CH THCH CC T VIT TT BTB&DHMT: Bc Trung B & Duyn Hi Min Trung CBTS: ch bin bin thy sn CBTSXK: ch bin bin

bin thy sn xut khu CBXK: ch bin xut khu CSTK: cng sut thit k DN: Doanh nghip DNNN: Doanh nghip Nh nc DNTN: Doanh nghip t nhn BSCL: ng Bng Sng Cu Long BSH: ng Bng Sng Hng L: ng lnh NB: ng Nam B GDP: Tng sn phm quc ni GTT: gi thc t GSS: gi so snh HCDV: hu cn dch v KTTS: khai thc thy sn NAFIQAD: NTTS: nui trng thy sn QCVN: Quy chun Vit Nam TB: thit b TTBQ: tc tng bnh qun XKTS: xut khu thy sn

LI M U
Trong nhng nm qua, t sau khi i mi c ch qun l kinh t, t nn kinh t k hoch ho tp trung sang nn kinh t th trng c s qun l ca nh nc, kinh t t nc c nhng bc pht trin vt bc. Cng vi chin lc kinh t hi nhp v pht trin do Nh nc t ra, thng mi quc t tr thnh mt b phn quan trng c vai tr quyt nh n s pht trin ca quc gia. Ngnh thu sn c s pht trin to ln, hng nm em v cho t nc mt ngun ngoi t ln phc v ti u t thc hin cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc. i vi mt nc ang pht trin, c s khan him v vn tin hnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc th vic pht trin cc ngnh kinh t tn dng c li th vn c ca quc gia l mt iu v cng quan trng.

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN 1. GII THIU V CNG NGH LNH 1.1. Lch s pht trin

Lch s pht trin ngnh lnh l mt chui di nhng s kin ni tip nhau, cng pht trin v vn ti nh cao nh nhng ngnh hc khc. Con ngi bit lm lnh v s dng lnh cch y rt lu: Cc tranh v trn tng trong cc kim t thp Ai Cp cch y khong 2500 nm m t cnh n l qut cc bnh gm xp cho nc bay hi lm mt khng kh. Cch y khong 2000 nm ngi n v Trung Quc bit trn mui vo nc hoc tuyt to nhit thp hn. Nhng k thut lnh hin i bt u phi k t khi gio s Black tm ra n nhit ha hi v n nhit nng chy vo nm 1761 1764. cui th k XVIII t pht hin u tin l trong iu kin chn khng nc bay hi nhit thp. Vo nm 1834 bc s Perkins (Anh) xy dng c my lnh u tin vi tc nhn lnh l ete etylen lm vic p sut thp hn p sut kh quyn. Cui th k XIX c hng lot cc pht minh ra my lnh vi nhng tc nhn c p sut trong chu trnh kn cao hn p sut kh quyn: Nm 1871 Tellier xy dng my lnh vi tc nhn ete metylen. Nm 1872 Boil pht minh nguyn l my lnh NH3. Nm 1874 k s Linde (c) thit k c my lnh NH3, lc ny vic ch to my lnh nn hi mi thc s pht trin rng ri trong hu ht cc ngnh kinh t. Mc quan trng trong k thut lnh l vic sn xut v ng dng cc freon M vo nm 1930. Cc loi rau, tri cy, hi sn v tht ng lnh c bn cho cng chng ln u tin vo nm 1930 ti Springfield, Massachusetts, di thng hiu Birds Eye Frosted Foods.

 Ngy nay cng nghip lnh tin mt bc kh xa trn th gii vi nhiu chng loi h thng lm lnh: t lnh, my iu ha khng kh, phng lnh, phng lnh ng c trnh khoa hc k thut ngang vi cc ngnh k thut tin tin khc. Phm vi nhit ca k thut lnh ngy nay c m rng rt nhiu v k thut ang tin dn n nhit khng tuyt i. Ring k thut lnh l nhu cu thit yu pht trin cng nghip thc phm: Lnh cn cho cng nghip thc phm nh in v hi nc cn cho cng nghip nng vy. in v hi nc y cng nghip nng tin ti, th lnh s lm cho cng nghip thc phm pht trin vt bc (Micoiang - 1935). Ngy nay, ngi ta thng dng nit lng lm ng thc phm, thc phm cng nhanh ng s cng t ng tuyt. Lm lnh ng c thc hin trong cc ngnh khai thc ch bin v bo qun thc phm. Qu trnh lm lnh khng th thiu trong ngnh nh bt thy sn, cng nghip ch bin rau qu, ru bia, sa tm li trong hu ht cc ngnh cng nghip ch bin nguyn liu ti c ngun gc thc vt v ng vt u cn n lnh. 1.2. Thc trng vic s dng cng ngh lnh trong CBTS

Theo thng k ca NAFIQAD nm 2010 c nc c 429 c s CBTS ng lnh vi tng cng sut cp ng khong 7.870 tn/ngy, trong s c s t QCVN 02 l 199 c s, s c s c Code ca EU l 289 c s. y l c s vt cht, l iu kin rt tt ca ngnh cng nghip CBTS ng lnh pht trin v chim lnh th trng thy sn th gii trong thi gian qua v sp ti. Bng: Nng lc thit b cng ngh trong cc nh my CBTS Nm Ch tiu S c s CBTS Tng CS thit b cp ng, 2002 211 3.150 2007 320 4.262 2010 429 7.870 TTBQ (%/nm) 10,7 12,3

tn/ngy S thit b cp ng, chic T ng tip xc, chic T ng gi, chic T ng IQF, chic S c s t QCVN 02 S c s c code EU 836 517 193 126 60 62 1.318 681 355 282 82 235 1.378 694 376 317 199 284 7,4 4,3 10 14,1 18,7 24,3

Ngun: NAFIQAD, Vin nghin cu Hi sn, kt qu kho st ca Vin KT&QHTS 2011. V thit b cp ng: ti cc c s CBTS ton quc c 1.378 thit b cp ng. Trong , cp ng dng CF c 694 chic, AB c 367 chic, IQF c 317 chic. Cng sut s dng thit b: vng BSCL c mc s dng cng sut thc t cao nht khong 71,2%, NB khong 79,7%, BTB&DHMT khong 58,7% v vng BSH khong 25,7%. Vic s dng cng sut ch bin thc t t Bc vo Nam theo s gia tng sn lng ca vng nguyn liu. C th xu hng ny vn s tip tc din ra trong giai on quy hoch t nay cho n nm 2020. Bng: S lng v loi thit b cp ng nm 2011 Loi TB S lng Chic CF AB IQF Tng CSTK, tn/ngy CSTK, tn/nm 68.600 197.300 332.300 1.134.000 694 367 317 1.378 BSH S lng 58 23 12 93 8,36 6,27 3,79 18,41 310 T l BTB&DHMT S lng 202 128 81 411 29,11 34,88 25,55 29,83 900 T l S lng 152 83 58 293 21,9 22,62 18,3 21,26 NB T l BSCL S lng 282 133 166 581 40,63 36,24 52,37 42,16 T l

1.510

5.150

SL ch bin, tn Mc huy ng CSTB, %

17.610

115.850

263.200

808.000

25,7

58,7

79,7

71,2

Ngun: Vin nghin cu Hi sn, kt qu kho st ca Vin KT&QHTS 2011. 1.3. Quy hoch pht trin kho lnh

Nhm p ng tt nhu cu kho lnh phc v cho ngnh cng nghip CBTS pht trin, n nm 2020 c nc c tng cng sut kho lnh t khong 1,1 triu tn, trong vng BSH khong 85,7 nghn tn, Min Trung khong 145,3 nghn tn, NB khong 217,5 nghn tn, BSCL khong 640 nghn tn, cc tnh cn li khong 11,5 nghn tn. Pht trin h thng kho lnh thy sn theo nh hng phn b ph hp vi nhu cu pht trin ca tng vng phc vc vic bo qun, vn chuyn, ch bin, d tr v phn phi lu thng 3 triu tn thy sn cc loi. Bng: Quy hoch pht trin kho lnh theo vng n nm 2020 TT BSH Min trung NB BSCL 23 tnh cn li C nc a phng Tng cng sut kho (tn) 2015 1 2 3 4 5 58.000 98.800 150.500 437.500 5.750 750.550 2020 85.700 145.300 217.500 640.000 11.500 1.100.000

2. GII THIU V NGNH THU SN VIT NAM 2.1. iu kin pht trin ngnh thu sn.

2.1.1. V iu kin t nhin Vit Nam nm trong khu vc nhit i gi ma m, c ng b bin di hn 3.260 km t Mng Ci (Qung Ninh) n H Tin (Kin Giang), din tch vng ni thu v lnh hi rng hn 226.000 km2, c din tch vng c quyn kinh t rng trn 1.000.000 km2, trong vng bin Vit Nam c trn 400 hn o ln nh, l ni c th cung cp cc dch v hu cn c bn, trung chuyn sn phm khai thc, nh bt, ng thi lm ni neo u cho tu thuyn trong nhng chuyn ra khi. Bin Vit Nam cn c nhiu vnh, m ph, ca sng (trong hn 10.000 ha ang quy hoch nui trng thu sn) v trn 400.000 ha rng ngp mn. l tim nng Vit Nam pht trin hot ng khai thc v nui trng thu hi sn. Cng trong t lin cn c khong 1,7 triu ha din tch mt nc c th nui trng thu sn trong c 120.000 ha h ao nh, mng vn, 244,000 ha h cha mt nc ln, 446.000 ha rung ng trng, nhim mn, cy la 1 hoc 2 v bp bnh, v 635.000ha vng triu. Kh hu nhit i gi ma m v mt s vng c kh hu n i. Ti nguyn kh hu gip cho ngnh thu sn pht trin mt cch thun li. Chng loi sinh vt a dng v phong ph vi khong 510 loi c trong c nhiu loi c gi tr kinh t cao. Tuy nhin bn cnh nhng iu kin thun li cng c nhng kh khn do iu kin a hnh v thu vc phc tp, hng nm c nhiu ma, bo, l, vo ma kh li hay b hn hn gy kh khn v c nhng tn tht to ln cho ngnh thu sn. 2.1.2. V iu kin kinh t x hi Ngh khai thc thu sn c hnh thnh t lu. Ngun lao ng c kinh nghim nh bt v nui trng, gi nhn cng thp hn so vi khu vc v th gii. Hin nay Nh nc ang coi thu sn l ngnh kinh t mi nhn do c nhiu chnh sch u t khuyn khch y mnh s pht trin ca ngnh. Tuy nhin bn cnh vn cn nhiu kh khn v vng mc t ra cho ngnh thu sn nc ta l hot

ng sn xut vn cn mang tnh t cp, t tc, cng ngh sn xut th s, lc hu, sn phm to ra cht lng cha cao. Ngun lao ng tuy ng nhng trnh vn ho k thut khng cao, lc lng c o to chim t l nh, hu ht ch da vo kinh nghim do kh theo kp s thay i ca iu kin t nhin v nhu cu th trng. Cuc sng ca lao ng trong ngh vn cn nhiu vt v, bp bnh do khng to c s gn b vi ngh. Nhng v c bn vn c th khng nh rng Vit Nam c tim nng di do pht trin ngnh thu sn thnh mt ngnh kinh t quan trng. 2.2. c im ngnh thu sn.

Vic nui trng v nh bt thu sn chu nhiu tc ng ca iu kin t nhin. Vic thi tit c n nh hay khng nh hng ln n nng sut nh bt v nui trng. Mun c c nng sut cao ngoi ph thuc vo cc iu kin t nhin sn c cn to ra iu kin thun li cho vic sinh trng v pht trin ca cc loi thu sn. Cc sn phm thu sn sau khi thu hoch n rt d h hng do cn c s u t cng ngh bo qun m bo cht lng sn phm. y l mt ngnh c tnh hn hp, pht trin thnh mt quy trnh gn lin t khai thc, nui trng n ch bin. C quy trnh phi pht trin mt cch nhp nhng th mi m bo cho s pht trin ca ton ngnh. Cc hot ng nh bt v nui trng (thuc lnh vc nng nghip) l tin cho cc hot ng ch bin pht trin ng thi cc hot ng ch bin pht trin s quay li thc y vic nh bt v nui trng, ch c s lin kt cht ch, ng b mi c th khng nh v tr ngnh kinh t mi nhn trong giai on hin nay ca ngnh thu sn. 2.3. Tc ng ca ngnh thu sn n kinh t x hi t nc.

