Bi 1: I CNG V CNG TC KIM TRA CHT LNG THUC

Khi nim v thuc: Thuc l cht hoc hn hp cc cht dng cho ngi nhm mc ch phng bnh, cha bnh Cht lng ca 1 thuc l cc tnh cht c trng ca thuc (thnh phn theo t l quy nh, c tinh khit theo yu cu, ng gi c nhn quy nh) t cc mc tiu sau: C hiu lc phng bnh v cha bnh. Khng c hoc t c tc dng c hi. n nh v cht lng trong thi hn xc nh. Tin dng v d bo qun.

Bi 2: CNG TC TIU CHUN HA V KIM NGHIM THUC THEO TIU CHUN

A. CNG TC TIU CHUN HA I. Khi nim: 1. Mt s nh ngha: Tiu chun ha gm 2 ni dung: Xy dng cc tiu chun v p dng cc tiu chun . Tiu chun l nhng quy nh thng nht v hp l c trnh by di dng 1 vn bn do 1 c quan c thm quyn ban hnh p dng cho nhng ni c lin quan. i vi thuc, tiu chun l 1 vn bn khoa hc k thut mang tnh php ch trong quy nh: quy cch, ch tiu, yu cu k thut, phng php th, ng gi, ghi nhn bo qun v cc vn lin n vic nh gi cht lng ca 1 thuc. y l c s cc c quan kim nghim tin hnh thc nghim, nh gi kt qu, cng b kt qu nh gi cht lng thuc c t hay khng v c c php lu hnh hay khng. 2. i tng ca cng tc tiu chun ha: Rt rng, hu nh trn tt c mi lnh vc. 3. Cc tiu chun v thuc: Trc y, c 3 cp tiu chun: Tiu chun Vit Nam, Tiu chun Ngnh v Tiu chun c s. Hin nay ch p dng 2 cp tiu chun l Tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN) v Tiu chun c s (TCCS). TCCS do cc c s bin son, c 2 loi TCCS: i vi nhng sn phm lu hnh ngoi th trng th tiu chun phi c ng k vi c quan c thm quyn. Vi cc sn phm khng lu hnh trn th trng m ch dng trong n v th tiu chun do Th trng n v xt duyt v ban hnh. Vi cc thuc c trong chuyn lun ca Dc in VN th tiu chun c s c mc cht lng khng c thp hn cc mc quy nh trong tiu chun Dc in VN. II. Cng tc xy dng tiu chun: Tiu chun VN do B Y T t chc bin son, xt duyt v ban hnh sau khi ng k ti Cc Tiu chun o lng cht lng, cc tiu chun ny c tp hp trong 1 b sch gi l Dc in LT Kim nghim Trang 1

