Nghin cu tnh a dng thc vt t ngp nc ca sng Nhu - y (phn chy qua tnh H Nam) v kh nng s dng chng

x l nhim mi trng
Nguyn Th Vit Nga
Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin Lun vn Thc s ngnh: Khoa hc Mi trng; M s: 60 85 02 Ngi hng dn: PGS.TS Trn Vn Thy Nm bo v: 2012
Abstract: nh gi hin trng a dng sinh hc ca thc vt t ngp nc lu vc sng Nhu, sng y (phn chy qua tnh H Nam) v gi tr s dng ca chng. Tm hiu kh nng s dng mt s loi thc vt t ngp nc trong vic x l nhim mi trng nc. nh hng mt s m hnh hp l cho vic x l nhim mi trng nc sng Nhu, sng y. Keywords: Khoa hc mi trng; t ngp nc; nhim mi trng ; Thc vt Content PHN M U Phn gii thc vt l mt b phn quan trng cu thnh nn sinh gii. Chng rt phong ph v a dng v thnh phn loi, khu vc phn b v c mi trng sng. Mt b phn thc vt trong qu trnh tin ha thch nghi vi i sng m t v chu ngp c gi l thc vt t ngp nc. Hin nay, vic tm hiu v nghin cu nhm thc vt ny ang ngy cng thu ht s quan tm ca rt nhiu cc nh khoa hc, c bit l nghin cu v mc a dng, vai tr v kh nng s dng chng x l nhim mi trng nc. Phng php x l ny v ang c ng dng ph bin nhiu quc gia trn th gii vi cc kt qu mang li rt kh quan. i vi Vit Nam, y l loi hnh cng ngh tng i mi nhng s l mt hng i bn vng v nhng li ch vt tri m n mang li: hiu qu tt, tnh kinh t cao v rt thn thin vi mi trng. Sng Nhu, sng y chy qua a phn tnh H Nam l mt ngun ti nguyn phong ph gp phn vo s pht trin kinh t x hi ca khu vc. H thng sng cung cp nc sinh hot cho ngi dn, phc v ti tiu nng nghip, sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng

nghip y cn l ngun li di do ca c dn sng hai bn lu vc sng thng qua vic nh bt hay nui trng thy sn. Ngoi ra y cn l h thng tiu thot nc cho thnh ph H Ni. Tuy nhin, s pht trin kinh t x hi, tc th ha, dn s tng nhanh ca tnh H Nam v cc khu vc ln cn gy ra nhng tc ng tiu cc n mi trng sinh thi, khin n khng cn gi nguyn c trng thi cn bng ban u. Cc ngun nc thi ngoi tnh v ni tnh bao gm nc thi sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip v cc lng ngh cha c x l ng theo tiu chun quy nh m thi b trc tip vo ngun nc tip nhn l nguyn nhn lm cho mi trng nc sng Nhu, sng y ngy cng nhim nghim trng, nht l vo ma nc kit. Hu qu l nh hng n mc a dng sinh hc ca h sinh thi lu vc sng, trong c thc vt t ngp nc. phc v cng tc qun l v s dng bn vng h sinh thi thy vc, xut gii php gp phn ci thin cht lng ngun nc sng Nhu, sng y, chng ti thc hin ti Nghin cu tnh a dng thc vt t ngp nc ca sng Nhu - y (phn chy qua tnh H Nam) v kh nng s dng chng x l nhim mi trng vi cc mc tiu: - nh gi hin trng a dng sinh hc ca thc vt t ngp nc lu vc sng Nhu, sng y (phn chy qua tnh H Nam) v gi tr s dng ca chng. - Tm hiu kh nng s dng mt s loi thc vt t ngp nc trong vic x l nhim mi trng nc. - nh hng mt s m hnh hp l cho vic x l nhim mi trng nc sng Nhu, sng y.

CHNG I: TNG QUAN TI LIU 1.1 Thc vt t ngp nc 1.1.1 Khi nim thc vt t ngp nc - Thc vt t ngp nc: l thut ng c s dng nh ngha cho thc vt thy sinh, nhng loi thch nghi v pht trin trong mi trng m t v chu ngp hoc sng trong nc. 1.1.2 Cc dng sng ca thc vt t ngp nc Theo Arber (1920), da trn c im hnh thi, c th chia cc dng sng ca thc vt t ngp nc bao gm: 1) Thc vt ni 2) Thc vt ngp nc 3) Thc vt l ni: a) c r v b) ni t do Phn loi ny c s dng cho thc vt thn tho, cy thn g v cy b i. 1.1.3 Vai tr ca thc vt thy sinh trong x l nc thi cc vng t ngp nc Bng 1.1: Tm lc v vai tr ca thc vt t ngp nc trong x l Vai tr trong x l Gim nh sng gim s pht trin ca sinh vt ph du nh hng ca vi kh hu cch nhit trong ma ng Gim tc gi gim nguy c phn tn To tnh thm m cho h thng D tr dinh dng M ngp trong nc Kh nng lc lc ra cc mnh vn ln Gim tc dng chy tng tc lng, gim nguy c phn tn Cung cp din tch b mt cho mng sinh hc To oxy phn hy hiu kh Hp thu cht nhim R v thn r trong trm n nh b mt trm tch gim xi mn tch Ngn chn tc nghn trong h thng chy thng ng To oxy tng phn hy v nitrat ha Hp thu cht nhim Tit khng sinh 1.2 Khi qut tnh hnh nghin cu thc vt t ngp nc v vic s dng chng x l nhim mi trng nc trn th gii v Vit Nam 1.2.1 Trn th gii Bt u t nm 1950, c mt s thay i cn bn v s quan tm i vi vng t ngp nc. C nhiu lnh vc c nghin cu trong vic xc nh thnh phn loi, cng c im thc vt ln M hiu kh

dng ca thc vt t ngp nc ngy cng y hn. Nm 1952, nhng nghin cu th nghim u tin v kh nng x l nc thi ca cc loi thc vt t ngp nc c thc hin bi Kathe Seidel c [28]. Loi thc vt c b s dng nhiu l cy c Nn ( Scirpus lacustris). Cc cng trnh nghin cu ca Seidel t nn mng u tin cho mt hng i mi trong vic x l nc thi bng cc loi thc vt thy sinh. Cng ngh thc vt x l nhim mi trng nc ngy cng c ch trng, pht trin quy m ln v c p dng rt nhiu quc gia. y l hng nghin cu ang c tip tc pht trin mnh cc nc chu u, chu M, cc nc chu (c bit l Trung Quc v Thi Lan) v mt s nc khc. Trong nhng nm qua, s loi thc vt c kh nng x l nhim mi trng nc c pht hin ngy mt nhiu. Cc nghin cu c thc hin mt cch ton din t l thuyt n thc tin. 1.2.2. i vi Vit Nam Cc loi thc vt sng cc khu vc m t, sng sui, ngp nc, trong rng ngp mn c nh dng v lit k trong danh lc cc loi thc vt Vit Nam [2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 13, 14, 27]. Tuy nhin, vic tm hiu v nghin cu vai tr ca chng trong mi trng nc cng nh kh nng s dng trong x l nhim mi trng nc cn ang hn ch. 1.3 Khi qut cc iu kin t nhin, kinh t x hi vng ven sng Nhu, sng y 1.3.1 c im iu kin t nhin 1.3.1.1 Sng Nhu Sng Nhu nay thuc thnh ph H Ni v tnh H Nam vi chiu di khong 74km, chy gn nh theo hng Bc Ty Bc Nam ng Nam. Trong phm vi ca tnh H Nam, sng Nhu chy qua vng tip gip huyn Duy Tin v huyn Kim Bng v vo sng y ti thnh ph Ph L. 1.3.1.2 Sng y Sng y c chiu di khong 240km, bt ngun t sng Hng ti thn Vn C c, chy qua H Ni, H Nam, Ninh Bnh, Nam nh. Chiu di ca sng y chy qua tnh H Nam khong 47km, n thnh ph Ph L c dng sng Nhu gp nc t pha t ngn. Sng y tip tc hnh trnh v ng ba Gin Khu ri ra vnh Bc B Ca y huyn Kim Sn [12].