Thy sn l mt ngnh kinh t gi v tr, vai tr quan trng trong nn kinh t Quc dn. Giai on 2001 2011 ng gp ca thy sn vo GDP chung ton quc dao ng trong khong t 3,10 % 3,72 %. Nm 2011 thy sn ng gp vo kim ngch xut khu chung ton ngnh nng nghip khong 24,44 %, v 6,34 % tng kim ngch xut khu ton quc.

Bnh qun giai on 2001 2011 thy sn gii quyt cng n vic lm cho khong 150.000 lao ng/nm (trong , lao ng KTTS khong 29,55 %, lao ng NTTS 40,52 %, lao ng CBTS 19,38 %, lao ng HCDV ngh c khong 10,55 %). Trong xa i gim ngho, nh tng trng thy sn a c 43 x bi ngang ven bin kh khn ra khi danh sch cc x ngho. Cng trong giai on ny, thy sn cung cp thc phm cho trn 80 triu ngi dn Vit Nam. Bnh qun hng nm thy sn p ng t 39,31 % 42,86 % tng sn lng thc phm gp phn quan trng trong vic m bo an ninh thc phm v dinh dng quc gia. Trong qu trnh pht trin thi k qua, thy sn c ng gp quan trng trong chuyn dch c cu kinh t ngnh nng nghip. C cu sn xut nng, lm, thy sn chuyn dch theo hng nng cao nng sut, cht lng, hiu qu, gi tr gn vi th trng. T trng nng nghip (nng, lm, dim, ng nghip) trong tng GDP c nc gim dn t 19,52 % nm 2001 xung cn 16,41 % nm 2011. Trong ni b ngnh Nng nghip, t trng thy sn tng t 19,06 % nm 2001 ln 21,30 % nm 2011. Bng : Hin trng GDP thy sn trong nn kinh t Quc dn giai on 2001 2011 vt: T ng TT Hng mc 2001 2005 2010 2011 Tng trng bnh qun 2001 2005 1 GDT ton quc (GTT) 2 GDP thy sn 17.904 32.947 66.130 71.504 16,47 % 13,28% 14,85% 481.295 839.211 1.980.914 2.303.439 14,91 % 2006 2011 2001 2011

18,78% 16,95%

T trng so ton quc 1 GDP ton quc (GSS) 2 GDP thy sn T trng so ton quc vi vi

3,72

3,93

3,34

3,10

292.535 393.031

551.609

587.654

7,66%

6,68%

7,22%

7.449

10.181

14.286

15.279

8,12%

6,85%

7,45%

2,55

2,59

2,59

2,60

Ngun: Tng Cc thng k 2.4. Nhng thnh tu t c ca ngnh thy sn giai on 2001 2011

Trong nhng nm qua sn xut thy sn t c nhng thnh tu ng k, tng mnh c v sn lng thy sn v gi tr. Nm 2011, tng sn lng thy sn t trn 5,2 triu tn (tng gp 2,1 ln so vi nm 2001, bnh qun tng 8,82 %/nm); sn lng NTTS t 3 triu tn (tng gp 4 ln so vi nm 2001, bnh qun tng 17,37 %/nm), sn lng KTTS t trn 2,2 triu tn (tng gp 1,27 ln so vi nm 2001, bnh qun tng 2,74 %/nm). Hng thy sn Vit Nam c mt trn 164 quc gia v vng lnh th trn th gii, kim ngch xut khu nm 2011 t 6,11 t USD (tng gp 2,4 ln so vi nm 2001, bnh qun tng 13,16 %/nm). C th ni giai on 2001 2011 ngnh thy sn t tc tng trng cao trn tt c cc lnh vc KTTS, NTTS, CBTS, XKTS. Tuy nhin cht lng tng trng cn mc thp. c th, trong 100% phn tng ln ca tng sn lng KTTS c n 100% l do yu t tng s lng tu thuyn to ra, trong 100 % phn tng ln ca tng sn

lng NTTS c n 70 % l do tng nng sut, cn li 30 % l do tng din tch, trong 100 % phn tng ln ca tng gi tr XKTS c n trn 80 % l do tng sn lng to ra, cn li di 20 % l do yu t tng gi. 2.5. Thc trng pht trin CBTS

Theo thng k, 2011 c nc c 564 c s CBTSXK hoc lm v tinh cho doanh nghip xut khu, trong c 91 c s thuc DNNN, 159 c s thuc cng ty c phn, 292 c s thuc DNTN, 9 c s lin doanh v 13 c s thuc cng ty 100 % vn nc ngoi. Trong 564 c s c 429 c s ch bin ng lnh. S DN v cng sut cp ng ca cc c s CBTS tng nhanh trong giai on 2002 2010. Nm 2010 c 429 c s ng lnh vi cng sut cp ng 7.870 tn/ngy m ( 2002 ch c 3.147 tn/ngy m), s doanh nghip tng bnh qun 10,7 %/nm v cng sut cp ng tng 12,3 %. iu ny chng t quy m c s CBTS ng lnh ngy mt ln hn. S gia tng ny l iu kin cn thit bo m cho ngnh cng nghip ch bin p ng yu cu gia tng sn lng thy sn xut khu. Cng vi tng v s lng v quy m c s CBTS, trnh cng ngh CBTS cng c bc thay i r rt, c th hin qua tc tng bnh qun s lng t ng IQF l 14,1 %/nm, t ng gi l 10 %/nm, t ng tip xc tng 4,3 %/nm. 2.6. Cc vng hot ng thy sn mnh trong nc

Hot ng sn xut, xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam nm ri rc dc t nc vi s a dng v chng loi thy sn, nhng c th phn ra thnh 5 vng xut khu ln: Vng Bc Trung B, duyn hi min Trung: nui trng thy sn nc mn l, c bit pht huy th mnh nui bin, tp trung vo mt s i tng ch yu nh: tm cc loi, s huyt, bo ng, c song, c gi, c hng... Vng ven bin Nam Trung B: nui trng thy sn trn cc loi mt nc mn l, vi mt s i tng ch yu nh: c r phi, tm cc loi...

 Vng ng Nam B: Bao gm 4 tnh l Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, B Ra Vng Tu v TP.HCM, ch yu nui cc loi thy sn nc ngt h cha v thy sn nc l nh c song, c gi, c r phi, tm cc loi.... Vng ven bin BSCL: gm cc tnh nm ven bin ca ng Bng Sng Cu Long nh Tin Giang, Bn Tre, Tr Vinh, Sc Trng, Bc Liu, C Mau, Kin Giangy l khu vc hot ng thy sn si ng, hot ng nui trng thy sn trn tt c cc loi mt nc, c bit l nui tm, c tra basa, s huyt, nghu v mt s loi c bin. Cc tnh ni vng: Bao gm nhng tnh nm su trong t lin nhng c h thng sng rch kh dy c nh H Ni, Bnh Dng, Cn Th, Hu Giang, ng Thp, An Giang, thun li cho nui trng cc loi thy sn nc ngt nh: c tra basa, c r phi, c chp Khu vc ng Bng Sng Cu Long, vi iu kin l tng c h thng knh rch chng cht v nhiu vng gip bin, tr thnh khu vc nui trng v xut khu thy sn chnh ca Vit Nam. Theo thng k, nm 2011 c nc c 37 tnh c doanh nghip xut khu thy sn, trong cc tnh c kim ngch xut khu thy sn ln nht ln lt l C Mau (ch yu nh kim ngch xut khu ln ca Minh Ph, Quc Vit), TP.HCM, Cn Th, ng Thp, Khnh Ha, Sc Trng 2.7. Mc tiu quy hoch n nm 2020

Tng sn lng thy sn qua ch bin t 2,95 triu tn. Trong : Sn lng thy sn ch bin xut khu 2 triu tn. Gi tr kim ngch xut khu t 11 triu USD Tc tng gi tr kim ngch thy sn xut khu 7 %/nm. Sn lng thy sn ch bin tiu th ni a t 950 nghn tn, gi tr thy sn ch bin tiu th ni a t 22.790 t ng, tc tng 5,79 %/nm. Nng t trng sn phm gi tr gia tng t trn 60%.

Bng quy hoch sn lng CBXK thy sn theo nhm sn phm n v tnh sn lng: nghn tn, gi tr: triu USD Ch tiu I Tng sn lng CBXK 1. Thy sn ng lnh C L Trong : C tra C ng C khc Tm L Mc v bch tuc L Thy sn khc L 2. Thy sn kh II. Tng gi tr CBXK 3. Thy sn L C L Trong : C tra C ng C khc Tm L Mc v bch tuc L Thy sn khc L 2. Thy sn kh 2015 Sn lng 1.660 1.600 1.090 760 80 250 270 110 130 60 Gi tr 7.500 7.250 3.310 2.300 320 690 2.540 490 910 250 T l (%) 100 96 65,7 45,8 4,8 15,1 16,3 6,6 7,8 3,6 T l (%) 100 97 44,1 30,7 4,3 9,2 33,9 6,5 12,1 3,3 2020 Sn lng 2.000 1.920 1.320 900 100 320 330 120 150 80 Gi tr 10.750 10.350 4.930 3.300 500 1.130 3.470 650 1.300 400 T l (%) 100 96 66 45 5 16 16,5 6 7,5 4 T l (%) 100 96 45,9 30,7 4,7 10,5 32,3 6 12,1 3,7

CHNG 2: NGUYN LIU 1. TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU C r phi vn c tn khoa hc l Oreochromis niloticus, l loi c c tht ngon, gi tr thng phm cao, nhanh ln v d nui cc m hnh nui khc nhau. Kt qu nghin cu nhng nm gn y cho thy nui n c r phi hay nui ghp vi cc loi c khc, c sinh trng nhanh v rt t khi b bnh. C r phi c kh nng chng chu tt vi cc mi trng sng khc nhau v cho hiu qu kinh t cao. C r phi l mt loi c tng trng nhanh, khe mnh m t lu tr thnh ngun protein ch yu nhiu quc gia ang pht trin v gn y c nhu cu cao cc nc pht trin. Tht c r phi ngt, bi, trong tht c r phi giu khong, t m, lng m va phi, tht c r phi c v ngt, tnh bnh, khng c, c tc dng bi b c th .. Bi l do t hiu qu kinh t cao, nhiu chng thuc ging Talipia c du nhp nui trong nhng ao h nc ngt, ti Trung M v vng ng nam . Khong 2,3 triu tn c r phi c sn xut hng nm, trong 73% l c nui. Phn ln c r phi c sn xut Trung Quc, sau l Ai Cp, Indonesia, Thi Lan v Philippines. Mc d khng c lit k vo cc nc sn xut ln, Costa Rica, Honduras v Ecuador l nhng nh cung cp c r phi phi l ti quan trng sang Hoa K. Ti Hi ngh Quc t v K thut v Thng mi c r phi c t chc vo ngy 28-30/5/2001 (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) nhn nh c r phi l mt i tng c tha nhn c kh nng pht trin rt ln v l sn phm c nhu cu rt cao trong nhng nm ti trn nhiu th trng th gii nh M, Nht Bn v mt phn Chu u. M, c r phi xp th 8 trong danh sch 10 loi thy sn c tiu th nhiu nht. C r phi l mt hng thu sn c nhp khu ln th 3 vo M, sau tm v c hi. cng l th trng nhp khu cc sn phm c r phi ln nht th gii: nm 1999, nhp khu 37.575 tn; nm 2000 l 40.500 tn; nm 2001 nhp 70.000 tn.. Nht

Bn- chuyn tiu th cc mt hng c r phi cao cp, nht l c r phi : nm 1999, nhp 507 tn.. Th trng tiu th ln nht ca Chu u l Anh, k n c, Php, B, Italia nhp 270 tn nm 1999.Sn lng nui c r phi trn th gii nm 1990 t trn 400 ngn tn, nm 1995 t trn 800 ngn tn, nm 1999 t 1,1 triu tn, trong Chu chim trn 70%, ring Trung Quc l nc dn u vi gn 50% sn lng th gii vi nng sut t 6 tn/ha v i Loan l nc xut khu c r phi ln nht th gii vi nng sut nui trong ao t 12 tn/ha. Trn c s d bo v kh nng sn xut v nhu cu th trng th gii trong nhng nm ti, B Thy sn xc nh y l i tng nui cn c ch pht trin mnh a mt hng c r phi nhanh chng c sn lng hng ha ln v tr thnh mt trong nhng sn phm c gi tr xut khu cao.. Trc mt, trong nm 2002-2003, a khong 13.000 15.000 ha (khong 3% din tch nui nc ngt) mt nc ca khu vc BSCL vo nui c r phi hng ha t sn lng 120.000-150.000 tn, ch bin xut khu khong 70.000 100.000 tn nhm t gi tr kim ngch xut khu 100 120 triu USD t con c ny. Vnh Long c tim nng rt ln v nui thy sn nc ngt, ngoi tm cng xanh, c tra, nhng ging loi c gi tr kinh t cao ngy cng c ngi nui ch thch ng vi nhp chuyn dch c cu kinh t trong nng nghip ang ngy cng si ng ca tnh nh, trong c c r phi (c iu hng) v c r phi c ci thin di truyn (GIFT, Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia) m ra tim nng nui xut khu y trin vng do c tng trng nhanh, kch thc thng phm ln (sau 6 thng nui c th t kch c thng phm t 0,5-0,6kg/con), c ngoi hnh p, t l tht cao, cht lng tht ngon. Cc r phi l nguyn liu ch bin thnh nhng mn n ngon, t nng, chin, hp, nu canh nh l c r phi kho tiu , c r phi nng s , c r phi st c chua ...

