2O +5(O) Cr2O3 +
Anhidrit cromic 2CrO3 3(O) Natri hay kali bicromat : la chat oxy hoa pho bien nhat K2Cr2O7 va Na2Cr2O7.2H2O
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 76 -
Trong moi trng trung tnh Na2Cr2O7 Na2Cr2O7 + + H2O
Cr2O3 +
2NaOH Na2SO4 3(O) +
3(O) +
Trong moi trng acid, thng axit sunfuric 4H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 +

4H2O + 2NO 2NO2 +
Axit nitric : phan tch oxi theo hai hng 2HNO3 2HNO3 H2O + H2O + 3(O) (O)
OXI HOA HIDROCACBON MACH KHONG VONG : Hidrocacbon parafin ben vi cac tac nhan ion nhng de tham gia vao cac phan ng goc t do.S oxy hoa parafin thng thc hien bang oxy phan t khi co chat xuc tac. Phan ng u tien vao cacbon bac ba tao nen cac san pham cha oxy qua hp chat trung gian la hidropeoxit
CH3CH2CH2CH3 O2 CH3CHCH2CH3 H O O H
+
CH3CHCH2CH3 + O O H2
-H2O, -H+
CH3COCH2CH3
S oxyhoa cac parafin ran c thc hien bang cach cho khong kh i vao hydrocacbon nong chay (80-100oC) co mat xuc tac nh muoi Mn, khi o phan t b phan cat va tao thanh mot hon hp cac acid cacboxylic. Lien ket oi cua anken b oxy hoa de dang. Khi tac dung vi oxy co xuc tac bac hay cac peacid, anken b oxy hoa thanh -oxit
C C + C6H5COOH C C O + C6H5COOH
ac iem cua phan ng nay la bao toan c cau hnh cua anken
C6H5 CH CH + CH3COOH C6H5 C6H5 CH O CH C6H5 + CH3COOH
Khi tac dung dung dch KMnO4 loang trong moi trng kiem, anken b oxy hoa thanh 1,2-diol, thng goi la phan ng hydroxyl hoa
C C KMnO4 HO C C OH OH
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 77 -
Khi oxy hoa bang nhng tac nhan manh nh KMnO4 trong moi trng acid, hay CrO3, K2Cr2O7 trong moi trng acid se phan cat mach cacbon cho noi oi tao thanh cac acid va nhng hp chat cha oxy.
H3C C H3C CH CH3 KMnO4, H
+
CH3 CO CH3 + CH3COOH
OXY HOA HYDRO CACBON THM : Benzen va naphtalen tac dung vi oxy khong khi co xuc tac V2O5 b oxy hoa (pha v vong ) thanh anhidrit maleic va phtalic tng ng
CO O2 , V2O5 o 450 C HC HC CO O
Khi chat oxy hoa mang tac dung vi ong ang cua benzen th nguyen t cacbon mach nhanh nh vi nhan thm b oxy hoa, ngha la s oxy hoa xay ra v tr benzyl.
O2 , V2O5 380oC CO O CO
S de dang oxy hoa nguyen t cacbon nay c giai thch bang s hnh thanh goc hay cacbocation benzyl ben
H C (O) C hay + C
C6H5 CH2CH2CH3
dd . KMnO4 100o C
C6H5 COOH + CH3COOH
OXI HOA ANCOL : Ancol bac mot b oxy hoa thanh andehyt khi dung natri bicromat trong acid sunfuric hay acid cromic trong ru etylic hay piridin
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 78 -
RCH2OH C6H5CH2OH
Na2Cr2O7 H SO ,60oC
2 4
RCHO + C6H5CHO +
H2O H2O
CrO3 (CH3)3COH
Andehyt tao thanh c cat ngay ra khoi moi trng oxi hoa e ngan nga s oxy hoa tiep. Co the cho hon hp hi ancol va oxi khong kh i qua xuc tac Cu hay Zn nhiet o 400-600oC
RCH2OH O2 Cu R-CHO + H2O
Ancol bac hai trong nhng ieu kien tng t b oxy hoa thanh xeton
R-CHOH-R R-CHOH-R O2 Cu H2SO4, R-CO-R + H2O R-CO-R + H2O
Na2Cr2O7
Ancol bac ba ben vng vi chat oxy hoa, tuy nhien trong nhng ieu kien cao, s oxy hoa xay ra co s phan cat mach C-C tao thanh acid va ceton co mach cacbon ngan hn so vi ancol ban au
CH3 -CH2 - C - CH3 KMnO4 , H HO CH3
+
CH3 - CH C - CH3 CH3
CH3COOH + CH3COCH3
Hien nay phng phap co tnh chat cong nghiep la ehidro hoa ancol bang xuc tac, thng dung Cu, Ag, ong cromat, Pt, Ni, Pd
RCH2OH R-CHOH-R Cu o 200-300 C Cu 200-300 C o R-CHO + H2 R-CO-R + H2
Phan ng thng nhiet o cao. Ngi ta co the dung chat nhan hidro nh quinon, nitrobenzen,v.v... S oxy hoa cac acid beo thanh hydroxyacid ch at c trong trng hp acid cacboxylic co cha nguyen t cacbon bac cao
CH3 - CH C OOH KMnO4 , OH CH3
-
CH3 - C HO
COOH CH3
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 79 -
Phenol rat de b oxy hoa ngay ca vi oxy khong kh nen khi gi phenol lau se co mau hong. Phenol cang khong tinh khiet, cang de b oxy hoa nhanh hn. S oxi hoa phenol bang oxy khong kh xay ra theo c che goc, tao thanh goc phenoxy chuyen thanh goc phenyl trang thai can bang. Cac goc nay khong ben de tham gia vao nhng chuyen hoa khac nhau, trong o co s tao ra nhng dime va polime khong mau.
O O
OXI HOA ANDEHYT VA CETON :Andehyt co the b oxy hoa ngay ca vi oxy khong kh (t oxi hoa) thanh acid cacboxylic. Phan ng xay ra theo c che goc.
2 3 CH 3 CHO CH 3 CO O OH 2CH 3 COOH
CH CHO
Cac tac nhan oxi hoa yeu nh Ag2O cung oxi hoa c andehyt RCHO + Ag2O RCOOH + 2Ag Thng dung dung dch muoi AgNO3 trong nc amoniac. Khi dung SeO2 trong acid, nhom metyl hay metylen nhom andehyt trong phan t andehyt b oxy hoa cho glioxal
3 CH 3 CHO + SeO 2 CHO CHO + Se + H 2 O
CH COOH
R CH 2 CHO + SeO 2 o R CO CHO + Se + H 2 O

t soi
Oxi hoa ceton thanh acid oi hoi ieu kien khac nghiet hn va xay ra phan cat mach cacbon
RCOOH + R'CH2OH R CH2 C O CH2 R' RCH2COOH + R'COOH
2. Phan ng kh
Phan ng gia cac chat hu c vi hydro c goi chung la phan ng kh. a so cac phan ng nay xay ra vi s tham gia cua xuc tac va hidro hoat ong. Co the chia lam hai loai : - S hidro hoa la qua trnh cong hydro vao cac lien ket boi nh C= C, CC, CN, C=N, N=N va cac lien ket boi trong nhan thm v.v...
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 80 -
S cong hp hidro vao cac lien ket boi c thc hien khi co xuc tac kim loai ap suat cao. Anken tac dung vi hydro co xuc tac en Platin tao thanh ankan -CH = CH+ 2H
-CH2- CH2 -
Kh cac lien ket oi bang tac nhan hoa hoc nh natri trong amoniac long khi co ru etylic hay canxi amoniacat
CH3(CH2)4CH CH2 Na / NH3 C2H5OH CH3(CH2)4CH2CH3
-S kh la s ket hp hidro vao nhng nhom cha oxy ma khong lam mat oxi (s kh khong tach nc ) hoac lam mat oxi (s kh co tach nc). Tac nhan kh co the dung la hidro tren xuc tac hay cac tac nhan kh hoa hoc. Cac andehyt va ceton b kh thanh ancol bac mot va hai bang hidro, xuc tac ong 180 - 220oC
R CHO R CH 2 OH R CO R R CHOH R
e tranh tao thanh hydrocacbon no, thng dung phng phap au oc xuc tac bang quinolin, ch cacbonat v.v... Hien nay thng dung liti nhom hidrua, natri bo hydrua e kh andehyt va ceton, cung nh acid, este ( este no va cha no ) thanh ancol ma van gi nguyen c noi oi. Cac hon hong kem kh andehyt va ceton en hidrocacbon khi co HCl (phan ng Clemensen)
C6H5 CO CH3 4(H) Zn / Hg + HCl C6H5 CH2CH3 + H2O
2H
2H
Trong ieu kien phan ng tren ancol khong b kh. Acid b kh bang LiAlH4 thanh ancol 4RCOOH + 3LiAlH4
+
2H O
LiAl(OCH2R)4 4H2
2LiAlO2
2 LiAl (OCH 2 R) 4 4RCH 2 OH + LiAlO 2
Phan ng kh trc tiep acid thanh andehit khong thc hien c nhng co the kh cloranhidrit bang hidro khi co xuc tac Pd
RCOCl 2H Pd R-CHO + HC
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 81 -
3. Phan ng oxy hoa kh
Phng phap kh andehyt hoac ceton thanh ancol khi co nhom ancolat c dung rong rai, trong qua trnh nay, ancolat b oxy hoa thanh hp chat cacbonyl tng ng
3 R2CO + [(CH3)2CHO]3Al (R2CHO)3Al + 3CH3COCH3 H2SO4 loang 3 R2CH OH
Dang phan ng chuyen ion hidrua quan trong khac la phan ng oxi-hoa kh cua cac andehyt va ceton khong co H khi co tac dung cua KOH ac hay canxi hydroxyt (phan ng Cannizzaro)
2C 6 H 5 CHO C 6 H 5 CH 2 OH + C 6 H 5 COOK
Th nghiem 23 ieu che axit benzoic
KOH
COOH
Phan ng chnh
C6H5CH3 + C6H5COOK Hoa chat
2KMnO4 +
C6H5COOK + KOH + H2O
2MnO2 KCl
HCl
C6H5COOH +
Toluen 2g hay 2.3ml ; KMnO4 7g ; acid clohydric

Cach tien hanh
Cho 2g toluen, 100ml va 7g kali pemanganat vao bnh cau c 250ml, lap ong sinh han nc hoi lu.Cho them vai vien a bot. un nong bnh tren bep cach thuy sao cho hon hp soi ieu hoa va lac bnh. un trong 4 gi cho dung dch nhat mau hay mat mau. Neu hon hp con co mau th cho them
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 82 -
vai giot ru etylic hay acid oxalic e oxy hoa pemanganat con d. Lam lanh dung dch, loc loai bo mangan oxit, ra hai lan bang nc nong (moi lan khoang 10-15ml ). Cho bay hi nc loc tren cach thuy (1) hay cach cat en the tch 20-25ml, acid hoa bang acid clohidric cho en phan ng acid theo giay congo. Acid benzoic se tach ra. Loc lay acid benzoic, ra bang mot lng nho nc lanh va lam kho trong khong kh (2). Hieu suat 2g (75% so vi ly thuyet).
Ghi chu 1) Neu sau khi co, e nguoi, thay co van uc cua MnO2 th phai loc lai. 2) Co the tinh che bang phng phap thang hoa.
TH NGHIEM 24
IEU CHE ACID BENZOIC VA ANCOL BENZYLIC
COOH va
Phan ng chnh
CH2OH
2C6H5-CHO
KOH C6H5-CH2OH
C6H5-COOK
Hoa chat Benzalehit 10,6g hay 10ml ; KOH ; eter ; NaHSO3

Cach tien hanh
Cho 10ml Benzalehit va mi chng cat lai va dung dch a lam lanh cua 9g KOH trong 6ml nc vao bnh cau c 50ml. Lam lanh bnh va lac manh e tao nhu tng ben. ay nut bnh va e yen qua mot em. Sau o cho them mot lng nho nc u e hoa tan hon hp. Chiet dung dch bang eter ba lan, moi lan 10ml eter. Ket hp 3 lan chiet eter lai
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 83 -
e tinh che lay ancol benzylic va gi dung dch nc lai e tinh che e tinh che lay acid benzoic. Lac dung dch eter, vi 5ml dung dch NaHSO3 40% (1) roi bang dung dch Na2CO3, lam kho bang natri sunfat khan, chng cat lay eter tren noi cach thuy roi chng cat lay ancol benzylic 204-207oC. Hieu suat 4g(2)( 40% so vi ly thuyet theo tong lng benzaldehit) Acid hoa dung dch nc bang acid clohidric ac, loc lay acid benzoic tach ra, tinh che lai bang nc nong Hieu suat 5g ( 50% so vi ly thuyet tnh theo tong lng benzaldehit )
Ghi chu 1) e loai benzaldehit cha phan ng ra khoi hon hp chat bisunfit
2) Ancol benzylic la chat long, tan tot trong ru etylic, eter, aceton, ts=206oC ; d=1,045.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 84 -
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Ngo Th Thuan. Giao trnh thc hanh hoa hu c. Ha noi 1991 2. Thai Doan Tnh. Thc hanh hoa hoc hu c. Tap 1 NXB Giao duc 1992. 3. Tran Kim Qui. Giao trnh thc tap ky thuat tong hp hu c. ai hoc tong hp Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh. Tap 1, 2.1987. 4. Nguyen Van Tong. Thc hanh hoa hoc hu c.Tap 2 NXB Giao duc 1996. 5. Phan Tong Sn-Le ang Doanh (dch). Thc hanh Hoa hoc hu c. NXB Khoa hoc va Ky thuat. Tap 1,2. Ha noi 1976. 6. M.N.KHRAMKINA. Laboratory manual of organic synthesis. Translated from the Russian. Mir Publishers Moscow. 1980.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 85 -
Phan III. PHAN TCH NH TNH XAC NH NHOM

CHC CAC HP CHAT HU C
Chng I. PHAN TCH NH TNH NGUYEN TO TRONG HP

CHAT HU C I. XAC NH CACBON BANG PHNG PHAP CACBON HOA
Hoa chat
Saccaroz hoac tinh bot, benzen.

Dung cu
Coc s.
Cach tien hanh a) Cho khoang 0.1g saccaroz hoac tinh bot vao coc s. un nong can than coc s tren ngon la en con cho en khi ng chuyen thanh than. b) Rot vao coc s khoang 0.5ml benzen. Dung que diem ang chay e ot benzen trong coc. Quan sat ngon la va viet phng trnh phan ng chay.
( Chu y: lam th nghiem 1.1b trong tu hot).
II. XAC NH CACBON VA HIDRO BANG PHNG PHAP OXI HOA

Hoa chat
Saccaroz ( hoac acid benzoic ), bot CuO, dung dch bao hoa Ca(OH)2, hoac Ba(OH)2, CuSO4 khan (bot).
Cach tien hanh
Tron eu khoang 0.2 - 0.3g saccaroz vi1 - 2g CuO tren mat knh hoac giay. Cho hon hp vao ong nghiem kho. Cho tiep them khoang1g CuO e phu kn hon hp. Phan tren cua ong nghiem c don mot nhum bong, rac len nhum bong o mot t CuSO4 khan. Lap dung cu nh hnh 1. un nong ong nghiem cha hon hp phan ng, luc au un nhe toan bo ong nghiem, sau o un manh phan co hon hp phan ng.
Hnh 1 1- Hon hp va CuO khan 2- Bong va CuSO4 khan 3- Dung dch Ca(OH)2.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 86 -
III. XAC NH NIT

Hoa chat
Ure (khan), axetamit, Na, dung dch FeSO4 1%, dung dch FeCl3 1%, dung dch HCl ac, dung dch HCl 10%, hon hp voi - xut (ran), C2H5OH 960.
Cach tien hanh a) Trng hp rieng: Hp chat co N lien ket trc tiep vi C va H
Tron eu khoang 0.1g ure va 1g voi - xut roi cho vao ong nghiem kho. un nong ong nghiem. Nhan xet ket qua th nghiem bang ba cach sau: -Ngi mui kh thoat ra mieng ong nghiem. -at mau giay quy o a tam t len mieng ong nghiem. -a au ua thuy tinh co tam dung dch HCl ac vao mieng ong nghiem.
b) Trng hp chung:
Lay khoang 0.5g ure ( hoac hp chat hu c khac co N nh anilin, axetamit...) va chia thanh hai phan bang nhau. Phan th nhat c cho vao ay ong nghiem kho. Cho tiep vao o mot mau Na ( a c cao sach lp ngoai va ep kho gia hai manh giay loc). Phan ure con lai cho tiep vao ong nghiem e phu kn mau Na. un nong ( can than!) ong nghiem tren en con cho en khi ay ong nghiem nong o. e nguoi nho t t vao ong nghiem khoang 1ml ancol etylic e phan huy Na con d. Cho them 2ml nc cat, khuay eu, loc hon hp e thu lay dung dch trong. Nho 2 3 giot dung dch FeSO4 1% va 1 2 giot dung dch FeCl3 1% vao dung dch va thu c. Quan sat mau sac ket tua: Acid hoa hon hp bang vai giot dung dch HCl10% cho en khi xuat hien ket tua mau xanh da tri.
IV. XAC NH LU HUYNH

Hoa chat
Acid sunfanilic hoac thioure, Na, dung dch Pb(CH3COO)2 2%, dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch HCl 10%.
Cach tien hanh
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 87 -
Tien hanh phan huy hp chat cha lu huynh bang cach nung nong vi Na nh phan 2 cua th nghiem 1.3. Loc nhieu lan e lay dung dch trong. Chia dung dch va loc thanh hai phan e lam cac th nghiem tiep theo.
a) Lay mot ong nghiem khac a co 0.5ml dung dch Pb(CH3COO)2 2%, nho t t tng giot dung dch NaOH 10% cho en khi hoa tan het ch hirdoxit (va sinh ra). Rot dung dch muoi ch va thu c vao dung dch loc tren (phan th nhat).
Quan sat hien tng xay ra.

b) Nho t t tng giot dung dch HCl 10% vao phan dung dch loc con lai. Nhan xet mui ac trng cua kh thoat ra.
V. XAC NH HALOGEN
Hoa chat
Clorofom (hoac icloetan, clobenzen, brombenzen, iodofom...), dung dch AgNO3 1%, dung dch NH3, ancol etylic.
Dung cu
Day ong, pheu thuy tinh.

