Bai Tap Hoa Hoc Vo Co

PGS.
NGUYN C VN
Nh xut bn gio dc 1983
MC LC Phn I Cu hi v bi t 1. Kh tr................................................................................................... 2. Hidro...................................................................................................... 3. Cc H !og"n.......................................................................................... #. $xi......................................................................................................... %. &'u hu(nh) *h+n nh,- ."!"n /. Nit) *hot 0ho....................................................................................... 1.*h+n nh,- 23"n..................................................................................... 8. C cbon).i!ic.......................................................................................... 9. 4nh cht c5 6i- !o7i........................................................................... 18. Ki- !o7i 6i9-...................................................................................... 11. Ki- !o7i 6i9- th:................................................................................ 12. Nh;-................................................................................................... 13. <"c- ni = 4hi>c = Ch?....................................................................... 1#. @ng = A7c = Bng............................................................................. 1%. KC- = C di-i = 4h5D ng+n................................................................ 1/. Cro- = E ng n = .Ft ......................................................................... Phn II !"#n$ %&n t'( )*i
Phn I+ Cu hi v bi t
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bS C, thI Gi9u ch> Aro- V Rot bjng 0h'ng 0h0 G, G'Qc 6h;ngJ cS C, thI th D KEn$# bjng En$2 HoHc K2Cr2$1 G'Qc 6h;ngJ NhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i c5 cc hidro h !og"nu th D G:i nh' th> noJ <ii thch nguDNn nh+n. Z b9n GXi Vfi nhiYt ta Hm G>n HR th D G:i nh' th> noJ C, 0hl hQ0 Vfi 3_ th D G:i nhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i 6h;ngJ S Htn hQ0 Gng 0h Kh D htn hQ0 G@ng 3;iS ! g?J bS 47i 3 o cc hidro h !og"nu !7i h D bXc 6h,i trong 6h;ng 6h -J cS 47i 3 o dung d[ch HC! n@ng GZ !fn hn 28u !7i c, hiYn t'Qng bXc 6h,i trong 6h;ng 6hM nh'ng dung d[ch c, n@ng GZ bU hn 28u !7i 6h;ng c, hiYn t'Qng G,J Ajng cch no c, thI xc G[nh nh nh h- !'Qng 0hqn trP- c5 HC! trong dung d[ch 6hi G` bi>t 6hXi !'Qng riNng c5 dung d[ch J S H`D tnh h- !'Qng u c5 HC! trong cc dung d[ch c, 6hXi !'Qng riNng Kg~c-3S\1M82%s 1M8%8s 1M88s 1M13%s 1M19%. bS H`D tnh gqn GLng 6hXi !'Qng riNng Kg~c-3S c5 cc dung d[ch HC! 6hi h- !'Qng HC! !\ 12uM 28uM 38uM 32M%u. S 47i 3 o xit Hm !7i ! xit D>u trong G, cc xit H] c5 cc h !og"n cgn !7i ! xit -7nhJ bS 47i 3 o xit Hm !7i t7o r -uXi xit cgn cc xit H] 6hc 6h;ng c, 6h nPng G,J S 4nh xit trong d`D ta Hm G>n HR th D G:i nh' th> noJ <ii thch nguDNn nh+nJ bS B i trg c5 HR trong cc 0hn Wng 3 u G+D c, giXng nh u 6h;ngJ 2m"C!3 o2HR 2m"C!2 o R2 o2HC! K1S yno2HR ynR2 o H2 K2S S 47i 3 o 6hi cho HC! tc dng Vfi .Ft hoHc Cro- !7i t7o r m"C!2M CrC!2 - 6h;ng 0hi ! m"C!3 MCrC!3J bS Bfi xit HArM HR 0hn Wng c, t'ng t_ nh' th> 6h;ngJ S 4rong cc -uXi K !i h !og"nu -uXi no c, thI 0hn Wng G'Qc Vfi m"C!3 GI t7o nNn m"C!2J bS Cho 6>t !uTn V9 tnh 6hO c5 cc h !og"nhidricJ S Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho H2.$# GHc tc dng Vfi htn hQ0 C m2M .i$2. Wng dng c5 0hn WngJ bS N>u th D C m2 bjng C C!2 0hn Wng c, xD r nh' th> 6h;ng J S H`D gii thch t7i 3 o Hm chz G'Qc 0hU0 G_ng trong cc b?nh bjng nh_ . bS *hn Wng xD r c, 6hc nh u 6h;ng 6hi cho th5D tinh tc dng Vfi Hm V Vfi HC!J S 47i 3 o tnh 6hO c5 cc hidro h !og"nu tPng !Nn ta Hm G>n HRJ bS 47i 3 o cc dung d[ch xit Aro-hiGric V xit RodhiGric 6h;ng thI GI trong 6h;ng 6hJ H`D Vi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho $xi tc dng Vfi dung d[ch xit h !og"nhiGric. S 47i 3 o hidroh !og"nu !7i t n rt -7nh trong n'fcJ bS Khi cho hidro c!oru t n trong n'fc c, hiYn t'Qng g?J 47i 3 o dung d[ch !7i c, tnh xitJ Hidro c!oru !vng c, 0hi ! xit 6h;ngJ
/#. S 4rong 0hgng th nghiY-M hidro c!oru G'Qc Gi9u ch> bjng cch noJ bS N>u dlng dung d[ch H2.$# !o`ng V N C! !o`ng c, t7o r HC! J cS *h'ng 0h0 trNn c, thI dlng GI Gi9u ch> HAr V HR G'Qc 6h;ngJ /%. S 4rong c;ng nghiY0M xit HC! G'Qc Gi9u ch> bjng 0h'ng 0h0 noJ bS *h'ng 0h0 G, d_ trNn nhcng nguDNn tFc noJ cS C, thI VTn dng 0h'ng 0h0 G, cho cc xit h !og"n hiGric 6hc G'Qc 6h;ngJ & doJ //. 4r?nh bD 0h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> xit HmM HArM HR. *h'ng 0h0 G, d_ trNn nhcng c 3k ! !uTn noJ /1. H`D tr?nh bD nhcng hiIu bi>t c5 -?nh V9 cc h !og"nu ion\ S Nhcng nguDNn tX no t7o r cc h !og"nu ionJ bS EWc GZ !iNn 6>t Ron trong cc h !og"nu G,J /8. 4nh cht c5 cc h !og"nu Ron . /9. S Nhcng nguDNn tX no h?nh thnh cc h !og"nu cZng h, tr[J bS Hc tnh c5 !o7i hQ0 cht G,J 18. .o 3nh tnh b9nM tnh oxi h, c5 cc oxit C!2$M C!$2M C!2$/M C!2$1J 47i 3 o cc oxit G, 6h;ng thI Gi9u ch> G'Qc bjng 0h'ng 0h0 t:ng hQ0J 11. Cu trLc 0h+n tO c5 cc oxit C!2$M C!$2M C!2$1 S 4rong cc oxit G, oxit no c, tnh thuTn taJ ! doJ bS Ajng nhcng 0hn Wng no c, thI chWng -inh G'Qc rjng cc oxit c5 C!o G9u ! cc 2nhiGritJ Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn WngJ 12. H`D tr?nh bD -Zt Vi GHc GiI- c5 cc oxit c5 h !og"nJ 13. Bi>t cc c;ng thWc cc xit chW $xi c5 cc h !og"n. 4Nn gei cc xit V -uXi t'ng WngJ 1#. S NNu nhTn xUt V9 tnh b9nM tnh xitM tnh oxi h, c5 cc xit hi0oh !og"n. bS 4rong cc xit G, xit no c, nhi9u Wng dng trong th_c t>. 1%. S N'fc C!o ! g?J N'fc V"n ! g?J C!oru V;i ! g?J Cc cht G, G'Qc dlng !- g?J bS Khi cho C$2 du dung d[ch n'fc V"n hoHc dung d[ch C K$C!S2 c, hiYn t'Qng g? xD r J <ii thch. 1/. S 47i 3 o n'fc C!oM n'fc V"nM C!oru V;i c, tc dng tD -uJ bS 4a cc cht b n Gqu\ C C$3 M N C! M bjng nhcng0hn Wng no Gi9u ch> G'Qc C!oru V;iJ Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng. 11. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho dung d[ch n'fc C!o tc dng Vfi dung d[ch N $HM dung d[ch KRM dung d[ch N tri 4hio3un| t. 18. S Cho cc H !og"n C!2 M Ar2 M R2 tc dng Vfi n'fcM Vfi dung d[ch K$H c, nhcng 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng no xD r . bSKhi cho C!2 tc dng Vfi dung d[ch K$H !o`ng 3 u G, Gun n,ng dung d[ch ta ta !Nn 1888C ng'ii t thu G'Qc cht g?J Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng. 19. H i cht C $C!2 V KC $C!S2 Gi9u ch> bjng cch noJ C, thI ta nhcng nguDNn !iYu t_ nhiNn noJ ChLng giXng V 6hc nh u k cht noJ <ei tNn cc cht G,J
88. S Cho -Zt t xit Aro-hidric Vo n'fc V"n c,0hn Wng g? xD r J bS N>u Gun n,ng n'fc V"n cho G>n 6hi 6h; Va h>t n'fc 3 u G, cho thNxit HAr th? 0hn Wng c, 6hc 6h;ngJ 81. Cho 2 cH0 0hn Wng\ S C!2 o 2KAr h Ar2 o 2KC! 2KC!$3 o Ar2 h 2KAr$3 o C!2 bS C!2 o 2KR h R2 o 2KC! 2KC!$3 o R2 h 2KR$3 o C!2 4rong tang cH0M V i trg c5 cc H !og"n c, -+u thubn g? Vfi nh u 6h;ngJ <ii thch. 82. Cho 6h C!o tc dng Vfi dung d[ch K$H !o`ng nguZiM Vfi dung d[ch K$H GHc n,ng. Hvi tz !Y thI tch 6h C!o 0hi dlng trong c 2 tr'ing hQ0 GI thu G'Qc !'Qng KC! bjng nh uJ 83. M Cho nhTn xUt V9 3_ bi>n thiNn tnh xit trong d`D HC!$ = HAr$ = HR$. bM Cho -Zt t xit C!ohidric Vo n'fc V"n !o`ng c, hiYn t'Qng g? xD r J 4h D HC! bjng H2.$# !o`ng h D HAr c, 6hc 6h;ngJ 8#. .o 3nh tnh b9nM tnh xitM tnh oxi h, c5 cc oxi xit HC!$ M HC!$2 M HC!$3 M HC!$# . <ii thch V9 3_ bi>n thiNn cc tnh cht. 85. Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng\ 1M En$2 o HC! 2M KEn$# o HC! 3M C K$HS2 o C!2 C K$C!S2 o #M C $C!2 o C$2 %M HC!$3 o HC! /M 2g o HC!$3 2gC!$3 o 1M m" o HC!$3 8M HC!$3 o m".$# H2.$# o 9M C!2$% o H2 $ 18MHC!$# o *2$% 8/. .o 3nh tnh xitM tnh b9nM tnh oxi h, c5 cc xit h !og"nic. &D V d -inh he . 81. Ajng 0h'ng 0h0 no c, thI tch G'Qc HC!$ r 6hvi htn hQ0 Vfi HC!J 88. Ajng cch no c, thI Gi9u ch> G'Qc HC!$ ta HC!J 89. 4a K !ic!oru bjng 0h'ng 0h0 no c, thI Gi9u ch> G'Qc K !ic!or tJ 91. 4a KC!$3 bjng 0h'ng 0h0 no c, thI Gi9u ch> G'Qc KC!$#. 92. .C thu G'Qc 3n 0h- no 6hi cho KC!$3 tc dng Vfi\ S HC! bS H2.$# GHc cS H2.$# !o`ng dS K !i 0"3u!| t "S 2xit ox !ic |S Htn hQ0 g@- xit ox !ic V H2.$# !o`ng. 93. &- th> no tch G'Qc cc cht r 6hvi htn hQ0\ S KC!$3 V N C!$3 bS 2gm V 2gC!.