2. C IM SINH HC 2.1. Ngun gc v s phn b

C r phi c ngun gc t Chu Phi thuc h Cichlidae, b c vc Perciformes. Cho n nm 1964, ngi ta mi bit khong 30 loi c r phi, hin nay con s khong 100 loi, trong khong 10 loi c gi tr kinh t. Nhng loi c nui ph bin l c r phi vn, r phi xanh, r phi v r phi en trong loi nui ph bin nht l c r phi vn. Ngy nay c r phi khng nhng c nui chu Phi m c pht tn v nui nhiu nc trn th gii, c bit l cc nc nhit i v cn nhit i. Trong vi chc nm tr li y, chng mi thc s tr thnh loi c nui cng nghip, sn lng ln v gi tr kinh t cao. 2.2. Phn loi

Da vo c im sinh sn, ngi ta chia c r phi thnh 3 ging: Tilapia (c cn gi th) Sarotherodon (C b hay c m p trng trong ming) C r v Oreochromis (C m p trng trong ming) C r phi hin ang nui ph bin Vit Nam thuc: B c vc - PerciForms H - Cichlidae Ging - Oreochromis Loi - C r phi vn O.niloticus. Hin nay c 3 loi chnh c ph bin ti Vit Nam l : C r phi c Oreochromis Mossambicus, c nhp vo Vit Nam nm 1953 t Thi Lan. C r phi vn (R phi i Loan O.niloticus) c nhp vo Vit Nam nm 1974 t i Loan.

 C r phi (red Tilapia), c mu hng c nhp vo Vit Nam nm 1985 t Maliaxia. 2.3. c im hnh thi

Loi c r phi vn Oreochromis niloticus : Ton thn ph vy, phn lng c mu xm nht, phn bng c mu trng ng hoc xanh nht. Trn thn c t 7 - 9 vch chy t pha lng xung bng. Cc vch m dc theo vy ui t pha lng xung bng rt r . C r phi vn l loi c kch c thng phm ln, ln nhanh v tha hn c r phi en. y l loi c nui ph bin nht trn th gii v Vit Nam hin nay. Loi c r phi en Oreochromis mossambicus : Ton thn ph vy, vy lng c mu xm tro m hoc xanh n hi nht. Phn bng c mu trng xm hoc xm ng. Trn thn v vy ui khng c cc sc chy t pha lng xung bng nh c r phi vn. C r phi en ( cn ci l c r phi c, r phi s ) l loi ln chm, kch c thng phm nh, mau nn khng c a chung. Ngoi ra cn mt s ging c r phi khc nh c r phi ( c diu hng ) cng c nui kh ph bin hin nay, c bit l BSCL. C r phi thay i theo giai on pht trin v mi trng nui. C r phi l loi c n tp nghing v thc vt, thc n ch yu l to v 1 phn thc vt bc cao v mn b hu c. giai on c con t c bt ln c hng, thc n ch yu l ng vt ph du v 1 t thc vt ph du . T giai on c hng n c trng thnh thc n ch yu l mn b hu c v thc vt ph du. C r phi c kh nng tiu ho cc loi to

xanh, to lc m 1 s loi c khc khng c kh nng tiu ho. Ngoi ra c r phi cn n c thc n b sung nh cm go, bt ng, cc loi ph phm nng nghip khc. c bit c r phi c th s dng rt c hiu qu thc n tinh nh : cm go, bt ng, kh du lc, tng, bt c ... v cc ph phm nng nghip khc. Trong nui thm canh nn cho c n thc n c hm lng m cao ( 18 - 35% Protein ). Phn bit c c v c ci: c bit im u Mu sc L niu sinh dc Hnh dng huyt phn C c To v nh cao C ci

Nh, hm di tr do ngm trng v con Vi lng v vi ui sc s Mu nht hn 2 l : l niu sinh dc v l 3 l : l niu. l sinh dc v l hu mn hu mn. u thot l niu sinh dc Dng trn, hi li v khng dng li, hnh nn di v nhn nh c c nhn

Trc khi c c o t xung quang b ao, ni c nn y cng, su mc nc 50 - 60 cm. H hnh lng cho, ng knh t t 30 - 40 cm, su 7 - 10 cm. C ci trng vo t, c c tin hnh th tinh, sau khi th tinh c ci nht ht trng vo ming p. nhit 28C thi gian p khong 4 ngy . nhit 30C thi gian p khong 2 - 3 ngy . nhit 20C thi gian p khong 6 ngy . C sau khi n lng non hong ln, c rt yu, c m tip tc p trong ming t 4 - 6 ngy, c m nh con v vn tip tc bo v pha di trong 1-2 ngy u. C bt khi cn nh thng bi thnh n xung quanh ao, c th quan st c vo lc sng sm.

2.4.

Mi trng sng

Nhit : Nhit cn thit cho s pht trin ca c r phi t 20-32oC, thch hp nht l 25-32oC. kh nng chu ng vi bin i nhit cng rt cao t 8-42oC, c cht rt 5,5oC v bt u cht nng 42oC. Nhit cng thp th c cng gim n, c ch s tng trng v tng ri ro nhim bnh. mn: C r phi l loi rng mui, c kh nng sng c trong mi trng nc sng, sui, p trn, h ao nc ngt, nc l v nc mn c mui t 0-40%. Trong mi trng nc l ( mn 10-25) c tng trng nhanh, mnh dy, tht thm ngon. pH: Mi trng c pH t 6,5-8,5 thch hp cho c r phi, nhng c c th chu ng trong mi trng nc c pH thp bng 4. Oxy ho tan: C r phi c th sng c trong ao, a c mu nc m, mt to dy, c hm lng cht hu c cao, thiu Oxy. Yu cu hm lng oxy ho tan trong nc ca c r phi mc thp hn 5-10 ln so vi tm s. 2.5. c im v dinh dng v sinh trng

Tp tnh n: Khi cn nh, c r phi n dinh vt ph du (to v ng vt nh ) l ch yu ( c 20 ngy tui , kch thc khong 18mm). Khi c trng thnh n mn b hu c ln cc to lng y ao, n u trng, cn trng, thc vt thu sinh. Tuy nhin trong nui cng nghip c cng n cc loi thc n ch bin t c tp, cua, gh, c, bt c kh, bt bp, bt khoai m, khoai lang, bt la, cm mn, b u nnh, b u phng.Trong thin nhin c thng n t tng y c mc su t 1-2m.

Nhu cu dinh dng: C r phi c nhu cu dinh dng gn ging vi c chp v thnh phn tinh bt ( di 40% ), canxi ( 1,5 - 2% ), P ( 1 - 1,5% ), K, Na ch c mt iu khc l thc n ca c r phi yu cu v hm lng m thp hn. iu ny rt c ngha khi ch bin thc n cng nghip cho c r phi. Sinh trng: Tc ln ca c r phi ph thuc vo nhit mi trng, thc n, mt th v k thut chm sc. Khi nui thm canh c ln nhanh hn khi nui bn thm canh hay l nui ghp. Giai on c hng, trong ao nui c t hng ln ging, c r phi vn c tc sinh trng kh nhanh t 15- 20 gam/thng. T thng nui th 2 n thng nui th 6 tng trng bnh qun ngy c th t 2,8 - 3,2g/con/ngy. C r phi vn c th t trng lng bnh qun trn 500g/con sau 5 - 6 thng nui. 2.6. c im sinh sn

Thnh thc sinh dc: Trong iu kin ao nui c r phi thnh thc sinh dc vo thng th 3, 4 khi c c trng lng thng thng l 100 - 150g/con ( c ci ). Tuy vy kch thc thnh thc sinh dc ca c r phi ph thuc vo iu kin chm sc, iu kin nhit v tui. C nui trong m hnh thm canh nng sut cao c ci tham gia sinh sn ln u sinh sn khi trng lng t trn 200g trong khi iu kin nui km, c ci bt u khi trng lng c th mi khong 100g. Chu k sinh sn ca c r phi: Hu ht cc loi c r phi trong ging Orechromis u tham gia sinh sn nhiu ln trong 1 nm. Trong iu kin kh hu m p c r phi quanh nm ( 10 - 11 la cc tnh pha nam; 5 - 7 la cc tnh pha Bc ). Quan st bung trng c r phi cho thy : trong bung trng lc no cng c tt c cc loi trng, t loi non nht n loi

chn sn sng rng . V vy trong t nhin cc ao nui c r phi chng ta gp rt nhiu c con cc c khc nhau ( tr ao nui c r phi n tnh ). S lng trng mi ln t vi trm trng n khong 2000 trng. Chu k sinh sn ca c r phi thng ko di t 3 - 4 tun ( tnh t ln ny n ln tip theo ). Tp tnh sinh sn: n thi k thnh thc, vo ma sinh sn cc c im sinh sn th cp ca c r phi rt r. C c c mu hng hoc hi di cm, vin vy ngc, vy lng v vy ui, khi con ci c mu hi vng. Ngoi ra con ci xoang ming hi ch xung . 3. THNH PHN HA HC CA THT C Tht nc c cng nh cc loi tht gia sc v gia cm khc cha cc cht dinh dng nh: Nc, protein, lipid, vitamin, mui v c, cht khongCc thnh phn ny khc nhau rt nhiu, thay i ph thuc vo ging, loi, gii tnh, iu kin sinh sng... Ngoi ra, cc yu t nh thnh phn thc n, mi trng sng, kch c c v cc c tnh di truyn cng nh hng n thnh phn ha hc, c bit l c nui. Cc yu t ny c th kim sot c trong chng mc no . S khc nhau v thnh phn ha hc ca c v s bin i ca chng c nh hng n mi v v gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm, vic bo qun ti nguyn liu v qui trnh ch bin. Yu t nh hng r nht n thnh phn ha hc ca c l thnh phn thc n. Thng thng c nui thng c cho n thc n cha nhiu lipid c pht trin nhanh. Tuy nhin, khi hm lng lipid cao d cung cp nng lng th lipid d tha s c tch ly cc m lm cho c c hm lng lipid rt cao. Ngoi nh hng khng tt n cht lng ni chung, n cng c th lm gim nng sut ch bin v lipid d tr c xem nh ph liu, b loi b ni tng sau khi moi rut v phi l.

Cch thng thng gim hm lng lipid ca c nui trc khi thu hoch l cho c i mt thi gian. Ngoi ra, cho c i cn c tc dng gim hot ng ca enzym trong ni tng, gip lm chm li cc bin i xy ra sau khi c cht. Thnh phn ha hc ca c tng c quan, b phn c s khc nhau:

Thnh phn Ch tiu Tht c Trng c Gan c Da c

Nc

Protein

Lipid

Mui v c

48 85.1 60 70 40 75 60 70

10.3 24.4 20 30 8 18 7 15

0.1 5.4 1 11 35 5 10

0.5 5.6 12 0.5 1.5 1 3

3.1.

rotein ca tht c

Protein ca c c cu to t cc acid amin, c 23 loi acid amin, trong c 10 loi l acid amin thit yu. Cc acid amin thit yu ny quyt nh gi tr dinh dng ca tht c. Protein trong tht c d b kch thch bi nhit , do n s b thay i tnh cht khi un nng, gim tnh ha tan, kh nng trng n, kh nng gi nc. Do sn phm sau ch bin s b thay i tnh cht rt nhiu so vi nguyn liu trc khi ch bin ( cng, kh). Protein ca c cha cc nguyn t: + C : 50.6 55 %. + O: 19 24 %. + H: 6.5 7.3 %.