Phng phap 1
Lay mot si day ong nho uon thanh nhng vong lo xo nho va buoc vao au ua thuy tinh. ot day ong tren ngon la en con ti khi khong con ngon la mau xanh cua tap chat. Nhung day ong vao hp chat hu c co cha halogen, em ot tren ngon la en con. Nhan xet mau ac trng cua ngon la.
Phng phap 2
Lay mot manh giay nho, tam ancol etylic va nho them may giot hp chat hu c co cha halogen (chat long hoac dung dch trong etanol). ong thi chuan b mot pheu thuy tinh, nho vao thanh pha trong cua pheu may giot dung dch AgNO3 1%, up pheu len pha tren manh giay roi ot chay giay. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra thanh pheu. Sau o nho len thanh pha trong cua pheu may giot NH3. Tiep tuc theo doi hien tng xay ra.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 88 -
Chng II. HIDRO CACBON NO

I. IEU CHE VA TNH CHAT CUA METAN
Hoa chat
Natri axetat khan, voi xut khan (hon hp NaOH ran va CaO), nc brom bao hoa, dung dch KMnO4 rat loang, dung dch Na2CO3 5%.
Cach tien hanh a) ieu che va ot chay metan
Cho vao ong nghiem kho co nut va ong dan kh cong (Hnh 1) khoang 4 5g hon hp natri axetat khan va voi xut (theo t le 1 phan muoi, 2 phan voi xut ve khoi lng) a c nghien nho va tron eu trong coi s. Kep ong nghiem tren gia sat va un nong bang ngon la en con. Luc au un nong nhe toan bo ong nghiem, sau o un nong manh phan co hon hp phan ng. au tien khong kh trong ong nghiem thoat ra, tiep theo la kh metan. ot kh metan au ong dan kh (1). Nhan xet mau ngon la. a nap chen s cham vao ngon la cua metan ang chay. Quan sat mau sac cua nap chen s trc va sau khi th nghiem. Lng kh metan con lai e lam cac th nghiem tiep theo.
b) Tng tac cua metan vi nc brom va dung dch kali pemanganat:
Trong khi chuan b th nghiem ieu che metan cung chuan b san hai ong nghiem sau: ong th nhat cha 2ml nc brom, ong th hai cha 2ml dung dch KMnO4 loang va 1ml dung dch Na2CO3 5%. Sau th nghiem ot chay dan kh metan con lai vao ong cha nc brom trong khoang 1 phut. Nhan xet xem nc brom co b mat mau hay khong ? a ong dan kh metan vao ong nghiem cha dung dch KMnO4. Quan sat mau cua dung dch.
II. PHAN NG BROM HOA HIDROCACBON NO

Hoa chat
n-Hexan hoac hon hp hidrocacbon no(2) (th du ete dau hoa co nhiet o soi khoang 60 700 C), dung dch Br2 5% trong CCl4, dung dch NH3 25%.
1 2
Trc khi ot can xoay ong nghiem phan ng e au ong dan kh hng len pha tren. Dung hon hp Hidrocacbon no long, khong lan Hidrocacbon khong no. Kiem tra s co mat cua Hidrocacbon khong no bang cach lac hon hp vi nc brom hoac dung dch kalipemanganat.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 89 -
Cach tien hanh
Rot vao ong nghiem kho khoang 1ml hidrocacbon no. Nho them vai giot dung dch Br2 5% trong CCl4. Lac nhe hon hp phan ng.Quan sat mau cua dung dch Br2. un hon hp trong noi nc nong. Theo doi ket qua th nghiem bang cac cach sau: -Quan sat s bien oi mau cua dung dch Br2. -a mau giay quy xanh tam t vao mieng ong nghiem. -a au ua thuy tinh tam dung dch NH3 vao mieng ong nghiem.
III. TAC DUNG CUA KALI PEMANGANAT VI HIDROCACBON NO

Hoa chat
Hidrocacbon no long (xem th nghiem 2.2), dung dch Na2CO3 5%, dung dch KMnO4 1%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem khoang 0.5ml hodrocacbon no, 0.5ml dung dch Na2CO3 5%, sau o nho them vai giot dung dch KMnO4 1% va lac eu. Quan sat mau sac cua dung dch KMnO4.
IV. TAC DUNG CUA ACID SUNFURIC VI HIDROCACBON NO

Hoa chat
Hidrocacbon long (xem th nghiem 2.2), acid sunfuric ac.

Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem kho khoang 0.5ml hidrocacbon long, 0.5ml H2SO4 ac. Lac nhe hon hp trong 2 3 phut. Theo doi mau sac va nhiet cua hon hp.
V. TAC DUNG CUA ACID NITRIC VI HIDROCACBON NO

Hoa chat
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 90 -
Hidrocacbon long (xem th nghiem 2.2), HNO3 ac.

Cach tien hanh
Cho khoang 0.5ml hidrocacbon long vao ong nghiem kho, cho them 0.5ml HNO3 ac. Lac nhe hon hp trong 2 3 phut. e yen va quan sat hon hp phan ng.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 91 -
Chng III. HIDROCACBON KHONG NO

I. IEU CHE ETILEN
Hoa chat
Ancol etilic 960, acid sunfuric ac, voi xut, cat sach hoac s xop (hat nho).
Cach tien hanh
Cho 2ml ancol etilic vao ong nghiem kho, can than nho them tng giot 4ml H2SO4 ac ong thi lac eu. Cho vao hon hp vai hat cat hoac vai vien s xop. Kep ong nghiem vao gia va lap ong dan kh co noi vi ong ng voi xut() (Hnh 2). un nong can than hon hp phan ng va khong cho hon hp trao sang ong cha voi xut. Nhan xet mau cua hon hp phan ng.
Hnh 2 1- Hon hp C2H5OH va H2SO4 2- S xop
3- Voi xut (nhoi gia hai lp bong)
ot kh etilen au ong dan kh. Nhan xet mau ngon la. a nap chen s cham vao ngon la etilen ang chay. Quan sat mau cua nap chen s trc va sau khi th nghiem. Lng kh etilen con lai e lam cac th nghiem tiep theo.
II. PHAN NG CONG BROM VAO ETILEN

Hoa chat
Dung dch nc brom bao hoa.

Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml dung dch nc brom vao ong nghiem. Dan kh etilen vao nc brom. Quan sat s bien oi mau cua dung dch.
e kh de i qua phai dung voi xut dang hat va khong c nhoi qua chat. Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 92 -
III. PHAN NG OXI HOA ETILEN BANG DUNG DCH KALI PEMANGANAT
Hoa chat
Dung dch KMnO4 2%, dung dch Na2CO310%.

Cach tien hanh
Cho 2ml dung dch KMnO4 2% va 0.5ml dung dch Na2CO310% vao ong nghiem. Dan kh etilen vao hon hp. Quan sat s bien oi mau cua dung dch.
IV. IEU CHE AXETILEN

Hoa chat
Canxi cacbua.
Cach tien hanh
Hnh 3 1- Canxi cacbua 2- Ong dan kh co au vuot nhon 3- Ong dan kh cong
Cho vao ong nghiem vai vien canxi cacbua. Rot nhanh khoang 1ml nc vao ong nghiem va ay nhanh bang nut co ong dan kh vi au vuot nhon (Hnh 3). ot kh axetilen au ong dan kh. Nhan xet mau ngon la. a nap chen s cham vao ngon la. Quan sat mau cua nap chen s trc va sau th nghiem. So sanh vi th nghiem ot chay metan va etilen.
V. PHAN NG CONG BROM VAO AXETILEN

Hoa chat
Dung dch nc brom bao hoa.

Cach tien hanh
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 93 -
Cho 1ml dung dch nc brom bao hoa vao ong nghiem (chuan b san ngay khi lap dung cu ieu che axetilen (Hnh 3). Dan kh axetilen vao dung dch bang ong dan kh cong (Hnh 3.3). Nhan xet qua trnh bien oi mau cua nc brom.
VI. PHAN NG OXI HOA AXETILEN BANG KALIPEMANGANAT

Hoa chat
Dung dch KMnO41%, dung dch Na2CO3 10%.

Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml dung dch KMnO41% va 1ml dung dch Na2CO3 10% vao ong nghiem. Dan kh C2H2 vao hon hp. Quan sat mau cua dung dch.
VII. PHAN NG TAO THANH BAC AXETILUA

Hoa chat
Dung dch AgNO3 1%, dung dch NH3 5%.

Cach tien hanh
Cho 2ml dung dch AgNO3 1% vao ong nghiem. Nho them tng giot dung dch NH3 5% cho en khi hoa tan hoan toan ket tua Ag2O (va c sinh ra). Dan kh axetilen vao hon hp. Quan sat s xuat hien ket tua bac axetilua va mau sac ket tua. Loc lay ket tua bac axetilua, ra ket tua bang lng nc nho, ep ket tua trong t giay loc. Nung nong can than ket tua tren tam li amiang bang en con hoac bep ien (can than ! Can bao ve mat). Theo doi qua trnh phan huy va nhng tieng no nho cua bac axetilua. Giay loc va nhng vet bac axetilua con lai c cho vao coc nc. Cho them mot lng nho acid clohidric ac hoac acid nitric ac (khoang 1/4 the tch nc trong coc).
VIII. PHAN NG TAO THANH ONG (I) AXETILUA

Hoa chat
ong (I) clorua, dung dch NH3 ac.

Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 94 -
Cach tien hanh
ieu che dung dch phc [Cu(NH3)2]Cl. Lac 1g muoi CuCl vi 1.5 2ml dung dch NH3 ac pha loang hon hp bi 10ml nc. e lang ket tua, gan lay dung dch khong mau e lam th nghiem. Neu dung dch nhuom mau xanh (do co lan Cu2+) th un nhe dung dch, ong thi nho vao tng giot dung dch hidroxylamin clohidrat 1% (hoac hidroxylamin sunfat 1%) cho ti khi dung dch tr thanh khong mau. Hidroxylamin la chat kh: 4 Cu2+ + 2H2NOH 4 Cu+ 4H+ + N2O + H2O Cho 2ml dung dch phc [Cu(NH3)2]Cl vao ong nghiem va dan dong kh axetilen vao dung dch. Quan sat qua trnh xuat hien ket tua ong axetilua va mau sac cua ket tua. Sau th nghiem ong axetilua c phan giai bang cach nho vao ket tua vai giot HCl ac hoac HNO3 ac.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 95 -
Chng IV. HIDROCACBON THM

I. PHAN NG OXI HOA BENZEN VA TOLUEN
Hoa chat
Benzen (tinh khiet), toluen, dung dch KMnO4 5%, dung dch H2SO4 2N.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao hai ong nghiem, moi ong 1ml dung dch KMnO4 5% va 1ml dung dch H2SO4 2N. Cho tiep vao ong th nhat 0.5ml benzen, ong th hai 0.5ml toluen. Ca hai ong nghiem c ay nut co ong thuy tinh thang ng. Lac nhe va un nong ca hai ong nghiem tren noi nc. Quan sat hien tng (mau, ket tua) xay ra trong ca hai ong nghiem.
II. PHAN NG BROM HOA BENZEN VA TOLUEN

Hoa chat
Benzen (tinh khiet), dung dch brom trong cacbon tetraclorua (t le 1:5 theo the tch), bot sat.
Cach tien hanh a) Lay hai ong nghiem kho, cho 1ml benzen vao ong th nhat va 1ml toluen vao ong th hai. Cho tiep vao moi ong 1ml brom roi lac eu.
Chia dung dch trong moi ong thanh hai phan bang nhau. Phan th nhat c at len gia. Phan th hai un nong en soi nhe (nen ay ong nghiem bang nut co lap ong thuy tinh thang ng) tren noi nc roi at vao gia. Quan sat va so sanh mau dung dch cua phan th nhat va phan th hai cua tng hidrocacbon.
b) Cho mot nhum bot sat (bang hat au xanh), 1ml benzen va 1ml dung dch brom vao ong nghiem kho. Lac nhe va un nong hon hp en soi nhe tren noi nc. Khi hon hp ang soi a manh giay quy xanh tam t vao mieng ong nghiem. Quan sat s bien oi mau cua dung dch va mau cua manh giay quy.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 96 -
III. PHAN NG NITRO HOA BENZEN

Hoa chat
Benzen, acid sunfuric (d= 1.84g/ml), acid nitric (d= 1.4g/ml).

Dung cu
Coc thuy tinh 50ml.

Cach tien hanh
Rot t t 2ml acid sunfuric vao ong nghiem (hoac bnh cau nho) a cha san 1.5ml acid nitric va lam lanh trong chau nc. Nho t t 1ml benzen vao hon hp acid ong thi lac manh ong nghiem trong chau nc. Sau khi a lac lien tuc hon hp trong vong 6 10 phut rot t t hon hp vao coc cha 20 30ml nc lanh. Dung ua thuy tinh khuay eu hon hp, sau o e yen. Quan sat qua trnh phan lp cua hon hp. Nhan xet mau va mui thm ac trng (mui hanh nhan) cua lp chat hu c ( di) co cha nitrobenzen.
IV. PHAN NG SUNFO HOA BENZEN VA TOLUEN

Hoa chat
Benzen, toluen, acid sunfuric ac (d=1.84g/ml).

Dung cu
Ong nghiem co nut lap vi ong thuy tinh thang, coc thuy tinh 50ml.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5ml benzen vao ong nghiem th nhat, 0.5ml toluen vao ong nghiem th hai. Cho tiep vao moi ong 2ml acid sunfuric. Ca hai ong nghiem c ay bang nut co ong thuy tinh thang ng va un nong tren noi nc soi, ong thi lac eu. Theo doi qua trnh hoa tan dan cac chat trong hon hp. Tiep tuc un nong en khi c hon hp ong nhat. e nguoi. Tng
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 97 -
hon hp c rot vao mot coc rieng cha san 20ml nc. Nhan xet kha nang hoa tan cua hon hp phan ng trong nc.
V. PHAN NG NITRO HOA NAPHTALEN

Hoa chat
Naphtalen (bot), acid nitric ac (d=1.4g/ml).

Dung cu
Coc thuy tinh nho.

Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5g naphtalen (dang bot) vao ong nghiem a cha san 2ml acid nitric ac. Lac hon hp nhiet o phong. Nhan xet s bien oi mau cua hon hp! un nong hon hp tren noi nc soi va lac nhe cho en khi hoa tan het naphtalen. Rot hon hp vao coc cha 10ml nc lanh. Quan sat mau sac cua cac tinh the -nitronaphtalen. Loc lay san pham. Ra ket tua bang nc.
VI. PHAN NG SUNFO HOA NAPHTALEN

Hoa chat
Naphtalen (bot), acid sunfuric ac.

Cach tien hanh a) Acid -naphtalensufonic
Cho 1g naphtalen vao ong nghiem va un tren ngon la en con cho naphtalen nong chay. Sau khi e nguoi, cho them 1ml acid sunfuric ac vao ong nghiem. un nong can than hon hp tren en con va lac eu. en khi tao ra chat long ong nhat. Lam lanh chat long, cho them 2 3ml nc va un nong nhe. Khi e nguoi acid -naphtalensufonic t t ket tua xuong (khong co ket tua khi cho nhieu nc).
b) Acid -naphtalensufonic
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 98 -
Cho 1g nataphlen va 1ml acid sunfuric ac vao ong nghiem. un nong hon hp tren noi nc soi trong khoang 10 15 phut cho en khi naphtalen tan het. Lam nguoi va can than rot 2 3ml nc vao hon hp. Nhan xet kha nang tan cua acid -naphtalensufonic trong nc.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 99 -
Chng V. DAN XUAT HALOGEN CUA HIDROCACBON

I. IEU CHE ETYL BROMUA
Hoa chat
Ancol etylic, acid sunfuric ac, kali bromua (dang bot).

Cach tien hanh
Cho 1.5ml ancol etylic va 1ml nc vao ong nghiem (1). at ong nghiem vao chau nc lanh, nho t t tng giot 1.5ml H2SO4 vao dung dch ancol ong thi lac eu. Lam lanh hon hp en nhiet o phong, cho tiep 1.5g KBr vao hon hp. Lap dung cu nh hnh 4. Ong nghiem hng (ong 2) cha 1ml nc va vai vien nc a. un nong hon hp phan ng, luc au Hnh 4 un nhe, sau o un nong en soi.Quan sat 1- Hon hp ancol etylic, acid nhng giot chat long t t lang xuong ay ong nghiem hng. Ngng un khi thay lng sunfuric va kali bromua. chat long trong bnh hng khong tang. Dung 2- Ong nghiem hng. pipette lay mot giot chat ay ong nghiem 3- Coc cha nc a. hng. Nho giot chat long o len si day ong (uon thanh nhng vong lo xo nho va a c ot nong tren ngon la en con) va a si day ong vao ngon la en con. Nhan xet mau ngon la.
II. IEU CHE ETYL CLORUA

Hoa chat
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 100 -
Ancol etylic, acid sunfuric ac, natri clorua (dang bot).

Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem 2ml ancol etylic,1ml H2SO4 ac va 0.1g natri clorua. ay ong nghiem bang nut co lap ong thuy tinh thang va au vuot nhon (Hnh 5). Lac nhe, un hon hp phan ng tren ngon la en con (can than! hon hp de b trao). ot kh etyl clorua ts =12.4 C thoat ra au ong dan kh. Quan sat mau ngon la.
0
Hnh 5
1- ong thuy tinh vuot nhon 2- hon hp ancol etylic, acid sunfuric ac va natri clorua
III. IEU CHE IODOFOM T RU ETYLIC VA AXETON

Hoa chat
2N.
Ru etylic, axeton, dung dch KI bao hoa I2 va 1.5ml dung dch NaOH
Cach tien hanh a) ieu che iodofom t ru etylic
Cho vao ong nghiem 0.5ml ru etylic, 1.5ml dung dch KI bao hoa iod va 1.5ml dung dch NaOH 2N. Lac deu ong nghiem va un nhe (khong c un soi !) cho en khi dung dch xuat hien ket tua van uc. Lam lanh ong nghiem bang nc lanh. Quan sat mam chat ket tua.
b) ieu che iodofom t axeton
Cho vao ong nghiem 2ml dung dch KI bao hoa iod va 2ml dung dch NaOH 2N. Rot 0.5ml axeton vao hon hp tren va lac nhe. Quan sat mau cua chat ket tua.
IV. IEU CHE BROMOFOM T AXETON

Hoa chat
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 101 -
Axeton, brom, dung dch NaOH 10%.

Cach tien hanh
Cho 1.5ml axeton, 3ml dung dch NaOH 10% va 10 giot Br2 ( can than ! Lam trong tu hot ) vao ong nghiem. Lac nhe hon hp. Quan sat dung dch phan ng (mau sac, trang thai...). Gan bo lp nc tren, lay si day ong nhung vao phan con lai ay ong nghiem roi a vao ngon la en con (lam tng t nh th nghiem 5 Chng I). Nhan xet mau ngon la.
V. IEU CHE BROMBENZEN

Hoa chat
Benzen, brom, sat (bot), voi xut, dung dch NaOH 2N.
Cach tien hanh
Th nghiem c tien hanh trong tu hot, dung cu theo hnh 6. Cho vao ong nghiem kho mot t bot sat, 1ml benzen va 0.5ml brom. Mieng ong nghiem c ay ngay bang nut co ong dan kh cong. au cuoi cua ong dan kh noi vi ong hap thu nh hnh ve. Lac eu ong nghiem. Quan sat hien tng xay ra trong ong nghiem (mau cua dung dch, bot kh...). Sau khi khong con bot kh tach ra, at ong nghiem vao noi nc nong
Hnh 6
(60 700C) khoang 2phut. a ong nghiem ra khoi nc nong, lam lanh. Lac hon hp san pham vi dung dch NaOH cho en khi dung dch khong con mau cua brom. Lp nc tren c hut bang pipette. Lp chat long con lai cha brombenzen. Co the s bo nhan ra brombenzen nh phan ng xac nh nh tnh (tng t th nghiem 5 Chng I).
VI. PHAN NG CUA DAN XUAT HALOGEN VI DUNG DCH KIEM
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 102 -
Hoa chat
Dan xuat halogen mach h (C2H5Br, C2H5Cl), dung dch NaOH 10% (trong nc, khong lan ion halogen), dung dch HNO3 20%, dung dch AgNO3 1%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5ml dan xuat halogen va 2 3ml nc cat vao ong nghiem roi lac eu. e hon hp tach thanh hai lp, gan bo lp nc tren sang ong nghiem khac a cha san vai giot AgNO3. Neu thay co ket tua bac halogenua, tiep tuc tien hanh nh tren en khi th nc ra khong con thay ion halogen. Sau o cho 2ml dung dch NaOH 10% vao ong nghiem cha dan xuat halogen. Lac nhe va un hon hp phan ng en soi. e nguoi, gan lp nc tren sang ong nghiem khac, acid hoa lp nc nay bang HNO3 20% va nho them vai giot dung dch AgNO3. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
VII. PHAN NG CLOROFOM VI DUNG DCH KIEM

Hoa chat
Clorofom, dung dch NaOH 10% (trong nc, khong lan ion halogen), dung dch HNO3 20%, dung dch AgNO3 1%, dung dch amoniac 10%, dung dch KMnO41%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml CHCl3 a ra sach ion halogen (xem th nghiem 5.6) va 3ml dung dch NaOH 10% vao ong nghiem. Lac eu va can than un soi hon hp. Lam lanh hon hp phan ng, gan lay phan dung dch trong pha tren roi chia thanh ba phan: -Phan th nhat c acid hoa bang HNO3, sau o nho them vai giot dung dch AgNO3 1%. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra. -Cho 1ml dung dch bac amoniacat vao phan th hai va un nong nhe. Quan sat hien tng ket tua bam vao thanh ong nghiem.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 103 -
Dung dch bac amoniacat c ieu che nh sau: nho tng giot dung dch NH3 10% vao ong nghiem a cha san 1 2ml dung dch AgNO3 1% cho en khi hoa tan het ket tua Ag2O. -Nho mot vai giot dung dch KMnO41% vao phan th ba. Nhan xet hien tng bien oi mau cua hon hp phan ng.
VIII. PHAN NG CUA NGUYEN T HALOGEN VI NHAN THM

Hoa chat
Clobenzen hoac brom benzen, dung dch NaOH 10% (trong nc, khong co lan ion halogen), dung dch HNO3 10%, dung dch AgNO3 1%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5ml clobenzen a loai het ion halogen (xem th nghiem 5.6) va 1 2ml dung dch NaOH 10% vao ong nghiem. Lac eu va un hon hp en soi. Lam lanh hon hp, gan lay phan dung dch pha tren. Acid hoa phan o bang dung dch HNO3 10%, nho them 1 2 giot dung dch AgNO3 1%. Quan sat xem co hien tng ket tua hay khong?
IX. PHAN NG CUA NGUYEN T HALOGEN VI MACH BEN CUA NHAN THM
Hoa chat
Benzyl clorua, dung dch NaOH 10% (trong nc, khong lan ion halogen), dung dch HNO3 20%, dung dch AgNO3 1%.
Cach tien hanh a) Cho 0.5ml benzen clorua a loai het ion halogen (xem th nghiem 5.6) va1 2ml dung dch NaOH 10% vao ong nghiem. Lac eu va un can than en soi. Lam lanh hon hp, roi gan lay phan dung dch trong pha tren. Acid hoa phan dung dch va gan c bang HNO3 20% va nho them vao o 1 2 giot dung dch AgNO3 1%. Quan sat hien tong xay ra.
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 104 -
b) Cho 0.5ml benzyl clorua a loai het ion halogen va 1 2 giot nc cat vao ong nghiem. Lac eu va un can than hon hp en soi. Lam lanh hon hp, gan lay phan dung dch trong tren. Nho vao phan dung dch trong o 1 2 giot dung dch AgNO3 1%. Quan sat hien tng xay ra.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 105 -
Chng VI. ANCOL - PHENOL - ETE

I. IEU CHE ANCOL ETYLIC TUYET OI
Hoa chat
Ancol etylic 960, CuSO4.

Cach tien hanh
Cho 1g CuSO4 vao chen s. un nong chen s cho en khi c CuSO4 khan ( co mau trang). e nguoi. Cho CuSO4 khan va 2 3ml ancol etylic 960 vao ong nghiem kho. Lac eu hon hp va un nong nhe ong nghiem. Nhan xet s thay oi mau cua CuSO4. Gan ancol etylic tuyet oi sang ong nghiem kho e lam th nghiem 6.2.
II. PHAN NG CUA ANCOL ETYLIC VI NATRI

Hoa chat
Ancol etylic tuyet oi, natri kim loai, phenolphtalein (dung dch 1% trong ancol etylic).
Cach tien hanh
Cho mot mau Na (bang hat au xanh nho) a c cao sach (lp oxit...) vao ong nghiem kho a cha san 2ml ancol etylic khan. Bt mieng ong nghiem bang ngon tay cai. Khi phan ng a ket thuc, a mieng ong nghiem lai gan ngon la en con va bo ngon tay bt mieng ong nghiem ra. Ket tua trang con lai trong ong nghiem c hoa tan bang 0.5 1ml nc cat. Nho vao ong nghiem mot vai giot phenolphtalein. Nhan xet cac hien tng xay ra trong qua trnh th nghiem.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 106 -
III. OXI HOA ANCOL ETYLIC BANG ONG (II) OXIT

Hoa chat
Ancol etylic, day ong (uon thanh vong xoan), dung dch acid fucsinsunfur (thuoc th Sip).
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5 1ml ancol etylic vao ong nghiem kho. Nung nong si day ong (phan vong xoan) tren ngon la en con cho en khi tao ra lp ong (II) oxit mau en. Nhung ngay si day ong ang con nong vao ong nghiem cha ancol etylic. Quan sat s bien oi mau cua si day ong. Lap lai th nghiem tren vai lan. Nho vao ong nghiem 5 6 giot dung dch acid sunfur. Quan sat s thay oi mau cua dung dch (xem th nghiem ve phan ng mau cua andehit, Chng VII).
IV. PHEP TH XANTOGENAT

Hoa chat
Ancol etylic, cacbon isunfur, kali hidroxit, dung dch CuSO4.

Cach tien hanh
Phep th xantogenat la phan ng nhay nhat cua ancol. ROH + KOH + CS2 RO-C-SK + H2O || S 4 RO-C-SK || S + 2CuSO4 2 RO-C-SCu + (ROCS)2 + 2 K2SO4 || S S ||
Tron 1ml ancol etylic vi 1ml cacbon isunfur, them vao o 1 vien kali hidroxit un nong nhe roi o vao dung dch CuSO4. Neu phan ng chay tot th se xuat hien mau nau cua ong xantogenat. Neu khong co xantogenat th mau cua ket tua se la xanh.
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 107 -
V. OXI HOA ANCOL ETYLIC BANG DUNG DCH KALI PEMANGANAT

Hoa chat
Ancol etylic, dung dch KMnO4 0.1N, dung dch H2SO4 2N, dung dch acid fucsinsunfur (thuoc th Sip).
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml ancol etylic, 1ml dung dch KMnO4 0.1N va dung dch H2SO4 2N vao ong nghiem. un nong nhe ong nghiem tren ngon la en con (un rat nhe e tranh ru, ac biet san pham sinh ra de bay hi) va quan sat s thay oi mau cua dung dch. Neu dung dch van con mau tm hong th them vao o vai tinh the natri sunfit hoac natri hidrosunfit. Sau khi hon hp phan ng a mat mau hoan toan, nho vao o 5 6 giot dung dch acid fucsinsunfur. Quan sat mau cua hon hp.
VI. PHAN NG CUA ANCOL VI THUOC TH LUCA

Hoa chat
Ancol n-propylic, ancol isopropylic, ancol tert-butylic, thuoc th Luca (ZnCl2 trong HCl ac).
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao 3 ong nghiem kho, moi ong 0.5ml mot trong cac ancol sau: ancol n-propylic, ancol isopropylic, ancol tert-butylic. Cho tiep vao moi ong 1.5ml thuoc th Luca. Lac eu hon hp, sau o e yen tren gia ong nghiem khoang 2 3 phut. Quan sat hien tng (phan lp, uc...) xay ra trong 3 ong nghiem.
Hoa tan 110g ZnCl2 khan trong 100ml HCl ac.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 108 -
VII. PHAN NG ESTE HOA

a) Vi acid salixylic Hoa chat
Metanol, acid salixylic (hoac natri salixylat), acid sunfuric am ac.

Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem kho 1ml CH3OH, 0.5g acid salixylic (hoac natri salixylat) va vai giot acid sunfuric am ac. un soi en khoang 1 phut. e nguoi. o t t vai ml nc lanh. Nhan xet mui ac trng cua san pham.
b) Vi acid axetic Hoa chat
Ancol isoamylic, natri axetat hoac acid axetic, acid sunfuric am ac.
Cach tien hanh
un soi nhe 1ml ancol isoamylic vi 0.5g natri axetat (hoac 1ml acid axetic) va vai giot acid sunfuric am ac trong khoang 1 phut. e nguoi, them vai ml nc lanh. Nhan xet mui ac trng cua san pham.
VIII. PHAN NG IODOFOM

Hoa chat
Ancol etylic, dung dch NaOH 5%, dung dch iod-kali iodua 10% (KI3).
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5ml C2H5OH vao ong nghiem. Them vao o 5ml dung dch NaOH 5% roi nho them vao tng giot dung dch iod-kali iodua 10%. Lac manh cho ti khi dung dch trong ong nghiem sam mau. Neu can co the nhung ong nghiem vao nc nong. Quan sat hien tng, mau sac. Nhan xet mui cua san pham. Phan ng xay ra nh sau:
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 109 -
I2
NaOH
NaI
HOI
HOI
NaOH
NaOI
H O2
CH 3CH OH + 2
NaOI
NaI
CH
CH
OH
OH
O
CH 3 CH OH
CH 3C
+ H
HO 2
OH
O
CH 3 C
O
+ 3 HOI
CI 3 C
+
H
3HO 2
O
CI 3 C
+ NaOH
CHI 3
+ HCOONa
IX. PHAN NG CUA ETYLENGLICOL VA GLIXERIN VI ONG(II) HIDROXIT

Hoa chat
Etylenglicol, glyxerin, ancol etylic, dung dch CuSO4 2%, dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch HCl 10%.
Cach tien hanh
Chuan b 3 ong nghiem, cho vao moi ong 3 4 giot dung dch CuSO4 2% va 2 3ml dung dch NaOH 10%. Lac nhe. Tiep tuc nho vao ong th nhat 2 3 giot etylenglicol, ong th hai 2 3 giot glyxerin, ong th ba 2 3 giot ancol etylic. Lac nhe ca ba ong nghiem va quan sat cac hien tng (mau sac dung dch, ket tua) xay ra. Sau o them vao ba ong nghiem tng giot dung dch HCl 10% va tiep tuc quan sat cac hien tng (mau sac dung dch...) xay ra.
X. PHAN NG EHIDRAT HOA GLIXERIN
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 110 -
Hoa chat
Glixerin, kali hoac natri hidrosunfat khan, dung dch acid fucsinsunfur.
Cach tien hanh
Cho khoang 1g kali hidrosunfat khan vao ong nghiem kho va nho them vao o 5 6 giot glyxerin. un nong manh ong nghiem va at mot manh nho giay loc co tam dung dch acid fucsinsunfur len mieng ong nghiem. Nhan xet mui ac trng cua san pham va quan sat s xuat hien mau cua manh giay loc.
XI. IEU CHE IETYL ETE (ETE ETYLIC)

Hoa chat
Ancol etylic, H2SO4 ac.

Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml ancol etylic vao ong nghiem kho, cho tiep t t tng giot H2SO4 ac (1ml) va lac eu. un can than hon hp en soi nhe. a ong nghiem ra xa nguon nhiet va nho t t 5 10 giot ancol etylic theo thanh ong nghiem vao hon hp ang nong. Nhan xet mui ac trng cua ietyl ete bay ra. Sau o, ay ong nghiem bang nut co ong dan kh thang c vuot nho au pha tren. Tiep tuc un nong can than hon hp va dung que diem chay e ot ete thoat ra t ong dan kh. Nhan xet mau ngon la ete.
XII. PHAN NG CUA PHENOL VI NATRI HIDROXIT VA MUOI NATRI CACBONAT

Hoa chat
Dung dch bao hoa phenol trong nc, dung dch NaOH 2N, dung dch NaCO3 2N, dung dch NaHCO3 2N, dung dch HCl 2N.
Cach tien hanh a) Cho 1ml dung dch phenol vao ong nghiem va cho them t t tng giot NaOH 2N cho en khi dung dch trong suot.
Chia hon hp thanh hai phan e lam cac th nghiem sau: -Cho t t tng giot dung dch HCl vao phan th nhat, lac nhe va quan sat hien tng xay ra.
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 111 -
-Dan luong kh CO2 d vao phan th hai. Quan sat hien tng xay ra.
b) Cho vao ong nghiem, moi ong 1ml dung dch phenol bao hoa. Trong khi lac nhe them vao ong th nhat 1ml dung dch NaCO3 2N va vao ong th hai 1ml dung dch NaHCO3 2N. Theo doi hien tng xay ra ca hai ong nghiem.
XIII. PHAN NG CUA CAC PHENOL VI SAT (III) CLORUA

Hoa chat
Dung dch phenol 5%, dung dch m-crezol 5%,dung dch p-crezol 5%, dung dch FeCl3 5%, ancol etylic, dung dch HCl 2N.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ba ong nghiem, moi ong 1ml dung dch cua mot trong cac chat sau: phenol, m-crezol, p-crezol. Cho tiep vao moi ong mot giot dung dch FeCl3 5% va lac nhe. Nhan xet s oi mau cua cac dung dch. Moi dung dch c chia thanh hai phan. Nho t t tng giot ancol etylic vao phan th nhat va dung dch HCl vao phan th hai cho en khi dung dch mat mau.
XIV. PHAN NG BROM HOA PHENOL

Hoa chat
Dung dch phenol 5%, dung dch bao hoa brom trong nc.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5ml dung dch phenol vao ong nghiem va nho tiep tng giot dung dch nc brom, ong thi lac nhe ong nghiem cho en khi ket tua xuat hien. Tiep tuc nho that d nc brom vao dung dch. Nhan xet s bien oi mau sac cua ket tua.
XV. IEU CHE PHENOLPHTALEIN

Hoa chat
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 112 -
Phenol, anhidrit phtalic, acid sunfuric ac (d=1.84g/ml), dung dch NaOH 2N, dung dch HCl 2N.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.05 0.1g anhidrit phtalic (nghien nho), 0.1 0.2g phenol va 3 4 giot H2SO4 vao ong nghiem kho. un nong hon hp en nong chay (hon hp nhuom mau o toi) tren ngon la en con trong vong 2 3 phut. Lam nguoi hon hp, rot vao o 5 6 ml nc. un nong nhe ong nghiem e san pham mau tan. Lay mot giot dung dch nho len t giay loc. Sau khi dung dch a tham het vao giay, em nho them vao gia vet tham 1 giot dung dch kiem. Nhan xet mau cua vet tham tren giay loc. Nho len vet tham co mau mot giot dung dch HCl. Nho tiep vao o 1giot dung dch kiem. Theo doi s bien oi mau tren giay tham.
XVI. PHAN NG CUA PHENOL VI ACID NITRIC

Hoa chat
NaNO2 (tinh the), phenol, H2SO4 (ac), dung dch NaOH 1N.
Cach tien hanh
Bo mot t tinh the NaNO2 vao ong nghiem sach va kho. Them vao o mot vai tinh the phenol va un nong nhe trong khoang 30 giay. e nguoi. Them 1ml H2SO4 ac vao. Lac eu. Mau xanh tm se xuat hien. Sau 1 - 2 phut pha loang t t hon hp bang nc lanh, dung dch se xuat hien mau hong o. Sau o kiem hoa bang dung dch NaOH 1N se thay xuat hien mau xanh luc.
XVII. PHAN NG CUA PHENOL VI BENZOYL CLORUA

Hoa chat
Phenol, dung dch NaOH 10%, benzoyl clorua, ancol metylic.