Sng Nhu

Sng y

1.3.2 Tnh hnh pht trin kinh t x hi di ven sng Nhu, sng y 1.3.2.1 Sng Nhu

Hnh 1.5: Lu vc sng Nhu, sng y (Ngun Internet)

Trong phm vi lu vc sng c khu cng nghip Hong ng, quy m va v nh , u t trn lnh vc sn xut v kinh doanh hng tiu dng, xut khu nh may, thu ren, giy da, ha m phm, g gia dng ni tht, cng nghip c kh, cng nghip ch bin nng lm thy sn 1.3.2.2 Sng y - on sng t x Tng Lnh n Ph L: Pha Ty t x Kh Phong n x Thanh Sn, ngun nc sng y chu tc ng ca khu vc khai thc x Tng Lnh, m st Kh Phong, cht thi khu dn c th trn Qu, nh my gch Kim Bng, bn xut nhp vt liu ca nh my, cng ty xi mng 77 - on sng t Ph L ti cu Gin Khu: Ti y hnh thnh cm cng nghip gm x nghip ti ch giy, cng ty dt H Nam, kho xng du, trm trn b tng, cng khu vc cu . Pha Ty c khu cng nghip sn xut v vi Kin Kh gm hng chc x nghip sn xut, hng chc l vi lin hon ca hp tc x v t nhn. Ti khu vc Kin Kh, c cng Bt Sn l cng chnh xut nhp nguyn liu, chuyn ch clinker v xi mng ca cng ty xi mng Bt Sn. T Thanh Thy n Thanh Ngh l khu vc khai thc ca mt s cng ty v cc c s t nhn. Nhn xt chung: Hin nay, dc lu vc sng y, sng Nhu, tnh hnh pht trin kinh t x hi ang din ra nhanh v mnh. Tuy nhin, cc ngun thi pht sinh t qu trnh ny cha c x l ng yu cu gy nh hng nghim trng n mi trng nc lu vc sng Nhu, sng y. 1.3.3 Cht lng mi trng nc sng Nhu - y (phn chy qua tnh H Nam) 1.3.3.1 Cht lng nc sng Nhu Gi tr WQI ti cc im quan trc trn sng Nhu c biu din trong bng sau: Bng 1.3: Gi tr WQI trn sng Nhu Thi gian a im Cng Thn Cng Nht Tu Kiu Thng 7/2010 15 14 15 Thng 7/2011 46 50 65 Thng 7/2012 46 71 71

Cu Hng Ph

17

50

51

Ngun: Tng cc Mi trng, 2012 [17]

Cht lng nc trn sng Nhu (on qua tnh H Nam) c tin trin tt t thng 7/2010 n nay. Mc nhim cao nht vo nm 2010, gi tr WQI nm trong gii hn 0 25. Trong hai nm tr li y, cht lng nc c chuyn bin theo chiu hng tt, gi tr WQI nm trong gii hn 51 75, nc c th s dng cho mc ch ti tiu v cc mc ch tng ng khc. 1.3.3.2. Cht lng nc sng y Gi tr WQI ti cc im quan trc trn sng y c biu din trong bng sau: Bng 1.4: Gi tr WQI trn sng y Thi gian a im Cu Qu Trm bm Thanh Nn Cu X Cu phao Kin Kh Thanh Tn Thng 7/2010 18 18 18 17 16 Thng 7/2011 17 17 15 17 17 Thng 7/2012 17 17 17 17 18

Ngun: Tng cc Mi trng, 2012 [17]

Cht lng nc trn sng y khng thay i nhiu qua cc nm quan trc. Gi tr WQI ch ra nc sng nhim nng, v cn c cc bin php x l trong tng lai. Ti cc im quan trc bao gm cu Qu, trm bm Thanh Nn, cu X, cht lng nc c xu hng nhim gia tng . Ring ti Thanh Tn l v tr quan trc m cht lng nc ti ang c s thay i theo chiu hng tt. 1.3.4. Nguyn nhn ca tnh trng nhim mi trng nc sng Nhu, sng y C hai nguyn nhn chnh gy nn tnh trng nhim mi trng nc sng Nhu, sng y. l ngun nhim ni tnh v ngun nhim ngoi tnh. 1.3.4.1. Ngun nhim ni tnh - Tc ng ca qu trnh th ha - Tc ng ca pht trin cng nghip - Tc ng ca pht trin nng nghip v tp qun lc hu ca ngi dn 1.3.4.2. Ngun nhim ngoi tnh

Sng Nhu, sng y chy vo a phn tnh H Nam mang theo mt khi lng ln nc thi ca cc c s sn xut, lng ngh v ngun nc thi sinh hot ca thnh ph H Ni. Hi n nay, thng k s b, ngun nc thi ngoi tnh ny khong 700.000 m3//ngy m [15] v ngy cng tng v lu lng v nng cc cht nhim. CHNG 2: I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1. i tng nghin cu L cc loi thc vt t ngp nc ca sng Nhu , sng y (trong a phn ca tnh H Nam). ti ch tp trung nghin cu phn thc vt bc cao. y l mt trong cc nhm sinh vt ng gp quan trng cho chc nng sinh thi mi trng v tnh a dng sinh hc ca vng nghin cu. 2.2. Phng php nghin cu 2.2.1. Phng php k tha Phng php ny c s dng nhm xc nh, phn tch, nh gi v tng hp cc d liu c lin quan n ti nghin cu. T , trn c s k tha c chn lc s dng cc thng tin cn thit phc v cho ti nghin cu. 2.2.2. Phng php phn tch thm thc vt - M t v phn tch cu trc: Nhng phng php c tin hnh da trn cng b ca cc tc gi c uy tn. Quan im nghin cu c da trn phng php c a UNESCO v phn tch cu trc v hnh thi thm thc vt (1979) [11]. - Phng php iu tra da trn bn v kho st thc a: Cc im kho st v tuyn kho st c thit lp tri rng qua tt c cc n v thm thc vt ca cc h sinh thi khc nhau theo tuyn sng. Cc im kho st c nh v ta bng GPS trn bn , t thit lp h thng tuyn kho st v cc h thng im quan st ly m u. C 3 tuyn kho st chnh: + Tuyn 1: Trn sng Nhu, bt u tr ng ba Ph Vn i Nht Tu. + Tuyn 2: Trn sng y, bt u t ng ba Ph Vn i Tng Lnh. + Tuyn 3: Trn sng y, bt u t ni hp dng ca hai nhnh s ng xui n Gin Khu. Tuyn kho st ca chng ti thit lp t st mp nc ti cc h sinh thi ven sng v cc h sinh thi ngp nc ngt thng xuyn. y l din tch ch yu ca vng nghin cu vi s hin din y cc thnh phn ca h sinh thi thy vc sng. phn tch thc trng thc vt, chng ti thu thp mu, quan st cc yu t cu thnh thm thc vt v h thc