9#. Z t n c5 KC!$3 V KC!$# trong n'fc c, gi tr[ 3 u\ to 8M8 18 1% 28 28M% 2% 38 KC!$3 KuS 3M2 #M8 ) /M8 ) ) 9M2 KC!$# KuS 8M1 1M1 1M# ) 1M1 2M2 ) to #8 %8 /8 18 88 98 188 KC!$3 KuS 12M1 1/M% 28M/ 2#M% 28M# 32M3 3/M8 KC!$# KuS ) %M1 ) 18M9 ) ) 18M2
BC G@ th[ GZ t n c5 h i cht trNn th"o nhiYt GZ. 9%. S C, thI Gi9u ch> xit 0"iodic ta -uXi A H3R$/ G'Qc 6h;ng J bS 47i 3 o H%R$/dn dng t7o r -uXi xit J cS 47i 3 o trong tt c cc h !og"n th? chz c, Rot ! t7o r xit G chWcJ 9/. H`D tr?nh bD Vi nhTn xUt V9 cc hQ0 cht gic cc h !og"n. 4nh cht c bn c5 chLngJ 91. S 47i 3 o 3X nguDNn tO m!o !iNn 6>t Vfi cc h !og"n 6hc tPng dqn ta C!o G>n RotJ bS 47i 3 o Rot 6h;ng t7o r hQ0 cht Vfi C!o t'ng t_ hQ0 cht Rm1J cS 47i 3 o chz 3X n trong hQ0 cht ]n KhQ0 cht gic cc h !og"nS ! nhcng 3X !. A.8Bi 98. S 4r?nh bD GHc GiI- V9 cu trLc nguDNn tO c5 cc nguDNn tX thuZc nh,BR J Kbn 6nh nguDNn tOM cu trLc "!"ctronM nPng !'Qng Ron h, M i !_c "!"ctronS. bS 4a nhcng nhTn xUt G, h`D cho bi>t trong h i 6huDnh h'fng 0hn Wng Koxi h, = 6hOS th? 6huDnh h'fng no ! ch5 D>uJ 99. S 47i 3 o -Wc oxi h, GHc tr'ng c5 $xi ! )2 -Hc dl $xi k nh,- BR J bS $xi c, 6h nPng thI hiYn -Wc oxi h, d'ng 6h;ngJ &D dbn chWng GI -inh he . 188. H`D tr?nh bD cu trLc 0h+n tO $xi th"o du n GiI- c5 0h'ng 0h0 !iNn 6>t h, tr[ V 0h'ng 0h0 obit n 0h+n tO. <ii thch tnh thuTn ta c5 0h+n tO $xi . 181. H`D x+D d_ng gin G@ cc -Wc nPng !'Qng gqn GLng th"o thuD>t obit n 0h+n tO c5 0h+n tO V cc Ron 0h+n tO 3 u G+D\$2oM $2M $2)M $22). 4rong cc tr'ing hQ0 trNn tr'ing hQ0 no c, tnh thuTn taJ 182. 4r?nh bD cu trLc c5 cc Ron $2oM $2)M $22) . 4rong nhcng hQ0 cht no c, chW cc ion G,J 183. Khong cch gic cc h7t nh+n nguDNn tO $xi $)$ trong cc ion 0h+n tO $xi c, gi tr[ 3 u\
$2o $2 $2)) $22)). d 8 C 8 K2oS 1M123 1M281 1M39 1M#9 H`D gii thch 3_ tPng GZ di !iNn 6>t trong d`D trNn. 18#. An 6nh Ron c5 cc nguDNn tX nh,- BR V cc h !og"n c, gi tr[ 3 u\ $2) .2) ."2) 4"2) rK2oS 1M#8 1M8# 1M98 2M21 m) C!) Ar) R) rK2oS 1M3/ 1M81 1M9% 2M1/ H`D gii thch t7i 3 o 2nion c5 cc nguDNn tX nh,- BR !7i c, 6ch th'fc !fn hn 3o Vfi cc 2nion Gng "!"ctron c5 cc h !og"n t'ng Wng. 18%. S Cc G@ng V[ c5 $xiJ Cu trLc nguDNn tO c5 cc G@ng V[ G,J 4rong cc G@ng V[ G, c, nhcng G@ng V[ no b9nJ bS H- !'Qng c5 cc G@ng V[ b9n trong 6h duDInJ cS H`D tnh nguDNn tO !'Qng c5 $xi th"o Gn V[ $xi V Gn V[ C cbon. 18/. S Nhcng Gn cht no 6h;ng c, 6h nPng 0hn Wng tr_c ti>0 Vfi oxiJ bS 47i 3 o oxi ! nguDNn tX ho7t GZng -7nh hn C!oM nh'ng k Gi9u 6iYn th'ing !7i tv r 6U- ho7t GZng hnJ 181. Cho oxi tc dng Vfi hidroM 0hot0hoM c cbonM nitM c cbon oxitM !'u hu(nh Gioxit. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng. <hi rw cc Gi9u 6iYn xD r 0hn Wng. Wng dng th_c t> c5 cc 0hn Wng G,. 188. NNu hiYn t'Qng V gii thch hiYn t'Qng 6hi GXt chD c cbonM !'u hu(nhM 0hXt 0hoM 3Ft trong b?nh G_ng oxi nguDNn chtJ Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng. N>u GXt chD cc cht trNn trong 6h;ng 6h th? c, 6hc g? 6h;ngJ 47i 3 oJ 189. H`D tr?nh bD nhTn xUt chung V9 t'ng tc c5 oxi Vfi cc nguDNn tX 6hc. 118. S NguDNn tFc Gi9u ch> oxi trong 0hgng th nghiY- . bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng Gi9u ch> oxi ta KC!$3M KEn$# bjng 0h'ng 0h0 nhYt 0h+n. 111. S H`D gii thch c ch> du tr?nh t7o r oxi bjng 0h'ng 0h0 GiYn 0h+n. bS 47i 3 o 6h;ng thI thu G'Qc oxi 6hi GiYn 0h+n n'fc nguDNn chtJ cS C, thI thu G'Qc oxi 6hi GiYn 0h+n cc dung d[ch K2.$#M KC!M KN$3M K$HM HN$3 6h;ngJ 112. 4rong c;ng nghiY0 oxi G'Qc Gi9u ch> bjng 0h'ng 0h0 noJ NguDNn tFc chung c5 0h'ng 0h0 G,. 113. 4r?nh bD cu t7o 0h+n tO oxon. 11#. S .o 3nh tnh cht h, hec c5 oxi V oxon. bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng gic oxi V oxon Vfi 2gM *b.M KR. C, nhTn xUt g? du cc 0hn Wng G,J 11%. $xon c, thI t@n t7i trong 6h;ng 6h c, chW -Zt !'Qng !fn cc 6h .$2M C$2M HmM NH3 G'Qc 6h;ngJ 11/. S Cch nhTn r oxon. bS <iD h@ tinh bZt t- 'ft dung d[ch KRM 6hi gH0 oxon ta -u trFng chuDIn thnh -u x nh G"n. <ii thch hiYn t'Qng V Vi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng .
111. Ajng 0h'ng 0h0 no c, thI nhTn r G'Qc oxon c, trong htn hQ0 Vfi hi hidro 0"oxitJ 118. Cc 0h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> oxonJ 119. C, thI dlng nhcng cht no d'fi G+D GI !- not 6hi Gi9u ch> oxon bjng 0h'ng 0h0 dung d[ch xit 3un|uricJ Kth n ch?M 0! tinM b7c VngS. 128. S Hc GiI- V9 cu t7o 0h+n tO c5 H2$ V H2$2J bS Nhcng tnh cht g+D r ta nhcng GHc GiI- G,J 121. S 47i 3 o H2$ V H2$2 k Gi9u 6iYn th'ing ! nhcng cht !vngM c, nhiYt GZ 3;i c oJ bS 47i 3 o h i cht G, !7i c, thI trZn !bn Vfi nh u th"o bt 6? tz !Y noJ 122. S 47i 3 o 6hi Gun n,ng chD n'fc G c, hiYn t'Qng co thI tchJ bS 47i 3 o k 0 3ut th'ingM n'fc c, 6hXi !'Qng riNng !fn nht k #8CJ 123. S *"hidro! ! g?J bS 47i 3 o dung d[ch !o`ng H2$2 !7i b9n hn dung d[ch GT- GHc J cS 47i 3 o 6hi Gun n,ng hoHc chi>u 3ng dung d[ch H2$2 !7i b[ 0h+n h5D -7nhJ 12#. S 4h'ing dlng nhcng cht no GI Wc ch> du tr?nh 0h+n h5D hidro 0"oxitJ bS Nhcng cht no thLc GD nh nh du tr?nh 0h+n h5D H2$2J cS Wng dng c5 hidro 0"oxitJ 12%. S Nhcng bjng chWng no chWng tv rjng hidro 0"oxit ! xit D>uJ bS .o 3nh bn cht !iNn 6>t trong cc hQ0 cht\ H2$2M N 2$2 M m2$2 M A $2 12/. S {_ Vo c 3k no GI n,i rjng H2$2 Va c, tnh xit Va c, tnh 6hOJ 4rong h i 6h nPng G, 6h nPng no ! ch5 D>uJ bS C, cc 0hn Wng no hidro 0"oxit G@ng thii thI hiYn c h i tnh cht G, 6h;ngJ 121. 4rong -;i tr'ing no hidro 0"oxit thI hiYn tnh oxi h, -7nh hnJ 128. S 4rong h i cht $3 V H2$2 cht no c, tnh oxi h, -7nh hnJ NNu dbn chWngJ bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho H2$2 tc dng Vfi dung d[ch KRM dung d[ch KEn$# trong -;i tr'ing xitM dung d[ch N tri cro-it trong -;i tr'ing 6i9-. 4rong -ti tr'ing hQ0 H2$2 thI hiYn tnh cht g?J 129. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1S EgR2 o H2$2 o H2.$# 2S N 2$2 o KR o H2.$# 3S H2$2 o K2Cr$1 o H2.$# #S C $C!2 o H2$2 $2 o %S N 2."$2 o H2$2 /S CrC!3 o H2$2 o N $H N 2Cr$# o 1S N 2$2 o m"K$HS2 o H2$ 8S HgKN$3S2 o H2$2 o N $H 9S m" o H2$2 18S 232.3 o H2$2 o NH#$H KNH3S323$# o 138. S 4rong 0hgng th nghiY-M Hidro 0"oxit G'Qc Gi9u ch> bjng cch noJ bS 47i 3 o 6hi cho N 2$2 tc dng Vfi H2$ c, chW $2 thot r nh'ng 6hi
cho A $2 tc dng Vfi H2.$# !o`ng th? 6h;ng c, hiYn t'Qng G,J cS <ii thch c ch> c5 du tr?nh GiYn 0h+n dung d[ch H2.$# %8u GI t7o r H2$2 J 131. S Nhcng cht no c, 6h nPng h0 th hi n'fcJ bS NguDNn tFc !- 6h; cc cht rFn V cht 6hJ cS 4rong cc cht 3 u G+D cht no h0 th n'fc -7nh hn\ C C!2M H2.$# GHcM K$H rFn 3i!ic g"nM *2$%J {_ trr"n c 3k no GI dbn G>n 6>t !uTn. D. L"u huEnh Phn nhFG H3)3n 2S? S3? /3? P=6 132. S 47i 3 o &'u hu(nhM ."!"nM 4"!u !7i c, 6h nPng xut hiYn cc -Wc oxi h, o# V o/J bS 47i 3 o tr7ng thi d'ng / ! GHc tr'ng hn GXi Vfi !'u hu(nh 3o Vfi 3"!"n V t"!uJ 133. 47i 3 o nhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i c5 !'u hu(nh !7i rt c o 3o Vfi nhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i c5 $xiJ 13#. Z nhft KtS c5 !'u hu(nh n,ng chD 0h thuZc Vo nhiYt GZ c, gi tr[ 3 u\ t8 C t t8C t t8C t 118M3 8M11#% 1%9M2 8M11/ 213M% %12 12%M1 8M1831 1//M1 22% 221M1 #%8 132M1 8M888# 118M1 #91 231M% 31/ 1#8M1 8M811/ 112M# %19 2%2M9 1#/ 1#1M# 8M81%/ 188M% 8// 2%3M/ 139 1#2M% 8M81## 18/M9 92% 288M1 %% 1%1M% 8M8/22 191M/ 928 38%M8 23 1%1M3 8M8/12 19/M8 8%1 KGZ nhft t G'Qc Go bjng Gn V[ 0o x\ 6 hiYu ! 0S S BC gin G@ 0h thuZc !gt Vo nhiYt GZ. 4a G, xc G[nh t7i nhYt GZ no 6hi !'u hu(nh n,ng chD c, GZ nhft c o nhtJ bS H`D gii thch 3_ th D G:i GZ nhft c5 . n,ng chDJ 13%. S 47i 3 o k nhiYt GZ th'ingM !'u hu(nh c, tnh tr V9 0h'ng diYn h, hecM nh'ng 6hi Gun n,ng !7i tv r 6h ho7t GZngJ bS 4rong Gi9u 6iYn no !'u hu(nh thI hiYn tnh oxi h, M tnh 6hOJ cS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 6hi cho !'u hu(nh tc dng Vfi cc cht 3 u\ m2M C!2M $2M *M N $HM KC!$3M H2.$# GHcM HN$3 GHcM HN$3 !o`ng. 13/. S {_ Vo nhcng bjng chWng no GI chWng -inh rjng cc Gn cht m2M $2M C!2M . th"o chi9u ta m G>n . trong d`D trNn tnh oxi h, gi-J bS Nhcng cht G, c, 6h nPng t'ng tc tr_c ti>0 Vfi nh u 6h;ngJ 131. S Hc GiI- V9 cu t7o c5 0h+n tO H2.J bS 47i 3 o g,c h, tr[ H.H h 928M nh'ng g,c H$H h 18%8J cS 47i 3 o k Gi9u 6iYn th'ing H2. ! -Zt cht 6h nh'ng H2$ !7i ! cht !vngJ dS 47i 3 o 6h H2. t t n trong n'fc nh'ng t n nhi9u trong dung -;i hcu cJ
138. S 4nh cht h, hec c5 H2. J bS 47i 3 o dung d[ch n'fc c5 H2. GI !+u trong 6h;ng 6h !7i b[ Vn GcJ cS 47i 3 o trong t_ nhiNn c, nhi9u ngu@n t7o r H2. nh'ng !7i 6h;ng c, hiYn t'Qng tch t 6h G, trong 6h;ng 6hJ 139. Bi>t 0h'ng trinh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1S H2. om"C!3 2S H2. o K2Cr$1 o H2.$# 3S H2. o K2En$# o H2.$# #S H2. o Ar2 o H2$ %S H2. o R2 140. Vi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1S H2. o *bKCH3C$$S2 2S N 2. oEn.$# 3S Cu.$# o H2. #S H2. o .$2 o N $H N 2.2$3 %S m".2 o $2 1#1. S H`D tr?nh bD nhcng hiIu bi>t c5 -?nh V9 cc hQ0 cht 3un|u Kcc !o7i 3un|u M GZ t nM -qu 3FcM 6h nPng th5D 0h+nSJ bS 4rong cc 3un|u 6i- !o7i 3 u G+DM 3un|u no b[ th5D 0h+nJ 4r'ing hQ0 no c, thI Gi9u ch> bjng 0hn Wng tr o G:i trong dung d[ch n'fc\ 2!2.3 s Cr2.3 s N 2. s yn. s *b. s & 2.3 cS H`D gii thch t7i 3 o -Zt 3X 3un|u 6I trNn !7i 6h;ng b[ th5D 0h+n. 1#2. S 4rong 0hgng th nghiY- 6h H2. G'Qc Gi9u ch> bjng cch noJ bS NguDNn tFc chung GI di9u ch> cc 3un|u 6i- !o7iJ {bn chWng 1#3. S Nhcng GHc GiI- V9 cu t7o 0h+n tO c5 .$2. bS Cu t7o c5 Ron .$32)J .o 3nh Vfi cu t7o c5 0h+n tO .$2 c, g? 6hc 6h;ngJ 1##. S C+n bjng c5 dung d[ch 6h 3un|ur trong n'fc 3C chuDIn d[ch nh' th> no 6hi cho thN- N $H hoHc H2.$# !o`ng Vo dung d[ch G,J bS 4rong Gi9u 6iYn no t7o r cc -uXi hidro3un|itM cc -uXi 3un|it. 1#%. S 4nh cht h, hec c5 .$2 V c5 cc -uXi 3un|itJ bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng c5 .$2 Vfi cc cht HRM H2.M C$M H2M C. 4a G, cho nhTn xUt V9 tnh 6hO c5 .$2 3o Vfi cc cht 6I trNnJ 1#/. S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho dung d[ch .$2 tc dng Vfi EgM R2M HC!$3M HC!$3M H2.. 4rong -ti tr'ing hQ0 dung d[ch .$2 thI hiYn tnh cht g?J bS Ajng 0h'ng 0h0 no nhTn r 6h .$2 J 1#1. S NguDNn tFc Gi9u ch> .$2 trong 0hgng th nghiY- V trong c;ng nghiY0 G` Gi9u ch> 6h .$2 bjng nhcng cch noJ bS Wng dng c5 .$2J 1#8. S Cu t7o 0h+n tO c5 .$3J bS47i 3 o .$3 !7i dn dng trlng hQ0 h, t7o r cc 0o!i-"J cS 47i 3 o .$3 !7i t'ng tc -`nh !iYt Vfi H2$J Wng dng c5 0hn Wng . 1#9. S $!"u- ! g?J 4nh cht c5 o!"u-J bS 4nh cht ! h, c5 H2.$# J 47i 3 o 6hi 0h !o`ng H2.$# GHcM ng'ii t