Cach tien hanh
Hoa tan 1g phenol vi 15ml dung dch NaOH 10% ng trong ong nghiem. Them vao o 2ml benzoyl clorua. ay chat nut va lac eu khoang
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 113 -
10 phut. Loc lay chat ran, ra sach va ket tinh lai trong ancol metylic. Th iem chay. Este cua benzoyl clorua vi phenol thng (C6H5OH) co t0nc =690C.
XVIII. PHO HONG NGOAI CUA ANCOL TERT-BUTYLIC

Hoa chat
Ancol tert-butylic (khan va c chng cat lai), CCl4.

Dung cu
May pho hong ngoai t k.

Cach tien hanh 1- Nho vai giot ancol tert-butylic vao cuvet (gom hai tam NaCl), cho chat long loang eu gia hai tam. ac cuvet vao may va ghi pho trong vung t 4000 - 400 cm-1. Quan sat nhng van hap thu ac trng cho dao ong hoa tr cua cac lien ket O-H, C-O, C-H. 2- Pha ba dung dch ancol tert-butylic20%, 10% va 5% trong dung moi CCl4. Tien hanh ghi pho trong vung t 4000 - 2400cm-1. Quan sat va giai thch s xuat hien cac van hap thu trong vung t 4000 - 2800cm-1 va s thay oi cng o cua chung.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 114 -
Chng VII. ANEHIT - XETON

I. IEU CHE AXETANEHIT T AXETILEN
Hoa chat
Canxi cacbua (at en), thuy ngan oxit, acid sunfuric ac, dung dch acid fucsinsunfur
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao bnh cau 1 (hnh 7) vai vien canxi cacbua. Cho vao ong nghiem (2) khoang 0.1g HgO, 2ml nc va 1ml H2SO4 ac. Lac nhe hon hp e hoa tan het HgO.Rot vao ong nghiem (3) khoang 1 - 2ml nc lanh va vai vien nc a nho. Sau khi a chuan b xong mi lap dung cu nh hnh ve. He thong ong dan kh Phai that kn. at ong nghiem (2) trong coc nc nong (nhiet o khoang 80 - 900C va duy tr nhiet o nay trong suot thi gian th nghiem). at ong nghiem (3) trong coc nc a.T pheu nho giot (6) nho tng giot nc lanh xuong bnh cau vi toc o va phai e co the em c tng giot
Hnh 7
1- Bnh cau co nhanh cha CaCl2
H2SO4
2- Ong nghiem cha HgO va 3- Ong nghiem axetandehit 4- Coc nc nong hng cha
kh axetilen i sang ong nghiem (2). Dan kh 5- Coc cha nc a axetilen qua ong nghiem (2) trong thi gian 10 6- Pheu nho giot co nc lanh. phut. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra ong nghiem (2). Axetanehit (t0soi = 20.80C) c dong kh axetilen d chuyen sang ong nghiem (3) va tan vao nc lanh.Nho vao ong nghiem (3) vai giot dung dch fucsinsunfur. Theo doi mau cua dung dung dch trong ong nghiem (3).
II. IEU CHE AXETON T CANXI AXETAT

Hoa chat
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 115 -
Canxi axetat khan (nghien nho thanh bot), dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch HCl 10%, iod tinh the.
Cach tien hanh
Cho canxi axetat khan vao ong nghiem kho (lng canxi axetat chiem khoang 1/4 chieu cao ong nghiem). ay ong nghiem bang nut co ong dan kh cong. au cuoi cua ong dan kh nhung vao ong nghiem hng cha san 1 - 1.5ml H2O (xem hnh 1, Chng I). un nong nhe toan bo ong nghiem, sau o tap trung un nong phan cha canxi axetat trong khoang 5 - 7 phut. Nhan xet s tang the tch cua dung dch trong ong nghiem hng. Cho vai tinh the iot vao dung dch trong ong nghiem hng lac eu va cho them tng giot dung dch NaOH 10% cho en khi mat mau iot. Theo doi hien tng ket tua trong dung dch. Sau khi lam lanh ong nghiem cha hon hp phan ng ban au, nho vao o 1 - 2ml dung dch HCl 10%. Theo doi hien tng sui bot kh.
III. PHAN NG MAU CUA ANEHIT VI ACID FUCSINSUNFUR

Hoa chat
Dung dch fomanehit 40%, dung dch axetanehit 20%, dung dch acid fucsinsunfur, dung dch HCl ac.
Cach tien hanh
Dung dch acid fucsinsunfur c ieu che bang cach hoa tan 0.2g fucsin (rosanilin) trong 200ml nc cat va cho them vai ml dung dch nc bao hoa kh SO2 (hoac 2g NaHSO3 va 2ml dung dch HCl ac). Neu sau 15 - 20 phut ma dung dch khong mat mau th cho them mot t than hoat tnh, lac cho en khi mat mau, sau o loc bo than hoat tnh. Thuoc th c gi trong bnh kn, tranh anh sang. Lng d trong SO2 cang t, thuoc th cang nhay. Cho vao hai ong nghiem, moi ong 2 giot dung dch acid fucsinsunfur. Nho vao ong nghiem th nhat 5 giot dung dch fomanehit 40% va vao ong
un nong canxi axetat tinh the ngam nc Ca(CH3COO)2. 2H2O trong chen s 120 - 1300. e nguoi, nghien nho thanh bot va bao quan trong bnh lam kho.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 116 -
nghiem th hai 5 giot dung dch axetanehit 20%. Nhan xet hien tng xuat hien mau trong ca hai ong nghiem. Sau o, nho vao tng ong nghiem 5 giot dung dch HCl ac. Quan sat s thay oi mau trong ca hai ong nghiem.
IV. PHAN NG OXI HOA ANEHIT BANG HP CHAT PHC CUA BAC (THUOC TH TOLEN)
Hoa chat
Dung dch fomanehit 5% (hoac dung dch axetanehit), dung dch AgNO3 1%, dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch NH3 5%. Cac ong nghiem dung trong th nghiem nay phai ra that sach bang cach nho vao may giot dung dch kiem un nong nhe, trang eu, sau o o i va trang ong nghiem bang nc cat.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem (a ra sach) 1ml AgNO3 1%, lac ong nghiem va nho them t t tng giot dung dch NH3 5% cho en khi va hoa tan ket tua bac oxit (thuoc th Tolen se kem nhay neu cho d dung dch NH3). Nho vai giot dung dch fomanehit vao dung dch thuoc th Tolen. un nong hon hp tren noi nc nong 60 - 700C. Quan sat lp bac kim loai bam tren thanh ong nghiem (oi khi bac kim loai tach ra dang ket tua vo nh hnh mau en). Tien hanh th nghiem tng t vi axetanehit.
V. PHAN NG OXI HOA ANEHIT BANG ONG (II) HIDROXIT

Hoa chat
Dung dch fomanehit 5%, dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch CuSO4 2%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml dung dch fomanehit 5% va 1ml dung dch NaOH 10% vao ong nghiem. Lac hon hp va nho t t tng giot CuSO4 2% cho en khi xuat
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 117 -
hien huyen phu. un nong phan tren cua hon hp tren ngon la en con cho en soi, con phan di cua hon hp e so sanh. Quan sat hien tng bien oi t mau xanh nhat (cua huyen phu) sang mau vang (cua ket tua) roi mau o (cua ket tua).
VI. PHAN NG OXI HOA ANEHIT BANG THUOC TH FELINH

Hoa chat
Dung dch fomanehit 5%, dung dch thuoc th Felinh. Thuoc th Felinh la hon hp cua dung dch Felinh A va Felinh B.
Felinh A: hoa tan 34.6g CuSO4.5H2O trong 500ml nuc. Felinh B: hoa tan 173g muoi Natri kali tactrat, 70g NaOH trong 500ml nc. Khi can lam th nghiem, ngi ta tron hai the tch bang nhau cua dung dch Felinh A va Felinh B se c dung dch xanh tham, goi la thuoc th Felinh. Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml dung dch thuoc th Felinh va 1 - 2 giot dung dch fomanehit vao ong nghiem. un nong nhe hon hp tren ngon la en con. Quan sat hien tng xay ra trong hon hp.
VII. PHAN NG CUA AXETON VA ANEHIT BENZOIC VI NATRI HIDROSUNFIT

Hoa chat
Axeton, anehit benzoic, dung dch bao hoa NaHSO3, dung dch HCl 10%, dung dch Na2CO3 10%.
Cach tien hanh
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 118 -
a) Rot 3ml dung dch bao hoa NaHSO3 vao ong nghiem. Lac manh va cho tiep 1ml axeton vao dung dch cha NaHSO3. Hon hp toa nhiet. at ong nghiem trong coc nc a va quan sat s xuat hien ket tua tinh the trong ong nghiem. Neu hien tng ket tua xay ra cham th co the khi mao ket tua bang cach dung ua thuy tinh co nhe vao thanh ong nghiem. (cho co dung dch). Loc lay ket tua tinh the. Chia thanh hai phan va cho vao hai ong nghiem. Rot vao phan th nhat 1ml dung dch HCl 10%, va phan th hai 1ml dung dch Na2CO3 10%. un nong nhe ca hai ong nghiem va nhan xet mui bay len (can than khi ngi mui !). b) Rot 0.5ml anehit benzoic, 2ml dung dch bao hoa NaHSO3 vao ong nghiem va lac manh. Mui ac trng cua anehit benzoic dan dan bien mat va san pham tao ra dang tinh the. Tiep tuc lac hon hp en khi lng ket tua khong tang len. Rot 6 - 8 ml nc vao hon hp va at ong nghiem vao noi nc nong. Quan sat hien tng xay ra (lng ket tua, mui).
VIII. PHAN NG TAO 2,4-INITROPHENYLHIRAZON CUA BENZANEHIT VA AXETON

Hoa chat
Benzanehit, axeton, dung dch 2,4-initrophenylhirazin hiroclorua. Dung dch 2,4-initrophenylhirazin hiroclorua c ieu che nh sau: hoa tan 2g 2,4-initrophenylhirazin trong 500ml dung dch HCl 4N bang cach un nong tren noi nc soi, sau o rot them nc e oc 1 lt dung dch. e nguoi, loc lay dung dch.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem 1 - 2ml dung dch 2,4-initrophenylhirazin va 1 2 giot benzanehit. Lac nhe hon hp. Theo doi hien tng xay ra (ket tua, mau). Loc va ra ket tua bang nc, say kho san pham e dung cho th nghiem 7.14. Tien hanh th nghiem tng t oi vi axeton.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 119 -
IX. PHAN NG TAO RA SEMICACBAZON CUA AXETON

Hoa chat
Axeton, semicacbazit hidroclorua, kali axetat.

Cach tien hanh
Hoa tan 0.5g semicacbazit hidroclorua trong 2ml nc sau o cho tiep 0.5ml axeton va 0.4g kali axetat. ay ong nghiem bang nut va lac manh hon hp trong 2 - 3 phut. at ong nghiem vao coc nc lanh va quan sat s xuat hien ket tua.
X. PHAN NG CUA BENZANEHIT VI SEMICACBAZIT HIDROCLORUA

Hoa chat
Benzanehit, semicacbazit hidroclorua, natri axetat, etanol.

Cach tien hanh
Cho 5 giot benzanehit vao ong nghiem, them vao o 1ml etanol, 1ml dung dch natri axetat va 0.5g semicacbazit hidroclorua. un cach thuy 700C trong khoang 15 phut. Lai a them vao ong nghiem 2ml nc roi e yen trong nc am khoang 10 phut na. Sau o lam lanh ong nghiem va quan sat ket tua. Sau khi ket tua het. Loc lay tinh the, ket tinh lai trong hon hp ancol-nc. Th iem chay.
XI. PHAN NG CUA XETON VI NATRI NITROPRUXIT

Hoa chat
Axeton, metyl etyl xeton, axetophenol, natri nitropruxit, dung dch NaOH 1N.
Cach tien hanh
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 120 -
o vao 3 ong nghiem moi ong 1ml nc, sau o them vao ong nghiem th nhat 2 - 3 giot axeton, ong nghiem th hai 2 - 3 giot metyl etyl xeton, ong nghiem th ba 2 - 3 giot axetophenol. Tiep theo them vao moi ong nghiem 1ml dung dch natri nitropruxit (Natri penta xiano nitroferoat Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]) 5% trong nc, cuoi cung them vao moi ong nghiem mot vai giot dung dch NaOH 1N. Luc o se thay cac mau xuat hien, quan sat hien tng chuyen mau cua cac hon hp.
XII. PHAN NG CUA BENZANEHIT HOAC AXETON VI PHENYL HIDRAZIN

Hoa chat
Acid axetic, phenyl hidrazin, benzanehit, axeton.

Cach tien hanh
o vao ong nghiem 5ml nc, 0.5ml acid axetic, 0.5ml phenyl hidrazin va 3 giot benzanehit hoac axeton. Lac eu hon hp. Sau 1 - 2 phut se co ket tua. Quan sat dang ket tua. Neu can lam lanh ket tua. Quan sat.
XIII. PHAN NG NGNG TU ANOL VA CROTON CUA ANEHIT AXETIC

Hoa chat
Anehit axetic, dung dch NaOH 10%.

Cach tien hanh
Rot 3ml dung dch NaOH 10% vao ong nghiem. Cho them 5 - 6 giot anehit axetic va un nong nhe hon hp. Luc au phan ng tao ra anol (co mui de chu), sau o, anol chuyen thanh anehit crotonic (co mui kho chu, can than khi ngi mui). Khi tiep tuc un nong lau hn, chat long chuyen thanh nha mau nau.
XIV. PHAN NG CUA ANEHIT BENZOIC VI DUNG DCH KIEM (PHAN NG KANIZARO - TISENCO)
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 121 -
Hoa chat
Anehit benzoic, dung dch KOH 10% (trong ancol etylic, va mi pha), kali bicromat (bot), acid sunfuric ac.
Cach tien hanh
Rot 5ml dung dch KOH 10% (trong ancol etylic) vao 1ml anehit benzoic trong ong nghiem va lac eu. Hon hp phat nhiet va xuat hien khoi ong ac cac tinh the san pham (tinh the kali benzoat). Loc lay phan ket tua tinh the, roi chuyen vao ong nghiem. Cho them vao o 4 - 5ml nc, lac cho tan ket tua, roi rot them 1ml HCl loang. Theo doi s xuat hien ket tua. Chuyen phan dung dch loc (sau khi a loc lay phan kali benzoat tren pheu) vao ong nghiem va un trong noi nc soi e lam bay hi phan ln ancol etylic. Cho 1 - 2ml nc, mot t bot kali bicromat va 1ml acid sunfuric ac vao phan con lai trong ong nghiem. un hon hp en soi tren ngon la en con. Nhan xet mui cua hon hp.
XV. PHAN NG TRIME HOA ANEHIT AXETIC

Hoa chat
Anehit axetic (mi chng cat), acid sunfuric ac, dung dch acid fucsinsunfur.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml anehit axetic va 1ml acid sunfuric ac vao ong nghiem roi lac nhe hon hp. Phan ng phat nhiet. Sau 2 - 3 phut ra paranehit bang nc: cho 1ml nc vao hon hp va lac nhe, e yen hon hp, dung pipette hut lay lp paranehit tren. Ra vai lan nh tren, sau o cho 1ml dung dch acid fucsinsunfur vao paranehit. Nhan xet mau cua hon hp.
XVI. PHAN NG EPOLIME HOA PARAFOMANEHIT

Hoa chat
Parafomanehit, dung dch H2SO4 10%, dung dch acid fucsinsunfur.