vt c v cu trc khng gian, cu trc thnh phn loi (Wittaker - 1962) cc nhn t mi trng. - nh gi tnh a dng qun x thc vt: C bn da trn quan im h sinh thi (Tansley, 1935) 2.2.3. Phng php phn tch nh gi tnh a dng h thc vt - Phn tch a dng v thnh phn loi: Da trn quan im truyn thng v h thc vt, ch kim k cc loi thc vt bc cao c mch, mc t nhin hoc cc loi ngoi lai t nhin ha khng ph thuc vo s chm sc ca con ngi. - nh gi tnh a dng thnh phn loi, c trng cu trc h thng h thc vt: S sp xp cc loi vo Taxon bc cao hn (chi, h...) theo quan im ca vn thc vt K iu, lin hip vng quc Anh v Bc Ai Len (Brummitt, 1992) [20]. Tn tc gi cc Taxon vit theo Brummitt v Powell (1992) [21]. Cc ngnh thc vt c xp theo s tin ha ca thc vt, t pht tn bng bo t (Khuyt l thng, Thng t, Dng x) n cc ngnh thc vt c ht (Thng, Ngc lan). Cc h trong tng ngnh (ring ngnh Ngc lan th xp cc h trong tng lp), cc chi trong tng h v cc loi trong tng chi xp theo th t ch ci trong bng ch ci ABC theo tn khoa hc. - Phn tch nh gi mc giu loi qu him: theo IUCN, 2004 v cc tiu chun trong sch Vit Nam, 2007; Ngh nh s 48/2002/N CP, v loi c gi tr ti nguyn (theo Ti nguyn thc vt ng Nam Prosea, 1995) [3]. 2.2.4. Phng php xy dng cc m hnh s dng thc vt cho gim thiu nhim mi trng nc - T kt qu iu tra v thnh phn cc loi thc vt c mch phn b trong h sinh thi chu ngp nc ngt thng xuyn v tm thi v t t ven sng trn lu vc sng Nhu, sng y (trong a phn tnh H Nam), chng ti chn ra mt s loi thc vt thy sinh in hnh c kh nng x l nhim mi trng nc. y chnh l cc tp on cy trng s c s dng trong m hnh cho vic gim thiu nhim mi trng nc khu vc nghin cu. - M hnh chnh c s dng l m hnh t ngp nc vi dng chy b mt (Free water surface constructed wetlands FWS CW) bao gm cc lu vc hoc cc knh, vi t hoc cc vt liu khc thch hp cho thc vt c r (nu c) v mc nc chy qua h tng i nng, vn tc dng chy nh, v c thn cy v l iu tit lu lng nc, m bo iu kin dng chy khng b xo trn. Mt trong nhng mc ch thit k chnh ca h l cho nc thi tip xc vi b mt sinh hc hot ng (Kadlec v Knight, 1996) [24].

C s khoa hc ca phng php x l nc thi bng h thc vt bc cao l s kt hp ca cc loi thc vt v cc vi sinh vt. S phn hy cc cht hu c do vi sinh vt sng trong h thng r ca cc loi thc vt ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh x l. C c vi sinh vt sinh sng trong h thng r thc vt thy sinh c mi quan h cng sinh vi nhng loi thc vt bc cao hn. Ngoi ra, cc vi sinh vt c th s dng mt phn hoc ton b cc cht nhim trong nc thi nh mt ngun dinh d ng. V vy qu trnh phn hy cht hu c xy ra nhanh hn v cc cht hu c gy nhim trong nc thi c loi b (Wolverton, 1987) [29]. Cc FWS CW c phn loi theo cc loi thc vt: + H thng vi thc vt tri ni t do (V d: Lc bnh, bo tm). + H thng vi thc vt l n i (V d: Sng, Sen). + H thng vi thc vt sng chm trong nc (V d: Rong ui ch, rong mi cho). + H thng vi thc vt chu ngp c r bm t ngp nc v thn vn ln khi mt nc (v d: Sy). tng hiu qu ca vic x l v ph hp vi iu kin thc t ca khu vc nghin cu, m hnh chng ti xut l s kt hp cc h thng trn, thc vt s dng bao gm cc tp on cy trng v b sung thm cc thc vt c kh nng ch th cho mi trng nc sch lm c s nh gi cht lng nc.

CHNG 3: KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN 3.1. Hin trng cc loi thc vt bc cao c mch trn ton vng nghin cu 3.1.1. a dng cc bc taxon Trn ton b din tch ca thy vc nghin cu, bao gm cc din tch ngp nc thng xuyn, cc din tch ngp tm thi, cc din tch m t ven sng v h sinh thi nng nghip, h sinh thi khu dn c tp trung trn t chm thot nc ven sng thu thp c 197 loi thuc 152 chi ca 70 h thuc 3 ngnh thc vt bc cao c mch (Ngnh Mc Lan Magnoliophyta; ngnh Dng x Polypodiophyta v C Thp Bt Equisetophyta). C th nh sau: - Ngnh Mc Lan Magnoliophyta: c 2 lp (lp Mc Lan Magnoliopsida v lp Hnh Liliopsida) gm 66 h thuc 148 chi vi s loi l 192 loi chim 97,46% tng s loi c kho st. Trong lp Mc Lan c 146 loi thuc 108 chi ca 51 h . Trong lp Hnh c 46 loi thuc 40 chi ca 15 h.