VN (Hi ng Dc in c B Y T giao trch nhim ny), gip vic cho Hi ng Dc in VN l vn phng Hi ng Dc in. Mt s cha c TCVN s s dng TC do cc c s sn xut bin son v c cp c thm quyn duyt. 1. Phng php xy dng tiu chun v yu cu k thut: Cn ch ti vic kt hp ph hp vi iu kin k thut, kinh t v thc t. Da vo yu cu k thut, iu kin k thut, la chn ra cc ch tiu thch hp, ph hp vi iu kin c th. Sau phi xy dng c mc cho php cc ch tiu trn. Mc ch tiu l gi tr c th hay l khong gi tr m thuc phi t c. 2. Phng php xy dng tiu chun v phng php th: a. Cc loi qui trnh v phng php th: Cc php th nh tnh. Cc php th v tinh khit. Cc php th nh lng. b. Cc yu cu cht lng i vi 1 phng php th: Tnh tin tin: th hin chnh xc ( ng, chm), tnh c hiu ng: kt qu gn vi gi tr thc nht. chm: s ph hp gia cc kt qu ca cc php xc nh song song. Tnh c hiu: xc nh ng cht cn phn tch v t chu nh hng bi s c mt ca cc cht khc trong mu th. C tnh thc t: phi ph hp vi iu kin thc t, c tnh kh thi cao. C tnh kinh t: t tn km m vn p ng cc yu cu. C tnh an ton cao: an ton lao ng v bo v sc khe. III. Gii thiu Dc in VN: 1. Mt s nt v Dc in VN: l 1 ti liu bao gm Tp hp cc tiu chun Nh nc (TCVN) v thuc. Mi tiu chun cn c gi l 1 chuyn lun. Nhng quy nh phng php kim nghim, cc ha cht, thuc th, thuc chun, ch th Mt s ph lc, cc bng tra cu Dc in VN c gi tn theo ln xut bn, tun theo nguyn tc ln sau ph nh ln trc . Dc in VN I: xut bn vo cc nm 1972, 1977 Dc in VN II: xut bn vo cc nm 1983, 1990, 1991, 1994 Dc in VN III: xut bn vo nm 2002 Dc in VN IV: xut bn vo nm 2009 2. Mt s quy nh chung khi s dng Dc in VN: 7 quy nh Cn chnh xc ngha l cn trn cn phn tch c nhy n 0,1mg (0,0001g). Ly khong ngha l ly 1 lng vi chnh khng qu 10% so vi yu cu. n khi lng khng i ngha l x l ch phm n khi no chnh lch gia 2 ln k tip nhau <0,5mg. Nng phn trm khng c ch dn g, coi l cch biu din theo % KL/TT. Cn cc trng hp khc th ghi c th. Khi nim alcol khng c ch dn g, c ngha alcol cha khong 90%. Ethanol khng c ch dn g khc ngha l ethanol tuyt i (99%).

LT Kim nghim

Trang 2

 V nhit : dng thang bch phn, k hiu 0C. Khi khng ghi c th, quy c: nhit chun l 200C. Nhit trong th v mt khi lng do lm kh cho php hiu l 1000C 20C V phng php: c th dng phng php hay phng tin khc vi quy nh trong Dc in hay TC nhng vi iu kin cc kt qu c chnh xc tng ng nhau. Nu cc kt qu khc nhau th coi phng php hoc phng tin quy nh trong Dc in hay TC l chnh thc. V hm lng: Nu trong chuyn lun khng ghi gii hn trn th c ngha l khng c qu 101,0% Khi th tinh khit, nu pht hin thy tp cht l khng ghi trong chuyn lun th phi ghi vo kt qu th. B. Ly mu c th: S bao gi trong l ly ra to mu ban u tnh theo cng thc

n 0, 4 N
Trong : n l s bao gi ly ra N: s n v bao gi cui cng trong l Ch : Khi tnh theo cng thc trn, nu phn thp phn nh hn 0,5 th b qua, nu ln hn 0,5 th tng thm 1 n v. Khi N>100 lu nmax 30 Khi N<100 c th dng bng N n 01 10 1 11 40 2 41 80 3 81 100 4 (Xem thm trong sch t trang 16 n trang 22)

Bi 3: PHNG PHP X L S LIU, TNH TON V TR LI KT QU KIM NGHIM

I. Sai s trong kim nghim: 1. Mt s khi nim: Gi tr trung bnh: x x x ...... xn x 1 2 3 n ng tin cy hn c v c ly lm kt qu ca php xc nh. Gi tr trung bnh thng khc vi gi tr thc ca i lng lng cn xc nh, s sai khc ny chnh l sai s ca php xc nh. Kt qu ca php xc nh c nh gi chnh xc ( ng v chm). ng ca 1 quy trnh phn tch la mc st gn ca cc gi tr tm thy vi gi tr thc khi p dng quy trnh xut trn cng 1 mu th trong cng iu kin xc nh. chm phn nh s ph hp gia cc kt qu thu c (x1, x2, x3., xn) LT Kim nghim Trang 3