Cach tien hanh
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 122 -
Cho khoang 1g parafomanehit va 1ml dung dch H2SO4 10% vao ong nghiem. Ong nghiem cha hon hp phan ng c ay bang nut co ong dan kh cong. au cuoi cua ong dan kh c dan vao ong nghiem hng co cha 1ml nc va 1ml dung dch acid fucsinsunfur. Ong nghiem hng c at trong coc nc a (xem hnh 4 chng V). un nong hon hp phan ng tren ngon la en con. Quan sat s bien oi mau cua dung dch trong ong nghiem hng.
XVII. PHEP TH IODOFOM (PHAN NG RIENG CHO CAC METYL XETON)

Hoa chat
Axeton, dung dch I2 am ac trong KI, dung dch NaOH 10%.

Cach tien hanh
Lay vao ong nghiem 1ml nc va 1 - 2 giot axeton. Them 2 giot dung dch am ac cua I2 trong KI va them tiep tng giot dung dch NaOH 10%. Quan sat hien tng mat mau va xuat hien ket tua, mau cua ket tua.
XVIII. PHAN NG TAO HEXA METYLEN TETRAMIN (RIENG CHO FOMANEHIT)

Hoa chat
Fomanehit, dung dch NH4OH am ac, etanol.

Cach tien hanh
o vao mat knh ong ho 1ml dung dch fomalin 40% va 8ml dung dch NH4OH am ac. Co can cach thuy trong tu hut hay ngoai san rong. Quan sat san pham khi co can. Lay chat ran ket tinh lai trong ancol etylic. Th iem chay cua tinh the.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 123 -
XIX. PHAN TACH HON HP 2,4-INITROPHENYL HIRAZON CUA BENZANEHIT VA AXETON BANG SAC K LP MONG
Hoa chat
2,4 -initrophenyl hirazon cua benzanehit va axeton (t th nghiem 7.8), benzen, hon hp xiclohexan, clorofom va nitrobenzen theo t le: 12 : 3 : 1 ve the tch, Al2O3 (loai co hoat tnh II - III).
Dung cu
Ban thuy tinh nham (9 x12cm) c trang bi lp Al2O3(), bnh sac k.

Cach tien hanh
Pha 3 dung dch bao hoa cac chat sau trong benzen: dung dch th nhat cha 2,4 -initrophenyl hirazon cua benzanehit, dung dch th hai cha 2,4 initrophenyl hirazon cua axeton dung dch th ba cha hon hp cua hai chat tren theo t le: 1 : 1 ve khoi lng. Dung ba ong mao quan e lay ba dung dch tren va cham vao vach xuat phat tren nhom oxit. e kho. at ban sac k vao bnh sac k cha hon hp dung moi xiclohexan, clorofom va nitrobenzen (theo t le 12 : 3 : 1 ve the tch). Ban sac k c at nghieng sao cho hon hp dung moi tiep xuc c vi ban sac k nhng di vach xuat phat. ay kn bnh sac k bang nap thuy tinh. Khi dung moi a tham len cach canh pha tren cua cua ban sac k khoang 1cm th lay ra khoi bnh va anh dau lay v tr o. Sau khi lam bay het dung moi em at ban sac k vao bnh cha hi iot. Theo doi qua trnh xuat hien cac vet ac trng cho tng 2,4 -initrophenyl hirazon va tnh cac gia tr Rf cua chung.
XX. PHO ELECTRON VA PHO HONG NGOAI CUA ETYLMETYLXETON

Hoa chat
Xem them thc hanh hoa hoc hu c. Tap I - trang 51 - 55. NXBGD 1992.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 124 -
Etylmetylxeton (a c lam khan va chng cat lai), etanol 950 (a c tinh che).
Dung cu
May quang pho electron va quang pho hong ngoai t k.

Cach tien hanh 1. Pho electron: dung bnh nh mc e hoa tan 106 mg etylmetylxeton trong 100ml etanol 950. Cho dung dch vao cuvet th nhat. Cuvet th hai cha etanol 950. at hai cuvet vao may va ghi pho trong vung t 200 - 400 nm. Giai thch s xuat hien van ng vi bc song hap thu cc ai. Tnh gia tr va bieu dien pho o theo s phu thuoc log = f(). 2. Pho hong ngoai: pho hong ngoai cua etylmetylxeton c ghi dang mang mong (xem th nghiem 6.18) trong vung t 4000 - 600 cm-1. Hay tm nhng van hap thu ac trng cho dao ong cua cac lien ket C = O, C - H...
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 125 -
Chng VIII. ACID CACBOXYLIC VA DAN XUAT

I. TNH CHAT ACID CUA ACID CACBOXYLIC
Hoa chat
Dung dch CH3COOH 10%, acid axetic ket tinh( ), dung dch Na2CO3 10%, Mg (bot), dung dch metyl dacam, dung dch quy xanh, dung dch phenolphtalein 1% (trong ancol etylic).
Cach tien hanh a) Nho vao ba ong nghiem, moi ong 1 - 2 giot dung dch CH3COOH 10%. Them vao ong th nhat 1 giot metyl dacam, ong th hai 1 giot dung dch quy xanh, ong th ba 1 giot phenolphtalein. Theo doi s bien oi mau trong ca ba ong nghiem. b) Rot 1 - 2ml acid axetic ket tinh vao ong nghiem, cho them mot t Mg bot (bang hat au xanh). ay ong nghiem bang nut co ong dan kh thang, au pha tren c vuot nho (xem hnh 5). a au que diem ang chay vao au vuot nho cua ong dan kh. Quan sat hien tng bung chay cua ngon la. c) Cho khoang 0.1 - 0.2g CuO vao ong nghiem. Rot tiep vao o 1 - 2ml acid axetic va un nhe hon hp tren ngon la en con. Quan sat mau cua dung dch. d) Rot 1 - 2ml acid axetic ket tinh vao ong nghiem a chasan 1 - 2ml dung dch Na2CO3 10%. a que diem ang chay vao mieng ong nghiem. Quan sat hien tng xay ra trong dung dch va ngon la au que diem.
II. PHAN NG ECACBOXYL HOA VI VOI TOI XUT

Hoa chat
Acid axetic, benzoic, salixylic, voi toi xut.

Cach tien hanh
Acid axetic nguyen chat ket tinh nhiet o 16.750C.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 126 -
Tron eu 1g acid khao sat vi 1g voi toi xut tan nho, cho tat ca vao ong nghiem, un nong nhe roi manh dan. Hng cac chat sinh ra vao ong nghiem A neu la chat kh va ong nghiem B neu la chat long. ?). - Vi acid axetic se cho kh thoat ra va co the ot chay kh c. (Kh g
- Vi acid benzoic th se cho ra chat long co mui ac biet va khi ot chay cho nhieu khoi en. (Chat long la chat g?). - Vi acid salixylic se cho chat long co mui ro ret va cho phan ng mau vi sat (III) clorua (FeCl3). (Chat long la g?).
III. PHAN NG VI AMIN THM

Cac acid hu c phan ng vi cac amin thm cho cac anilit ket tinh co iem nong chay xac nh nen co the dung phan ng nay e nhan biet acid.
Hoa chat
Acid axetic, propionic, anilin hoac p-toludin, dung dch HCl 5%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 5 giot acid axetic hoac propionic vao ong nghiem roi them vao o 1ml anilin (hay 1.5g p-toludin). un nong 190 - 2000 (tot nhat la un cach dau) trong khoang 30 phut roi e nguoi. Them vao 7ml HCl 5% va un nong khoang 2 - 5 phut na. e nguoi han. Loc lay tinh the anilit va ket tinh lai trong ancol. Th iem nong chay.
Lu y: oi vi cac acid co trong lng phan t cao th phai chuyen thanh clorua acid bang tac dung cua tionyl clorua roi mi cho tac dung vi amin thm c. Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem 10 giot acid cacboxylic (hoac 0.5g acid ran hay muoi cua no) va 8 giot tionyl clorua. Lap mot thuy tinh dai dung lam sinh han hoi lu. un nhe trong khoang 30 phut. e nguoi va them t t vao o 1ml anilin. un cach thuy soi khoang 2 phut na. e nguoi. Loc chat ran thu c, lan lt ra bang 1ml nc, 2ml HCl 5%, 2ml NaOH 5% va cuoi cung bang 1ml nc lanh.
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 127 -
Ket tinh lai anilit trong nc hoac ancol etylic tuy tng trng hp. Th iem chay.
IV. PHAN NG MAU VI FeCl3

Muoi trung tnh cua cac acid cacboxylic thng gap (tr acid oxalic) cho mau ac trng vi dung dch sat (III) clorua (FeCl3).
Hoa chat
Acid fomic, acid axetic, acid benzoic, acid sucxinic, acid salixylic, acid tactric, acid citric, dung dch FeCl3 trung tnh, dung dch NH4OH ac.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5g acid khao sat vao ong nghiem va kiem hoa bang mot lng d amoniac (ti khi lam xanh giay quy o). un soi nhe het han mui amoniac t do. e nguoi. Them vao o vai giot dung dch FeCl3 trung tnh. Quan sat mau.
V. PHAN NG OXI HOA ACID FOMIC

Hoa chat
Acid fomic, dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch AgNO3 1%, dung dch NH3 5%, dung dch H2SO4 10%, dung dch KMnO4 5%, dung dch nc voi trong.
Cach tien hanh a) Oxi hoa acid fomic bang thuoc th Tolen
Cho vao ong nghiem th nhat 1 - 2ml AgNO3 1%, cho tiep khoang 1 - 2 giot dung dch NaOH 10% ti khi that xuat hien ket tua. Nho them tng giot dung dch NH3 5% e va hoa tan ket tua. Cho vao ong nghiem th hai 0.5ml acid fomic, nho them tng giot dung dch NaOH 10% cho ti khi at moi trng trung tnh (th bang giay quy trung tnh). Rot hon hp trong ong nghiem hai vao hon hp trong ong nghiem mot. un nong hon hp phan ng trong noi nc nong 60 - -700C. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra trong ong nghiem.
b) Oxi hoa acid fomic bang dung dch kali pemanganat
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 128 -
Cho 0.5ml acid fomic, 0.5ml dung dch H2SO4 10% va 1ml dung dch KMnO4 5% vao ong nghiem. ay ong nghiem bang nut co ong dan kh cong, au cuoi cua ong dan kh nhung vao ong nghiem cha san 2ml dung dch nc voi trong. un nong ong nghiem cha hon hp phan ng. Quan sat hien tng xay ra trong ong nghiem cha hon hp phan ng va ong nghiem cha nc voi trong.
VI. PHAN NG OXI HOA ACID OXALIC

Hoa chat
Dung dch acid oxalic bao hoa, dung dch KMnO4 5%, dung dch H2SO4 10%, dung dch nc voi trong.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem 3 - 4ml dung dch KMnO4 5%, 1 - 2ml dung dch H2SO4 10% va 1ml dung dch acid oxalic bao hoa. ay ong nghiem bang nut co ong dan kh cong. au cuoi cua ong dan kh c dan vao ong nghiem khac a cha san 1 - 2ml dung dch nc voi trong. un nong can than hon hp phan ng. Nhan xet s bien oi mau trong ong nghiem cha hon hp phan ng va hien tng xay ra ong nghiem cha nc voi trong.
VII. TNH CHAT CUA ACID OLEIC

Hoa chat
Acid oleic, nc brom bao hoa, dung dch KMnO4 2%, dung dch Na2CO3 10%.
Cach tien hanh a) Phan ng cua acid oleic vi nc brom b) Cho vao ong nghiem khoang 0.5ml acid oleic va 2ml nc brom. Lac manh hon hp. Theo doi s bien oi mau cua nc brom. c) Phan ng cua acid oleic vi KMnO4
Cho khoang 0.5ml acid oleic, 1ml dung dch KMnO4 5% va 1ml dung dch Na2CO3 10% vao ong nghiem. Lac manh hon hp. Quan sat s bien oi mau cua dung dch KMnO4.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 129 -
VIII. TNH CHAT CUA ACID TACTRIC

- Kh c dung dch AgNO3 trong amoniac. -Lam tan ong hidroxit trong moi trng kiem (vai tro cua no trong dung dch Felinh).
IX. TNH CHAT CUA ACID SALIXYLIC

- Cho phan ng este hoa vi cac ancol: lam phan ng este hoa vi metanol se cho metyl salixylat (thuoc xoa bop). -Cho phan ng phtalein vi anhidrit phtalic: tien hanh th nghiem tng t nh phan ng phenolphtalein trong phan tnh chat cua phenol.
X. IEU CHE VA THUY PHAN SAT (III) AXETAT

Hoa chat
Dung dch CH3COONa 10%, dung dch FeCl3 3%.

Cach tien hanh
Nho 2 - 3 giot dung dch CH3COONa 10% vao ong nghiem, nho them vai giot dung dch FeCl3 3%. Dung dch nhuom mau o sam cua hp chat phc (tan trong dung dch). un soi dung dch. Hp chat phc cua sat b thuy phan, tao ra muoi baz cua sat dang ket tua bong mau nau o.
XI. IEU CHE ETYL AXETAT

Hoa chat
Ancol etylic, acid acetic ket tinh, acid sunfuric ac, dung dch natri clorua bao hoa.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem th nhat (kho) 2ml ancol etylic, 2ml acid axetic ket tinh va 2 giot acid sunfu ric ac.
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 130 -
Cho vao ong nghiem th hai ( kho) lng ancol etylic va acid axetic ket tinh tng t nh ong nghiem th nhat. Lien tuc lac eu ca hai ong nghiem va ong thi un nong 8 - 10 phut trong noi nc nong 65 - 700C (khong c un soi hon hp phan ng !). Sau o lam lanh ca hai ong nghiem. Rot vao moi ong 3 - 4ml natri clorua bao hoa. Theo doi s phan lp chat long va so sanh lng chat long lp tren trong ca hai ong nghiem.
XII. IEU CHE ISOAMYL AXETAT

Hoa chat
Ancol isoamylic, acid axetic ket tinh, acid sunfuric ac.

Cach tien hanh
Cho 2ml ancol isoamylic, 2ml acid axetic ket tinh va 2 giot acid sunfuric ac vao ong nghiem kho. Lac eu, un nong hon hp 8 - 10 phut trong noi nc soi. Sau khi lam lanh, rot hon hp san pham vao ong nghiem cha 3 4ml nc lanh. Theo doi lp este noi pha tren va nhan xet mui thm ac trng cua no.
XIII. PHAN NG THUY PHAN ESTE

Hoa chat
Etyl axetat, dung dch H2SO4 20%, dung dch NaOH 30%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao 3 ong nghiem, moi ong 2ml etyl axetat. Cho them vao ong th nhat 1ml nc, ong th hai 1ml dung dch H2SO4 20%, ong th ba 1ml dung dch NaOH 30%. Lac eu ca ba ong nghiem, ong thi un nong 5 - 10 phut trong noi nc nong 65 - 750C. Sau khi ngng un, so sanh lp este con lai trong ong nghiem.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 131 -
XIV. TNH CHAT CUA ANHIRIT AXETIC

Hoa chat
Anhirit axetic, dung dch NaOH 1%, ancol etylic (tuyet oi), dung dch NaHCO3 10%.
Cach tien hanh a) Phan ng cua anhirit axetic vi nc
Cho 1ml anhirit axetic va 2ml nc vao ong nghiem. Lac manh hon hp, sau o e yen. Hon hp phan lp, lp di la anhirit axetic. Tiep tuc lac, ong thi un hon hp trong noi nc soi cho en khi c hon hp ong nhat.
b) Phan ng cua anhirit axetic vi dung dch kiem
Cho 0.5ml anhirit axetic va 1ml dung dch NaOH 1% vao ong nghiem. Lac eu hon hp cho en khi c dung dch ong nhat.
c) Phan ng cua anhirit axetic vi ancol etylic
Cho 2ml ancol etylic va 1ml anhirit axetic vao ong nghiem kho. un nong hon hp phan ng trong noi nc nong 65 - 750C khoang vai phut. e nguoi rot 1 - 2ml nc vao hon hp san pham, lac nhe va nho them tng giot dung dch natri hidrocacbonat cho en khi ngng tach ra cac bot kh. Theo doi s phan lp cua chat long va mui cua san pham.
XV. PHAN NG THUY PHAN CHAT BEO BANG DUNG DCH KIEM
Hoa chat
Dau thc vat hoac m ong vat, dung dch NaOH 40%, dung dch NaCl bao hoa.
Dung cu
Capsun (bat s), ua thuy tinh.

Cach tien hanh
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 132 -
Cho vao capsun s loai nho khoang 3g chat beo (hoac dau tha vat) va 6 - 7ml dung dch NaOH 40%. un hon hp soi nhe tren bep ien hoac en con trong khoang 20 - 30 phut va lien tuc khuay nhe bang ua thuy tinh. Do nc b boc hi trong qua trnh un soi nen thnh thoang cho them nc cat vao hon hp phan ng e gi cho the tch ban au cua hon hp khong thay oi. Sau khi un soi hon hp c khoang 15 - 20 phut, can tien hanh kiem tra s ket thuc phan ng bang cach lay mot vai giot hon hp vao ong nghiem co cha san 5 - 6ml nc. Lac nhe va un nong hon hp trong noi nc soi. Neu mau th hoa tan hoan toan trong nc, khong tach thanh giot dau, xem nh phan ng thuy phan a ket thuc. Trong trng hp ngc lai, can tiep tuc un nong capsun, sau o tiep tuc th nh tren. Khi phan ng thuy phan ket thuc, rot them vao hon hp 10 - 15ml dung dch muoi an bao hoa nong va khuay nhe. e nguoi va gi yen hon hp. Gan bo lp chat long di, tach lay khoi xa phong ran noi tren.
XVI. TNH CHAT NHU TNG HOA CUA XA PHONG

Hoa chat
Dau thc vat, dung dch xa phong 1%.