- Ngnh Dng x Polypodiophyta: c 3 h thuc 3 chi ca 4 loi chim 2,03% tng s loi. - Ngnh C Thp Bt Equisetophyta: c 1 h thuc 1 chi ca 1 loi chim 0,51% tng s loi. Bng 3.1: Thnh phn loi thc vt bc cao c mch thuc khu vc nghin cu Tn ngnh Tn khoa hc Equisetophyta Polypodiophyta Magnoliophyta -Magnoliopsida - Liliopsida Tn Vit Nam C thp bt Dng x Mc Lan - Lp Mc lan - Lp Hnh Tng SL 1 4 192 146 46 197 Loi % 0,51 2,03 97,46 74,11 23,35 100 SL 1 3 148 108 40 152 Chi % 0,66 1,97 97,36 71,05 26,31 100 SL 1 3 66 51 15 70 H % 1,43 4,29 94,28 72,86 21,42 100

C th biu din mc a dng cc bc Taxon trong vng nghin cu bng biu sau:
1% 2% 23%

74%

Ngnh Mc Lan (Lp Mc lan) Ngnh Dng X

Ngnh Mc Lan (Lp Hnh) Ngnh C Thp Bt

Biu 3.1: Mc a dng cc bc taxon Nh vy, chim phn ln trong cc loi thc vt c kho st thuc ngnh Mc lan Magnoliophyta (Lp Mc lan chim 74%; Lp Hnh chim 23%), s cn li thuc v cc ngnh Dng x Polypodiophyta (2%) v C Thp Bt Equisetophyta (1%). Trong ngnh

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thc vt ht kn, cc loi ca lp hai l mm chim u th v l nhng loi thng tr trong cc qun x t nhin trn cn v mt s qun x thy vc sng. Xt t trng cc loi t nhin v cy trng, cc loi t nhin phn ln thuc h sinh thi thy vc, cc loi cy trng v mt s loi t nhin cn li thuc cc h sinh thi nng nghip v khu dn c. 3.1.2. a dng v ti nguyn thc vt Cc loi thc vt c ch trong khu vc nghin cu kh a dng. Cho ti nay bit c 11 cng dng khc nhau ca cc loi c mt trong khu vc. C th nh sau:

Bng 3.2: T l ca cc loi thc vt c cng dng trong khu vc nghin cu STT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Ni dung Cho g Nguyn liu giy Tinh du Du bo Cho tannin Lm thuc Cht nhum Cy cnh Thc n cho ngi Thc n gia sc Nguyn liu xy dng K hiu G Gs Td Db Ta Th Nh Ca Tng Tgs Xd S lng loi 17 3 2 6 2 80 2 20 73 21 2

Nhiu loi trong s chng c n 2 hoc 3 cng dng khc nhau. Theo thng k, nhng loi c cng dng lm thuc c s lng cao nht vi 80 loi, tip n l cc loi lm lng thc cho con ngi (73 loi) v cc loi thit yu khc phc v cuc sng nh: cho g (17 loi), cy cnh (20 loi), thc n gia sc (21 loi)... 3.2. nh gi tnh a dng thc vt trong h sinh thi thy vc sng y, sng Nhu v cc h sinh thi ln cn nh hng tng tc l n nhau 3.2.1. a dng cc loi thc vt bc cao c mch trong h sinh thi chu ngp nc ngt thng xuyn, tm thi v t t chm thot nc ven sng Gii hn ca cc h sinh thi ny c ghi nhn bao gm cc di bn ngp v thy vc ca sng y v sng Nhu, chng bao gm cc loi c bin sinh thi khc nhau, t

11

nhng loi c bin sinh thi rng c th sng trong nhiu mi trng c ch ngp nc khc nhau ti nhng loi c bin sinh thi hp ch sng c trong mi trng ngp nc ngt thng xuyn. Theo ghi nhn ca cc t iu tra thc a, c th nhn nh c 52 loi thc vt bc cao c mch thuc 32 h c bin sinh thi khc nhau sng trong h sinh thi ny, chng bao gm cc nhm chnh sau: 3.2.1.1. Nhm cc loi thc vt sng chm trong nc Gm cc loi Rong mi cho Potamogeton crispus L., Rau Mc thon Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms, Rau bt Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers., Rong ui ch Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, tt c nhng loi ny l thc vt ch th cho mi trng nc sch. Hin nay chng phn b nhiu nht trn thng ngun sng, nhng ni mi trng nc cha b nhim, nht l thng ngun sng y. Tp hp cc loi ny to thnh qun x thc vt thy sinh sng chm c r bm hoc ton b thn r l sng da vo nc ca thy vc. Qun x ny pht trin mnh nht v t sinh khi cao nht trn nhng thy vc c iu kin t nhin cha thay i mnh nh thng du sng y thuc x Tng Lnh. Chiu cao ca qun x t ti 1,5 2m (tnh t y sng), sinh khi t ti 35 tn/ha. y ng thi l sinh thi cho nhiu loi ng vt thch nghi vi mi trng nc sch mn cm vi cc mc nhim khc nhau. 3.2.1.2. Nhm cc loi thc vt sng tri ni trn mt nc L nhng loi thc vt c r hoc thn r pht trin trong nc, phn thn v l ni trn mt nc v c th di chuyn nh nc. Ton b qu trnh dinh dng v trao i cht din ra nh nc. Chng bao gm cc loi: Bo ty Eichhornia crassipes (Mares) Solms, Bo ci Pistia stratiotes L., Bo ong Salvinia natans (L.) All., Bo tai chut Salvinia cucullata Roxb., Bo tm Lemna perpusilla Torr., Rau mung Ipomoea aquatica Forsk., Ng tru Enydra fluctuans Lour. Thng thng cc loi tri ni tp trung thnh tng mng vi cc kch thc khc nhau. Bin sinh thi ca cc loi kh rng, phn b t nhng ni nc sch n nhng vng nc b nhim tng i nng. Kch thc v sinh khi qun x rt khc nhau ty thuc vo mi trng. Trn nhng vng nc sch cha b nhim thng tn ti cc qun hp nh Bo ty Eichhornia crassipes (Mares) Solms, qun hp Bo ci Pistia stratiotes L. Trn nhng vng b nhim kh mnh thng thy qun x thc vt tri ni vi u th cc loi Rau mung Ipomoea aquatica Forsk., Bo ty Eichhornia crassipes (Mares) Solms, Bo ci Pistia stratiotes L., Bo ong Salvinia natans (L.) All., Bo tai chut Salvinia cucullata Roxb., Bo tm Lemna perpusilla Torr., Ng tru Enydra fluctuans Lour. Chng to thnh nhng mng ln ph kn trn mt din tch ln thy vc. Nhng ni nc nng gn b xut hin thm cc i din chu ngp c nh nh Rau da nc Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara, Rau mng ng Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven (phn b ni nc sch), C gng nc Panicum repens L., Sy Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin., C lng vc nh Echinochloa