 C th biu th sai s di dng sai s tuyt i v sai s tng i: Sai s tuyt i: x Sai s tng i l t s gia sai s tuyt i v gi tr trung bnh
100% x Nu thu c gi tr dng l sai s tha (cn trn), gi tr m l sai s thiu (cn x

di) 2. Cc loi sai s (tham kho trang 24 26) 3. Phng php x l mu: X l mu l bc u tin, quan trng, l 1 trong nhng nguyn nhn quyt nh dn n sai s. a. Ha tan mu: Dng nc ha tan chuyn sang dung dch nc. Cht kh tan trong nc c th ha tan bng dung dch acid, kim, dung dch ca cht oxy ha kh thch hp, chuyn ta kh tan thnh ta d ha tan. b. Phn hy bng acid mnh: Din ra cc phn ng oxy ha, thy phn, ph hy cc lin kt ha hc Cc acid hay dng l: acid Hydrocloric c HCl, acid Nitric c HNO3, acid Sulfuric c H2SO4, acid Percloric HClO4, hn hp HCl + HNO3 + HClO4, HNO3 + H2SO4, H2SO4 + H2O2 c th thc hin nhit thng hay nhit cao. c. Phn hy mu bng k thut vi sng: c bc sng 1 1000mm, thc hin trong bnh vi sng, l vi sng. d. Phn hy bng nhit: phn hy cht hu c, chuyn thnh cc cht bay hi. C th thc hin bng cch t trn ngn la, t trong ng kn, t mu trong bnh kn c oxy hoc nung trong l nung. e. X l mu bng k thut tch pha: Cc cht cn xc nh trong mu th c th tch bng cch: kt ta, chng ct, chit bng dung mi, cc k thut sc k Ch : phi bo ton c cht cn xc nh v khng c a cht l vo. II. Tnh ton v tr li kt qu kim nghim: (tham kho trang 27 33)

Bi 4: DUNG DCH CHUN, DUNG DCH ION MU, THUC TH, CH TH MU THNG DNG TRONG KIM NGHIM
I. Dung dch chun: 1. Cht i chiu: Dc in VN cho php s dng cc cht i chiu c thit lp, bo qun ti Vin kim nghim theo s phn cng ca B Y t. Cht i chiu l cht ng nht c xc nh l ng dng trong cc php th c quy nh v vt l, ha hc v sinh hc. Trong cc php th , cc tnh cht ca cht i chiu c so snh vi cc tnh cht ca cht cn th. Cht i chiu phi c tinh khit ph hp vi mc ch s dng. LT Kim nghim Trang 4

2. Cch s dng cht i chiu: Cht i chiu ng trong bao b gc, kn, c nhn r rng, bo qun nhit thp, trnh nh sng v m, nu cn iu kin bo qun c bit th c hng dn ghi trn nhn. Trc khi m bao gi dng, cht i chiu cn 1 thi gian t ti nhit phng th nghim. Cc php th c tin hnh ng thi trn mu th v mu i chiu c chun b trong cng iu kin ghi trong chuyn lun. 3. Cc dung dch chun : c pha t ha cht t tiu chun cht gc v dng xc nh hm lng cc cht cn xc nh. a. Quy nh chung: Nhng dung dch chun l nhng dung dch c nng c bit chnh xc dng trong phn tch nh lng theo th tch. Nng ng lng gam N: s ng lng gam cht tan trong 1000ml dung dch. Nng phn t gam M: s phn t gam cht tan trong 1000ml dung dch. Nu nng thc ca dung dch khng ng vi nng l thuyt th cn tnh thm h s hiu chnh K C K thuc Clythuyet Khi nhn h s K vi th tch ca 1 dung dch chun ta c th tch ng vi dung dch chun vi h s K = 1,000 b. Phng php chung pha ch cc dung dch chun : 4 phng php Pha ch t cht gc: Cn chnh xc m (g) cht gc + dung mi = th tch cn pha. Tnh K nu mtt # mlt Pha gn ng ri chun ha bng cht gc hoc 1 dung mi chun khc c h s K bit: dng cht tinh khit (# cht gc) pha dung dch chun. Cn chnh xc 1 lng cht chun gc, cho vo bnh nn, ha tan bng dung mi thch hp, chun bng dung dch chun mi pha. a K T .V a: lng cht gc cn (g) T: chun l thuyt ca dung dch mi pha tnh theo cht gc (g/ml) V: th tch dung dch chun dng (ml) Pha long nhng dung dch chun c nng cao: Dng dng c o th tch chnh xc pha long cc dung dch chun c nng cao thnh dung dch c nng thp hn bng dung mi tng ng. H s hiu chnh ca dung dch pha c chnh l h s hiu chnh ca dung dch dng pha long. Nhng dung dch chun c nng nh hn 0,1N c chun bng cch ny trc khi dng. Dng ng chun: dng dung mi pha ch theo ng k thut ghi trn nhn ng, ta s c dung dch chun c nng chnh xc theo quy nh. II. Dung dch ion mu: Cc dung dch ion mu thng c chun b dng lm mu so snh trong thc hin php th gii hn tp cht kim nghim nghuyn liu lm thuc. Cc dung dch ion mu c pha nng cao v c pha long ti nng thch hp ngay trc khi dng. 1. Dung dch amoni mu 100 phn triu NH4 LT Kim nghim Trang 5