+ N: 15 19 %. + S: 0.3 2.3 %. C th chia protein ca m c c ra lm 3 nhm: + Protein cu trc (Protein t c). + Protein cht c (Protein tng c). + Protein m lin kt. 3.1.1. Protein cu trc ( rotein t c) Si c cu trc phc tp, gm nhiu si protein lin kt vi nhau, nhng si protein gi l t c. Gm cc si myosin, actin, actomyosin v tropomyosin, chim khong 65-75% tng hm lng protein trong c nhng ch yu l myosin dng gen khng ha tan cha khong 80 % nc. Cc protein cu trc ny c chc nng co rt m nhn cc hot ng ca c. Myosin v actin l cc protein tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh co dui c. Protein cu trc c kh nng ha tan trong dung dch mui trung tnh c nng ion kh cao (>0,5M). Myosin l protein hnh cu, chim 40 45 % protein c tht, khng ha tan trong nc nhng tan trong NaCl 8 10 %. ng t khi un nng nhit 45 50 0C bin thnh soluble miogenfibrin khng tan. im ng in pH 5 6, kt ta pH 4.5.

Actin l mt protein co dui ca t c, l mt protein chnh ca t c, chim 10 14 % protein ton phn ca c vn. Actin tn ti 2 dng: hnh cu G Actin v hnh si F-Actin. Hai dng ny chuyn ha ln nhau. G Actin: Hnh cu, khi lng phn t 46000. Mi G Actin gn vi mt Ca2+ v 1 ATP hoc ADP vi i lc cao. S chuyn actin cu thnh actin si xy ra cng lc ATP b thy phn thnh ADP v Pi: n( G Actin ATP ) ( G actin ADP)n + nPi

 F-Actin: Hnh si do G Actin trng hp. F actin gm 2 chui G actin xon li vi nhau thnh mt xon kp F actin c ng knh 60A0, mi vng xon c chiu di bng 7G actin. Actomyosin l kt qu ca s kt hp gia si actin v myosin trong c. Actomyosin c hot tnh ATP rt mnh. S hnh thnh actomyosin c lin quan cht ch ti s hnh thnh co dui c. 3.1.2. Protein cht c ( protein tng c ) Gm myoglobin, myoalbumin, globulin v cc enzym, chim khong 25-30% hm lng protein trong c v 12-20% trong mc. Cc protein ny ha tan trong nc, trong dung dch mui trung tnh c nng ion thp (<0,15M). Hu ht protein cht c b ng t khi un nng trong nc nhit trn 500C. Trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun, myoglobin d b oxy ha thnh metmyoglobin, nh hng n mu sc ca sn phm. Protein tng c c kh nng ha tan cao trong nc, l nguyn nhn lm mt gi tr dinh dng do mt lng protein ng k thot ra khi ra, p mui, tan giV vy cn ch duy tr gi tr dinh dng v mi v ca sn phm. Myoglobin: L mt protein hnh cu c tm thy trong m c ca ng vt c xng, c cu trc ha hc tng i n gin. Myoglobin c ba chc v chnh: Chuyn ch dng kh (t hng huyt cu vo ni bo ti th ). Chc v xc tc vt vt NO (nitrogen oxide). D tr dng kh cho m tht. Myoalbumin: L loi protein tan tt trong nc, b kt ta Ph 5.1 5.4. ng t mt phn bi dung dch NaCl v b vn cc khi un nng. Globulin: l mt loi protein hnh cu v l mt trong 3 loi protein huyt thanh. Globulin gm 4 loi: Alpha 1 globulin.

 Alpha 2 globulin. Beta globulin. Gamma globulin. 3.1.3. rotein m li n t

Bao gm cc si collagen, elastin. Hm lng colagen c tht c thp hn ng vt c v, thng khong 1-10% tng lng protein v 0,2-2,2% trng lng ca c tht. Chim khong 3% c xng v khong 10% c sn (so vi 17% trong cc loi ng vt c v. C trong mng li ngoi bo, khng tan trong nc, dung dch kim hoc dung dch mui c nng ion cao. im ng in pI ca protein c vo khong pH 4,5-5,5. Ti gi tr pH ny, protein c ha tan thp nht. Protein m lin kt da c, bong bng c, vch c khc nhau. Tng t nh si collagen trong ng vt c v, cc si collagen cc m ca c cng to nn cu trc mng li mng vi mc phc tp khc nhau. Tuy nhin, collagen c km bn nhit hn nhiu v t c cc lin kt cho hn nhng nhy cm hn collagen ng vt mu nng c xng sng. 3.1.4. Th nh phn trch l ch a Nito phi protein Cht phi protein l thnh phn ha tan trong nc, c khi lng phn t thp v chim khong 9-18% tng hm lng protein c xng, khong 33-38% cc loi c sn. Thnh phn chnh ca hp cht ny bao gm cc cht bay hi (amoniac, amine, trimethylamin, dimethylamin), trimethylamineoxid (TMAO), dimethylamineoxid (DMAO), creatin, cc acid amin t do, nucleotide, ur (c nhiu trong c sn) ..... Thnh phn cht trch ly cha nit phi protein khc nhau ph thuc vo loi, kch c, ma v, phn c ly mu, .

Hnh. S phn b nit phi protein trong c tht c. A, B: hai loi c bin xng C: loi c sn D: loi c nc ngt. Cc cht trch ly cha nit phi protein rt quan trng i vi cc nh ch bin thu sn bi v chng nh hng n mi tnh cht ca thc phm nh: mu sc, mi v, trng thi cu trc, dinh dng, s an ton v s h hng sau thu hoch. 3.2. Lipid ca tht c

Hm lng lipid trong c dao ng nhiu (0,1-30%). C c phn loi theo hm lng cht bo nh sau: C gy (< 1% cht bo) nh c tuyt, c tuyt sc en... C bo va (<10% cht bo) nh c bn li nga, c nhng, c mp C bo (>10% cht bo) nh c hi, c trch, c thu, ... Cht bo ca c c gi tr thc phm cao hn so vi cht bo ca cc loi ng vt trn cn khc. M c c tiu ha tt hn do cha cc loi acid bo khng no dng lng chim 88 % i vi c nc mn v 70 % so vi c nc ngt, cng v cha cc acid bo khng no nn cht bo ca c khng bn, d b oxi ha v ng. Khi oxy ha sinh ra cc sn phm cp thp nh aldehyde, ceton, skaton gy ra mi kh chu.Tuy nhin, lipid trong thy sn rt c li cho sc khe ngi tiu dng. Cc hp

cht c li trong lipid c l cc axit bo khng no cao, c bit l: Axit eicosapentaenoic (EPA 20:5)v axit docosahexaenoic (DHA 22:6). im ng c ca du c thp hn ng vt khc. nhit thng trng thi lng, nhit thp b ng c mc khc nhau. Cht bo ca cc loi c bo thng tp trung trong m bng v y l v tr c t c ng nht khi bi li trong nc. M m cn tp trung m lin kt, nm gia cc si c. Vi c gy, hm lng cht bo trong c d tr ch yu trong gan. Trong m c c cha cc sterol, cc vitamin c bit l nhm A, D v vy du c rt c gi tr trong dc phm v l ngun thc phm c gi tr nng lng v gi tr sinh hc cao dng ch bin cc loi du c b sung dinh dng cho ngi. 3.3. Enzym

Enzym l protein, chng hot ng xc tc cho cc phn ng ho hc trong ni tng v trong c tht. Enzym tham gia vo qu trnh trao i cht t bo, qu trnh tiu ho thc n v tham gia vo qu trnh t cng. Sau khi c cht enzym vn cn hot ng, v th gy nn qu trnh t phn gii ca c, lm nh hng n mi v, trng thi cu trc, v hnh dng b ngoi ca chng. Sn phm ca qu trnh phn gii do enzym l ngun dinh dng cho vi sinh vt, lm tng nhanh tc n hng. Trong nguyn liu c nhiu enzym khc nhau. Cc nhm enzym chnh nh hng n cht lng nguyn liu l: Enzym thu phn. Enzym oxy ho kh. Nhiu loi protease c tch chit t c tht c v c tc dng phn gii lm mm m c. S mm ho ca m c gy kh khn cho ch bin. Cc enzym thu phn protein quan trng trong nguyn liu gm: Cathepsin, protease kim tnh, collagenase, pepsin, trypsin, chimotrypsin. Cc emzym thu phn lipid quan trng trong c gm c: Lipase, phospholipase. Chng thng c trong cc c quan ni tng v trong c tht. Enzym thu phn lipid

rt quan trng i vi c ng lnh, cc loi c ny lipid c th b thu phn khi hot ng ca nc thp. Qu trnh bo qun lnh ng cc axit bo t do c sinh ra t photpholipid v triglyxerit, c nh hng xu n cht lng ca c. Axit bo t do gy ra mi v xu, nh hng n cu trc v kh nng gi nc ca protein c tht. Cc enzym oxy ho kh bao gm: Phenoloxidase, lipoxygenase, peroxidase. Polyphenoloxidase c bit quan trng trong tm v chng l nguyn nhn gy nn m en cho nguyn liu sau thu hoch. 3.4. Cht hong

Cht khong ca c phn b ch yu trong m xng ( 10 12 % ), c bit trong xng sng. Tht c cha hu ht cc cht khong a lng v vi lng nh: K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, I, S, Hm lng khong trong cc loi c khc nhau th khc nhau. Ni chung tht c mu sm giu nguyn t vi lng v kim loi hn tht c trng. V d: Fe trong tht c bin nhiu hn c nc ngt, Fe trong c nhiu hn ng vt trn cn; Iod c t hn ng vt khng xng sng, C bin c hm lng iod cao hn c nc ngt, nhng hm lng Iod c ln hn t 10 n 15 ln ng vt mu nng (t 5 n 10 mg/kg c). Tht c nhiu m th hm lng Iod c xu th cao hn. T l thnh phn cc nguyn t chnh ca c nh sau ( mg % ): Nguyn t S K Ca Na Cl T l 100 300 20 25 60 250 30 150 100 Nguyn t Mg Fe P I T l 20 40 0.4 5 100 400 0.5 1

3.5.

Vitamin

Tht c cha hu ht cc vitamin nh trong tht ng vt mu nng. C l ngun cung cp chnh vitamin nhm B (thiamin, riboflavin v B12), vitanin A v D c ch yu trong cc loi c bo.Vitamin A v D tch ly ch yu trong gan, ni tng, no, tim, trngvitamin nhm B c ch yu trong c tht c. Vitamin rt nhy cm vi oxy, nh sng, nhit . Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh ch bin (sn xut hp, tan gi, p mui, ...) nh hng ln n thnh phn vitamin. V vy, cn phi ch trnh tn tht vitamin trong qu trnh ch bin. 3.6. Gluxit

Hm lng gluxit trong c tht c rt thp, thng di 0,5%, tn ti di dng nng lng d tr glycogen. Tuy nhin, hm lng glycogen cc loi nhuyn th chim khong 3%. C va trng lng gluxit d tr rt thp. Sau khi cht, glycogen c tht chuyn thnh axit lactic, lm gim pH ca c tht, mt kh nng gi nc ca c tht. S bin i ca pH c tht sau khi c cht c ngha cng ngh rt ln.