12

colona Link, C lng vc Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv... Din tch kch thc v sinh khi qun x thay i theo ma nc, tuy nhin trn nhng vng nc t chy xit chng thng pht trin rt mnh, tp trung thnh nhng khu vc ln trn b mt cng nh ngp trong nc trong cc thy vc ni trn. Nhiu loi trong s chng c kh nng phn gii tng phn nhim ngun nc sng. Sinh khi trung bnh t khong 45 50 tn/ha. Qun x ny ph bin trn tt c cc tuyn sng kho st. Nhn chung, cc qun x thc vt tri ni ny c nh hng rt ln n cht lng nc trn cc lu vc sng nht l on t cng Nht Tu n ng ba sng ni ha ngun nc vi sng y. Chng c tc dng lm lng ng cc cht thi rn tri ni trong ngun nc chy qua cng Nht Tu nh h r ca cc c th trong qun x. Tuy nhin, bn cnh , s pht trin ca chng li lm hn ch dng chy v mi khi c ma xung hay mi t thi nc qua cng, do cc qun x ny gy cn tr dng ch y lm nc thi nhim lan rng vo cc di t ven sng. 3.2.1.3. Nhm cc loi thc vt chu ngp L nhng loi to nn cc qun x thc vt c sc nht c v ngha sinh thi ln cnh quan ca khu vc. Mt s loi trong chng l nhng loi t nhin cn st li trn nhng di ngp ven sng, ni cn tng ph sa lng ng v c xem l nhng qun x nguyn sinh cn st li trong khi mt s loi khc to thnh cc qun x th sinh trn nhng din tch nhim nng. Do kh a dng v dng sng t cc cy g, cy bi n nhng loi thn c dng la, thn tho nn chng hnh thnh nhiu qun x a dng khc nhau. Bng 3.4: Cc loi thc vt chu ngp nc ngt thng xuyn v tm thi Loi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Tn Khoa hc Marsilea quadrifolia L. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) A.DC. Lophopetalum wightianum Arn. Lagestroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne Fraxinus chinensis Roxb. Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven Polygonum barbatum Lour. Polygonum chinensis L. Polygonum hydropiper L. Polygonum odoratum Lour. Polygonum orientale L. Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) Teysm. Et Binn. Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. Tn Vit Nam Rau b thng Rau du thng Sang trng Bng lng nc Vy c n Trn b trung quc Rau da nc Rau mng ng Ngh tru Thm lm Ngh rm Rau rm Ngh phng ng Gng vng hai ht Go vng Hnh thi Thn tho Thn tho G G Thn tho G Thn tho Thn tho Thn tho Thn tho Thn tho Thn tho Thn tho Cy Bi G

13

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

Salix tetrasperma Roxb. S. sagittaefolia L. subsp. Leucopetela (Miq.) Hartoz. Acorus verus Houtt. Colocasia gigantea (Blume) Hook.f. Cyperus tegetiformis Roxb. Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schult. Eriocaulon bonii Lecomte Eriocaulon gracile Mart. In Wall. Acrachne racemosa (Roem.et Sch.) Ohwi Echinochloa colona Link Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. Panicum repens L. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin.

V nc T c, rau mc Thy xng b Dc mng to Lc nc Nn cnh nhn C di trng bon C di trng C mn tru tng C lng vc nh C lng vc C gng nc Sy

G Thn tho Thn tho Thn tho Thn c Thn c Thn c Thn c Thn c Thn c Thn c Thn c Thn c

Trong thy vc nghin cu c th thy tnh a dng cc qun x thc vt chu ngp thng qua cc c trng nh sau: a. Cc loi cy g v cc qun x rng ngp nc ngt thng xanh cy l rng do chng to thnh: y l qun x c sc nht v him gp nht khng ch trn cc sng kho st m hu nh rt t gp trn cc sng ng bng Bc B. Chng c hnh thnh bi cc loi cy g thng xanh chu ngp cy l rng ca lp hai l mm ngnh Ht kn. Tham gia tng tn c cc loi V nc Salix tetrasperma Roxb., Trn b Trung quc Fraxinus chinensis Roxb., Go vng Nauclea orientalis (L.) L., Sang trng Lophopetalum wightianum Arn., i ch cn thy c Bng lng nc Lagestroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.. Hin nay do tc ng mnh ca con ngi c v tc nhn c hc (cht ph) v tc nhn khc (gy nhim ngun nc) cho nn phn ln din tch ny b thu hp ch cn nhng mnh nh ri rc ven sng vi cc qun x c thnh phn loi u th khc nhau. Trn din tch nh t ng ba sng Ph Vn i cng Nht Tu cn st li qun x vi u th chnh l V nc Salix tetrasperma Roxb., Trn b Trung quc Fraxinus chinensis Roxb.. Ngoi ra cn thy ri rc cc c th Go vng Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. Mt c th cc loi u th khong 70%, che ph tng tn khong 60%. Chiu cao qun x 7 8m, khong cch gia cc c th cy g trung bnh 6m/cy, sinh khi trung bnh t khong 70 tn/ha. Qun x ang chu nh hng mnh ca qu trnh nhim ngun nc ti khu vc. Tng di tn pht trin kh ng nht vi cc loi thc vt tri ni nh Rau mung Ipomoea aquatica Forsk., Bo ty Eichhornia crassipes (Mares) Solms, Ng tru Enydra fluctuans Lour.. Bn cnh cc loi chu ngp nh Rau da nc Ludwigia adscendens (L.), C gng

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nc Panicum repens L., Rau b Marsilea quadrifolia L.. Nhiu ni chng thot ly khi tng cy g to thnh qun x ring tri ni trn sng thnh cc mng, cc b ln. Trong tt c cc im kho st ch duy nht y tn ti qun x tng i c trng cho rng ngp nc ngt vi kh nhiu loi u th, th hin tnh a dng ca kiu rng ny ng thi n vn gi c nhiu c im tng ng vi nhng c im ca qun x t b tc ng cht ph. Ngi dn ni y ang tn dng qun x ny gi ph sa, dn dn to thnh din tch canh tc theo cc mc ch khc nhau. Trong tuyn sng y t ng ba Ph Vn i Tng Lnh, qun x ch cn li nhng din tch nh ven sng di dng cc di hp cc c th u th thuc loi V nc Salix tetrasperma Roxb., thnh phn cc loi cn li khng r nt. Trn sut chiu di ca on sng nghin cu thy s xen ln ca cc loi C gng nc Panicum repens L., Sy Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. , nh l s hin din cc loi di tn. Vng h du t ni hp nht ca hai sng ti ng ba Ph Vn chy xung, qun x ch cn di dng cc mnh nh ri rc, i ch cc c th ch c vi chc thm ch vi c th ri rc vi u th chnh l V nc Salix tetrasperma Roxb., loi di tn ch yu l Sy Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin., Bo ty Eichhornia crassipes (Mares) Solms, Ng tru Enydra fluctuans Lour.. Xen ln trong cc m Sy l cc loi dy leo thuc mt s h nh Thin l Asclepiadaceae, h Khoai lang Convolvulaceae b. Cc loi cy thn c v cc trng c ngp nc do chng to thnh : Phn b rng khp lu vc t thng du ti h du ca c hai sng. C th xc nh c hai qun x chnh sau: - Qun x Sy Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin.: Loi u th chnh l Sy vi mt c th chim ti trn 90%. che ph ti 100%. Chiu cao trn 2 mt. Cc loi i theo ch yu l dy leo thuc h Thin l Asclepiadaceae, h Khoai lang Convolvulaceae. Qun x c bin sinh thi rng, phn b t din tch thy vc cha b nhim trn, vng nc sch thng du cho ti vng b nhim nng h du. y l mt trong nhng qun x c kh nng phn gii, gim thiu cht nhim cho mi trng nc v c nh ph sa kh hiu qu. C th vn dng trong xy dng m hnh kinh t sinh thi lm sch mi trng nc. - Qun x Rau da nc Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara, C gng nc Panicum repens L., C lng vc nh Echin ochloa colona Link, C lng vc Echinochloa crus -galli (L.) P.Beauv, Lc nc Cyperus tegetiformis Roxb.. Qun x ny phn b di dng cc mnh nh manh mn dc theo sng. Cc loi i theo gm Nn cnh nhn Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schult., C di trng bon Eriocaulon bonii Lecomte, C di trng