2. Dung dch arsen mu 1000 phn triu As III. Ha cht, thuc th - ch th: Mt s ch th mu: Da cam Methyl: vng chuyn mu: pH 3,0 () n 4,4 (vng). Methyl: vng chuyn mu: pH 4,4 () n pH 6,0 (vng). phenol: vng chuyn mu: pH 6,8 (vng) n pH 8,4 (). Phenolphtalein: vng chuyn mu: pH 8,2 (khng mu) n 10,0 ().

Bi 5: MT S PHNG PHP PHN TCH HA L DNG TRONG KIM NGHIM

I. Cc phng php tch: 1. Khi nim: Phng php tch: dng cc phng php vt l, ha hc, ha l a 1 hn hp gm nhiu cht thnh cc hn hp n gin hn v sau tch ring tng cht (hoc nhm cht) Hn hp cn tch: ng nht (1 pha): rn, lng Khng ng nht: t nht c 2 pha khng trn ln vi nhau. Nu 2 pha lng gi l nh dch, nu hn hp gm pha lng v rn gi l hn dch. Ty theo hn hp cn tch m la chn cc phng php tch thch hp. 2. Cc phng php tch thng dng: a. Phng php lc: Dng tch pha lng khi pha rn, n gin nhng hiu qu. K thut lc: c th lc p sut thng hoc lc p sut gim (lc chn khng). Vt liu: giy lc, bng thy tinh, phu lc thy tinh xp, b. Phng php ly tm: Dng lc ly tm lm lng kt ta xung, tc lng ph thuc vo lc ly tm. c. Phng php chia ct pha: L nhng phng php bin 1 pha thnh 2 pha. Thc hin: Chn lc c hc Lng i Loi bt dung mi bng cch c c hay bay hi. d. Phng php chit: Dng 1 dung mi B tch 1 cht hay 1 nhm cht trong dung mi A. C s ca phng php l da trn s phn b ca cht tan gia 2 pha A v B khng ha ln vo nhau. i lng c trng l h s phn b Kp C Kp B CA CB: nng cht tan trong dung mi B CA: nng cht tan trong dung mi A LT Kim nghim Trang 6