Cach tien hanh
Nho vao hai ong nghiem, moi ong 2 - 3 giot dau thc vat. Cho them vao ong nghiem th nhat 2ml nc cat, ong nghiem th hai 2ml dung dch xa phong 1%. Lac manh ca hai ong nghiem. Quan sat hien tng xay ra trong hai ong nghiem.
XVII. PHAN NG TAO THANH MUOI KHONG TAN CUA ACID BEO CAO
Hoa chat
Xa phong natri, nc cat, dung dch CaCl2 5%, dung dch Pb(CH3COO)2 5%, dung dch CuSO4 5%.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 133 -
Dung cu
Coc thuy tinh nho.

Cach tien hanh
Hoa tan khoang 1g xa phong natri trong 10ml nc cat cha trong coc thuy tinh. Chia dung dch xa phong thanh ba phan. Cho 1ml dung dch CaCl2 5% vao phan th nhat, 1ml dung dch Pb(CH3COO)2 5% vao phan th hai va 1ml dung dch CuSO4 5% vao phan th ba. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra trong ca ba ong nghiem. un nong en soi ong nghiem cha xa phong ong. Quan sat hien tng xay ra.
XVIII. TACH HON HP ACID BEO CAO T XA PHONG NATRI

Hoa chat
Xa phong natri, dung dch H2SO4 10%, nc cat.

Cach tien hanh
Hoa tan hoan toan khoang 0.2g xa phong natri trong ong nghiem cha 2ml nc cat. Cho 2ml dung dch H2SO4 10% vao dung dch xa phong va thu c va lac eu. un hon hp en soi, sau o e nguoi. Nhan xet cac hien tng xay ra.
XIX. XAC NH MC O KHONG NO CUA CHAT BEO BANG CH SO IOT

Hoa chat
Dung dch dau thc vat 10% trong CHCl3, dung dch iot 0.05% trong ancol etylic, dung dch ho tinh bot 2%.
Dung cu
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 134 -
Bnh hnh non (dung tch 50 - 100ml), burette.

Cach tien hanh
Cho 10ml dung dch dau thc vat 10% (trong CHCl3) vao bnh thuy tinh hnh non va nho them vao o 2 giot ho tinh bot 2%. Lac eu hon hp va t burette nho tng giot dung dch iot 0.05% (trong ancol etylic) vao hon hp cho en khi xuat hien mau xanh (tren be mat dung dch xuat hien mau vang xanh). Tnh ch so iot cua dau thc vat a dung trong th nghiem (biet rang ch so iot la so gam iot a phan ng vi 100g chat beo).
XX. XAC NH CH SO ACID CUA CHAT BEO

Hoa chat
Dau thc vat, ancol etylic, benzen, dung dch phenolphtalein 1% (trong ancol etylic), dung dch KOH 0.1N.
Dung cu
Bnh hnh non (dung tch 50ml), burette.

Cach tien hanh
Hoa tan khoang 2g dau thc vat trong hon hp ancol etylic va benzen (1 : 1) trong bnh hnh non 50ml va nho them vao o 2 giot dung dch phenolphtalein. Trong khi lac lien tuc, nho tng giot dung dch KOH 0.1N t burette vao dung dch dau thc vat cho en khi xuat hien mau hong nhat va mau nay khong b mat sau khi lac. Ghi lay the tch dung dch KOH a dung. Tnh ch so acid cua dau thc vat a dung trong th nghiem, biet rang ch so acid la so mg KOH can e trung hoa acid beo t do co trong 1g chat beo.
XXI. PHO CONG HNG T PROTON CUA METYL PROPIONAT

Hoa chat
Metyl propionat, CDCl3, tetrametylsilan (TMS).
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 135 -
Dung cu
May pho cong hng t nhan (100 MHz hoac 200mhz).

Cach tien hanh
Hoa tan 10mg metyl propionat trong 5ml CDCl3. Cho dung dch thu c vao ampun, han kn va at vao may. Dung chat chuan TMS ((CH3)4Si). Tien hanh ghi pho e nhan cac vach cong hng ac trng cho proton trong nhom CH3, CH2.
Ampun thuy tinh dai 100 - 150mm, ng knh ngoai 5mm. Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 136 -
Chng IX. AMIN VA HP CHAT IAZO THM

I. IEU CHE METYLAMIN T AXETAMIT
Hoa chat
Axetamit, brom, dung dch NaOH ac.

Cach tien hanh
Cho khoang 1g axetamit, 4ml nc va 1- Bnh cau co nhanh 1ml brom (can than !) vao bnh cau co 2- Ong sinh han nc nhanh dung tch 50 - 100ml. Trong khi lam lanh bnh cau bang nc va lac nhe, nho t 3 Al t vao hon hp tng giot dung dch NaOH ac cho en khi mat mau cua brom, sau o cho tiep them mot lng kiem ac a cho tren. Sau 10 - 15 phut cho them vai vien a bot, lap ong sinh han nc vao nhanh bnh cau, au cuoi cua ong sinh han co noi vi alon. Alon c dan vao ong nghiem hng cha san 1 - 2ml nc (au cuoi cua alon c nhung sau vao nc khoang 0.5cm) va at ong nghiem hng trong coc nc a (hnh 8). un nong bnh cau co nhanh bang en con e chng cat axetamit cho ti khi the tch chat long trong ong nghiem hng tang gap 3 - 4 lan (so vi the tch nc ban au). Dung dch metylamin va ieu che c dung e tien hanh cac th nghiem sau.
Hnh 8: Dung cu ieu che metylamin
II. IEU CHE ETYLAMIN T AXETAMIT

Hoa chat
Axetamit, ancol etylic (tuyet oi), Natri kim loai.

Cach tien hanh
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 137 -
Cho vao ong nghiem1 (hnh 9) 0.5g axetamit va 5ml ancol etylic tuyet oi. Cho tiep 2 mau natri (moi mau bang hat au xanh) vao hon hp tren va ay nhanh ong nghiem bang nut co ong dan kh cong. au cuoi cua ong dan kh nhung vao ong nghiem 2 a cha san 2ml ancol etylic. Lac eu ong nghiem 1. Phan ng xay ra en khi mau natri b tan hoan toan. Nhan xet mui cua dung dch trong ong nghiem hng. Dung dch etylamin va ieu che c dung e lam tiep cac th nghiem sau.
Hnh 9: Dung cu ieu che etylamin.
III. TNH CHAT CUA AMIN MACH H

Hoa chat
Dung dch metylamin va etylamin (t th nghiem 9.1 va 9.2), dung dch phenolphtalein 1% trong ancol etylic, clorofom, dung dch NaOH ac, dung dch CuSO4 5%, dung dch FeCl3 3%, dung dch HCl ac, dung dch NaNO2 10%, acid axetic ket tinh().
Cach tien hanh a) Phan ng mau vi phenolphtalein.
Cho vao ong nghiem 5 giot dung dch metylamin (hoac etylamin) va 2 giot dung dch phenolphtalein. Nhan xet mau cua hon hp.
b) Phan ng vi dung dch CuSO4
Cho vao ong nghiem 5 giot dung dch CuSO4 5%. Nho t t tng giot dung dch metylamin (hoac etylamin) vao dung dch CuSO4 cho en khi xuat hien ket tua. Nhan xet mau chat ket tua. Tiep tuc nho them dung dch metylamin cho en khi ket tua tan. Nhan xet mau dung dch.
c) Phan ng vi dung dch sat (III) clorua.
Cho 5giot dung dch FeCl3 3% vao ong nghiem. Nho t t tng giot metylamin (hoac etylamin) vao dung dch FeCl3 cho en khi xuat hien ket tua. Nhan xet mau cua chat ket tua.
d) Phan ng vi clorofom (phan ng tao ra isonitrin) (phan ng ac trung cho amin bac 1).
Acid axetic nguyen chat, ket tinh 160C.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 138 -
Cho vao ong nghiem 3 giot dung dch metylamin (hoac etylamin), 1 giot dung dch clorofom va 1 giot dung dch kiem ac. un nong hon hp tren ngon la en con (trong tu hot !) phan ng tao ra isonitrin co mui tanh rat kho chu.
Chu y: isonitrin rat oc. Can lam th nghiem trong tu hot. Sau khi th nghiem can phan huy ngay bang cach nho dung dch HCl ac vao ong nghiem cha isonitrin. e) Phan ng vi dung dch acid clohidric ac.
Dung ua thuy tinh, nhung mot au vao dung dch acid clohidric ac va a vao mieng ong nghiem cha dung dch metylamin. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra. (Th nghiem nay co the c thc hien ngay khi ieu che metylamin (th nghiem9.1 ) : a au ua thuy tinh co tam acid clohidric ac vao mieng ong nghiem hng metylamin).
g) Phan ng cua cac amin bac 1 vi acid nitr (phan ng nhan ra amin bac 1)
Cho 1ml dung dch metylamin va 1ml dung dch NaNO2 10% vao ong nghiem. Khi lac nho them vao hon hp tng giot acid axetic ket tinh. Theo doi hien tng cac bot kh tach ra t dung dch.
IV. IEU CHE ANILIN

Hoa chat
Nitrobenzen, acid clohidric (d=1,19g/ml), thiec kim loai(dang hat), dung dch NaOH 20%, acid sunfuric ac (d=1,84g/ml), dung dch K2Cr2O7 15%, giay quy o.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem mot hat thiec, 10 giot dung dch HCl ac va1 giot nitrobenzen. un nong nhe ong nghiem tren ngon la en con va lac eu. Khi phan ng xay ra qua manh th ngng un, neu xay ra qua cham tiep tuc un. Phan ng c coi la ket thuc khi mui thm hanh nhan cua nitrobenzen bien mat. Lam lanh ong nghiem va them tng giot dung dch NaOH 20%
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 139 -
vao hon hp cho en moi trng kiem (th bang giay quy o). Nhan xet hien tng xay ra. e xac nhan co tao ra anilin, em nho vao hon hp mot vai giot acid sunfuric ac en moi trng acid manh va 1 giot dung dch K2Cr2O7 15%. Neu co anilin, dung dch xuat hien mau xanh la cay hoac mau xanh tham (xem th nghiem 9.6).
V. PHAN NG TAO THANH VA PHAN GIAI CAC MUOI CUA ANILIN

Hoa chat
Anilin, dung dch HCl ac, dung dch H2SO4 ac, dung dch NaOH 20%, giay quy o.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 2 - 3ml nc vao ong nghiem a cha san 5 - 6 giot anilin. Lac manh hon hp va th moi trng cua hon hp bang giay quy o. Nhan xet mau cua giay quy trc va sau khi th. Chia hon hp thanh hai phan. Nho t t tng giot acid clohidrit ac vao phan th nhat, lac eu en khi c dung dch ong nhat. Sau o nho t t tng giot dung dch natri hidroxit va lac eu. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra. Nho t t tng giot dung dch acid sunfuric ac vao phan th hai cho en khi xuat hien ket tua trang. Sau o nho tiep tng giot natri hidroxit. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
VI. PHAN NG OXI HOA ANILIN

Hoa chat
Dung dch anilin, dung dch K2Cr2O7 bao hoa, dung dch acid sunfuric loang.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml dung dch anilin (xem th nghiem 9.4) vao ong nghiem. Cho tiep 2 - 3 giot dung dch kali bicromat, 0.5ml dung dch acid sunfuric loang va lac nhe. Theo doi hien tng chuyen mau cua hon hp.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 140 -
VII. PHAN NG BROM HOA ANILIN

Hoa chat
Dung dch anilin, nc brom bao hoa.

Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem 0.5ml dung dch anilin va 1 -2ml nc brom. Lac nhe hon hp. Quan sat s bien oi mau cua brom va hien tng ket tua trong dung dch.
VIII. PHAN NG SUNFO HOA ANILIN

Hoa chat
Anilin, acid sunsuric ac (d=1,84g/ml).

Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem 5 giot anilin, 5 giot acid sunsuric ac. Lac eu va at ong nghiem vao noi cach cat. Phan ong nghiem cha hon hp phan ng phai nam di cat. Noi cach cat c un nong ti 1800C va gi hon hp phan ng nhiet o nay trong thi gian 2 - 3 phut. Sau o nhac ong nghiem ra khoi noi cat. e hon hp nguoi; san pham (acid sunfanilic) ong ac ay ong nghiem. Thu c acid sunfanilic dang tinh the can tien hanh nh sau: nho 15 20 giot nc nong vao phan ket tua neu tren. un nong hon hp tren ngon l a en con cho ti khi ket tua tan hoan toan. Sau o lam lanh t t se thu c san pham dang tinh the.
IX. PHAN NG AXETYL HOA ANILIN

Hoa chat
Anilin, anhidrit axetic.

Cach tien hanh
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 141 -
Cho vao ong nghiem 1ml anilin va 3ml nc. Lac manh hon hp. Rot 1ml anhidrit axetic vao hon hp tren ( dang nhu tng). ay ong nghiem bang nut va lac manh hon hp. M nut, sau o lai ay nut va tiep tuc lac manh cho en khi hon hp bat au ong ac. Loc san pham va ket tinh lai trong nc. Viet phng trnh phan ng tao ra axetanilit t anilin va anhidrit axetic.
X. PHAN NG IAZO HOA ANILIN

Hoa chat
Anilin, natri nitrit, acid clohidrit ac, giay ho tinh bot. Giay ho tinh bot c chuan b nh sau: hoa tan 0.1 - 0.2g KI trong 100ml dung dch ho tinh bot (loang) nguoi. Tam dung dch va thu c len giay loc, e kho, cat thanh tng manh nho va bao quan trong bnh kn.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao bnh cau nho (dung tch 50 - 100ml) 1ml anilin, 8ml nc va 2.5ml HCl ac. Lac eu hon hp roi at bnh cau vao chau nc a e nhiet o cua hon hp trong bnh cau at c 00C. Chuan b rieng trong ong nghiem mot dung dch gom 0.8g NaNO2 trong 2ml nc. Nho t t tng giot NaNO2 vao bnh cau cha dung dch muoi anilin hidroclorua. Lac eu bnh cau va tiep tuc lam lanh. Trong qua trnh th nghiem nhiet o cua hon hp phan ng khong c cao hn 50C. e at c nhiet o o can cho vao bnh cau tng vien a nho (tat ca khoang 10 15g). Sau khoang 5 - 6 phut, khi a cho vao hon hp phan ng khoang mot na lng dung dch NaNO2, can tiep tuc lac hon hp phan ng them 1 - 2 phut, dung ua thuy tinh lay 1 giot dung dch, tam vao giay iot ho tinh bot. Neu giay khong nhuom mau xanh, tiep tuc nho them dung dch NaNO2 va lai tiep tuc th vi giay iot ho tinh bot nh tren cho en khi giay nhuom mau xanh. Dung dch phenyliazoni clorua trong suot c at trong chau nc a e dung cho cac th nghiem tiep theo.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 142 -
XI. IEU CHE PHENOL T PHENYLIAZONI CLORUA

Hoa chat
Muoi phenyliazoni clorua (t th nghiem 9.10), dung dch FeCl3 5%.

Dung cu
Ong dan kh cong.

Cach tien hanh
Cho khoang 5ml dung dch muoi phenyliazoni clorua (va ieu che th nghiem 9.10) vao ong nghiem. at ong nghiem vao noi nc nong va un nong nhe en khi ngng tach ra nhng bot kh nit. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra tren be mat chat long (trang thai chat long, mui). ay ong nghiem bang nut co ong dan kh cong. au cuoi cua ong dan kh c dan vao ong nghiem hng. un nong ong nghiem co cha dung dch bang ngon la en con. Phenol bay hi cung vi hi nc va c ngng lai trong ong nghiem hng. Nho them vao ong nghiem hng vai giot nc va 1 giot dung dch FeCl3 5%. Quan sat s xuat hien mau ac trng cua dung dch trong ong nghiem hng.
XII. IEU CHE IOTBENZEN T PHENYLIAZONI CLORUA

Hoa chat
Dung dch phenyliazoni clorua (t th nghiem 9.10), KI tinh the, dung dch NaHSO3 10%.
Dung cu
Pheu chiet nho.

Cach tien hanh
Rot 5ml dung dch phenyliazoni clorua (t th nghiem 9.10) vao dung dch cua 1g KI trong 2ml nc. Lac eu va un nong hon hp trong noi nc cho en khi ngng tach ra kh nit. ay ong nghiem xuat hien nhng giot
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 143 -
dau (iotbenzen) nhuom mau nau cua iot. Tach lay iotbenzen bang pheu chiet. Lac iotbenzen vi 2 - 3ml dung dch NaHSO3 10%, sau o vi 2 - 3ml nc.
XIII. IEU CHE CHAT MAU METYL DACAM (HELIANTIN)

Hoa chat
imetylanilin, acid sunfanilic, natri nitrit, dung dch HCl ac, dung dch HCl 2N, dung dch NaOH 2N.
Dung cu
Ba coc thuy tinh (dung tch 50cm3).