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Eriocaulon gracile Mart. In Wall., Rau du thng Alternanthera sessilis (L.) A.DC., Rau b Marsilea quadrifolia L. 3.2.1.4. Nhm cc loi trn t t chm thot nc ven sng Nhng cy g trng v t nhin l tp on cy chnh trn din tch ny, mc ch s dng chng ch yu bo v b sng trnh b xi l, c nh ph sa v trng lm cnh, ly bng mt. Nhng cy thng gp l Sung Ficus racemosa L. (n qu, n l, c nh t ph sa), Si Ficus benjamina L. (lm cnh, c nh t ph sa), Lc vng Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. (lm cnh, c nh t, n l non), Roi Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston (n qu), Tre gai Bambusa blumeana Schult. & Schult. (bng mt, c nh t, chng xi l), Da Cocos nucifera L. (bng mt, n qu), Go hoa Bombax ceiba L. (lm cnh, bng mt), Phn en Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir.. ng lu l h sinh thi ni y b tc ng bi loi cy xm ln theo ngi l Ma dng Mimosa pigra L. pht trin rt mnh dc hai bn b sng. y l loi c bin sinh thi rng, c kh nng pht trin mnh t vng ngp nc mn, nc nhim phn ti cc vng ngp v bn ngp nc ngt. Nu cu trc h sinh thi b ph v loi ny s pht trin mnh nh l hin tng th sinh thay th cc hp phn h sinh thi trc kia. Do vy cn c nhng gii php hn ch s pht trin loi gy hi ny. Hin nay, ngi dn hai bn b sng ang tn dng di bn ngp v di ngp nc nng trng rau mung trn c s dng cc loi cy khc c nh t thnh rung v gi bm. Bn cnh , h bit tn dng mt s cy t nhin c tc dng gi t ph sa. Nhi u khu vc, t c c nh lan dn ra gia sng ang lm thu hp dn lng sng v lung lch gy nn nhng bin ng ngoi quy lut ca h sinh thi. 3.2.2. Gi tr s dng ti nguyn thc vt thuc h sinh thi thy vc Mc d thnh phn khng ln (52 loi), nhng hu ht cc loi trong h sinh thi ny u c gi tr s dng thit yu cho i sng con ngi. Chim phn ln l cc loi c tc dng lm thuc (18 loi), thc n cho ngi (15 loi) v thc n cho gia sc (12 loi). y cng c xem l mt trong nhng ngun ti nguyn ti to c v c ngha ln trong khu vc nghin cu. Tt c cc c im trn cn c lu , xem xt vch ra nhng nh hng s dng hp l v quy hoch mi trng pht trin bn vng. Tuy nhin, hin nay, mc a dng sinh hc ca thc vt thy vc ang c du hiu suy gim vi cc nguyn nhn nh: - Khai thc lm dng v xy dng cc qun x cy trng phc v cho nhu cu ca ngi dn lm vng bng hoc gim ng k din tch cc loi t nhin thy vc v ven sng. - nhim mi trng nc lm suy gim hoc bin mt cc loi thc vt mn cm

16

vi mi trng nhim v tng mt c th cc loi chu c mi trng thoi ha v c bin sinh thi rng. V vy, vn t ra l phi c cc bin php bo v v phc hi tnh a dng sinh hc ca h thc vt thy vc. Ci thin mi trng nc thy vc bng cch s dng cc tp on cy trng hp l, c tc dng kh c, phn gii cc cht nhim l mt trong cc gii php ti u. 3.3. Kh nng s dng cc loi thc vt trong khu vc nghin cu cho mc ch x l nhim mi trng nc sng Nhu, sng y 3.3.1. Cc loi thc vt t ngp nc trong khu vc nghin cu c kh nng x l nhim mi trng nc sng Nhu, sng y Trong 52 loi thc vt t ngp nc phn b trong h sinh thi chu ngp nc ngt thng xuyn v tm thi v t t ven sng c n 18 loi thuc 14 h c th c kh nng s dng cho mc ch x l nhim mi trng nc (Nguyn Ngha Thn, 2006; Trn Vn Ta v cng s, 2007; Jan Vymazal, Lenka Kropfelov, 2008) [18, 19, 28]. Danh sch c lit k trong bng 3.6: Bng 3.6: Danh sch cc loi thc vt t ngp nc trong khu vc nghin cu c kh nng x l nhim mi trng nc Loi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. H Tn khoa hc Tn Vit Nam

Azollaceae Azolla pinata R.Br. Bo hoa du Salviniaceae Salvinia cucullata Roxb. Bo tai chut Salviniaceae Salvinia natans (L.) All. Bo ong, bo vy c Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis (L.) A.D Rau du thng Asteraceae Enydra fluctuans Lour. Ng tru Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Rau mung Lemnaceae Lemna perpusilla Torr. Bo tm, bo cm nh Onagraceae Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara Rau da nc Onagraceae Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven Rau mng ng Polygonaceae Polygonum hydropiper L. Ngh rm Acoraceae Acorus verus Houtt. Thy xng b Araceae Pistia stratiotes L. Bo ci Cyperaceae Cyperus tegetiformis Roxb. Lc nc Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon gracile Mart. In Wall. C di trng Poaceae Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. C lng vc Poaceae Panicum repens L. C gng nc Poaceae Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Sy Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes (Mares) Solms Bo ty Ngoi ra, mt s thc vt trong thy vc nghin cu l nhng loi ch th cho mi

trng nc sch, chng c gi tr s dng trong vic x l nhim mi trng nc. Bao gm: Rong ui ch Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle; Rong mi cho Potamogeton crispus

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L.; Rau mc thon Monochoria hastate (L.) Solms; Rau bt Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers.. Cc loi cy g: Sung Ficus racemosa L.; Lc vng Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn.; Sang trng Lophopetalum wightianum Arn.; Go vng Nauclea orientalis (L.) L.. 3.3.2. c tnh sinh thi hc ca mt s loi thc vt thy sinh in hnh dng x l nhim mi trng nc - Bo ty - Eichhornia crassipes (Mares) Solms - Bo Ci Pistia stratiotes L. - Bo Tm Lemna perpusilla Torr. - Rau mung Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. - Rau da nc Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara - Rau ng tru Enydra fluctuans Lour. - Sy Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. - Rong mi cho Potamogeton crispus L. - Rong ui ch Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle 3.3.3. nh hng mt s m hnh hp l s dng thc vt t ngp nc x l nhim mi trng nc sng Nhu, sng y 3.3.3.1. M hnh cho dng nc tnh tm thi

Hnh 3.17: V tr xy dng m hnh trn lu vc sng Nhu M hnh c chng ti xut l m hnh t ngp nc vi dng chy b mt s dng cc loi thc vt tri ni x l nhim mi trng nc.