 Vi cht tan c th, cp dung mi A, B xc nh, nhit xc nh th Kp l hng s. Ty theo pha A l cht rn hay lng, ta chia ra lm 2 loi: chit lng - lng hay chit lng - rn. Chit lng - lng: c 3 cch Chit n: chit 1 ln, hiu sut thp. Chit lp: chit nhiu ln, hiu sut cao. Nu cng 1 lng dung mi ta chit nhiu ln hiu qu hn. Chit nhiu ln tn thi gian nn thng chn ti u 3 ln Chit lp c th gin on hay lin tc. Trong chit lp lin tc th tit kim c dung mi nhng d lm phn hy cht cn tch. Chit ngc dng: dung mi v dung dch cn chit i ngc chiu nhau qu trnh lin tc. Chit lng - rn: c 2 cch Dng pha rn (nh Al2O3, nhm silicat, than): chit ly cc cht t 1 pha lng, ch yu nh s hp ph. Dng pha lng (dung mi hoc cc h dung mi): chit ly cc cht t mu phn tch l cht rn (nh bt, dc liu, cn kh ca mu th) II. Phng php sc k: 1. Khi nim: Nm 1903, nh thc vt hc M.Stsvet cho dch chit chlorophyl t l cy qua ct CaCO3, sau cho ether du ha chy qua thy cc sc t ca chlorophyl tch ring thnh nhng lp mu khc nhau (khng mu, vng, lc vng, lc cam, vng) Ct vi h thng cc lp mu tch c t tn l sc (hay sc k ) v k thut ny goi l phng php sc k (gm pha ng, pha tnh v mu th). Sc k l phng php tch cc cht da vo s phn b khc nhau ca chng 2 pha khng ha ln vo nhau v lun tip xc vi nhau, pha ng yn gi l pha tnh (SP) v pha di chuyn gi l pha ng (MP). Pha ng di chuyn dc theo h sc k, s lp i lp li qu trnh hp ph v phn hp ph. H qu l cc cht b hp ph nhiu (c i lc ln) vi pha tnh s di chuyn chm hn cc cht b hp ph t (c i lc yu) v chng c th tch ra khi nhau. 2. Phn loi cc phng php sc k: Trong phng php sc k, pha ng c th l lng hoc kh, pha tnh c th l lng hoc rn. Chia sc k thnh 2 nhm ln: sc k lng v sc k kh. Dng sc k Lng - Rn Lng - Lng Trao i ion Lp mng Giy Ry (sc k Gel) Pha ng Lng Lng Lng Lng Lng Lng Pha tnh Rn Lng Rn Rn Rn Lng Cch b tr pha tnh Ct Ct Ct Lp mng Giy sc k Ct C ch tch ca cc cht Hp ph Phn b Trao i ion Hp ph Phn b Theo kch thc phn t

Qu trnh sc k thng gm 3 giai on chnh: a mu th ln pha tnh. Cho pha ng chy qua pha tnh. LT Kim nghim Trang 7

 Pht hin cc cht v x l kt qu. 3. Mt s phng php sc k: Sc k lp mng: a. Khi nim: l h sc k lng - rn, trong pha tnh rn, pha ng l h dung mi, c ch hp ph Ta thu c 1 sc k trn lp mng. ng dng: nh tnh Th tinh khit nh lng u im l thit b n gin, thi gian phn tch nhanh, kh chn lc. b. i lng c trng: c trng cho mc di chuyn ca cht phn tch l h s lu gi Rf

Rf

a b

Tm ca vt sc k

Mc dung mi cui

Gi tr Rf khng lp li do ph thuc nhiu yu t: cht lng v hot tnh ca cht hp ph, m ca cht hp ph, cht lng ca dung mi Do ngi ta dng h s lu gi tng i Rtd

Rtd

a c

Trong c l khong cch t im xut pht n tm ca vt sc k cht c chn lm cht i chiu. Ngoi ra cn s dng i lng phn gii Rs ( nh gi kh nng tch cc cht) 2(d B d A ) Rs DB DA Trong : dA, dB: khong cch t im xut pht n tm ca vt sc k ca cht A v cht B trn sc (A v B l 2 cht trong hn hp, dB>dA) DA, DB: l ng knh ca vt sc k ca cht A v B trn sc . Yu cu: Rs>1, gi tr ti u Rs=1,5 c. Thit b, ha cht chnh: Cc loi cht hp ph s dng: Silicagel, nhm oxyd, cellulose, bt polyamid, sephadex Cht hp ph c tri di dng nho. Dung mi: ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht nghin cu, c th l n hay hn hp. Phi t tinh khit cao. Bnh sc k: l bnh thy tinh trong sut, kch thc ph hp, c np y kn. Dng c chm sc k: my chm sc k, micropipet, ng mao qun thng, ng mao qun nh mc chnh xc. Dng c pht hin: bnh phun thuc th, n hunh quang t ngoi, my o mt vt. d. Cc bc tin hnh: 5 bc Chun b bn mng: chn bn mng, chn cht ph hp, iu ch va ca cht hp ph, tri bn mng, lm kh t nhin, hot ha bn mng 1050C - 1100C. Chun b bnh khai trin sc k: Pha dung mi LT Kim nghim Trang 8

 Bo ha hi dung mi y np bnh yn 1 gi Chm sc k: l khu quan trng, lng mu 0,1 - 0,5 g ng vi th tch 0,001 0,005ml. im chm cch mp di bn mng 1,5cm, cch b mt dung mi 0,8 - 1,0cm. Vt chm nh gn, ng knh 2 - 4mm, cc vt chm cch nhau 15mm, vt chm cch b bn ca bn mng 1,0cm.