Cach tien hanh
Cho vao coc thuy tinh th nhat 0.5g imetylanilin va 5ml acid clohidrit ac. Khuay eu hon hp bang ua thuy tinh. Cho vao coc th hai 0.5g acid sunfanilic va 1.5ml dung dch NaOH 2N. Khuay eu, cho tiep vao o 0.2g NaNO2 trong 2.5ml nc. Lam lanh hon hp trong coc th hai bang nc a, roi rot t t toan bo hon hp sang coc th ba a cha san 1.5ml dung dch HCl 2N, khuay eu. Rot hon hp trong coc th ba vao hon hp trong coc th nhat va khuay eu. Sau o them dung dch NaOH 2N cho ti khi at moi trng kiem. Chat mau tach ra dang ket tua bong, vang da cam. Loc lay ket tua va lam kho bang cach ep gia hai t giay loc. Phan nc loc c chia vao hai ong nghiem (moi ong khoang 1ml), pha loang tiep bang nc. Cho dung dch acid loang vao ong nghiem th nhat va dung dch kiem loang vao ong nghiem th hai. Nhan xet mau cua dung dch trong hai ong nghiem.
XIV. IEU CHE CHAT MAU -NAPHTOL DACAM

Hoa chat
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 144 -
-naphtol, dung dch NaOH 2N, acid sunfanilic, dung dch NaNO2 0.4N, dung dch HCl 2N, NaCl tinh the.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.35g -naphtol va 5ml dung dch NaOH 2N vao coc va un nong nhe, sau o e nguoi. Trong coc khac, hoa tan 0.5g acid sunfanilic trong 1.5ml dung dch NaOH 2N. Rot 2.5ml dung dch NaNO2 0.4N vao dung dch cha muoi natri cua acid sunfanilic. Lam lanh hon hp bang nc a, roi rot hon hp vao 5ml dung dch HCl 2N cung a c lam lanh bang nc a. Rot dung dch natri - naphtolatvao dung dch muoi iazoni va ieu che tren. Khuay eu hon hp, sau o at vao chau nc a. Sau khoang 30 phut, chat mau ket tua xuong. Cho them dung dch bao hoa cua 1.5g NaCl. Loc va lam kho san pham giay hai t giay loc.
XV. PHAN TACH HON HP METYL DACAM VA METYLEN XANH BANG SAC K COT
Hoa chat
Metyl dacam, metylen xanh, etanol, nhom oxit (loai co hoat tnh III).
Dung cu
Ong thuy tinh (ng knh 10 - 12mm, dai 25 - 30 cm) co khoa cuoi ong, pheu nho giot loai nho, bnh tam giac.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 145 -
Cach tien hanh
Cho 15g nhom oxit ( dang huyen phu trong etanol) vao cot sac k (Hnh 10). Rot dung dch cha 40 mg metyl dacam va metylen xanh (theo t le 1 : 3) trong 20ml etanol vao cot Theo doi qua trnh hnh thanh cac vung co mau vang va mau xanh trong qua trnh dung dch chat mau chay qua cot sac k. Phan metylen xanh c ra bang etanol va thu vao bnh hng. Sau o thay bnh hng va ra bang nc e thu lay metyl dacam. Co uoi etanol e thu lay tng chat mau.
Hnh 10 - Cot sac k

1- Dung moi 2- Nhom oxit 3- Bong thuy tinh 4- Vung chat mau.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 146 -
Chng X. HIDROXI ACID VA XETOACID

I. PHAN NG CUA - HIDROXIACID VI SAT (III) CLORUA
Hoa chat
Acid lactic, acid axetic, dung dch phenol 1%, dung dch FeCl3 1%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vai giot FeCl3 1% vao ong nghiem a cha san 2 - 3ml dung dch phenol 1%. Nhan xet mau cua dung dch. Chia dung dch thu c thanh hai phan. Rot 0.5ml acid lactic vao phan th nhat va 0.5ml acid axetic vao phan th hai. Nhan xet s thay oi mau dung dch trong ca hai ong nghiem.
II. PHAN NG NHAN BIET ACID LACTIC TRONG SA

Hoa chat
Dung dch sa chua. dung dch phenol 1%, dung dch FeCl3 1%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vai giot FeCl3 1% vao 1ml dung dch phenol 1%. Rot 0.5ml dung dch sa chua vao hon hp tren va lac nhe ong nghiem. Theo doi s bien oi mau cua dung dch trong qua trnh th nghiem va rut ra ket luan.
III. PHAN NG PHAN HUY ACID LACTIC

Hoa chat
Acid lactic, H2SO4 ac, H2SO4 loang (H2SO4:H2O = 1: 2), acid fucsinsunfur.
Cach tien hanh
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 147 -
a) Phan huy bi H2SO4 ac. Cho vao ong nghiem co lap ong dan kh 0.5ml acid lactic, 1ml H2SO4 ac va vai vien a bot.un nong hon hp en soi, ong thi a que diem ang chay vao phan pha tren cua ong dan kh. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra. b) Phan huy bi H2SO4 loang. Cho 1ml acid lactic va 1ml H2SO4loang (1:2) vao ong nghiem co noi vi ong dan kh cong. au cuoi cua ong dan kh c nhung vao ong nghiem cha 2ml dung dch acid fucsinsunfur va at trong coc nc a. un nong hon hp phan ng en soi. Nhan xet s bien oi mau cua dung dch acid fucsinsunfur.
IV. OXI HOA ACID LACTIC BANG KALI PEMANGANAT

Hoa chat
Acid lactic, H2SO4loang (1:2), dung dch KMnO4 5%.

Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem 0.5ml acid lactic, 0.5ml dung dch H2SO4 loang (1:2), 1ml dung dch KMnO4 5%. Lac nhe va un nong can than ong nghiem. Nhan xet s thay oi mau va mui ( ngi can than !) cua dung dch.
V. IEU CHE MUOI ACID VA MUOI TRUNG TNH CUA ACID TACTRIC
Hoa chat
Dung dch acid tactric 1N, dung dch KOH 1N, dung dch NaOH 1N.
Cach tien hanh
Nho 2ml dung dch acid tactric 1N t burette th nhat va 1ml dung dch KOH 1N t burette th hai vao ong nghiem. Lac nhe hon hp va quan sat hien tng ket tua (co the gay mam ket tinh bang cach dung ua thuy tinh co nhe vao thanh ong nghiem).
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 148 -
Tiep tuc nho t t dung dch NaOH 1N t burette th ba vao hon hp cho en khi ket tua tan. Gi lai dung dch cho th nghiem sau.
VI. PHAN NG CUA NATRI KALI TACTRAC VI ONG (II) HYDROXYT

( ieu che thuoc th Felinh) Hoa chat
Dung dch natri kali tactrat ( th nghiem 10.5), dung dch CuSO4 0.5N, dung dch NaOH 1N nhan xet.
Cach tien hanh
Rot 1ml dung dch NaOH 1N vao 0.5ml dung dch CuSO4 0.5N va lac nhe hon hp. Cho t t dung dch natri kali tactrat ( th nghiem 10.5) vao hon hp tren va lac nhe cho ti khi ket tua tan. Nhan xet s thay o mau cua hon hp.
VII. PHAN NG TAO THANH ACID PIRUVIC T ACID LACTIC

Hoa chat
Dung dch acid lactic 5%, dung dch KMnO4 1%, dung dch Na2CO3 10%, dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch NaHSO3 bao hoa.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml acid lactic 5% vao ong nghiem, nho them tng giot dung dch Na2CO3 10% va lac nhe hon hp cho ti khi at moi trng trunh tnh (th bang giay quy o). Cho tiep 0.5ml dung dch KMnO4 1% va un soi hon hp. e nguoi, loc lay dung dch. Cho 4 - 5ml dung dch NaHSO3 bao hoa vao phan dung dch va loc va lac eu hon hp. Theo doi s xuat hien ket tua t dung dch (xem th nghiem 7.7).
VIII. PHAN NG CUA ETYL AXETOAXETAT VI DUNG DCH NATRI HIDROXIT
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 149 -
Hoa chat
Etyl axetoaxetat, dung dch NaOH 2%, dung dch HCl 10%, giay ch th Conggo.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5ml etyl axetoaxetat vao ong nghiem va va lac va nho them tng giot dung dch NaOH 2% cho en khi etyl axetoaxetat tan het. Nho t t tng giot dung dch HCl 10% vao dung dch trong suot tren cho ti khi at moi trng acid (th moi trng acid bang giay ch th Conggo). Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
IX. PHAN NG CUA ETYL AXETOAXETAT VI SAT (III) CLORUA

Hoa chat
Hoa tan 1 - 2 giot etyl axetoaxetat trong 2ml nc, sau o nho them 1 giot dung dch FeCl3 2%. Dung dch xuat hien mau tm. Nho them vai giot nc brom bao hoa va nhan xet s bien oi mau dung dch. Tiep tuc nho them nc brom vai lan na, theo doi s bien oi mau.
X. PHAN NG CUA ACID SALIXILIC VI SAT (III) CLORUA

Hoa chat
Acid salixilic, acid benzoic, dung dch FeCl3 0.1N.

Cach tien hanh
Cho vai tinh the acid salixilic vao ong nghiem th nhat, vai tinh the acid benzoic vao ong nghiem th hai. Nho vao ong nghiem vai giot nc va un nong nhe ca hai ong nghiem. Sau khi e nguoi nho vai giot dung dch FeCl3 0.1N vao tng ong nghiem. Quan sat mau cua tng dung dch.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 150 -
XI. PHAN NG CUA ACID SALIXILIC VI NC BROM

Hoa chat
Dung dch acid salixilic bao hoa, dung dch acid benzoic bao hoa, nc brom.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml dung dch acid salixilic vao ong nghiem th nhat, 1ml dung dch acid benzoic vao ong nghiem th hai. Nho vao moi ong nghiem vai giot nc brom. Theo doi hien tng xay ra hai ong nghiem.
XII. THUY PHAN ACID AXETYLSALIXILIC (ASPIRIN)

Hoa chat
Acid axetylsalixilic (aspirin), dung dch FeCl3 0.1N.

Cach tien hanh
Hoa tan 0.1 - 0.2g acid axetylsalixilic trong 3 - 5ml nc. Chia dung dch thanh hai phan. un soi phan th nhat trong khoang 2 - 3 phut roi e nguoi. Nho vao ca hai phan, moi phan 1 - 2 giot dung dch FeCl3 0.1N. Quan sat s xuat hien mau mot trong hai ong nghiem.
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
- 151 -
Chng XI. GLUXIT

I. PHAN NG CUA NHOM HIDROXI TRONG PHAN T MONOSACCARIT
Hoa chat
Dung dch glucoz 1%, dung dch glucoz 20%, dung dch fructoz 1%, dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch CuSO4 5%, dung dch voi sa, kh CO2 (ieu che t bnh kp).
Cach tien hanh a) Phan ng cua monosaccarit vi ong (II) hidroxit
Cho 2ml dung dch glucoz 1% va 1ml dung dch NaOH 10% vao ong nghiem, sau o cho tng giot dung dch CuSO4 5% vao hon hp cho ti khi xuat hien ket tua xanh. Lac nhe ong nghiem. Nhan xet cac hien tng xay ra (ket tua, mau sac) trong dung dch. Lam th nghiem tng t vi fructoz.
b) Phan ng cua monosaccarit vi canxi hidroxit
Nho tng giot dung dch voi sa vao 2ml dung dch glucoz 20% va lac eu. So sanh mc o uc cua voi sa vi hon hp phan ng. Tiep tuc nho vi lng d voi sa vao ong nghiem va lac nhe. Theo doi s thay oi mc o trong suot cua dung dch. Sau 5 phut, em loc lay 1ml dung dch trong suot va dan t t vao o dong kh CO2. Theo doi s xuat hien ket tua t dung dch.
II. CAC PHAN NG CUA NHOM CACBONYL TRONG PHAN T MONOSACCARIT

Hoa chat
Dung dchglucoz 1%; 2%; 5%, dung dch fructoz 1%; 25; 5%, dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch CuSO4, dung dch thuoc th Felinh (xem th
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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nghiem 7.6), dung dch AgNO31%, dung dch NH3 5%, nc brom bao hoa, dung dch FeCl3 1%, dung dch phenol 1%, dung dch phenylhidrazin axetat 5%.
Cach tien hanh a) Oxi hoa monosaccarit bang ong (II) hidroxit
Cho 2ml dung dch glucoz 1%, 1ml dung dch NaOH 10% vao ong nghiem va lac tron eu. Va lac ong nghiem va nho tng giot dung dch CuSO4 5% ti khi bat au xuat hien van uc mau xanh (khong c d va cung khong nen thieu CuSO4). un nong hon hp en bat au soi (ch un nong phan tren cua dung dch, phan di e so sanh). Nhan xet cac hien tng xay ra. Lam th nghiem tng t vi dung dch fructoz 1%.
b) Oxi hoa monosaccarit bang thuoc th Felinh
Cho vao ong nghiem th nhat 1ml dung dch glucoz 1%, vao ong nghiem th ha1ml dung dch fructoz 1%. Cho tiep vao moi ong nghiem mot the tch tng ng dung dch thuoc th Felinh. Sau khi lac eu hon hp, un nong nhe phan tren cua dung dch cho ti khi bat au soi th ngng un. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra (ket tua, mau) trong ong nghiem.
c) Oxi hoa monosaccarit bang hp chat phc bac - amoniac
Chuan b hai ong nghiem sach va ieu che dung dch phc bac amoniac (xem th nghiem 7.4) t 2ml dung dch AgNO3 1%. Chia dung dch phc bac - amoniac thanh hai phan bang nhau. Cho vao phan th nhat 1ml dung dch glucoz 1%, vao phan th hai 1ml dung dch fructoz 1%. at ca hai ong nghiem vao noi nc nong 70 - 800C (khong lac ong nghiem). Nhan xet hien tng xay ra trong hai ong nghiem.
d) Oxi hoa monosaccarit bang nc brom
Cho vao hai ong nghiem, moi ong 3ml nc brom. Nho vao ong th nhat 0.5ml dung dch glucoz 2%, ong th hai 0.5ml dung dch fructoz 2%. un nong ca hai ong nghiem trong noi nc soi trong khoang 15 phut. Neu mau o nau cua dung dch brom cha bien mat th un tiep 1 phut na tren ngon la en con. Sau khi e nguoi, nho vao moi ong nghiem mot vai giot dung dch phc phenol - sat (III) clorua (co mau tm, xem ieu che th nghiem 10.1). Nhan xet va so sanh s bien oi mau ca hai ong nghiem.
e) Phan ng the nguyen t oxi trong nhom cacbonyl cua monosaccarit : phan ng tao ozazon
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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Cho 1ml dung dch glucoz 5% va 3ml dung dch phenylhidrazin axetat 5% ( hoac lay phenylhidrazin hidro clorua tinh the va natri axetat tinh the theo t le 1 : 2 ve khoi lng) vao ong nghiem, lac tron eu. at ong nghiem vao noi nc soi trong khoang 20 - 30 phut. Lay ong nghiem ra khoi noi nc va lam lanh. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra (ket tua, mau). Lam th nghiem tng t vi dung dch fructoz 5%.
III. PHAN NG MAU CUA MONOSACCARIT

Hoa chat
Dung dch fructoz 1% va 2%, dung dch glucoz 1% va 2%, dung dch rezoxin (0.5g trong 100ml dung dch HCl 1 : 1), dung dch mat ong 5%, C2H5OH, H2SO4 ac, dung dch - naphtol 5% trong etanol.
Cach tien hanh a) Phan ng cua fructoz va rezoxin
Rot vao hai ong nghiem, moi ong 2ml dung dch rezoxin. Nho tiep vao ong nghiem th nhat 2 giot dung dch fructoz 1%, ong th hai 2 giot dung dch glutoz 1%. Lac eu ca hai ong nghiem trong noi nc nong 800C va gi nhiet o nay trong 8 phut. Nhan xet va so sanh mau cua hai dung dch.
b) Nhan biet fructoz trong mat ong
Tien hanh tng t nh 11.3a, nhng thay dung dch fructoz bang dung dch mat ong 5%. So sanh ket qua th nghiem 11.3a va 11.3b.
c) Phan ng cua fructoz vi - naphtol
Rot 0.5ml dung dch fructoz 2% vao ong nghiem th nhat, 0.5ml dung dch glucoz 2% vao ong nghiem th hai. Rot tiep vao moi ong nghiem 5ml dung dch etanol trong H2SO4 (4ml C2H5OH : 1ml H2SO4 ac). Sau o nho vao moi ong nghiem 2 - 3 giot dung dch - naphtol 5% trong etanol. Lac eu hon hp va un nong trong noi nc soi trong khoang 2 - 3 phut. Theo doi s xuat hien mau mot trong hai ong nghiem.
IV. PHAN NG CUA CAC NHOM HIDROXI TRONG PHAN T ISACCARIT

Hoa chat
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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Dung dch saccaroz 1% va 20%, dung dch lactoz 1% ( hoac dung dch mantoz 1% ), dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch CuSO4 5%, voi sa (mi pha che).
Cach tien hanh a) Phan ng cua isaccarit vi ong (II) hidroxit
Cho vao ong nghiem th nhat 1.5ml dung dch saccaroz 1% va 1.5ml dung dch NaOH 10%; vao ong nghiem th hai 1.5ml dung dch lactoz 1% (hoac dung dch mantoz 1%) va 1.5ml dung dch NaOH 10%. Nho vao moi ong tng giot dung dch CuSO4 5% cho ti khi xuat hien ket tua xanh th dng lai. Lac nhe hon hp va quan sat hien tng xay ra (s bien oi ket tua, mau sac).
b) Phan ng tao thanh canxi saccarat
Cho 5 - 7ml dung dch saccaroz 20% vao coc thuy tinh roi va khuay va nho them tng giot dung dch voi sa. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra. Cho them lng d voi sa (3 - 4ml), khuay eu hon hp roi e yen trong khoang 5 - 7 phut. Loc lay canxi saccarat. un dung dch va loc en soi. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra. Sau o lam lanh hon hp bang nc a. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
V. CAC PHAN NG CUA NHOM CACBONYL TRONG PHAN T ISACCARIT