0hi cho ta ta tang giet xit G, Vo H2$ - 6h;ng G'Qc !- ng'Qc !7iJ cS 47i 3 o GI Gi9u ch> cc xit 6hc ng'ii t th'ing dlng H2.$# tc dng Vfi -uXi c5 cc xit G,J 1%8.Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho\ S H2.$# !o`ng tc dng Vfi EgM CrM m". bS H2.$# GHcM n,ng tc dng Vfi CM CuM m"2$3M m"3$#M HRM H2.. <ii thch nguDNn nh+nJ 1%1.4r?nh bD GHc GiI- cu t7oM GZ b9nM tNn gei c5 cc xit chW oxi c5 !'u hu(nhJ 1%2. S 4nh cht h, hec c5 cc xit chW oxi c5 !'u hu(nhJ bS 47i 3 o xit 0"oxi-ono3un|uric !7i ! xit -Zt nc -Hc dl c, 2 nguDNn tO hidroJ cS 47i 3 o cc xit H2.2$3M H2.2$#M H2.2$/M H2.3$/ G9u ! cc xit 6h;ng b9n J 1%3. S 4rong cc -uXi c5 cc xit chW oxi c5 !'u hu(nh -uXi no c, tnh oxi h, M c, tnh 6hOJ bS 4r?nh bD nguDNn nh+n g+D r tnh oxi h, V tnh 6hO c5 cc xit t'ng WngJ cS._ 6hc nh u gic cc ion .2$32)M .$32)M .$#2)J 1%#.4nh cht c5 cc -uXi 3un| tJKtnh t nM 6h nPng 6>t tinhM 6h nPng t7o hiGr tM 6h nPng nhiYt 0h+nM 6h nPng t7o 0hnS bS 4rong Gi9u 6iYn no -uXi 3un| t thI hiYn tnh oxi h, J 1%%. u tr?nh no c, thI xD r 6hi ti>0 tc Gun n,ng cc cht 3 u G+D trong 6h;ng 6hJ S m".$# bS KNH#S2.$#.m".$#./H2$ cS N 2.$#.18H2$ dS m".$#.1H2$ "S N H.$# gS Htn hQ0 KH.$# V 2!2$3 N>u Gun n,ng trong 6h duDIn Nit c, 6hc 6h;ngJ 1%/. S Cc 0h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> -uXi 3un| t 6i- !o7iJ bS C, thI VTn dng nhcng 0h'ng 0h0 no GI Gi9u ch> cc -uXi 3 u G+D\ N 2.$#M C .$#M EgKH.$#S2M Cu.$#M 2g2.$#M Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng. 1%1. S Ajng cc 0hn Wng tr o G:i c, thI Gi9u ch> cc cht 3 u G+D G'Qc 6h;ngJ 1S i9u ch> A .$# ta A .$3M ta C .$#J 2S i9u ch> A C$3 ta A .$#J bS Ajng cch no c, thI Gi9u ch> H2. ta C .$#J 1%8. S C, thI Gi9u ch> -uXi m" KRRS 0"3un| t G'Qc 6h;ngJ 47i 3 oJ bS H`D nNu -Zt 0h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> .$2 ta yn.$#. 1%9. C, thI nung K !i hidro3un| t trong chUn bjng 3Ft G'Qc 6h;ngJ C, nhcng 0hn Wng no xD r trong du tr?nh G,J
1/8. S 4rong 2 -uXi A .$# V A .$3M -uXi no dn t n trong xit J bS C, thI hg t n C .$# trong xit G'Qc 6h;ngJ cS EuXn tch N 2.$# r 6hvi htn hQ0 Vfi 2g2.$# th? !- th> noJ 161. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1S yn o H2.$#GHc 2S Hg o H2.$#GHc 3S yn o H2.2$1 H2. o #S C!2 o N 2.2$3 o H2$ %S R2 o N 2.2$3 /S 2! o N 2.2$3 o HC! H2. o 162. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1S KNH#S2.2$3 o En.$# o H2$ HEn$# o 2S K2.2$# o K2Cr2$1 o H2.$# 3S K2.3$/ o $3 o H2$ #S N 2.#$/ o KEn$# o H2.$# %S N 2.%$/ o $3 o H2$ /S KNH#S2.3$/ o K2Cr2$1 o H2.$# 1/3. S i9u ch> H2.$# 4rong c;ng nghiY0J NguDNn tFc chung c5 0h'ng 0h0J bS Nhcng D>u tX no G` nh h'kng G>n c+n bjng t7o r .$3 6hi oxi h, .$2 c5 6h;ng 6hJ cS 4rong du tr?nh h0 th n'fc c5 .$3 47i 3 o 0hi dlng H2.$# GHcJ C, thI th D th> H2.$# GHc bjng n'fc G'Qc 6h;ngJ 1/#. S C, thI Gi9u ch> xit 4io3un|uric bjng 0h'ng 0h0 cho H2.$# !o`ng tc dng Vfi -uXi N 2.2$3 G'Qc 6h;ngJ & doJ bS 4rong th_c t> G` Gi9u ch> xit G, bjng cch noJ 1/%. S Nhcng -uXi 3 u G+D thuZc xit no\ N H.M N H.$3M K2.$3M Eg.$#M K2.2$1M K2.2$8. Cu t7o 0h+n tO V tNn gei cc -uXi G,J bS Cu t7o 0h+n tO V tNn gei cc -uXi 3 u G+D\ N 2.2$3M K2.$%M N 2.%M N 2.%$/M N 2.#$/ M K2.2$#M N 2.3$/. nhcng xit Wng Vfi -uXi G,J 1//. S &'u hu(nh G` t7o r nhcng hQ0 cht no c, chW cc h !og"nJ bS ._ 6hc nh u V9 cu t7o c5 cc -uXi 4ionD! h !og"nu .$]2 V 3un|urD! h !og"nu .$2]2J 1/1. S C, hiYn t'Qng g? xD r 6hi cho 3un|urD! c!oru tc dng Vfi dung d[ch A ri c!oru !o`ngJ bS C, 0hn Wng h, hec no xD r 6hi cho 3un|urD! c!oru tc dng Vfi dung d[ch KEn$#J 1/8. S k Gi9u 6iYn th'ingM 0h+n tO !'u hu(nhM 3"!"nM t"!u V 0o!oni t@n t7i k d7ng noJ bS 4rong Gi9u 6iYn no t@n t7i d7ng 0h+n tO 2 nguDNn tOJ cS NNu nhTn xUt V9 GZ b9n c5 cc 0h+n tO 2 nguDNn tO trong d`D ta oxi G>n t"!uJ
1/9. S <ii thch t7i 3 o g,c h, tr[ H]H ta oxi G>n t"!u !7i gi-J bS NhTn xUt V9 GZ b9n c5 cc hQ0 cht H2] ta oxi G>n 0o!oniJ <ii thch nguDNn nh+n. 118. S Cho nhTn xUt V9 3_ th D G:i nhiYt GZ 3;i ta H2 G>n H24"J <ii thch nguDNn nh+n. bS <ii thch 3_ th D tnh xit trong d`D G,J cS 4nh 6hO th D G:i nh' th> noJ Ai>t rjng th> GiYn c_c c5 chLng c, gi tr[\ H2$ H2. H2." H24" 8 o K] o 2H o 2" h H2]S Von o1M23 o8M11 )8M#8 )8M12 nh'ng t7i 3 o chLng c, 6h nPng t@n t7i trong dung d[ch n'fcJ 111.4nh xit trong d`D ."$2 = 4"$2 = *o$2 th D G:i nh' th> noJ &D dbn chWng GI -inh he . 112. S .o 3nh tnh xit tnh oxi h, 6hO c5 H2.$3M H2."$3 V H24"$3J bS 4?- dbn chWng GI chWng -inh rjng H2."$# c, tnh oxi h, -7nh hn xit H2.$#J cS 47i 3 o 4"!u !7i t7o r xit 4"!uric H/4"$/ nh'ng !'u hu(nh V ."!"n 6h;ng c, 6h nPng G,J 173. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1S H2."$3 o HC!$3 2S H2."$# o HC! 3S H2."$3 o KEn$# o K$H #S N 2."$# o .$2 o H2 $ %S N 2."$3 o C!2 o H2$ /S 2g2."$3 o Ar2 o H2$ 174. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng\ 1S ." o HN$3 o H2$ 2S 4" o HN$3 3S ."$2 o N 2.2$3 o H2$ N 2.#$/ o ) #S ."$3 o R o H2$ %S .$C!2 o m" m"C!2 o m". o I. NitJ C Ph=t h= 2N C P6 11%. S H`D nNu cc GHc GiI- V9 cu trLc nguDNn tO c5 nguDNn tX nh,-B J bS 4a nhcng GHc GiI- G, h`D cho bi>t 3_ bi>n G:i tnh cht h, hec c5 cc nguDNn tX trong nh,-J 11/. S Hc GiI- cu trLc "!"ctron c5 0h+n tO N2J bS Nit ! -Zt nguDNn tX 6h;ng 6i- !o7i KVfi GZ GiYn +- ! 3M8#S nh'ng t7i 3 o k Gi9u 6iYn th'ing !7i 6U- ho7t GZng Ktr V9 -Ht h, hecS cS 4rong 2 6huDnh h'fng 0hn Wng Koxi h, V 6hOS c5 Nit th? 6huDnh h'fng no ! ch5 D>uJ 111. H`D tr?nh bD nhcng nhTn xUt 6hi dut V9 t'ng tc c5 cc nguDNn tX Vfi NitJ
118. S 4rong 0hgng th nghiY- Nit G'Qc Gi9u ch> bjng nhcng 0h'ng 0h0 noJ bS NguDNn tFc chung GI Gi9u ch> Nit trong c;ng nghiY0J 119. S 4rong 0hgng th nghiY- bjng cch no GI thu G'Qc Nit ta 6h;ng 6hJ bS H`D G9 xut -Zt 0h'ng 0h0 Gn gin GI c, thI xc G[nh G'Qc tz !Y thI tch c5 Nit trong 6h duDInJ 188. S Cho -Zt !u@ng 6h;ng 6h c, chW cc hQ0 cht\ hi n'fcM H2.M C$2 du cc dung d[ch N $H GHcM H2.$#GHc. . u 6hi hQ0 cht G` b[ h0 th h>t thu G'Qc -Zt htn hQ0 6h 2. .o 3nh tnh cht ! h, c5 cc 6h trong htn hQ0 2J bS Cho htn hQ0 6h G, ti>0 xLc Vfi Vv bo Eg d'M chD k /888C thu G'Qc -Zt htn hQ0 cht rFn A. Cho htn hQ0 A Vo n'fc c, 3n 0h- g? t7o thnhJ Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng c, thI xD r trong ton bZ du tr?nh trNn. 181. S Cu t7o c5 0h+n tO NH3J Kcu trLc "!"ctron h?nh d7ng cc obit n ! i h, 303 c5 nguDNn tO N trong 0h+n tO NH3M c;ng thWc cu t7oS bS 4a cu t7o gii thch nguDNn nh+n g+D r cc GHc tnh !M h, c5 NH3J 182. 4nh cht h, hec c5 NH3. 4rong cc 0hn Wng - NH3 c, thI th - gi th? 0hn Wng !o7i no dn xD r nhtJ 183. S 47i 3 o NH3 6h;ng 0hn Wng Vfi cc b xJ bS 4rong cc cht 3 u G+D cht no c, 6h nPng !- 6h; G'Qc 6h NH3\ H2.$# GHcM C C!2 6h nM *2$%M K$H rFn. 184. S H`D gii thch 47i 3 o NH3 dn dng 0hn Wng Vfi nhi9u hQ0 cht V; c c, chW HidroJ Hm V H2$ c, tnh cht G, 6h;ngJ bS NH3 V H2$ G9u c, obit ! ! i h, 303 V G9u c, cc "!"ctron t_ do nh'ng t7i 3 o NH3 t7o r NH#o - 6h;ng 0hi ! H3$o th"o cc 0hn Wng\ NH3 o H$H NH#o o $H) NH3 o H2$ H3$o o NH2) cS 47i 3 o 0h+n tO CH# 6h;ng c, 6h nPng 6>t hQ0 0roton nh' NH3 18%. S 4rong du tr?nh t:ng hQ0 NH3 ta N2 V H2 G'Qc th_c hiYn trong Gi9u 6iYn noJ 0 3ut V nhiYt GZ G` nh h'kng G>n c+n bjng G, nh' th> noJ bS B i trg c5 xLc tc trong du tr?nh t:ng hQ0 NH3J C, thI thu G'Qc NH3 6h;ng 6h 6h;ng tPng nhiYt GZJ cS 4rong 0hgng th nghiY- NH3 G'Qc Gi9u ch> bjng 0h'ng 0h0 noJ 18/. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho NH3 tc dng Vfi \ hidro c!oru M c nxi c!oru M oxiM c!oM G@ng KRRS oxitM 6 !i hi0obro-itJ 4rong -ti tr'ing hQ0 NH3 thI hiYn tnh cht g?J 181. S <ii thch t7i 3 o cc -uXi 2-oni c, tnh cht giXng -uXi 6i- !o7i 6i9-J ._ 6hc nh u gic h i !o7i -uXi G,J bS *h+n tO NH# G'Qc Gi9u ch> bjng cch no. 47i 3 o 0h+n tO NH# 6hc hn Vfi Ron NH#o ! c_c 6? 6h;ng b9nJ 188. S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng nhiYt 0h+n cc -uXi 3 u\ KNH#S2C$3M NH#N$3M KNH#S2.$#M NH#C!M KNH#S2H*$#M NH#H2*$#M KNH#S2Cr2$1. bS 4a cc 0hn Wng G, h`D cho nhTn xUt V9 6h nPng nhiYt 0h+n cc -uXi
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
19%.