Trin khai sc k: t bn mng gn nh thng ng vo bnh sc k. y kn bnh v yn nhit c nh. Dung mi i ln 10 12cm th kt thc giai on trin khai sc k. Pht hin: ly bn mng ra khi bnh nh du ng i ca dung mi. Lm bay hi dung mi. T kt qu trn rt ra kt lun v nh tnh, th tinh khit. nh lng c th da trn din tch, m mu ca vt hoc x l bng cc bin php ha hc thch hp ly cht nghin cu ra khi bn mng. Sc k trao i ion: l dng sc k lng - rn. Pha tnh l 1 cht c kh nng trao i ion. Cht trao i ion gi l nha trao i ion hay ionid (ionid c kh nng trao i cation gi l cationid, ionid c kh nng trao i anion gi l anionid). Phng trnh trao i gia ion: Vi cationid: R-H + M+ R-M + H+ Vi anionid: R-OH + A- R-A + OH Ta c th ti sinh nha bng cch cho cationid tip xc vi dung dch acid, anionid tip xc vi dung dch base. K thut sc k: ct trao i ion l ct thy tinh hnh tr. ng dng: tch cc ion, nh lng, lm sch cc ion trong nc Ty theo iu kin m chn ionid c dung lng trao i ln, bn vng ha hc, c trng nc xc nh, kch thc ng nht Khi tin hnh sc k khng nha kh hoc c bt kh.

Bi 6: XC NH GII HN TP CHT TRONG THUC V TRONG DC LIU

LT Kim nghim Trang 9

I. Phng php gii hn tp cht trong thuc: 1. Phng php xc nh: Tp cht c th l cht v c, cht hu c (dng p ha hc) hay cht phn hy, tp cht c lin quan (dng sc k). Ly 2 bnh (thng l 2 ng nghim): Bnh 1: dung dch thuc em th Bnh 2: dung dch mu Sau tin hnh song song. So snh kt qu phn ng 2 bnh (thng l so mu hoc so c). Quan st c th nhn t trn xung, quan st mu th nhn ngang trn nn trng.

II. Xc nh tp cht trong dc liu: Tp cht trong dc liu bao gm: t, , rm, r, cy c khc, cc b phn khc ca cy, xc sc vt, xc cn trng Cch xc nh: Cn 1 lng mu theo chuyn lun, dn mng trn t giy, quan st bng mt hoc knh lp v tch ring ra khi dc liu. Cn khi lng tp, t tnh ra % tp ln trong dc liu. m %tap 100 a m: khi lng tp (g) a: khi lng mu ban u (g) III. Xc nh t l vun nt ca dc liu: Cn a gam (100 - 200g) dc liu loi b tp cht. m %vunnat 100 a

Bi 7: PHNG PHP CHUNG XC NH MT S CH S VT L

I. Khi lng ring v t trng: 1. nh ngha: Khi lng ring l khi lng ca 1 n v th tch cht xc nh nhit t m Dt v Trong : m l khi lng (g) V l th tch (ml) Trong ngnh Dc thng xc nh Dt nhit 200C (vit D20) T trng l t s gia khi lng ca 1 th tch cho trc ca cht v khi lng ca cng 1 th tch nc ct cng 1 th tch nc ct cng iu kin nhit (xc nh 200C) m d 20 m0 2. Phng php xc nh t trng d20 ca 1 cht lng: LT Kim nghim Trang 10