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Hnh 3.18 : M hnh cho dng nc tnh tm thi - V tr xy dng: T cng Thn n cng Nht Tu, c chiu di kho ng 6 km, chiu rng ca sng trung bnh khong 10m, su khong 1,8 m. Ti y, nc sng chy chm, rt ph hp cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca cc loi bo. - Loi thc vt s dng: Bo Ty Eichhornia crassipes (Mares) Solms , bo Ci Pistia stratiotes L., bo Tm Lemna perpusilla Torr.. - Cch b tr: Dng cc phao c nh chn ngang dng nc chy, chiu di ca phao chn ng bng chiu rng ca lng sng (10m), trung bnh cch 40m s t 1 phao (Crites v Tchobanoglous, 1998). Ba loi thc vt c s dng s th xem k nhau. Khoang bt u v khoang kt thc c th bo Ty (iu ny c l gii l do loi thc vt ny c kch thc ln nht, cho nn chng s t b nh hng bi dng chy hoc vn t c gi, s dng bo Ty hai u ca h thng nh tm l chn gi cho cc khoang bo k tip c n nh). Bo Ci v bo Tm s th ln vo mt khoang, iu ny gip cho khoang bo khng b xo trn mnh do gi v nc. Mc ch chn dng chy mt l to mt nc tnh v mi trng sng c nh cho cc cy bo sinh trng v pht trin. Ngun nc thi cha cc cht cn l lng v cc cht nhim chy lun di cc m r bo. S tip xc gia ngun nc thi vi h thng r bo l c s cho qu trnh x l cc hp cht nhim trong nc. R bo lm gim vn tc dng chy, to iu kin tt cho qu trnh lng ca cc cn, vn hu c. R bo lm gi th cho cc loi vi sinh vt sng sinh trng, pht trin v to mng sinh hc. H thng mng ny c vai tr chnh trong qu trnh x l. Din tch b mt gi th cng ln th hiu qu x l cng cao. Khi nc thi i vo h thng x l, mt phn BOD s b lng cng vi TSS, phn BOD dng

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ha tan s c hp th bi r bo hoc c loi b do vi khun trong nc, hoc c hp th v bin i bi cc c th sng bm r bo (cc c th ny s dng ngun oxy do cy vn chuyn t khng kh ti r bo). R bo gi khi cht i chm xung y thy vc mang theo cht rn l lng v cc vi khun. Cc cht tch t y s tri qua s phn hy k kh lu di. Tc pht trin nhanh chng l li th trong vic x l nc thi ca cc loi bo.

Hnh 3.19 : Hng i ca dng nc thi trong h thng x l - Mt thch hp v thu hoch sinh khi: Bo s pht trin nhanh chng khi gp iu kin thun li. Theo tnh ton ca mt s nh khoa hc, mt ti u cho s pht trin ca cc loi thc vt ny nh sau: + i vi bo Ty: Khuyn co mt cy trng theo trng lng ti t 12 22 kg/m2 (khong 600 1000 g/m2 trng lng kh) (Wolverton, 1987) [29]. + i vi bo Tm: Mt ti u l 38 g/m2 theo trng lng kh (DeBusk et al. 1981) [22]. Do bo Tm pht trin nhanh, khi lng c th tng gp i trong thi gian 2 3 ngy trong iu kin ti u nn vic thu hoch bo Tm l iu kin cn thit duy tr tc tng trng cao v s hp thu cht nhim. + i vi bo Ci: Phm vi ti u cho bo Ci l 200 700 g/m2 trng lng kh (DeBusk v Reddy, 1987) [23]. Vic thu hoch bo theo nh k l cn thit. iu ny gip duy tr sc cha nc, to din tch cho cc th h bo mi sinh trng, pht trin tng hiu qu x l. Bo Ty, bo Ci, bo Tm u c gi tr s dng trong thc tin nh lm thc n chn nui, lm phn bn Ring bo Ty cn c gi tr s dng v mt thng mi nh lm cc sn phm th cng m

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ngh. 3.3.3.2. M hnh cho dng nc chy

Hnh 3.20: M hnh cho dng nc chy Phm vi p dng: M hnh ny p dng cho phn thy vc cn li, bao gm: lu vc sng y, lu vc sng Nhu t cng Nht Tu n Cu Hng Ph . M hnh c xut phng theo qun x thc vt t nhin vn c ti khu vc nghin cu. S dng cc tp on cy trng thch hp theo m hnh rng ngp ven sng c nhiu tng cy c gi tr trong vic phn gii cc cht nhim, ngn nga bi trong khng kh, lm sinh vt ch th cho mi trng nc - Gi nguyn v c chng trnh trng mi, nhn rng din tch cc tp on cy g trng ven sng nh Sung, Lc vng, Sang trng, Go vng. - Trng di bn ngp cc qun x Sy. y l qun x c kh nng phn gii cc cht nhim cho mi trng nc v c nh ph sa kh hiu qu nh h r pht trin mnh. - Hai bn b s dng xen k cc b c nh th rau mung, bo lc bnh, rau ng tru Mc ch ca vic c nh cc b thc vt ny gip chng khng b tri theo dng nc, gy cn tr dng chy v giao thng thy ca lu vc. - Trng thm cc loi cy c kh nng pht trin nhanh, d sng nh Keo tai tng dc khu vc b sng ngn bi ph thi. - Duy tr cc qun x thc vt sng chm nh Rong mi cho, Rau mc thon, Rau bt, Rong ui ch mt s v tr thng ngun sng y, ni mi trng nc cn cha b

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tc ng mnh. Do y l phn lu vc nc chy, thuyn b qua li nn phn chiu ngang s dng cho m hnh ny tnh t mp b ra khong 5 6 mt khng lm cn tr cc phng tin lu thng trn sng. M hnh p dng song song cho c hai bn b.