Hoa chat
Dung dch saccaroz 1%, dung dch mantoz 1% va 5%, dung dch lactoz 1% va 5%, dung dch thuoc th Felinh (xem th nghiem 7.6), acid axetic, dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch sa (pha loang vi nc theo t le 1 : 1 ve the tch), dung dch phenylhidrazin axetat 5%, dung dch (hoac giay) phenolphtalein.
Dung cu
Coc thuy tinh (dung tch 25ml), pheu thuy tinh, ua thuy tinh.
Cach tien hanh a) Phan ng vi thuoc th Felinh
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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Rot vao ba ong nghiem, moi ong 1.5 - 2ml dung dch 1% cua mot trong ba isaccarit sau: saccaroz, mantoz, lactoz.Sau o rot vao tng ong mot the tch tng ng dung dch thuoc th Felinh. Lac eu hon hp va un nong nhe phan tren cua tng dung dch bang ngon la en con cho ti khi bat au soi. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra trong ca ba ong nghiem.
b) Nhan biet lactoz trong sa
Rot 5 -7ml dung dch sa (pha loang trong nc theo t le 1 : 1 ve the tch) vao coc thuy tinh (dung tch 25ml). Nho them vai giot acid axetic vao coc ong thi khuay nhe. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra. Loc lay dung dch phan tch. Trung hoa dung dch thu c bang dung dch NaOH 10% (khuay eu bang ua thuy tinh) en moi trng baz yeu (dung giay tam phenolphtalein). Rot rieng 2ml dung dch a trung hoa sang ong nghiem va rot them 2ml dung dch Felinh vao ong nghiem o. Lac eu hon hp trong ong nghiem va un nong phan tren cua dung dch en soi. Quan sat hien tng xay ra va rut ra ket luan.
c) Phan ng tao ozazon cua mantoz va lactoz
Cach tien hanh th nghiem nh a lam th nghiem 11.2e. Theo doi qua trnh tao thanh ket tua trong hai ong nghiem.
VI. PHAN NG THUY PHAN SACCAROZ

Hoa chat
Dung dch saccaroz 1%, dung dch H2SO4 10%, NaHCO3 tinh the, dung dch Felinh, dung dch rezoxin trong HCl (xem th nghiem 11.3).
Cach tien hanh
Rot 3ml dung dch saccaroz 1% vao ong nghiem va rot them vao o1ml dung dch H2SO4 10%. un nong dung dch trong khoang 2 - 3 phut, sau o lam lanh. Chia hon hp thanh hai phan: -Trung hoa phan th nhat bang cach cho t t NaHCO3 (tinh the) vao va khuay eu cho ti khi ngng tach ra kh CO2 (can than dung dch co the b trao ra theo kh CO2). Sau khi trung hoa, rot vao o mot the tch
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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tng ng dung dch Felinh va un nong phan tren cua dung dch bang ngon la en con. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra. - Rot vao phan th hai 2ml dung dch rezoxin. Lac eu hon hp va at vao noi nc nong 800C trong khoang 8 phut (xem them th nghiem 11.3). Nhan xet s thay oi mau cua dung dch.
VII. PHAN NG THUY PHAN POLISACCARIT

Hoa chat
Dung dch ho tinh bot 2%, xenluloz (giay loc hoac bong), dung dch H2SO4 10%, dung dch H2SO4 70%, dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch loang I2 va KI (mau vang sang).
Cach tien hanh a) Thuy phan tinh bot
Cho 3 - 4ml dung dch ho tinh bot 2% va 0.5 - 1ml dung dch H2SO4 10% vao ong nghiem. Lac eu va at ong nghiem vao noi nc soi trong khoang 20 phut. Nhan xet s thay oi trang thai dung dch. Dung pipette lay khoang 1 - 2 giot dung dch a thuy phan va chuyen vao ong nghiem th hai a cha san 1ml dung dch I2 va KI. Nhan xet mau cua dung dch. Neu dung dch va th co mau vang sang th lay ong nghiem cha ho tinh bot ra khoi noi nc. Chuyen khoang 1ml dung dch a thuy phan sang ong nghiem th ba. Trung hoa hon hp bang dung dch NaOH 10%. Cho vao dung dch a trung hoa mot the tch tng ng dung dch thuoc th Felinh. un nong nhe hon hp va nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
b) Thuy phan xenluloz
Cho mot bang giay loc (hoac mot nhum nho bong) va khoang 1ml dung dch H2SO4 70% vao ong nghiem. Khuay eu hon hp bang ua thuy tinh. at ong nghiem vao noi nc soi cho en khi c dung dch ong nhat. e nguoi, trung hoa hon hp bang dung dch NaOH 10% en moi trng kiem. Cho vao hon hp a trung hoa mot the tch tng ng thuoc th Felinh. un nong nhe hon hp. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
VIII. IEU CHE XENLULOZNITRAT
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Hoa chat
Xenluloz (bong), HNO3 (d=1.4g/ml), H2SO4 ac (d=1.84g/ml), C2H5OH khan, ietyl ete.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem 4ml HNO3 ac va t t cho them 8ml H2SO4 ac, ong thi lac eu, hon hp phat nhiet. Sau khi lam lanh, dung ua thuy tinh a mot nhum bong vao dung dch hon hp acid. at ong nghiem vao noi nc nong 60 - 700C, ong thi khuay nhe hon hp bang ua thuy tinh. Sau 5 phut dung ua thuy tinh lay xenluloz nitrat ra khoi dung dch. Ra can than san pham bang nc cho en khi het acid (au tien ra trong coc nc, sau o ra di voi nc). Ep san pham gia hai t giay loc, sau o lam kho trong capsun s at tren noi nc soi. San pham (co mau vang sang) c chia thanh hai phan : xay ra. - a phan th nhat vao gan ngon en con. Nhan xet hien tng
- Cho phan th hai vao ong nghiem kho. Rot vao o mot the tch thch hp hon hp etanol khan va ietyl ete (theo t le 1 : 1) ong thi khuay eu e c dung dch nht (dung dch colodion). Nho dung dch va thu c len mat knh thuy tinh. Sau khi dung moi bay hi het, tach lay lp mang mong va a lai gan ngon en con. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
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Chng XII. AMINOACID VA PROTIT

I. PHAN NG CUA ACID AMINOAXETIC VI CAC CHAT CH TH
Hoa chat
Dung dch acid aminoaxetic (glixin) 2%, dung dch metyl dacam, dung dch metyl o, dung dch quy.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml dung dch acid aminoaxetic 2% vao ong nghiem va nho tiep 2 giot dung dch metyl dacam. Lam th nghiem tng t vi dung dch metyl o, dung dch quy. Nhan xet mau sac cua cac dung dch acid aminoaxetic trc va sau khi cho them cac dung dch thuoc th.
II. PHAN NG CUA ACID AMINOAXETIC VI ONG (II) OXIT

Hoa chat
Dung dch acid aminoaxetic 2%, bot CuO, dung dch NaOH 10%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5g bot CuO va 2 - 3ml dung dch acid aminoaxetic 2% vao ong nghiem. Lac eu ong nghiem va un nong hon hp tren ngon la en con trong khoang 3 - 4 phut. Sau khi un nong em at ong nghiem tren gia e CuO con d lang xuong. Nhan xet mau cua dung dch. Rot khoang 0.5ml dung dch sang ong nghiem th hai va nho vao o1 2 giot dung dch NaOH 10%. Quan sat xem co s xuat hien ket tua Cu(OH)2 khong? Tai sao? Gan lay phan dung dch con lai sang ong nghiem th ba va lam lanh trong coc cha hon hp nc a va NaCl. Quan sat s xuat hien ket tua cua hp chat phc ong (II) vi acid aminoaxetic.
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III. PHAN NG CUA ACID AMINOAXETIC VI ACID NITR

Hoa chat
Dung dch acid aminoaxetic 10%, dung dch NaNO2 10%, acid axetic ket tinh.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem 2ml dung dch acid aminoaxetic 10%, 2ml dung dch NaNO2 10% va 2 giot acid axetic ket tinh. Lac nhe ong nghiem va quan sat hien tng xay ra trong dung dch.
IV. PHAN NG MAU CUA - AMINOACID VI NINHIDRIN

Hoa chat
Dung dch acid aminoaxetic 1%, dung dch ninhidrin 0.1%.

Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem 2ml dung dch acid aminoaxetic 1% va 2 - 3 giot dung dch ninhidrin 0.1%. Lac nhe ong nghiem, at ong nghiem len gia e quan sat. Theo doi s xuat hien mau ac trng cua dung dch (chu y : s xuat hien mau xay ra t t, nen can theo doi sau mot thi gian a at ong nghiem len gia).
V. TNH CHAT EM CUA DUNG DCH PROTIT

Hoa chat
Dung dch protit (long trang trng hoac zelatin), dung dch HCl (d=1.19g/ml), dung dch NaOH ac, dung dch o Conggo, dung dch phenolphtalein 1% (trong etanol).
Cach tien hanh
Khoa Hoa Hoc
Thc hanh hoa hu c
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a) Pha loang 1ml dung dch HCl (d=1.19g/ml) bang 15ml nc cat. Sau o lai pha loang 1ml dung dch HCl va thu c bang 15ml nc cat.
Nho 2 - 3 giot dung dch o Conggo vao dung dch HCl va c pha rat loang, dung dch xuat hien mau xanh. Cho vao ong nghiem 2 - 3ml dung dch protit va 1ml dung dch HCl nhuom mau xanh tren. Quan sat s chuyen mau cua dung dch.
b) Chuan b dung dch NaOH rat loang (nh a chuan b dung dch HCl rat loang neu tren va cho them 2 - 3 giot dung dch phenolphtalein, dung dch xuat hien mau hong.
Cho vao ong nghiem sach 2 - 3ml dung dch protit va 1ml dung dch NaOH loang nhuom mau hong. Quan sat s bien oi mau.
VI. KET TUA THUAN NGHCH PROTIT

Hoa chat
Dung dch protit (long trang trng), dung dch (NH4)2SO4 42%, (NH4)2SO4 tinh the.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem 3 - 4ml dung dch protit va the tch tng ng dung dch (NH4)2SO4 42%. Lac nhe ong nghiem thay dung dch tr nen uc hn hoac xuat hien ket tua bong cua globulin. Rot khoang 1ml dung dch uc sang ong nghiem khac a cha san 2 - 3ml nc cat. Lac nhe ong nghiem. Nhan xet s thay oi o uc cua dung dch. Phan con lai cua dung dch uc c loc qua giay loc. Va lac nhe phan nc loc va cho t t (NH4)2SO4 tinh the vao, en khi muoi amoni sunfat khong tan het (khoang 1 -2g). Theo doi s xuat hien ket tua bong cua protit (hoac dung dch tr nen uc hn). Rot vao dung dch cha ket tua mot lng nc cat co the tch gap hai lan the tch dung dch. Lac nhe va nhan xet s thay oi o uc cua dung dch.
VII. KET TUA PROTIT BANG ACID VO C AC
Khoa Hoa Hoc
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Hoa chat
Dung dch protit (long trang trng), HNO3 (d=1.41g/ml), HCl (d=1.19g/ml).
Cach tien hanh
Rot vao ong nghiem th nhat 1ml HNO3 ac, vao ong nghiem th hai 1 - 2ml HCl ac. Nghieng ong nghiem va can than rot vao thanh tng ong nghiem 1 - 1.5ml dung dch protit (khong cho protit tron lan vi lp acid). at ca hai ong nghiem tren gia. Theo doi s xuat hien ket tua protit tren be mat phan chia hai lp chat long. Sau o lac nhe ca hai ong nghiem va nhan xet s thay oi lng ket tua protit trong dung dch.
VIII. KET TUA PROTIT BANG MUOI KIM LOAI NANG

Hoa chat
Dung dch protit (long trang trng), dung dch CuSO4 bao hoa, dung dch Pb(CH3COO)2 20%.
Cach tien hanh
Rot vao hai ong nghiem, moi ong 1 - 1.5ml dung dch protit. Trong khi lac nhe, nho t t tng giot CuSO4 bao hoa vao ong nghiem th nhat va tng giot Pb(CH3COO)2 20% vao ong nghiem th hai. Quan sat s xuat hien ket tua va mau cua ket tua protit trong ca hai trng hp. Tiep tuc nho them lng d dung dch muoi CuSO4 va Pb(CH3COO)2 vao hai ong nghiem tren. Nhan xet s bien oi lng ket tua protit trong ca hai ong nghiem.
IX. KET TUA PROTIT BANG PHENOL VA FOMALIN

Hoa chat
Dung dch protit bao hoa (long trang trng), phenol (tinh the), fomalin 40%.
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Cho vao hai ong nghiem, moi ong 1ml dung dch protit bao hoa. Cho them vao ong nghiem th nhat vai tinh the phenol, vao ong nghiem th hai 1ml fomalin. Lac nhe ong nghiem va theo doi s xuat hien ket tua.
X. S ONG TU PROTIT KHI UN NONG

Hoa chat
Dung dch protit (long trang trng), dung dch (NH4)2SO4 15%, dung dch NaOH 10%, CH3COOH.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 2 -3ml protit vao ong nghiem, un nong tren ngon la en con cho en soi trong khoang 1 phut. Quan sat s xuat hien protit ong tu. Lam lanh hon hp, chia hon hp thanh hai phan. Nho vao phan th nhat 1 - 2 giot acid axetic, nho vao phan th hai 1 - 2 giot dung dch (NH4)2SO4 15%. Lac eu va un nong ca hai ong nghiem cho en soi. Nhan xet s thay oi lng protit ong tu trong ca hai ong nghiem. Lam lanh ca hai ong nghiem. Rot vao tng ong nghiem mot the tch nc tng ng vi dung dch cha ket tua protit va lac nhe hon hp. Sau o cho tiep vao phan ong nghiem 1ml dung dch NaOH 10% va lac nhe hon hp. Nhan xet s thay oi lng protit ong tu khi cho them nc va khi cho them dung dch kiem.
XI. CAC PHAN NG MAU CUA PROTIT

Hoa chat
Dung dch protit (long trang trng), dung dch NaOH 30%, dung dch NaOH 10%, HNO3 (d=1.4g/ml), dung dch CuSO4 2%, dung dch Pb(CH3COO)2 10%, dung dch ninhidrin 0.1%, dung dch thuoc th milon.
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Thc hanh hoa hu c
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Cach tien hanh
va 2g ( 0.15ml) thuy ngan kim loai trong 3ml HNO3 ac. Dung dch ieu che c pha loang bang nc cat en the tch 10ml. e yen vai gi, sau o loc lay dung dch. a) Phan ng biure
Thuoc th Milon c ieu che bang cach hoa tan khi un nong
Cho vao ong nghiem 1ml dung dch protit, 1ml dung dch NaOH 30% va 1 giot CuSO4 2%. Quan sat mau ac trng cua dung dch.
b) Phan ng vi ninhidrin
Cho vao ong nghiem 1ml dung dch protit, 2 - 3 giot dung dch ninhidrin. Lac nhe ong nghiem va un soi vai phut. Quan sat mau ac trng cua dung dch (xem them th nghiem 12.4).
c) Phan ng xangtoprotein
Cho vao ong nghiem 1ml dung dch protit va 0.2 - 0.3ml HNO3 ac. Lac nhe thay dung dch xuat hien ket tua trang. un nong hon hp tren ngon la en con cho en soi trong khoang 1 - 2 phut. Nhan xet mau ac trng cua hon hp. Lam lanh hon hp, can than nho tng giot NaOH 30% (khoang 1 2ml). Theo doi s bien oi mau cua hon hp.
d)Phan ng vi thuoc th Milon
Cho 1ml dung dch protit va 1ml dung dch thuoc th Milon vao ong nghiem. un nong hon hp (khong lac ong nghiem) trong noi nc soi. Luc au dung dch co ket tua bong trang, khi un nong ket tua b ong von va xuat hien mau. Nhan xet mau ac trng cua ket tua va cua dung dch.
e) Phan ng nhan biet lu huynh trong protit
Cho vao ong nghiem 1 - 2ml dung dch protit va mot the tch dung dch NaOH 30% gap oi. un soi hon hp trong khoang 2 - 3 phut. Nhan xet mui cua hon hp. Cho vao dung dch nong tren 1ml dung dch Pb(CH3COO)2 10% va un soi hon hp. Theo doi s xuat hien mau va ket tua trong dung dch.
Khoa Hoa Hoc

GT Thuc Hanh Hoa Huu Co (ĐH Đà L T)

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TRNG AI HOC A LAT

THC HANH HOA HU C

PHAM VAN TAT - NGUYEN QUOC TUAN

Thc hanh hoa hu c

Thc hanh hoa hu c

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Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan

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Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan

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Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan

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II. Chuan b th nghiem, e cng va tng trnh

Thc hanh hoa hu c

IV. Phng phap cap cu s bo :

Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan

Khoa Hoa Hoc

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V. Dung cu thuy tinh va cach s dung

Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan

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Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan

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Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan

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Thc hanh hoa hu c

Hnh 6-Pheu chiet a) va pheu nho giot b).

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Hnh 7- Cac loai cot

cat phan oan

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Hnh 9- Cac ong canxiclorua n gian a) va hnh ch U b)

Hnh 10 - Cac loai ong noi

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Thc hanh hoa hu c

Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan

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Thc hanh hoa hu c

VI. Thiet b un nong va lam lanh

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Hnh 14- Vong ong lam lanh

Hnh 15 - Nhiet ke t ngat tiep xuc va rle

VII. Thiet b khuay

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VIII. Thiet b lam kho va chat lam kho

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