Phng php dng picnomet ( 200C): Cn chnh xc picnomet rng, kh, sch: m1 Cn chnh xc picnomet y cht th 200C: m2 cht th, ra sch, lm kh. Cn chnh xc picnomet y nc 200C: m3 m m2 m1 Tnh: d 20 m0 m3 m1

(tham kho trang 83 90) II. Php th r ca vin nn v vin nang: 1. Thit b: bao gm (xem hnh trang 91) 1. Ngun cung cp nhit 2. B iu nhit 3. Cc ng mi trng th 4. a y 5. ng hnh tr 6. Gi 7. B phn iu khin. 2. nh gi kt qu: Vn hnh my iu nhit nhit ca mi trng th t 370C 0,50C Mu th c xem l t v r hon ton khi khng cn cn, tr nhng mnh v nan hoc v bao khng tan ca vin nn. Nu c 6 vin u r ht: mu th t yu cu v r Nu cn di 2 vin cha r ht: th li trn 12 vin na Ch phm t yu cu v r khi 16 trong 18 vin t r theo quy nh Thi gian r ca vin nn 15 pht Thi gian r ca vin nang, bao phin 30 pht Thi gian r ca vin bao ng 60 pht Thi gian r ca vin si 5 pht Vin nhai khng th III. nh gi r ca vin bao tan trong rut: (tham kho trang 93)

BI TP
1. Tnh lng NH4Cl cn pha 1.000ml dung dch Amoni mu 100 phn triu. Bi lm + NH4 100 phn triu ngha l: Trong 1.000.000ml dd NH4+ th c 100g NH4+ nguyn cht Vy trong 1.000ml ( cho) th c bao nhiu NH4+ nguyn cht? 1.000.000ml 100g 1.000ml X? 100.1000 0,1( g ) X 1000000 LT Kim nghim Trang 11

NH 4 NH 4 Cl

53,5g 18g 35,5g Ta c: c 53,5g NH4Cl 18g NH4+ Y? 0,1g NH4+ Y

53,5.0,1 0, 297( g ) 18

2. Tnh lng NaCl cn pha 500ml dung dch ion HCl mu 500 phn triu, bit NaCl cha 5% tp cht. 3. Tnh lng K2SO4 cn pha 500ml dung dch ion Sulfat mu 1000 phn triu, bit K2SO4 ht 5% m. 4. Ngi ta nh lng Natri sulfat bng phng php sc k trao i ion, sau khi cho 10ml dd Natri sulfat Na2SO4 i qua ct trao i cation (RH), ngi ta thu c 1 lng acid. em lng acid ny nh lng bng dung dch KOH. Ht 12ml dd KOH 0,5N. a. Vit phng trnh phn ng. b. Xc nh nng % ca dung dch Na2SO4 ban u. Bi lm a. C 2 phng trnh phn ng: Phng trnh trao i ion

RH phn li thnh: R- + H+ Na2SO4 phn li thnh: Na+ + SO42 RNa cht rn H2SO4 cht lng, chy xung Phng trnh nh lng H2SO4 bng KOH Phng trnh phn ng: 2RH + Na2SO4 2RNa + H2SO4 142g 98g H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O 98g 112g b. Tnh C% Na2SO4 Theo ta c: NE 0,5.56 mKOH V 12 0,336( g ) 1000 1000 LT Kim nghim

(1) (2)

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T (2): 98g H2SO4 112g KOH X? 0,336g X

98.0,336 0, 294( g ) 112

T (1): 142g Na2SO4 98g H2SO4 Y? 0,294g

142.0, 294 0, 426( g ) 98 m m 0, 426 C % ct 100 ct 100 100 4, 26% mdd V 100

(mdd=V.d vi d=1, dd long)

5. Ngi ta nh lng Natri sulfat bng phng php sc k trao i ion, sau khi cho 10ml dd Natri sulfat Na2SO4 i qua ct trao i anion (ROH), ngi ta thu c 1 lng NaOH. em lng NaOH ny nh lng bng dung dch HCl. Ht 12ml dd HCl 0,5N. c. Vit phng trnh phn ng. d. Xc nh nng % ca dung dch Na2SO4 ban u.

LT Kim nghim

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