KT LUN V KIN NGH KT LUN - Trong ton khu vc nghin cu thng k c 197 loi thc vt bc cao c mch ca 70 h thuc 3 ngnh thc vt l C Thp bt, Dng x v Ht kn. Rt nhiu loi trong s chng c xc nh gi tr s dng trong thc tin, trong nhng loi c cng dng lm thuc v lm lng thc cho con ngi chim s lng ng o nht (tng ng l 80 loi v 73 loi). - Trong h sinh thi chu ngp nc ngt thng xuyn, tm thi v t t chm thot nc ven sng thng k c 52 loi thc vt bc cao c mch thuc 32 h c bin sinh thi khc nhau. y l cc loi ng vai tr chnh trong cu trc qun x thc vt thuc cc sinh cnh ny. phn tch cu trc v phn b ca nhng nhm cy theo bin sinh thi khc nhau v cc qun x in hnh do chng to thnh. - Mc a dng sinh hc ang b suy thoi mnh. Biu hin l s suy gim hoc bin mt cc loi mn cm vi mi trng nhim v tng mt c th cc loi chu c mi trng thoi ha v c bin sinh thi rng. Thm thc vt hai bn b sng n iu v ang c xu hng gim dn v din tch do tc ng ca mc nhi m thy vc ngy cng tng, nh hng ca khu dn c c m rng v tin st n b sng, nh hng ca cc hot ng cng nghip nh khu vc khai thc , sn xut vi dc theo b nam sng y t Kin Kh n Bng Lng. - Cc nguyn nhn dn ti suy gim a dng sinh hc c xc nh bao gm: Cc hot ng sng ca ngi dn hai bn lu vc sng khng hp l nh vic khai thc lm dng cc loi cy g, pht trin cc thm thc vt khc (v d nh qun x cy trng) nhm phc v nhu cu sng ca ngi dn; nhim mi trng nc sng Nhu, sng y do ngun nc thi ni tnh v ngoi tnh cha c x l ng theo quy nh. - Bc u la chn c 18 loi thc vt t ngp nc (thuc 14 h) trong khu vc nghin cu c kh nng x l nhim mi trng nc. - nh hng hai m hnh chnh dng x l ngun nc b nhim trn sng Nhu, y:

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+ M hnh cho dng nc tnh tm thi p dng cho ngun nc thi gy nhim trn lu vc sng Nhu (on t cng Thn n cng Nht Tu). + M hnh rng ngp ven sng c tng cy g n thm thy sinh c cc chc nng phn gii cc cht nhim trong nc. M hnh ny c xy dng theo h sinh thi t nhin vn c v quy hoch hp l trn nhng on sng c iu kin. KIN NGH Cn c cc d n nghin cu tip theo v h sinh thi di ven sng Nhu, sng y lm c s d liu phc v cho vic qun l v duy tr tt a dng sinh hc , phc v pht trin hp l kinh t - x hi ca a phng. Bn cnh , cn c cc nghin cu y hn cc m hnh x l nc c th t kt qu cao khi a vo s dng, gp phn ci thin cht lng mi trng nc sng Nhu - y./. References Ting Vit 1. Nguyn Vit Anh v cs (2006), X l nc thi sinh hot bng bi lc ngm trng cy dng chy thng ng, Trung tm k thut mi trng th v khu cng nghip (CEETIA), H Xy dng H Ni. 2. Nguyn Tin Bn (1997), Cm nang tra cu v nhn xt cc h thc vt ht kn Vit Nam, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni. 3. B Khoa hc v Cng ngh, Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam (2007), Sch Vit Nam, Phn II Thc vt, NXB Khoa hc t nhin & Cng ngh, H Ni. 4. V Vn Chi (1997), T in cy thuc Vit Nam, NXB Y hc, H Ni. 5. V Vn Chi, Dng c Tin (1978), Phn loi thc vt hc, NXB i hc v THCN, H Ni. 6. Phm Hong H (1991 1993), Cy c Vit Nam, 3 tp 6 quyn, Montreal. 7. V Th Mai Hng, Trn Thanh Tng (2008), Nghin cu ch tiu sinh l ha sinh v kh nng x l nc thi l m ca rau Da nc Jussiaea repens L., Tp ch Khoa hc, H Hu, s 48, tr. 80-82. 8. L Kh K (ch bin) v mt s tc gi (1969 1975), Cy c thng thy Vit Nam, tp I IV, NXB Khoa hc k thut, H Ni. 9. ng nh Kim (1997), S dng phng php sinh hc x l nhim nc thi, Tuyn tp bo co hi tho khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng ton quc ln th nht. 10. ng nh Kim (ch bin) (2011), X l nhim mi trng bng thc vt, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni. 11. Phan K Lc (1985), Th vn dng khung phn loi ca UNESCO xy dng khung phn loi thm thc vt Vit Nam, Tp ch Sinh hc. 12. Nguyn Xun Qunh (2008), Nghin cu a dng sinh hc sng y, sng Nhu thuc a phn tnh H Nam v nh hng ca s pht trin kinh t, x hi i vi chng, Bo co tng kt ti nghin cu khoa hc trng im cp H Quc gia H Ni. 13. Hong Th Sn (2009), Phn loi hc Thc vt, NXB Gio dc, H Ni. 14. Hong Th Sn, Phan Nguyn Hng (1986), Thc vt hc Phn phn loi, NXB Gio dc, H Ni. 15. S Ti nguyn v Mi trng tnh H Nam (2008), K hoch hnh ng kim sot

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nhim mi trng tnh H Nam giai on 2010 1015. 16. Tng cc Mi trng (2011), Quyt nh s 879/Q-TCMT ngy 1/7/2011 ca Tng cc Mi Trng v ban hnh s tay hng dn tnh ton ch s cht lng nc, H Ni. 17. Tng cc Mi trng (2012), Bo co t III kt qu quan trc mi trng nc lu vc sng Nhu, sng y, H Ni. 18. Nguyn Ngha Thn (2006), Danh sch cc cy d kin s dng lm sch mi trng nc, Trung tm k thut Mi trng th v khu cng nghip (CEETIA), H Xy dng H Ni. 19. Trn Vn Ta v cs (2007), Nghin cu s dng cc loi thc vt thy sinh in hnh cho x l nc thi cng nghip cha kim loi nng v nc thi cng nghip ch bin thc phm, Bo co khoa hc thc hin ti cp vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam. Ting Anh 20. Brummitt R.K (1992), Vascular Plant Families and Genera, Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens, 804. 21. Brummitt R.K, Powell C E (1992), Authors of Plant Names Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens, 732. 22. DeBusk, T.A., Ryther, J.H., Hanisak, M.D., and Williams, L.D. (1981), Effects of seasonality and plant density on the productivity of some freshwater macrophytes, Aquat. Bot, 133-142. 23. DeBusk, T.A., Burgoon, P.S., and Reddy, K.R. (1987), Secondary treatment of domestic wastewater using floating and emergent macrophytes, in: Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, D.A. Hammer, ed., Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan, pp. 525-529. 24. Kadlec, R.H., and Knight, R.L. (1996), Treatment Wetlands, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 25. Lecomte. H. (1907 1951), Flore gnral de I Indochine, 7 tomes. 26. Mara, D. (2004), Domestic Wastewater Treatment in developing countries, Earthscan in the UK and USA. 27. Nguyen Anh Duc, Tran Van Thuy, Bui Lien Phuong (2008), The biodiversity of plants on aquatic ecosystem of Day and Nhue riverside in Ha Nam province, VNU Ha Noi, J. Sci. Nat. Sci & Technol, 24, 25: p 237 241. 28. Vymazal, J.; Lenka Kropfelov (2008), Wastewater Treatment in Constructed Wetlands with Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow, Springer. 29. Wolverton, B.C. (1987), Aquatic plants for wastewater treatment: an overview, in: Aquatic Plants for Water Treatment and Resource Recovery, K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, eds., Magnolia Publishing: Orlando, Florida, pp. 3-16.

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