CHNG 3: K THUT LNH NG THY SN 1. NH NGHA LNH NG Lm lnh ng hay p lnh (freezing) thy sn l qu trnh lm lnh thy sn do s ht nhit ca cht lm lnh (bng mi) a nhit ban u ca thy snxung di im ng bng v ti -8 -10oC v c th xung thp hn na: -18oC, -30oC hay -40oC. Nh vy phng php lm lnh ng, nc trong thy sn ng ng tng phn ty theo mc h nhit. im eutectic (eutecticpoint) l nhit ti thiu ton b nc trong ty sn ng c. Nhit ny l -55 -65oC v cn gi l im ng bng tuyt i (absolutefreezing point). Trong cng nghip ch bin lm lnh ty sn, ngi ta khng dung n mc nhit ny v chi ph qu cao, hn na v phng din k thut, sn phm thy sn im eutectic s khng t gi tr thm m v bn m ch cn n -40oC l m bo cht lng sn phm. 2. MC CH V TC DNG CA NHIT THP Mc ch: Lm lnh ng thy sn l h thp nhit , lm chm s h hng ca thy sn, sao cho n khi r ng, ta khng th phn bit c thy sn ng lnh hay ti sng. Nhu cu lm lnh ng v tr ng ngy cng tng khi m vic bo qun thy sn bng p nc chng hn, khng thch hp vi thi gian tn tr lu di. Bo qun bng p lnh ch ph hp trong vi ngy hoc ti a mt hai tun, trong khi p ng v tr ng cho php bo qun thy sn nhiu thng hay c th ko di n t nm hay hn na. Bo qun thy sn bng p ng c mt s ng dng. nu ni nh bt xa cng c v vic vn chuyn c ko di nhiu ngy, nn p dng k thut lnh ng trn tu m bo cht lng ca m c. Nu t cng v ch cch khong qu xa, cng nn

s dng lm lnh ng bo m phm cht thy sn qua giai on tn tr, vn chuyn v phn phi. V sn lng nh bt khng ng u, c nhng lc thiu ht nn phi lm lnh ng v tr ng thy sn lc r ma kp thi iu ha v phn phi mi ni, mi lc cc loi sn cht lng cao ga c n nh. Lm lnh ng v ch bin thy sn vi mc sn lng va phi s tt hn l lm vi khi lng ln, khng theo k hoch, chng trnh, do s kkng s dng tt ngun li ny. Nu xut khu, thy sn thng c bo qun lnh ng v trng. Xut khu thy sn ng lnh rt quan trng i vi cc quc gia ang pht trin, v nhng loi thy sn c gi tr kinh t cao nh Tm ng lnh l ngun ngoi t ng k, nn dnh cho xut khu hn tiu th ni a. R rang l lm lnh ng c u i nhiu mt. V chi n by gi nhu cu lnh ng mi tr nn bc bch cc quc gia ang pht trin do vic rng ngnh thy sn. Phng php lm lnh ng v tr ng cho php loi thc phm protein c gi tr ny c phn phi n mi th trng trn th gii. Tc dng ca nhit thp: Nhit thp c ch tc ca cc phn ng ha sinh trong ch bin thy sn Nhit cng thp th tc ca phn ng cng gim; trong phm vi nhit bnh thng c h xung 100C th tc phn ng gim xung 1/2 n1/3. Nhit thp tc dng n hot ng ca cc men phn gii nhng khng tiu dit c chng; nhit xung di 00C phn ln hot ng ca cc enzim b nh ch. Men lipaza, trypsin, catalaza, nhit -1910C cng khng b ph hy, nhit cng thp th hot ng ca enzim cng gim. Nhit thp km hm qu trnh pht trin ca vi sinh vt.Mt s vi khun ngng pht trin -30C, mt s ngng -50C v s th ba ngng -100C. Tuy i a s ngng pht trin -100C, nhng nm mc chu lnh tt hn. ngn nga vi khun pht trin trn thy sn, phi bo qun thy sn nhit thp hn -100C. ngn nga nm mc, nhit phi thp hn -150C.

Ngoi ra nhit thp lm nc trong t bo ng c thnh tinh th v lm ph v mng t bo vi sinh vt.Vi sinh vt pht trin trong iu kin m nht nh, nu mi trng sn phm khng m th vi sinh vt s b c ch. Cc loi nm mc c th sng ni khan nc nht nhng lng nc ti thiu nht phi l 15%. Do nhit thp bo qun sn phm phi l -18oC v nc trong sn phm ng bng n 86%, ch cn li m l 14%, khng cho vi sinh vt hot ng. 3. C S KHOA HC CA QU TRNH LNH NG 3.1. Nc trong thy sn

Nc chim a phn trong thy sn n khong 80%. Gm nc t do v nc lin kt. Theo Heiss t l cc loi nc ny (i vi c) nh sau: Nc t do:71,7%, trong : Nc bt ng: 65,6%; nc t do-cu trc: 6,1%. Nc lin kt: 7,5%. Nc t do: Nc t do trong bp c b gi li bi mng li cu trc bng nhng mi lin kt c hc thun ty, nn d dng b tch ra. Nc bt ng nm trong mng li cu trc m c di hnh thc m c khuch tn cc cht qua thnh t bo. Tch nc ny ra phi cn my ht mnh v c bit, nu khng c th gy ph v cu trc m c v tnh phc tp ca cc vi mao qun. Nc t do-cu trc chuyn ng t do qua cc l hc ca mng cu trc, ta c th tch c nc t do cu trc ra c bng my ht thng (40kg/cm2). Khi h nhit n im ng bng, lng nc t do cu trc ng c thnh , cn nc bt ng vn cha ng c. Nc lin kt: Nc ny khng l dung mi m l dng lin kt xn (sols) vi cc cht protit tan v cc cht v c, hu c tan khc v n cng lin kt vi protit dng gels to thnh cc khung cu trc ca m c (gi l nc hp th ca gels).

Dng nc lin kt rt kh tch ra. lm ng c, cn h nhit xung im ng bng tht nhiu. 3.2. C ch ng bng ca thy sn

Khi h nhit di 0oC, cc dng nc trong thy sn ng bng dn dn ty mc lin kt ca chng trong t bo, lin kt yu th nhit lnh ng dng cao, lin kt mnh th nhit lnh ng thp hn. Khi qut: Nc t do cu trc: tql = -1 -1.5oC Nc bt ng: Nc lin kt: tql= -1.5 -20oC tql = -20 -65oC

Trc tin, im qu lnh lm xut hin mm tinh th gian bo ( khong trng gia cc t bo) m khng xut hin trong t bo v nng cht tan trong nc t do gian bo rt thp so vi trong t bo. Khi n im ng bng, a phn nc t do gian bo kt tinh v lm tng nng cht tan ln, lm cho nc trong t bo ra ngoi gian bo qua mng bn thm ca t bo. Nu tc thot nhit kt tinh thp hn mc vn chuyn ca nc ra (tc h nhit chm) th c s dng tinh, ngha l khng c s to thnh tinh th mi, m nc t trong t bo ra gian bo, lm cc tinh th hin din ln ln. ng vi tng mc h nhit ngy cng thp, hin tng ng bng nc t do trong gian bo vn tip tc v cc tinh th ngy cng ln thm, v nng cht tan trong gian bo vn thp hn t bo v im ng bng gian bo hu nh lun lun cao hn t bo v nhit lnh kh xm nhp vo trong t bo. Nu tc thot nhit ln ( h nhit nhanh), tinh th d s tao c trong t bo v gian bo th tinh th s nhuyn v u khp. Do , h nhit sn phm vi tc chm s lm cho t bo mt nc, tinh th to gian bo chn p lm rch mng t bo, cu to m c b bin dng, gim st phm cht sn phm.

Khi nc t do ng bng ht th ti nc lin kt ng bng, bt u t nc c lin kt yu nht dn dn n nc c lin kt mnh. 3.3. Thi gian lnh ng

3.3.1. Thi gian lm lnh ng y l thi gian cn thit h nhit sn phm t nhit ban u n nhit mong mun ti trung tm sn phm. Hu ht cc quy lnh ng u yu cu nhit trung bnh hoc cn bng ca thy sn lnh ng phi gim xung bng nhit tr dng. V vy ta cn chn nhit cui cng tm sn phm d m bo nhit trung bnh ca sn phm gim xung n tr gi bo qun . Nhit trung bnh cui cng l trung bnh cng nhit cui trn b mt sn phm v nhit cui tm sn phm. 3.3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian lnh ng thy sn Loi m ng Loi my ng nh hng rt ln n thi gian lnh ng. V d, do c h s b mt truyn nhit tt hn, mt sn phm s lnh ng trong my ng kiu nhng nhanh hn trong my ng thi gi khi vn hnh cng mt nhit . My ng cng lnh, c cng mau ng. Khi da sn phm vo my ng, phi vn hnh trc cho nhit t ng xung thp (t < 20oC). nhit t ng cng thp trc khi ua c vo th c cng mau ng. Tc gi m ng thi khng kh Tng quan tng qut gia tc gi v thi gian lnh ng cho thy thi gian lnh ng gim khi tc gi gia tng. Nhit vn hnh Tuy nhin mi tng quan ny kh phc tp v ty thuc mt s yu t. Nu lp khng kh t hm ngn cn truyn nhit th nhng thay i v tc khng kh s to nn nhng khc bit c ngha n thi gian lnh ng. Nhng nu sn phm qu to

v chnh thy sn l cn tr truyn nhit th nhng tc d thay i khng kh s km ngha i. Nhit khng kh, mt d0 khng kh, m khng kh v hn lon khng kh l nhng yu t khc cng cn c xem xt khi cp dn yu t khng kh vi thi gian lnh ng, tuy mt s yu ny ch tc dng nh m thi. Nhit sn phm trc khi lm lnh ng Sn phm cng m, thi gian tc lnh ng cng di. V vy thy sn nn gi lnh trc khi lm lnh ng duy tr phm cht, ng thi gim c thi gian lnh ng v yu cu lm lnh. V d, c thu c ng knh thn 150mm ng trong my ng thi gi phi cn n 7h khi nhit ban u l 35oC, nhng ch cn 5h khi nhit ban u l 5oC. Do nn n nh nhit ban u ca sn phm khi tnh ton thi gian lnh ng. B dy sn phm. Sn phm cng dy thi gian lnh ng cng ko di. i vi nhng sn phm dy di 50mm, nu tng gp i b dy c th tng thi gian ln gp i, trong khi tng gp i sn phm dy 100mm li ko di thi gian lnh ng ln gp 4 ln. V vy, t s thay i thi gian lnh ng theo b dy ty vo mc quan trong tng ia lc cn ty sn i vi s truyn nhit. Hnh dng sn phm Hnh dng thy sn hoc sn phm thy sn nh hng ng k n thi gian lm lnh ng. Trong mt my ng lm lnh ng c ri tng con, loi c trn mnh lnh ng trong 2/3 thi gian lm lnh ng c dp c cng b dy. Din tch tp xc v mt sn phm Trong my ng bn phng, tip xc km gia bn phng v sn phm lm tng thi gian lnh ng. Tip xc km do nc ng trn bn phng, hp cha sn phm chng chnh khng u, hp sn phm cha y hoc d khon trng trn mt khi sn phm, dn n truyn nhit cho sn ph km. Nhng l trng lp mt khi sn phm thng ko theo nhng l trng bn trong lm gim mt sn phm ( hay

 cht ca sn phm). tng quan gia thi gian, mt sn phm v din tch tip xc ca khi c 100mm. Bao gi sn phm Phng php bao gi, loi v b dy vt liu bao gi nh hng ln n thi gian lnh ng ca sn phm. khng kh chn gia lp bao b v sn phm thng c nh hng n thi gian lnh ng ln hn l lc cn ca vt liu bao gi. V d nh c xng khi cha trong hp g c np y, chy ng n 15 ting trong mt my ng th gi. C xng khi cung loi t trong hp nhm cng c c np y ch chy trong 12 ting, nhng nu c trong hp g m np thi chy trong 8 ting v khng cn lp khng kh chn. Loi thy sn Hm lng m ca mt loi thy sn cng cao, hm lng nc cng thp. Hu ht nhit lng ta ra trong qu trnh lnh ng l chuyn nc thnh nc , v vy nu c t nc th yu cu nhit lng tch ra lm ng thy sn s t hn. V hm lng m ca c c du thay i theo ma nen thng s dng con s nhit lng ca c tht trong tnh ton m bo an ton. iu ny m bo nang sut my ng ng theo yu cu, bt lun ging loi c ng lnh l g. 4. CC BIN I CA THY SN TRONG QU TRNH LNH NG 4.1. Bin i vi sinh vt

Khi thy sn h nhit xung n im ng bng, VSV hot ng chm li. Xung n -100C vi trng cc loi khng pht trin c nhng men mc cha b c ch. Phi xung n -150C s ngn chn c vi trng ln men mc v khong nhit ny m thy sn ch xp x trn di 10%. Tuy nhin, ngi ta thy rng nhit -200C vn cn vi loi vi trng sng c.Ngoi ra, khong nhit -1:50C gn nh a s nc t do ca t bo thy sn kt tinh thnh . Nu lnh ng chm, cc tinh th nc to, sc lm v t bo vi trng mnh nht giai on ny. Do

phng php lnh ng chm tiu dit vi trng hn l phng php lnh ng nhanh nhng li gy hi cho th cht ca sn phm. 4.2. Bin i ha hc

Bin i cht m: -200C cht m b ng li, sau su thng bo qun c phn gii nh. khong nhit -1:-50C, protein b bin tnh, c bit myosin b kt ta. Thi gian lnh ng cng ko di (chm) th protein b bin tnh. Lm lnh ng nhanh s b bin protein. Di -20C th hu nh protein khng b bin tnh. Bin i cht bo: C bo d b oxy ha cht bo. Cht bo b ha chua (thy phn) v hm lng axit bo th t do ph thuc vo nhit v thi gian bo qun. Nu nhit -120C sau 10 tun l ch s peroxit tng ln r rt; sau 30 tun ch s ny vt qu quy nh v phm cht v sinh. Tnh cht ha tan ca vitamin A trong m cng thay i, cht m s c li v do. Bin i gluxit: Khi lnh ng chm, glycogen phn gii ra nhiu acid lactic nhit thp hn l trng hp lnh ng nhanh. Bin i sinh t: Sinh t t b mt trong giai on lnh ng, a s b mt trong lc ch bin, ra. nhit lnh, sinh t A t ra bn vng. Sunh t B2, PP mt mt t. Sinh t C mt nhiu khi sn phm mt nc, chy lnh. B hao ht ton b phi k n sinh t E. tm lm lnh ng khng cn sinh t E na. Bin i cht khong: Nhit lnh khng nh hng ln cht khong nhng do s bin i c cu sn phm khi lm lnh ng khin hao ht mt lng ln khong cht tan trong dch t bo chy ra ngoi khi r ng.