19/.
191.
2-oniJ cS Khi hg t n cc -uXi trNn trong n'fc 3C t7o r -;i tr'ing g?J S .o 3nh c;ng thWc cu t7o c5 HiGr xin V hidroxD! -inJ H i cht G, c, GHc GiI- g? giXng Vfi 0h+n tO NH3J bS H`D nNu -Zt 3X tnh cht h, hec c5 chLng g+D r ta GHc GiI- cu t7o G,. cS *h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> HiGr xin V hidroxD! -in J Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh cc 0hn Wng \ 1S N2H# o HgC!2 2S N2H# o HN$2 3S N2H# o K2Cr2$1 o H2.$# #S N2H#. H2.$# o Cu.$# o N C! %S N2H#.HC! o .nC!2 o HC! NH#C! o Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1S NH2$H o ."$2 2S KNH3$HS2.$# o KEn$# En.$# o 3S NH2$H o R2 o K$H #S NH2$H.HC! o H2$2 %S N2H#.HC! o K2Cr2$1 o HC! Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho cc cht 3 u G+D tc dng Vfi nh u\ 1S HiGr xin 3un| t Vfi Rot trong -;i tr'ing 6i92S HiGr xin 3un| t Vfi K !i Rotd t trong -;i tr'ing 6i9-. 3S HiGr xin Vfi N tribro- t. #S HiGr xin 3un| t Vfi C!oru V;i. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho cc cht 3 u G+D tc dng Vfi nh u\ 1S Hidroxi! -in Vfi 3Ft RR 3un| t trong -;i tr'ing xit 2S Hidroxi! -in Vfi Cu$ 3S HiGr xin Vfi b7c nitr t #S HiGr xin Vfi N tri hi0obro-it. S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng \ N2H#.H2$ o ." B gii thch t7i 3 o xD r du tr?nh hg t n ."!"n -Hc dl nguDNn tO Nit 6h;ng th D G:i -Wc oxi h, J bS H`D nNu 3_ 6hc nh u gic HiGr xin 3un| t V hidroxi! -in 3un| tJ <ic 2-oni 3un| t V HiGr xin 3un| tJ S C;ng thWc cu t7o c5 xit hiGr xoicJ 4nh cht h, hec c bn c5 n,J bS 47i 3 o 6h;ng thI Gi9u ch> G'Qc xit HiGr xoic bjng 0h'ng 0h0 t'ng tc tr_c ti>0 gic Nit V hidro J cS 47i 3 o cc xotu 6i- !o7i 6i9- 6h;ng b9n V G9u n:J S Nit t7o nNn nhcng oxit noJ 4hnh 0hqn 0h+n tO V tnh cht VTt ! c5 cc oxit G,J bS *h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> cc oxit nitJ xit no c, 6h nPng Gi9u ch> G'Qc ta cc Gn cht N2 V $2J Khi Gun n,ng -Zt thI tch nht G[nh 6h;ng 6h trong -Zt b?nh 6n G>n 2%888CM 3 u G, !- !7nh nh nh htn hQ0 thu G'Qc. Hvi thnh 0hqn c5 6h
trong b?nh c, 6hc tr'fc 6h;ngJ N>u !- nguZi ta ta thnh 0hqn c5 6h c, th D G:i 6h;ngJ 198. S Cu t7o 0h+n tO c5 oxit N2$J bS H`D gii thch cch Vi>t c;ng thWc cu t7o c5 N2$ {'fi d7ng 3 u G+D\ .. :N : : N N O .. N O .. .. ..:
+
199. S 4nh cht h, hec c5 N2$J NguDNn nh+n g+D r nhcng tnh cht G,J bS 47i 3 o n,i rjng N2$ ! -Zt cht 6h c, 6h nPng duD tr? 3_ chDnh'ng 6h;ng c, 6h nPng duD tr? 3_ 3XngJ i9u G, c, -+u thubn g? 6h;ngJ 288. *h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> N2$J C 3k ! !uTn c5 0h'ng 0h0 G,J bS 47i 3 o 6h;ng thI Gi9u ch> N2$ bjng 0h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> tr_c ti>0 ta Gn cht N2V $2 cS EZt htn hQ0 g@- N2$ V N$M bjng 0h'ng 0h0 no c, thI tch G'Qc h i 6h G, r 6hvi htn hQ0J 281. S Cu h?nh "!"ctron th"o thuD>t $bit n 0h+n tO c5 N$J .o Vfi cu h?nh c5 N2 c, g? 6hcJ bS H`D x+D d_ng gin G@ cc -Wc nPng !'Qng gqn GLng th"o thuD>t $bit n 0h+n tO c5 cc 0h+n tO V ion 0h+n tO 3 u G+D\ N$oM N2M N$M N$) Cho nhTn xUtJ 282. S .o 3nh V nNu GHc GiI- trong c;ng thWc cu t7o N$oM N2M N$M N$) J bS &D dbn chWng nhcng hQ0 cht c, chW Ron N$o J cS .o 3nh tnh b9n c5 N$ V N$o V nNu rw nguDNn nh+nJ 203. Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 3 u V ta G, cho bi>t cc tnh cht h, hec c bn c5 N$ N$ o H2. N2 o N$ o .$2 N2$o N$ o $2 N$ o C!2 N$ o KEn$# En$2 KEn$# o N$ o H2.$# En2o o N$ o CrC!2 o HC! NH#o o Cr3o o 28#. S *h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> 6h N$ trong 0hgng th nghiY- J bS Ajng 0hn Wng no c, thI nhTn r G'Qc 6h N$J 28%. S 4r?nh bD cu t7o c5 0h+n tO N$2. 4a G, cho bi>t t7i 3 o 0h+n tO N$2 c, 6h nPng trlng hQ0 thnh 0h+n tO Gi-" N2$#J bS 47i 3 o N$2 !7i c, -u nh'ng N2$# !7i 6h;ng c, -uJ 47i 3 o 0h+n tO .$2 6h;ng c, 6h nPng trlng hQ0 nh' N$2J 28/. .o 3nh cu h?nh "!"ctron c5 0h+n tO N$2 Vfi 0h+n tO .$2M $3M C!$2M C!2$M N$2) th"o thuD>t obit n 0h+n tO. NNu rw 3_ 6hc nh u c bn trong cu h?nh "!"ctron c5 cc cht G,J 281. S Cho nhTn xUt t:ng dut V9 3_ t@n t7i c5 N$2 V N2$# 6hi nhiYt GZ th D G:i ta 2888C G>n /888CJ bS Ajng th nghiY- no c, thI chWng -inh 3_ bi>n G:i gic h i d7ng N$2 V N2$#J
288. S 47i 3 o n,i rjng N$2 V N2$# ! nhcng nhiGrit htn t70J bS <ii thch nguDNn nh+n h?nh thnh ion N$2) V N$3) 6hi cho N$2 hoHc N2$ tc dng Vfi n'fc hoHc Vfi dung d[ch 6i9-J 289. S *h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> V tnh cht h, hec c5 N$2 bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho N$2 tc dng Vfi C$M .$2M $3M H2$2. 4rong -ti tr'ing hQ0 N$2 thI hiYn tnh cht g?J cS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng tc dng gic N$ V N$2 Vfi dung d[ch m".$# . .o 3nh 3_ 6hc nh u gic h i 0hn Wng G, J 218. S N2$3 c, thI 0hn Wng Vfi n'fc t7o htn hQ0 ! xit nitr hoHc xit nitric. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng V cho bi>t Gi9u 6iYn no xD r GXi Vfi tang 0hn Wng J bS 47i 3 o n,i rjng N$2 ! nhiGrit htn t70M nh'ng 6hi cho tc dng Vfi n'fc n, chz t7o r HN$3J 211. S 4nh cht h, hec c5 xit nitr. bS .o 3nh tnh b9nM tnh oxi h, ) 6hO c5 xit nitr V -uXi t'ng Wng. cS *h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> HN$2. C 3k ! !uTn c5 0h'ng 0h0 G,. 212. S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng chWng -inh rjng HN$2 c, 6h nPng t_ oxi h, ) 6hO. bS 4h> diYn c_c chn c5 xit nitr trong -;i tr'ing xit V -;i tr'ing 6i9- c, thI t,- tFt ta 3 G@ 3 u\ trong -;i tr'ing xit\ o8M9/B HN$2 N$ o8M9#B Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1SHN$2 o HR R2 2SHN$2 o .$2 o H2$ N$ 3SHN$2 o m".$# o H2.$# N$ #SN N$2 o K2Cr2$1 o H2.$# %SKN$2 o En$2 o H2.$# /SN N$2 o KEn$# o H2.$# 1SN N$2 o *b$2 o H2.$# S 47i 3 o xit HN$3 tinh 6hi>t ! cht !vng 6h;ng -u nh'ng trong th_c t> th'ing c, -u VngJ bS NguDNn tFc chung Gi9u ch> HN$3 ta 6h;ng 6h V n'fcJ Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng J S 47i 3 o 6hi Gi9u ch> HN$3 ta K !i nitr t 0hi dlng H2.$# GHc V KN$3 rFnJ 4rong tr'ing hQ0 G, t7i 3 o 0hi Gun n,ng nhp htn hQ0J bS 47i 3 o 6hi ch'ng ct dung d[ch HN$3 chz thu G'Qc dung d[ch 18uJ S NguDNn tFc chung xD r cc 0hn Wng 6hi cho HN$3 tc dng Vfi cc 6i- !o7i V 6h;ng 6i- !o7iJ &D V d. bS {_ Vo c 3k no GI 6>t !uTn rjng \ 6hi cc cht tc dng Vfi dung d[ch HN$3 GHc th'ing t7o r 6h N$2 V Vfi HN$3 !o`ng th'ing t7o r 6h N$J S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho HN$3 GHc V !o`ng tc dng Vfi cc 6i- !o7i .nM *bM ynM Cu. N$2)
213.
21#.
21%. 21/.
211.
218.
219.
228. 221.
222.
223.
22#. 22%.
22/. 221. 228.
bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho HN$3 tc dng Vfi EgM 23M CoM CM . S H`D tr?nh bD nhcng GHc tnh c5 -uXi nitr tJ KZ t nM GZ b9n nhiYtM tnh oxi h, S bS .o 3nh GZ b9n nhiYt c5 cc hQ0 cht 3 u\ HN$2M HN$3M KN$3M *bKN$3S2M CuKN$3S2M 2gN$3 cS H`D gii thch t7i 3 o HN$3 V cc -uXi nitr t 6i- !o7i nHng c, GZ b9n nhiYt 6U- hn 3o Vfi cc -uXi nitr t c5 cc 6i- !o7i 6i9-J S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho HN$3 GHc tc dng Vfi HC! GHcJ B i trg c5 htn hQ0 G, trong h, hecJ bS N>u cho HN$3 GHc tc dng Vfi HArM HR c, 0hn Wng nh' th> 6h;ngJ cS 47i 3 o -Zt 3X 6i- !o7i nh' *! tinM VngM 6h;ng t n trong xit nh'ng !7i t n trong n'fc c'ing th5DJ Cho b xit\ HC!M H2.$#M HN$3 c, n@ng GZ tlD M tc dng Vfi Cu. H`D Gi9u ch> cc -uXi CuC!2 M Cu.$#M CuKN$3S2.NNu cc Gi9u 6iYn cqn thi>t. *hn Wng no xD r dn nhtJ & doJ Ng'ii t c, thI Gi9u ch> 6 !i nitr t bjng 0hn Wng tr o G:i 6hi cho N N$3 tc dng Vfi KC! th"o 0h'ng tr?nh 3 u\ N N$3 o KC! N C! o KN$3 H`D cho bi>t c 3k ! !uTn c5 0h'ng 0h0 trNn c, -+u thubn g? V9 chi9u c5 0hn Wng tr o G:i 6h;ngJ S E; t c;ng thWc cu t7o c5 * trFng V cc d7ng thl h?nh 6hc c5 0hXt0ho. 4rong nhcng Gi9u 6iYn no cc d7ng thl h?nh G, c, thI bi>n G:i cho nh uJ bS 47i 3 o * trFng c, nhiYt GZ th0 hn * GvJ cS 47i 3 o * trFng dn t7o r -7ng tinh thI cgn * Gv !7i ! cht V; G[nh h?nhJ S k Gi9u 6iYn th'ingM nit ! cht 6hM nh'ng *hot0ho !7i ! cht rFn . <ii thch nguDNn nh+nJ bS 47i 3 o * ! nguDNn tX c, GZ GiYn +- bU hn nitM nh'ng k Gi9u 6iYn th'ing !7i ho7t GZng -7nh hn nitJ cS 4?- dbn chWng GI -inh he rjng trong cc d7ng thl h?nh c5 *hot0ho th? * trFng !7i ho7t GZng - nh nht J NguDNn nh+nJ NNu nhTn xUt chung V9 t'ng tc c5 *hot0ho GXi Vfi cc nguDNn tX. S 4nh cht h, hec c bn c5 *hot0ho. 4?- dbn chWng GI -inh he J bS 4rong h i tnh cht oxi h, V 6hO c5 0hot0ho th? tnh cht no ! ch5 D>uJ .o 3nh Vfi Nit c, 6hc 6h;ngJ cS 47i 3 o nhcng dng c th5D tinh 3 u 6hi dlng !- th nghiY- Vfi 0hot0ho !7i 0hi ng+- trong dung d[ch Cu.$#J Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho 0hot0ho tc dng Vfi oxiM xit NitricM b7c 0"c!or tM n'fc oxig"nM !'u hu(nhM cc h !og"n. 4rong -ti tr'ing hQ0 0hot0ho thI hiYn tnh chtg?J .n 0h- no G'Qc t7o thnh 6hi th5D 0h+n *C!3 V *C!%. C, thI Vi>t 0h'ng tr?nh th5D 0h+n G, d'fi d7ng ion G'Qc 6h;ngJ S *hot0ho G` t7o nNn nhcng hQ0 cht noJ Cc cht G, G'Qc Gi9u ch> bjng cch noJ
229.
238.
231.
232.
233. 23#. 23%. 23/. 237.
bS .o 3nh tnh cht h, hec c5 *H3 V NH3 J cS 47i 3 o *H3 c, c_c tnh bUM t t n trong n'fcM 6h;ng tc dng Vfi H2$ nh' NH3. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1SC 3*2 o H2$ 2SC 3*2 o HC!$ 3S*# o A K$HS2 o H2$ #S*H3 o KEn$# o H2.$# %S*H3 o HC!$# /S*H3 o HC! 1S*H#R o K$H S Cu t7o 0h+n tO *#$/ V *#$18 J ._ giXng nh u V 6hc nh u V9 cu t7o c5 chLngJ bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 0hn Wng 6hi cho *#$/ tc dng Vfi H2$M Vfi $2M *#$18 tc dng Vfi H2$s HC!$M HN$3M H2.$#. cS Wng dng c5 *#$18. S C;ng thWc 0h+n tOM cu t7oM tNn gei c5 cc xit chW oxi c5 0hot0hoJ bS 4r?nh bD tnh xitM tnh b9nM tnh oxi h, 6hO c5 cc xit du n treng trong cc xit trNn. cS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng Gi9u ch> xit hi0o0hot0horM xit 0hot0horM xit octo 0hot0horic. S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 0hn Wng th5D 0h+n cc -uXi N H2*$#M N 2H*$# V N 3*$#J <ii thch t7i 3 o trong c b tr'ing hQ0 G, gi tr[ 0H c5 dung d[ch !7i 6hc nh uJ bS u tr?nh th5D 0h+n KNH#S*$# V N 3*$# c, 6hc nh u 6h;ngJ 47i 3 o -uXi 2g3*$# !7i chz 6>t t5 -u Vng trong -;i tr'ing trung tnh hoHc xit D>uM nh'ng 6hong thI 6>t t5 trong -;i tr'ing xit -7nhJ 47i 3 o 6hi cho -uXi c nxi c5 xit 0hot0horic t n trong xit x"tic V trong xit C!ohiGric!7i thu G'Qc nhcng 3n 0h- 6hc nh uJ Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng J Khi cho KH2*$#M K2H*$#M K..*$# tc dng Vfi 2gN$3 3n 0h- c5 0hn Wng c, 6hc nh u 6h;ngJ NguDNn nh+nJ 4rong h i -uXi A 3K*$#S2 V A .$# th? -uXi no dC t n trong xitJ <ii thchJ Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ t 1S H3*$3 2S H3*$3 o KEn$# 3S H3*$3 o 2gN$3 o H2$ #S H3*$2 o 2gN$3 o H2$ t %S H3*$#
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238. S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 6hi cho 23M .bM Ai tc dng Vfi HN$3 !o`ng. bS 4a cc 0hn Wng G, h`D nNu nhTn xUt V9 3_ bi>n thiNn tnh cht 6i- !o7i ta 23 G>n Ai. 239. Cho nhTn xUt V9 3_ th D G:i nhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i ta NH3 G>n AiH3J <ii thch nguDNn nh+nJ 2#8. NguDNn nh+n 3_ bi>n thiNn GZ b9n nhiYt c5 cc hQ0 cht trong d`D ta NH3 G>n AiH3. 2#1. S .o 3nh tnh 6hO c5 cc hQ0 cht chW hidro c5 cc nguDNn tX thuZc nh,- B J bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho 23H3 tc dng Vfi 6 !i iod tM Vfi b7c nitr tM .bH3 Vfi b7c nitr t. 2#2. S 47i 3 o g,c h, tr[ H]H gidqn ta ] G>n .bJ K] ! cc nguDNn tX nh,- B S. bS 6h nPng 6>t hQ0 Ho th D G:i nh' th> no ta NH3 G>n AiH3 J <ii thch nguDNn nh+nJ 2#3. S ._ bi>n thiNn tnh xit V b x c5 cc oxit trong d`D ta 232$3 G>n Ai2$3J {bn chWngJ bS ._ bi>n thiNn tnh xit V b x V tnh 6hO c5 cc hidroxit ]K$HS3J K]h23M .bM AiS. {bn chWngJ cS .o 3nh tnh xit c5 cc xit chW oxi trong d`D ta 23 G>n AiJ 2##. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 6hi cho 23#$/ tc dng Vfi $3M H2$2 M m"C!3 M HN$3 M K2Cr2$1. 2#%. .n 0h- no G'Qc t7o r 6hi cho 23 t n trong n'fc c'ing th5DJ Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng J 246. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1S 23 o H2.$# GHc 2S Ai o H2.$# GHc 3S 23 o N C!$ o H2$ #S 232$3 o HC!$ o H2$ %S 23H3 o KEn$# o H2.$# 247. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u G+D\ 1S 23C!3 o .nC!2 2S 232.3 o $2 o H2$ H323$# o ... 3S 232$3 o HN$3 o H2$ #S 232$3 o H2$2 o NH#$H 23$#2) o ... %S .b2$3 o KEn$# o HC! .b2$% o ... 248. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u G+D d'fi d7ng 0h+n tO V ion \ 1S 23 o K2Cr2$1 o H2.$# H323$# o ... 2S N 23$2 o R2 o N 2C$3 o H2$ N H223$3 o ... 3S K3b$2 o 2gN$3 o K$H #S H3.b$3 o KEn$# o HC! %S AiC!3 o K2.n$2 o K$H Ai o ...
2#9.
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2%1. 2%2. 2%3. 2%#.