4.3.

Bin i l hc

Tng th tch: Nc trong thy sn ng bng lm tng th tch ln ti 10%. Thay i mu sc: Do mt nc trong qu trnh lnh ng dn n cc sc t nh hemoglobin, mioglobin v hemoxyanin chuyn thnh methmoglobin lm sc, mu sm li. Ngoi ra do tc lnh ng chm hay nhanh, tinh th bng hnh thnh ln hay nh m c tit x qung hc khc nhau. Tinh th bng nh th thy sn ng lnh c mu nht hn thy sn lm lnh ng chm c tinh th bng to. Gim trng lng: Sn phm ng lnh b gim trng lng do bc hi nc hoc do thit hi l hc trong qu trnh lm lnh ng. Thit hi l hc c th do xo ng trong khi lnh ng khin cho nhiu mnh nh b v vn; chng hn khi sn phm b ha lng bi lung khng kh mt. Hnh thc thit hi khc l thy sn dn cht vo mm cp ng hoc ai chuyn, lm trc mt mt phn trng lng khi tch khi mm. Nu xt nc di mt y tch s gim c thit hi ny. Thit hi l hc trong mt my ng khng ng k v hn 1% nu thc hin lm lnh ng ng cch. Ring vic gim trng lng do bc hi ty vo cc yu t nh loi my ng, thi gian lnh ng, loi sn phm, c dng sn phm, tc khng kh v iu kin vn hnh my. Hao ht do bc hi trong my ng bn phng khng nhiu bng hao ht do ng trong my ng qut gi, v my dng hi lnh trc tip nh hay cacbonic. Tuy nhin, vic gim trng lng sn phm trong my ng nito, cacbonic s thp do thi gian

lnh ng ngn qu. Hao ht trng lng c tuyt trong my ng cacbonic bng phn na lng hao ht trong my ng thi gi. Quan h gia t l ca t sut hao ht vi thi gian lnh ng ta thy thi gian u trng lng c b hao ht tng nhanh hn so vi thi gian sau. Mc gim trng lng thy sn nh cao hn thy sn ln. T sut hao ht t l thun vi din tch b mt, m c nh li c tng din tch b mt ln hn c ln. Ngoi ra, c ng tng con hao ht nhiu hn c ng dng bnh. Bao gi c khi lnh ng cng lm gim hao ht rt nhiu; nhng nu bao gi khng cht, trng lng s vn hao ht do bc hi b mt bn trong lp bao gi. Gi sn phm s vn cn nguyn trng lng nhng bn trong lng nc b tch ra bt. 5. CC HNG H LNH NG 5.1. Mi trng lnh C 3 dng mi trng lm lnh sau:

Mi trng lm lnh i lu)

u im gim nhit xung rt thp ph hp vi mi hnh dng, kch thc phc tp ca thc phm

Nhc im km, d lm bay hi nc t b mt thc phm, oxy ca khng kh c th gy nn nhng phn ng ha hc lm bin i mu sc, cht lng thc phm.

Kh (khng kh lnh Mi trng t nhin c th Kh nng trao i nhit

Lng (nc, cc dung Thch hp cho nhiu thc Tn km nhiu v chi ph mi hu c) phm nc gii kht nh: bia, nc ngt v mt s nc gii kht khc. u t thit b, chi ph sn xut, cn phi c h thng lnh lm lnh cht ti lnh trung gian (dm hu c).

Rn (nc , nc Khi nc nng chy Hao ph lnh ln do nhng xay phi trn vi mui) mc tip xc vi thc phm tng ln, kh nng trao i nhit ln, thi gian lm lnh gim, hn ch s mt nc. D thc hin, c bit trong iu kin sn xut kh khn. dng nhit truyn vo trong qu trnh sn xut, vn chuyn, bo qun v s dng nc . Nc d lm h hng thc phm do va chm c hc.

5.2.

Lnh ng bng mi trng khng kh

u nhc im: u im Ph hp vi thc phm c ngun gc trn cn m bo v sinh Vn hnh n gin Ph hp vi mi hnh dng, kch thc ca thc phm Nhc im D mt nc Kh nng trao i nhit chm

Nhng iu kin: Nhit thc phm: l nhit trung bnh v th tch ca chng cui qu trnh cp ng, ph thuc vo c im tnh cht ca thc phm v yu cu thi gian bo qun. Nhit mi trng lnh: mi trng lnh ng phi c nhit thp hn nhiu so vi nhit lm ng thc phm m bo tc lm ng nhanh. Vn tc dng kh: v vn tc nh hng n kh nng trao i nhit, mc mt nc ca thc phm, chi ph sn xut nn ta cn phi xc nh gi tr ti u ca vn tc dng kh. Nu nhit mi trng trong khong (-45 n -35)oC th vn tc ti u Vopt =(510)m/s.

Cch tin hnh: Cc thit b lm ng bng khng kh c cc vch c cch nhit v cch m, trong khng kh i lu cng bc tun hon gia b mt sn phm v b mt ca dn lnh.

Hnh. M hnh 1 thit b tunnel (freezing tunnel) lnh ng bng khng kh cng bc

5.2.1. H thng cp ng IQF dng xon: h thng cp ng nhanh cc sn phm ri H thng cp ng IQF dng xon c u im: Cng sut lnh tng i ln Thi gian ng lnh ngn Thng s dng phng php cp dch bng bm Nguyn l chung: cc sn phm c t ln cc bng chuyn, chuyn ng vi tc chm, trong qu trnh n tip xc vi khng kh lnh nhit thp v nhit h xung rt nhanh. Cu to: Bung dng khi hp, cc tm vch l tm cch nhit polyurethan, 2 mt inox, bn trong b tr 1 bng ti dng xon l xo t di ln trn. Bung cn c ba lm rung chng sn phm dnh vo nhau v vo bng ti. Dn lnh c qut kiu hng trc, s dng mi cht NH3.

Hnh. Cu to h thng cp ng IQF dng xon

S nguyn l:

5.2.2. H thng cp ng IQF dng thng

Dn lnh b tr ln trn cc bng ti, thi gi lnh ln b mt sn phm trn bng chuyn, ton b bng chuyn tri di theo mt ng thng. Sn phm cp ng a vo mt u v ra bng u kia. 5.2.3. H thng cp ng IQF dng siu tc

Cu to cng gn ging vi h thng cp ng IQF dng thng, bn trong c 1 hoc 2 bng ti c kh nng iu chnh tc v cp. Cc dn lnh xp thnh 2 dy 2 bn bng ti, qut gi kiu ly tm.

Nguyn l lm vic: Khi sn phm di chuyn trn bng chuyn qua bung cp ng, hng ngn tia kh lnh vi tc cao hng trc tip v lin tc vo 2 b mt ca sn phm, thi hi nng bao bc quanh sn phm y nhanh qu trnh trao i nhit. Khi cc tia kh lnh thi ln b mt sn phm th nhanh chng to ra mt lp bng mng bao quanh sn phm do lm gim s mt nc v sn phm vn gi c hnh dng, kch thc ban u. 5.3. L m ng bng t ng tip xc

u nhc im: u im Cht lng thc phm c m bo iu chnh c nng sut lnh Nhc im Hot ng khng lin tc

Thit b: T ng tip xc Cu to bn ngoi: C dng hnh hp ch nht.

V t gm 3 lp: Lp ngoi cng v lp trong cng l lp cch inox Lp gia l lp cch nhit v cch m lm bng polyurethan

Cu to bn trong:

Gm nhiu tm lc (lm bng hp kim nhm) c dng hnh hp ch nht lp t song song theo phng nm ngang ca y t v c iu chnh ln xung bng ben thy lc. Khong trng bn trong tm lc chia lm 5 khoang ghp ni tip thng qua ng gp 2 u, mi khoang c 8 rnh dn mi cht lnh i vo. Khong cch gia 2 tm lc l khng gian cho sn phm cp ng vo. Nguyn l lm vic:

Hnh. M hnh 1 thit b lnh ng tip xc Thc phm c t vo khong gia 2 tm lc, lc ny ben thy lc p tm lc xung lm cho 2 b mt sn phm tip xc vi tm lc.

 T trong cc rnh mi cht s nhn nhit ca sn phm cn lm ng thng qua b mt tm lc v bc hi, sn phm lin tc truyn nhit cho mi cht v nhit ca n gim dn. Mi cht lnh vo v ra c cc lc nh cc ng gp c ni vi 1 ng gp cao su, ng cao su ny ni vi ng dn mi cht lnh t bnh cha thp p v tm lc ng thi dn hi mi cht sau khi bay hi v li bnh cha thp p. 5.4. L m ng bng kh ha lng

u nhc im: u im m bo c cht lng thc phm Thit b n gin, an ton, d vn chuyn Nhc im p dng vi thc phm c kch thc nh Cht kh ha lng c gi thnhcao

Nguyn l lm vic: Cho cc cht lng c nhit ha hi thp (iu kin p sut kh quyn) tip xc vi b mt thc phm, cht lng s thu nhit t thc phm ha hi, cht kh to thnh c nhit thp s c s dng lm lnh thc phm trc khi nc ng bng v cn bng nhit trong thc phm khi nc kt tinh. Mt s cht kh ha lng thng c ng dng: Tn cht Nhit si (pkq=1at) -195,8oC -182,97oC -185,87oC -246,1oC -252,76oC

N2 O2 Ar Ne H2

Thit b: gm c cc loi sau Thit b kn Cht kh ha lng tun hon trong h thng kn, sau mi chu trnh cht kh sinh ra c loi i tp cht v ha lng tr li. Tit kim cht kh ha lng, tn dng c nng sut lnh. H thng thit b cng knh, phc tp. Gy nhim mi trng v nh hng gi tr sn phm. Thit b h Thit b dng hnh tr nm ngang, khong trng bn trong chia lm 4 ngn c kch thc khc nhau, gia trc thit b c bng chuyn li dng vn chuyn thc phm: Ngn lm lnh: s trao i nhit din ra nh i lu cng bc ca cht kh v pha ngn lm ng, lm tng kh nng thu hi nng sut lnh. Ngn lm ng: cht lng c phun ln b mt theo nhiu hng khc nhau, phn cha kp ha hi c bm a tr li vi phun. Ngn cn bng nhit: s trao i nhit ch yu xy ra gia cc lp bn trong v bn ngoi ca thc phm nn mi trng kh ch c tc dng gi cho nhit b mt thc phm n nh.

PHN 4: QUY TRNH CH BIN C R HI FILLET NG LNH 1. CHUN B DNG C Tn dng c Tht x c Thau nha R nha Cn ng h Cn phn c Bao PE xanh, mng Dao inox Cy lic dao mi dao Thng cc tng ba lp c cn paraphin 10kg cho c fillet Khay ng c 5kg Cy nh vy c Kch c 25 x 25 x 2,5 cm 30cm 25cm 50cm 30cm

Hnh. Cc loi dao dng cho ch bin c r phi fillet

2. QUY TRNH CH BIN C R HI FILLET NG LNH

Nguyn liu

Tip nhn nguyn liu Bo qun X l s b Ra 1

Ngm ph gia Phn c-phn mu Ra 4

Fillet

Cn Cp ng M bng Bao gi ng thng Bo qun

Ra 2
Lng da

Vanh c

Soi k sinh trng Phn mu- phn c s b Ra 3

Sn phm

2.1.

Tip nhn nguyn liu:

Mc ch: Cn v kim tra khi lng nguyn liu u vo. Xc nh trng lng, mc ti n, mu sc, gi tr cm quan ca c theo ng yu cu t ra. Yu cu: Ch tip nhn nhng l nguyn liu c khi lng t 0,5 kg/con tr ln, cn sng, khng b try xc, trc vy, khng cha khng sinh b cm s dng hoc c s dng nhng phi ngng trc 4 tun. Nguyn liu trc khi thu mua c b phn thu mua kim sot cc ch tiu khng sinh, d lng cc cht c hi, giy cam kt v vic kim sot cht lng c trong qu trnh nui khng s dng khng sinh cm, khng sinh hn ch/ thc n c kim sot, nguyn liu c thu mua v vn chuyn v nh my). Ti khu tip nhn nguyn liu, QC cng on tip nhn nguyn liu kim tra mt ln na cc yu cu nh: c sng, giy kim tra cc ch tiu khng sinh cm (CAP, AOZ, MG, LMG), i vi th trng M phi kim t ch tiu (ENRO/CIPRO, Flumequine) i vi l nguyn liu ang tip nhn, t khai xut x nguyn liu ca nh cung cp, khng sinh hn ch (ENRO, CIPRO, Tetracylin, Oxiytetracylin, Clotetracylin), thc n c kim sot v ngng s dng khng sinh t nht 30 ngy trc khi thu hoch. Thng bo v d lng thuc tr su v kim loi nng vng khai thc nguyn liu trc khi a vo sn xut. Sau tin hnh kim tra cm quan trc khi nguyn liu c tip nhn a vo sn xut ti nh my. Mi l nguyn liu phi c m s ring, m s ny phi c ghi km l hng trong qu trnh ch bin, ghi trn bao b truy xut l hng t thnh phn n

nguyn liu. V sinh nh xng, cu cng, bng ti trc v sau khi tip nhn nguyn liu. Thao tc: C c vt vo st cho vo cc thng nha, mi thng khong 100kg, pha di y thng c nhiu l thot nc. Thao tc nhanh nhn, trnh c ln khi mt nc qu lu gy cht trc khi ch bin. Dng balng in ko ln bng ti v c bng ti vn chuyn a n bn cn in t. Sau khi cn xong c dc theo cc mng ca tip nhn c i qua cc bn cha nguyn liu trong. 2.2. Bo qun

Mc ch: Hn ch s h hng gy ra bi vi sinh vt v enzyme ni ti, chun b nguyn liu cho sn xut ngy hm sau. Thao tc: Xp c v xen k nhau, lp di cng v lp trn cng l . Khong 2 lp th rc mt lp mui mng h nhit . Yu cu: Gi c khng b bin i trong qu trnh bo qun, khng dp nt. Hn ch ti a s h hng c t vi sinh vt v enzym. 2.3. X l s b

Mc ch: nh vy c, ct b mang, ru, ui c Yu cu: Nhanh gn, sch vy v khng phm vo tht

Thao tc: C c chuyn n cng on ct hu qua mng np liu. Sau cng nhn khu ct hu s dng dao chuyn dng ct vo phn yt hu c, mc ch lm cho c cht, loi ht mu trong c th c v lm cho tht c sau fillet c trng c gi tr cm quan cao. nh vy:

B mang ru v ui c:

2.4.

Cng on ra 1

Mc ch: Ra tri vy, mang c. Loi b tp cht,vi sinh vt v nht bm trn thn c to iu kin cho cc cng on sau c sch s v thun li.

Thao tc: Tng con c sau khi c nh vy c ra di vi nc chy lin tc v ngm nc sch c pha chlorine nng 30-50ppm. Yu cu: Nc ra phi l nc sch Mi bn ra khng qu 1500Kg Cng on ra phi nhanh gn. Thay nc ngm c pha chlorine sau mi 60 pht Nhit (T0) nc ra t 20-25 0C Thi gian ngm 20-25 pht Trong qu trnh ra khng c c qu y trnh hin tng c vng vy vt ra ngoi gy nhim bn. Sch vy, tp cht, vi sinh. QC thng xuyn gim st cng nhn trong vic tip nhn v ra nguyn liu. C c ra bng my ra t ng. 2.5. Cng on fillet

Mc ch: Tch phn tht ra khi xng c, loi b xng, vy, u. To gi tr cm quan cho ming c. Thao tc: t c ln tht, u hng v pha bn phi, lng i din vi ngi fillet. Dng dao chuyn dng cho ngi fillet, tay phi cm dao, tay tri dc thn c. ng tc 1: tay phi cm dao ct mt ng pha di vy bi ca c, tay tri ln thn c cch li dao 5-7cm, n mnh li dao pha di xng c, sau nghing li dao sang phi, to vi thn mt gc 450 st vi xng sng c.

ng tc 2: nghing li dao ln ct dc theo xng sn ca c, dn mnh tay v ct sut t bng n ui c.

ng tc 3: lt phn c cn li lng c i din vi ngi ang thao tc fillet, ct pha di vy bi, nghing dao v ct t ng sng lng dc theo vy lng n ui. Tr li ln na ct ht tht cn st li, v a mt ng khc t t bng n ui.

Yu cu: Ming c sau khi fillet khng b b ni tng, rch vn, st xng, b mt phi nhn, phng. Thao tc fillet sao cho hn ch ti a tht cn st li trn xng. Dao, tht, r trc khi fillet phi c cho vo r t di vi nc phun sng lm gim lng mu bm trn ming c v hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Ph phm phi nhanh chng chuyn ra ngoi phng cha ph phm, trnh gy ng trong khu vc fillet. Thng cha ph phm khi c 2/3 phi ko ra ngoi. 2.6.

R a 2 100C

T0 nc ra:

Thi gian (T) ra: < 10 pht.

Mc ch: Loi b sch mu trn b mt ming c v cht bn ln t ni tng trong qu trnh phi l. Loi bt vi sinh vt trn ming phi l. Lm trng c tht c v tng gi tr cm quan ca ming c. Thao tc: Cc ming phi l c a qua cc bn ra sch mu. T l nc:c l 3:1. Dng tay o lin tc ra sch mu cn dnh li trn ming phi l. Yu cu: Trnh lm nt c. Ra bng nc sch, nhit thng. Sch mu, nht, tp cht, vi sinh vt bm trn ming c phi l, khong 40-50kg c thay nc 1 ln.

2.7.

Lng da

Mc ch:nhm loi b phn da c. Phng php: Th cng: t li dao song song vi mt bn, cn dao nm bn ngoi. a dao vo v ct xung chm ti da c, tay tri ln ming c, lch dao ln kim tra dy ca phn da b ct t cha. Dng ngn ca bn tay tri ln phn da b lc, tay phi ct v da theo chiu ngang, nu ct t u xung n na ming c th phn cn li ca ui s nh hn. My lng da:

Ch thch: 1.Li dao lng 2.Trc nhm 3.Thn thit b 4.Gi c cha lng

5.Gi c lng da Cu to: Gm 2 b phn chnh: Trc cun: gm c 2 trc cun c kch thc khc nhau v vt liu ch to cng khc nhau. Trc chnh c lm bng Inox, trc c cc gn ca nh nm dc theo thn trc, trc lm bng nha quay theo chiu kim ng h c nhim v ko ming fillet chy vo b phn my, trc cn li l trc ph c cc gn ca nh nm dc theo thn trc, trc lm bng nha qay theo chiu kim ng h c nhim v ko v tch ring bit gia ming fillet v ming da c. Li dao: vt liu ch to l Inox l loi thp hng r, c bn ca li dao v bn rt lu. Thng khong 20 tn c s mi dao mt ln. Nguyn l hot ng v vn hnh: Ming c fillel vi trng lng xc nh s chy t pha sau thn my li gn trc chnh c nhim v tch bit ming c v da c nh vo s quay ngc chiu ca hai trc chnh v trc ph khi ming c fillet tip cn vi li dao s ct v loi b phn da c ra. Ming c tin v pha trc phn tht c nm pha trn thn my v c cho vo st ng bn thnh phm ring cn ming da c c trc ph quay theo chiu ngc li ko ming da nm pha di thn my v rt xung r ng da di. Thng s k thut: Lng da mng v c th ty chnh su lng da. Vn tc lng da: 40 (m/pht). u im: Nng cao tc sn xut, lng da nhanh nn c th lm vic bng nng sut ca 10 cng nhn fillet mi nguyn liu cho mt my lng da. Nhc im:

Gi thnh u t mua my ban u kh cao.Tc my lm vic nhanh nn c th gy nguy him cho cng nhn ang ng my nu khng cn thn trong khi lm vic hoc lm vic khng lnh ngh. 2.8. Vanh c

Mc ch: Loi b m, phn c tht , ng thi chnh sa ming fillet p to v cm quan cho sn phm v ko di thi gian bo qun. Dng c: Dao nh hnh, r ng bn thnh phm, tht. Thao tc thc hin: Ming fillet c t p trn tht, phn c tht tip xc vi da nga ln trn, ngi cng nhn tay thun cm dao nging 1 gc 30o lng phn c tht trn b mt ming fillet, dng gt dao co sch ng tht chy dc theo xng sng. Nhng ming fille vo thau cha nc m trn ming fillet ng cng li, tip theo dng dao lng b nhng phn m ny, trong lc nh hnh ngm c trong nc c pha chlorine 20ppm, to 15oC trnh s n thi ca c. Bn thnh phm c chuyn n bn kim kim tra li m, xng st li. Yu cu: Ly ht phn tht, xng, c c mu v m trn thn c B mt ming fillet phi phng, vt ct sc nt, ming fillet khng c thng rch. Khng phm phn tht.

Hnh. Qu trnh vanh c 2.9. Soi k sinh trng

Kim tra k sinh trng l cng on cn thit trong quy trnh ch bin do trong bn thn trong ming c fillet c th c nhim k sinh trng hay c b bnh ln trong sn phm m khng qua bn soi kh m nhn ra c l mi nguy ng k i vi s an ton thc phm. Mc ch: Kim tra v pht hin k sinh trng tn ti trong ming c nhm loi b chng m bo an ton thc phm Thao tc: t ming c ln bn soi kim tra s hin din ca k sinh trng, di nh sang ca n, nh sang c th xuyn qua ming c gip ta nhn thy s hin din ca k sinh trng hoc mu bm tn ti trong ming c. Nu pht hin ming c c k sinh trng th phi tch ming c loi sang bn ph phm. Yu cu: Loi b k sinh trng c hnh dng m trng bu dc hoc l m en hnh dng khng xc nh nh sng n c cng 540 lux Cng nhn c ngh 10 pht sau mt gi kim tra

Phi soi c 2 mt ca c v thao tc phi nhanh chng, chnh xc QC kim tra t nht 30 pht 1 ln. Mt ln kim tra 10 15 kg v nhit c <120C 2.10. Phn mu phn c s b Mc ch: m bo s ng u v trng lng, kch thc, mu sc to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh quay tng trng. Thao tc: La ra nhng ming c cn st xng, da m, vt mu, vt rch chnh li cho t tiu chun Phn mu s b cho mu sc ca sn phm ng u. Phn ra lm 4 loi mu: Loi 1 2 3 Mu Trng + Trng p Hng nht Hng m + Vng chanh

Phn c s b thnh 2 loi ln, nh theo yu cu ca khch hng. 2.11. Cng on ra 3 Mc ch: Loi b vn c v vi sinh vt bm trn b mt ming fillet. Lm sch ming fillet trc khi x l quay tng trng. Cn bit khi lng c m pha dung dch thuc quay trn trng cho ph hp Thao tc: Cng nhn nhng ln lt mi r ng khng qu 5 kg qua 3 bn nc 100 lt.

Yu cu: Khong 200kg th tin hnh thay nc mt ln. Nhit d nc ra 8C Qa trnh thay nc hp l. 2.12. Cng oan qua ph gia

Mc ch: Tng gi t cm quan cho ming fillet, mu sc ming c ti sang, bong dp hn. Tng trng lng ming fillet, gim nh mc tiu hao nguyen liu, tng gi thnh sn phm. To iu kin thun li cho cng on phn c, bt mu,phn loi c. Thao tc: Chun b dng c thuc gm: 2%MP Seaphos VI (12 kg) 15% mui NaCl (6 kg) Ha tan tt c vo 600 lt nc, va pha va cho vo h thp nhit dug dich. Cho dung dich vo my, sau cho c vo theo t l 1:4. Mi ln cho vo my 300-500 kg. thi gian quay t 6-12 pht. Yu cu: S vng quay: 5-8 vng/pht Nhit dung dch thuc t 60C 80C. T l tng trng t 8-125.

Nng dung dch thuc x l phi ph hp vi tng loi c, c c v theo yu cu khch hng. C sau khi x l phi c mu p, bong v kh nng gi nc tt. Cc ha cht c s dng phi ng theo tiu chun ca b thy sn. 2.13. Cng on phn mu - phn c

Mc ch: To s ng u v kch c v mu sc ca ming c To iu kin cho cng on sau c thun li hn Thao tc: Phn c: ty theo yu cu ca khch hng v ty theo loi c m c c phn lm cc c khc nhau. Vic phn c c thc hin bng my,c t ln my phn c phn thnh cc size khc nhau theo yu cu khch hng. Gm c cc c Oz (1Oz = 28,35 g) Khi lng (g) Trng v trng c Hng nht 60-100 100-120 120-150 150-180 180-210 210-240 240-270 270-300 300-330 330-360 360-UP 60-100 100-120 120-150 150-180 180-210 210-240 240-270 270-300 300-330 330-360 360-UP Hng m v vng chanh 60-100 100-120 120-150 150-180 180-210 210-240 240-270 270-300 300-360 360-UP

Size (Oz) 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-UP

Phn mu: Phn li nhng mu m trong qu trnh phn mu s b cn st. Do trong qu trnh ch bin bn than c tht c c mu khc nhau nn ta phi phn ra

thnh tng loain ring bit v theo yu cu ca khch hng. C sau khi ngm quay th mu sc c th hin r rng hn nn vic phn mu thun li hn. C 4 loi mu c bn: trng, hng, hng m, vng chanh. Yu cu Phi thng xuyn hiu chnh cn m bo chnh xc ca sn phm Thao tc nhanh gn, trnh ming fillet nm lu trn bn Phn c, loi theo tiu chun ngnh v theo yu cu ca khch hng C c bt mu ng, tuyt i khng c ln ln mu sc, sai c khng c vt gii hn 2% 2.14. Cng on cn ra 4 Mc ch: Cn p ng yu cu ca khch hng, xc nh trng lng tnh ng thi l c s xc nh nng sut ca cng nhn Ra tng gi tr cm quan cho ming fillet, loi b vn c v vi sinh vt bm trn b mt ming fillet Thao tc: C sau khi phn c, phn loi xong th chuyn sang cng on cn Trng lng c cn cho mi n v sn phm l khc nhau ty theo yu cu khch hng. Sau khi cn xong ln lt cho tng r c bn thnh phm ra qua nc sch, lnh. Nhit nc ra t 6-80C. Thi gian ra 15-20 giy. Cho tng r c vo bn ra v dung tay khuy u, gt b lp m v bt trn b mt ra. Ly ra ro 3-5 pht ri chuyn sang cng on khc Yu cu: Cn phi c hiu chnh thng xuyn m bo chnh xc

m bo trng lng tnh trn mi n v sn phm Ra bng nc sch, nhit nc ra phi c kim tra thng xuyn Tn sut thay nc ng quy nh, 200kg thay nc mt ln 2.15. Cng on ch ng Mc ch: H thp nhit sn phm, rt ngn thi gian cp ng. n nh cht lng sn phm, hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Thao tc: Sau khi ra cho vo bao PE (55*57 cm), mi bao 5 kg cho vo bn. Mi lp c cho mt lp . Mi bn khong 450-500kg gm 5 lp c v 6 lp . Sau mi lp dy 5 cm cho khong 500g mui xay ln mt h thp im ng bng ca nc gip h thp nhit bn thnh phm. Yu cu: Thi gian ch ng khng qu 4h. Nhit kho ch ng t 14oC. Kho ch ng phi c v sinh sch s v kim tra nhit thng xuyn. 2.16. Cng on cp ng Mc ch: nhit thp (-180C) nc trong sn phm gn nh kt tinh hon ton, enzym b v hot, v sinh vt hu nh khng th pht trin, ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm. To hnh dng c nh cho sn phm v to iu kin thun li cho bao gi, bo qun sn phm.

Thao tc: Trc khi vn hnh t phi tin hnh lm v sinh bng chuyn v ro nc. Sau ng ca t v vn hnh cho t chy ch khng ti n khi nhit t 330C. iu chnh sao cho tc bng chuyn ph hp vi nhit trung tm ca sn phm l -180C. Cng nhn ng 2 bn bng chuyn t tng ming c ln bng ti v nh hnh ming c ngay ngn, cc ming c khng c dnh lin nhau, khng c cch qu xa nhau. Sau mi loi c, phi t size ln bng chuyn bit kch thc c ca c. Yu cu: Nhit t cp ng -330C Nhit tm sn phm l -180C Thi gian cp ng 20 30 pht ty theo c c. Cng nhn lm vic theo cng on ny phi mc y bo h lao ng v v sinh sch s. Thit b cp ng: T ng gi:

2.17. Cng on m bng Mc ch: Bo qun sn phm, tng gi tr cm quan v hn ch mt nc. Gim tn hao nhit trong qu trnh bo qun, ln tng trng lng ca ming c. Hn ch oxi ha, gim thiu va chm trong qu trnh vn chuyn,bo qun. Thao tc: C sau khi tch ra khi bng chuyn ri xung bng chuyn li. Pha trn bng chuyn li l h thng vi phun m bng ngay sn phm khi ri khi bng chuyn. vi h thng vi phun ny th sn phm c m bng ng u v hp v sinh hn. Yu cu: Nc m bng phi l nc lnh, sch. Nhit nc m bng l t 0 30C. T l lp m bng so vi trng lng sn lng thong thng l 5% c th cao hn ty theo yu cu ca khch hng. Bn thnh phm sau khi m bng trnh ng qu lu gy ra hin tng tan bng nh hng n cht lng sn phm. 2.18. Cng on bao gi ht chn khng Bao gi Mc ch: Cch ly sn phm vi mi trng bn ngoi, trnh s ly nhim gip qu trnh vn chuyn d dng. Tng gi tr s dng, thu ht khch hng v qung b sn phm. Thun li cho qu trnh ng thng.

Tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm v bo v sn phm trnh tip xc vi mi trng bn ngoi. Thao tc: Sn phm sau khi m bng xong cho vo ti PE (PA nu ht chn khng) a qua my ht chn khng v hn kn ming bao li. trng lng mi ti ty theo yu cu ca khch hng (thng la 1kg hoc 1.5kg ty theo yu cu khch hng). Ty theo loi hng c th khng ht chn khng, ch hn ming bao li v ng thng. Yu cu: Thao tc nhanh, nh nhng, trnh lm hng c. Bao gi ng loi, ng c, ng qui nh ring ca mi khch hng. Bao b phi sch, mi, nguyn vn, khng dung bao b b thng v rch. Cc mi hng phi kn, nu b h hoc rch phi loi b ti PE v thay ti khch. Bao b phi ghi r a ch cng ty, tn sn phm, c, trng lng, ngy sn xut, hn s dng, iu kin bo qun, m s l hng 2.19. Cng on ng thng Mc ch: Bo v v thng tin v sn phm bn trong. To iu kin thun li cho vic bo qun, vn chuyn, phn phi v lu kho. To v m quan, m bo cht lng theo yu cu khch hng. Thao tc: Xp cc gi cng c, cng loi qua my d kim loi vo thung carton. C 10 ti ng thnh mt thng, dng bng keo dn kn ming thng. t thng ln my ning, ning 4 dy quanh thng (gm 2 day dc v dy ngang).

Cc dy ning khng c qu cht hoc qu lng s nh hng n bao b v sn phm bn trong. Nu cha ng hng ngay hoc cha c bao b th phi cho vo bao b tm ri chuyn vo trong kho. ng thng c 10 kin hng thi phi tinhanh bo qun trong kho lnh. Yu cu: Cng nhn phi thc hin v sinh c nhn, mang y bo h lao ng. Tt c thit b nh xng v thng carton phi c v sinh sach s. Trn thng phi ghi y cc thng tin v a ch cng ty, tn sn phm, c, trng lng, ngy sn xut, hn s dng, iu kin bo qun, m s l hng, m s EU, hng dn s dng. Sn phm sau khi ng thng phi c a vo kho bo qun ngay,khng c ngoi kho qu 15 pht. 2.20. Cng on bo qun Mc ch: Duy tr nhit sn phm mc thp, nhit ny khng c s nng chy hoc kt tinh ca nc trong sn phm. Enzym b v ha, vi sinh vt trong sn phm khng cn c kh nng pht trin, ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm. Sn phm cha trong kho bo qun trnh c s ph hoi ca cn trng, ngn nga s ly nhim ca vi sinh vy t mi trng bn ngoi. Thao tc: Sau khi ng thng chuyn hng n ca kho cng sm,cng tt. c thng hng ln bng chuyn chuyn cc thung hng vao trong kho n xe vn chuyn bn trong.

Cng nhn iu khin xe in sp xp theo hng ha theo yu cu k thut ra. Cc thng hng c xp theo tng cm ring bit trnh nhim cho. Yu cu: Hng xp trong kho sao cho tit kim din tch nht nhng phi m bao nhit bo qun ng ca tm sn phm. Tuyt i khng c a hng cha cp ng vo trong kho . Cn to li i thong thong, m bo khng kh lnh lu thng u trong kho bo qun. Cc kin hng c cht ln pallet cch nn khong 15 cm, cch tng 40 cm, cch trn 80 cm. Hng c cht theo tng chng loi ring bit va ai kin chc chn. Hng nhp trong kho phi ghi y cc k hiu thong tin v sn phm theo yu cu. Nhit kho bo qun -180C. Hng vo nc u tin xut trc. Ra vo kho phi thng xuyn ng ca, ch nhng ngi c trch nhim mi c ra vo kho, s ngi trong kho khng uocj t hn 2 ngi v nhiu hn 4 ngi. 3. MT S CH TIU CA SN PHM Tiu chun cm quan: Tn ch tiu Mu sc Mi V Yu cu Trng t nhin c trng cho sn phm, khng c mu l C mi c trng ca sn phm v khng c mi l c trng cho sn phm, khng c v l

Trng thi

Tp cht

C tht mn v sn chc, c tnh n hi, vt ct nhn, khng st xng da, m, phn tht bng c x l sch, cho php ti a 2 im mu hoc ng gn mu trn tht Khng cho php

Tiu chun ha hc: Tn tiu ch Hm lng tng s nit baz bay hi,tnh bng s mg trong 100g sn phm, khng ln hn Hm lng Borat, tnh bng mg trong 1kg sn phm D lng khng sinh, tnh bng mg trong 1kg sn phm D lng thuc bo v thc vt, tnh bng mg trong 1kg sn phm Tiu chun vi sinh: Tn ch tiu Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh, tnh bng s khun lc trong 1g sn phm, khng ln hn Tng s coliform, tnh bng s khun lc trong 1g sn phm, khng ln hn Staphylococcus aureus, tnh bng s khun lc trong 1g sn phm, khng ln hn E.coli, tnh bng s khun lc trong 1g sn phm Salmonella, tnh bng s khun lc trong 25g sn phm Vibrio cholera, tnh bng s khun lc trong 25g sn phm Mc 1.000.000 200 100 Khng cho php Khng cho php Khng cho php Mc cho php 25 Khng cho php Khng cho php Khng cho php

Ti liu tham kho: [1] GS.TSKH. Trn c Ba, Nguyn Vn Ti. Gio trnh cng ngh lnh thy sn,NXB HQG TPHCM (2009), 396 Trang. [2] Trn c Ba, Nguyn Tn Dng. Cc qu trnh, thit b trong cng ngh ha hc v thc phm cng ngh lnh, NXB HQG TPHCM, 537 Trang. Quy hoch tng th pht trin ngnh thy sn Vit Nam n nm 2020, tm nhn 2030 Tng Cc thy sn Vin kinh t quy hoch thy sn 2012 Phan Nguyn Trung Hng Bo co ngnh thy sn Cng ty C phn Chng khon FPT