2%%.
2%/.
2%1.
2%8.
2%9.
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2/8. 2/1. 262.
263.
2/#.
2/%. 2//. 2/1. 2/8.
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218. 211.
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212. 213. 21#.
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332.
333. 33#. 33%. 33/. 331.
cS 47i 3 o trong cc hidroxit 6i- !o7i 6i9- chz c, &i$H ! c, 6h nPng nhiYt 0h+n t7o r oxit &i2$J I Gi9u ch> N C! tinh 6hi>t ng'ii t cho HC! du dung d[ch bò hg -uXi Pn. <ii thch c 3k ! !uTn c5 0h'ng 0h0 G,. H`D 3F0 x>0 th"o thW t_ tPng dqn V9 nhiYt GZ n,ng chD cc -uXi 3 u G+D\ N C!s N Rs N ms N Ar <ii thch nguDNn nh+n 3_ th D G:i G,. S C, thI Gi9u ch> K2.$# bjng 0h'ng 0h0 cho K !i tc dng Vfi H2.$# G'Qc 6h;ngJ bS C, hiYn t'Qng g? xD r 6hi cho cc dung d[ch 3 u G+D tc dng Vfi dung d[ch GT- GHc &i2.$#\ N ms N 3*$#s N 2C$3s CH3C$$N s N C!J S 4rong cc -uXi 6i- !o7i 6i9- 3 u G+D -uXi no 3C b[ th5D 0h+n\ CH3C$$&is &iC!s N N$2s N C!$#s KArs K2C$3J Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng -; t du tr?nh th5D 0h+n cc -uXi G,. bS 4rong cc -uXi 3 u G+D -uXi no b[ th5D 0h+n -7nh hn\ N 2C$3s N 2.$3s N CNJ <ii thch. S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi th5D 0h+n N 2C$3 B N HC$3V cho bi>t trong tr'ing hQ0 no dung d[ch c, tnh 6i9- -7nh hnJ bS I bo dun N HC$3 ttinh 6hi>t 6hvi b[ 0h+n h5D ng'ii t G` G_ng trong chUn bjng A7c GHt trong b?nh 6nM bò hg 6h C$2 Vfi 0 3ut 0 h 2 ) 3 t-. *h'ng 0h0 G, d_ trNn c 3k noJ NZi dung c5 0h'ng 0h0 .o!V D Gi9u ch> N 2C$3 ta N C! V C$2. C 3k 6ho hec c5 0h'ng 0h0. Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng. S 4a N 2.$# c, nhcng 0h'ng 0h0 no Gi9u ch> G'Qc N 2C$3J bS C, thI dung 0h'ng 0h0 t'ng t_ 0h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> xoG GI Gi9u ch> K2C$3 G'Qc 6h;ngJ S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng Gi9u ch> N N$3 ta N 2.$# V Gi9u ch> N 2.$# ta CH3C$$N . bS Ajng 0hn Wng no thu G'Qc K2.$# ta K2.$3J i9u ch> N ta N 2C$3J ._ 6hc nh u V9 tnh cht c5 6i- !o7i &i V c5 cc hQ0 cht c5 &i KoxitM hidroxitM cc -uXiS 3o Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- 6hc. NNu dbn chWng GI -inh he . {ung d[ch bò hg N 2C$3 trong n'fc c, gi tr[ 3 u\ t8C 8 18 28 38 #8 %8 /8 18 uN 2C$3 /M1 11M2 11M8 29 33M2 32M2 31M1 31M# S BC G@ th[ 0h thuZc GZ t n Vo nhiYt GZ. bS N 2C$3 hg t n c_c G7i k nhiYt GZ noJ cS 4a dung d[ch bò hg k /88CM N 2C$3 3C k tr7ng thi no 6hi th D G:i nhiYt GZJ
,,. PiG )=Qi PiSG thT 2@3? M$? C<? S'? @<6 338. S Hc GiI- V9 cu t7o nguDNn tO c5 cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th:J .o 3nh Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9-. bS NNu nhTn xUt V9 3_ th D G:i nPng !'Qng ion h, M th> GiYn c_cM bn 6nh nguDNn tOM bn 6nh ion c5 cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th:.
339. S BC G@ th[ 3_ 0h thuZc cc hjng 3X VTt ! KnhiYt GZ n,ng chDM nhiYt GZ 3;iM 6hXi !'Qng riNng g~c-3M GZ dbn GiYnS Vo 3X thW t_ nguDNn tO c5 cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th:. bS NNu nhTn xUt 3_ bi>n thiNn cc GHc tnh G, trong d`D ta A" G>n A . .o 3nh Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9-. 3#8. S 47i 3 o Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: c, th> ion h, thW 2 !fn hn th> ion h, thW nht KR2 R1S nh'ng !7i t7o r d7ng ion E2o dn dng hn d7ng EoJ bS 4h> ion h, c5 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: !fn hn th> ion h, c5 6i- !o7i 6i9nh'ng t7i 3 o th> GiYn c_c !7i t'ng G'ngJ 3#1. <ii thch t7i 3 o 6i- !o7i 6i9- dn t7o r d7ng 0h+n tO E2 k tr7ng thi hiM nh'ng 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: !7i 6h;ng c, 6h nPng G,J 3#2. S 47i 3 o cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: c, GZ cWng !fn hn cc 6i- !o7i 6i9-J bS 47i 3 o nhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i c5 cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: !7i bi>n G:i 6h;ng G9u nh' 6i- !o7i 6i9-J 3#3. 47i 3 o cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: c, GZ dbn GiYn c o -Hc dl Vlng nPng !'Qng n3 KVlng h, tr[S trong tinh thI G` G'Qc !0 GqDJ 3##. 4h> GiYn c_c c5 A" c o hn Kd'ng hnS 3o Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: 6hc nh'ng th> GiYn c_c c5 &i !7i th0 hn K+- hnS 3o Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- 6hc. 4h_c t> G, c, -+u thubn g? Vfi nh u 6h;ngJ 3#%. 4?- dbn chWng KV9 tnh cht c5 Gn chtV hQ0 chtS GI chWng -inh rjng &i c, tnh cht giXng 6i- !o7i 6i9- th:M A" c, tnh cht giXng 2!. 3#/. S 4rong cc cht 3 u G+DM A" c, 6h nPng 0hn Wng tr_c ti>0 Vfi cht no\ $2 M H2 M N2 M . M C!2J Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng. bS 47i 3 o A" 6h;ng c, 6h nPng t7o r cc 0"oxitJ 3#1. Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho A" tc dng Vfi n'fc V cc dung d[ch\ S {ung d[ch HC! GHc V !o`ng. bS {ung d[ch H2.$# GHc V !o`ng. cS {ung d[ch HN$3 GHc V !o`ng. dS {ung d[ch H3*$#. "S {ung d[ch K$H. 3#8. S Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng Gi9u ch> A"$ V A"K$HS2. bS Ajng nhcng 0hn Wng h, hec chWng -inh rjng A"$ V A"K$HS2 G9u ! nhcng hQ0 cht !'ng tnh. 3#9. S Khi GXt chD 6h;ng hon ton -Zt -nh Eg trong 6h;ng 6hM 3 u G, cho 3n 0h- t n Vo n'fc thu G'Qc htn hQ0 cht rFn V -Zt htn hQ0 6h. 4hnh 0hqn cc htn hQ0 G, g@- c, nhcng cht g?J bS C, thI GXt chD Eg trong nhcng 6h no 6hi 6h;ng c, oxiJ 3%8. S 47i 3 o 6hi Eg chD 0ht r nh 3ng ch,i giu ti tO ngo7iM nh'ng 6hi GXt cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- hoHc 6i9- th: !7i 6h;ng c, hiYn t'Qng G,J bS 47i 3 o 6h;ng thI dlng n'fc GI dT0 tFt G- chD EgJ 3%1. S Khi Gi9u ch> Eg Kbjng 0h'ng 0h0 GiYn 0h+nS t7i 3 o 0hi dlng 6h H2 GI 0h5 b9 -Ht cht GiYn 0h+nJ C, thI th D H2 bjng 6h N2 G'Qc 6h;ngJ bS Ngoi 0h'ng 0h0 GiYn 0h+n c, thI dlng 0h'ng 0h0 no GI Gi9u ch> EgJ
3%2. Eg t'ng tc Vfi cc cht 3 u G+D nh' th> no\ H2$ M HC! M H2.$# M HN$3 M CH3C$$H M N $HJ 3%3. S C, thI dlng NH#$H GI Gi9u ch> EgK$HS2 6h;ngJ bS 47i 3 o 6h;ng c, 6>t t5 EgK$HS2 tch r 6hi cho Vo dung d[ch -uXi EgC!2 -Zt dung d[ch c, chW NH#$H V NH#C!J <ii thch nguDNn nh+n. 3%#. SHiYn t'Qng 3C xD r nh' th> no 6hi cho EgK$HS2 tc dng Vfi cc cht\ HC! M K$H M NH#C! M KC!J bS EgK$HS2 hg t n trong cht no tXt hn\ HC! h D NH#C!J B? 3 oJ 3%%. S .C c, hiYn t'Qng g? 6hi cho dung d[ch EgC!2 tc dng Vfi xod n,ngJM tc dng Vfi dung d[ch KHC$3J bS C, thI hg t n EgC$3 bjng cch no n>u 6h;ng cqn dlng xitJ cS &- th> no c, thI tch G'Qc cc cht r 6hvi htn hQ0 g@- EgC!2 V A"C!2J 3%/. S Cc 6i- !o7i C M .r M A G` tc dng Vfi cc cht 3 u G+D nh' th> no\ H2M N2 M $2 M H2$J 4nh cht c5 3n 0h- 0hn WngJ bS .o 3nh cc 0hn Wng trNn Vfi cc 0hn Wng c5 6i- !o7i 6i9-. 357. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng\ 1. C H2 o H2$ 2. C H2 o $2 3. A H2 o C$2 C o 358. S *h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> A $2J bS 4a A m2 bjng cch no c, thI Gi9u ch> G'Qc A $2J cS Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng\ 1. A $2 o HC! KGHcS 2. A $2 o HC!K!o`ngS 3. A $2 o KR o HC! #. A $2 o 2gN$3 %. En$2Kn,ngS 4rong -ti tr'ing hQ0 trNn A $2 thI hiYn tnh cht g?J 3%9. S BiYc Gi9u ch> hidroxit cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: KC M .rM A S d_ trNn nguDNn tFc noJ NguDNn tFc G, c, thI VTn dng cho A"K$HS2 V EgK$HS2 6h;ngJ bS 47i 3 o trong th_c t> ng'ii t 6h;ng Gi9u ch> hidroxit 6i- !o7i 6i9- th"o 0h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> hidroxit 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: V ng'Qc !7iJ 3/8. S <ii thch nguDNn nh+n V9 3_ bi>n thiNn tnh cht hidroxit trong d`D ta A"K$HS2 G>n A K$HS2J bS 47i 3 o hidroxit cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: c, thI b[ nhiYt 0h+n GI t7o r oxit t'ng Wng nh'ng hidroxit cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- !7i 6h;ng c, 6h nPng G,J 3/1. <ii thch V9 3_ th D G:i GZ b9n nhiYt c5 cc -uXi .un| t trong d`D ta A".$# G>n A .$#. 3/2. 47i 3 o cc -uXi .un| t 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: !7i c, GZ t n gi- ta C 2o G>n A 2o nh'ng -uXi m!oru c5 cc 6i- !o7i G, !7i c, GZ t n tPngJ 3/3. Bfi clng -Zt 6i- !o7i KC 2o M .r2o hoHc A 2oS t7i 3 o -uXi m!oru c, GZ t n !fn hn GZ t n c5 -uXi c cbon tJ
S {_ Vo thuD>t c_c h, ion h`D gii thch du tr?nh nhiYt 0h+n C C$3. bS C+n bjng 0hn Wng nhiYt 0h+n C C$3 chuDIn d[ch trong Gi9u 6iYn noJ ngh th_c t> c5 cc Gi9u 6iYn G,J 3/%. .o 3nh GZ b9n nhiYt c5 cc -uXi c cbon t 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: V gii thch. 3//. 47i 3 o 6hi cho 6h C$ du dung d[ch A C!2 hoHc A KN$3S2 6h;ng t7o r 6>t t5 nh'ng 6hi cho C$2 tc dng Vfi n'c A rit !7i c, A C$3 t7o thnhJ Nau th D dung d[ch n'fc A rit bjng dung d[ch A ri x"t t c, 6>t t5 6h;ngJ 3/1. K>t t5 no 3C xut hiYn tr'fc n>u cho Vo dung d[ch c, chW ion C 2o V A 2o clng n@ng GZ tang giet dung d[ch KNH#S2.$#J 3/8. <ii thch t7i 3 o 6hi thN- -Zt !'Qng nhv dung d[ch K !i dicro- t Vo dung d[ch c, chW C C!2 V A C!2 c, !'Qng bjng nh u th? chz c, 6>t t5 -uXi A riJ 3/9. Cc -uXi 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: 6hi 6>t tinh 3C t7o r d7ng hidr t tinh thIM cgn cc -uXi 6i- !o7i 6i9- t c, 6h nPng G,. <ii thch. 318. S 4h7ch c o ! g?J Wng dng c5 th7ch c oJC 3k 6ho hec c5 Wng dng G,. bS 4a th7ch c o bjng nhcng 0h'ng 0h0 no thu G'Qc C 6i- !o7iJ 311. S N'fc cWng ! g?J NguDNn tFc chung 6hO tnh cWng c5 n'fcJ bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho cc cht 3 u G+D 6hO tnh cWng c5 n'fc\ C K$HS2 M N $H M N 2C$3 M N 3*$#. cS <ii thch du tr?nh 3O dng nh_ tr o G:i ion KionitS GI !- -9- n'fc cWng. 312. ,7. nhUG S H`D nhTn xUt V9 GHc GiI- cu t7o nguDNn tO c5 cc nguDNn tX nh,-
3/#.
RRR . bS .o 3nh Vfi cu t7o c5 cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- V 6i9- th:. 313. NhTn xUt V9 3_ th D G:i bn 6nh nguDNn tOM th> ion h, c5 cc nguDNn tX nh,- RRR J <ii thch 3_ th D G:i bt th'ing G, trong d`D ta 2! G>n 4! trNn c 3k cu trLc "!"ctron c5 nguDNn tO. 31#. NhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i c5 cc nguDNn tX nh,-RRR c, gi tr[ 3 u\ A 2! < Rn 4! 8 4nc K CS\ 2838 //8 38 1%/ 383 8 43 K CS\ 3938 2#%8 22#8 28%8 1#18 NhiYt GZ 3;i gi- !iNn tc nh'ng nhiYt GZ n,ng chD th D G:i bt th'ing. <ii thch t7i 3 o nhiYt GZ n,ng chD rt c o k Ao nh'ng !7i 6h th0 k < !i. S <ii thch 3_ 6hc nh u Gng 6I V9 tnh cht c5 2 nguDNn tX A V 2!. bS *hn Wng xD r KhoHc 6h;ng xD r S nh' th> no 6hi cho Ao tc dng Vfi H2$ M HC! M HN$3 M H2.$#J Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng ta G, rLt r 6>t !uTn V9 tnh cht c5 Ao.
31%.
31/. 311. 318.
4hnh 0hqn h, hec c5 cc hQ0 cht Aoru M Aor nM Aor tM 0"bor tM -uXi AorD!. &D B{. E; t cu t7o c5 0h+n tO Am3. 47i 3 o n,i rjng trong 0h+n tO Aoh !og"nu c, c ch> cho) nhTnJ S C;ng thWc cu t7o c5 Gibor n. <ii thch cu t7o c5 cht G, Vfi du n GiI- !iNn 6>t 3 t+-. bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng th5D 0h+n Gibor n. C ch>0hn Wng th5D 0h+n G, c, giXng 0hn Wng th5D 0h+n c5 -uXi 6h;ngJ S 4hu G'Qc cht g? 6hi cho nhidrit boric hg t n trong n'fcJ bS Ai>t rjng nhidrit boric c, thI Gi9u ch> G'Qc k tr7ng thi V; G[nh h?nhM tr7ng thi V; G[nh h?nh cng GHc cho cc hQ0 cht 6hc c5 Ao. H`D gii thch nguDNn nh+n. S 4nh cht h, hec c5 xit octoboric. bS *h+n tO H3A$3 c, 3 nguDNn tO hidro nh'ng t7i 3 o !7i ! xit -Zt !qn xitJ C, thI gii thch Gi9u G, nh' tr'ing hQ0 c5 xit H3*$3 6h;ngJ cS Nhcng cht no G'Qc t7o r 6hi nung n,ng ta ta xit octoboricJ Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng. S EWc oxi h, c5 cc nguDNn tX nh,- RRR J bS 47i 3 o nh;- dn t7o r ion 2!3o -Hc dl t:ng nPng !'Qng ion h, thW nhtM thW h iM thW b ! rt !fnJ Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho tc dng Vfi !'u hu(nhM c cbonM nitM h !og"nM 0hot 0hoM 3i!ic. S Nh;- tc dng Vfi cc dung d[ch cc cht 3 u G+D nh' th> no\ 1. N 2C$3 3. CuC!2 2. HgC!2 #. HN$3 !o`ng bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh cc 0' 3 u\ 1. 2! o Cr2$12) o Ho 2. 2! o En$#) o Ho
319.
388.
381.
382. 383.
38#.
S NguDNn tFc Gi9u ch> nh;- bjng 0h'ng 0h0 GiYn 0h+n. bS 47i 3 o 6h;ng thI Gi9u ch> nh;- ta dung d[ch -uXi nh;- t n trong n'fc bjng cch GiYn 0h+nJ S NguDNn tFc Gi9u ch> 2!2$3 M 2!K$HS3 . NguDNn tFc G, c, thI VTn dng GI Gi9u ch> oxitM hidroxit c5 nhcng 6i- !o7i noJ bS C, thI VTn dng nguDNn tFc G, GI Gi9u ch> oxit V hidroxit c5 6i- !o7i 6i9- V 6i9- th: 6h;ngJ
38%.
38/.
S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng Gi9u ch> 2!2$3 hoHc 2!2K.$#S3 ta 0hn 2!)NH#o V ta nh;- nitr t. bS Ng'Qc !7iM ta 2!2$3 !- th> no thu G'Qc 2!2K.$#S3. 18H2$J 381. S Corundu- ! g?J Wng dng c5 corundu-J bS Corundu- c, thI t n G'Qc trong cc cht 3 u G+D 6h;ngJ H2$ M HC! M N $H M N 2C$3 M K2.2$1 n>u c,M 0hn Wng 3C xD r trong Gi9u 6i9n noJ cS 2!u-og"n ! g?J Wng dng c5 2!u-og"nJ 388. S C, hiYn t'Qng g? xD r 6hi cho 0hn 2! ) NH#o tc dng Vfi xoG J bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng xD r 6hi Gun n,ng dung d[ch c, chW 2!2K.$#S3 Vfi N tri x"t t. cS <ii thch t7i 3 o 6hi cho dung d[ch 2!C!3 tc dng Vfi tinh thI K2C$3 !7i c, 6h C$2 b D r J 389. S *hn ! g?J bS C;ng thWc 0h+n tO V Wng dng c5 0hn. <ii thch c 3k 6ho hec c5 cc Wng dng G,. 398. S *h+n tO nh;- c!our k tr7ng thi 6h c, d7ng Gi-" t'ng t_ nh' Gibor n. H`D gii thch cu trLc c5 2!2C!% bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho Nh;- C!oru 6h n tc dng Vfi -oni c. <ii thch. cS 47i 3 o 2!C!3 k tr7ng thi rFn dbn GiYn tXt hn k tr7ng thi n,ng chDJ 391. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng t'ng tc gic \ 1S < !i Vfi H2.$#. 2S 4 !i Vfi HN$3 GHc n,ng. 3S 4 !i Vfi HN$3 !o`ng nguZi. #S 4 !i Vfi HC!. %S < !iM Rndi M4 !i Vfi dung d[ch 6i9-. 392. ._ bi>n thiNn tnh A x trong d`D ta C K$HS2 G>n 4!K$HS2. <ii thch nguDNn nh+n. 393. S 4rong h i -uXi Nh;- c!oru V Rndi c!oru -uXi no dn b[ th5D 0h+n hnJ bS EuXi no c, GZ th5D 0h+n c o hn\ 4!N$3 hoHc 4!KN$3S3J 39#. S 47i 3 o ion 4!o !7i c, 6h nPng t7o 0hn nh' cc ion 6i- !o7i 6i9-J bS 4nh cht c5 cc -uXiM cc hQ0 cht h, tr[ -Zt c5 < M Rn V 4!. ,9. $3;G<ni thiV; ;hW 2G3? Sn? Pb6 39%. S ._ h?nh thnh cc -Wc oxi h, c5 cc nguDNn tX nh,- RB KCM .iM <"M .nM *bS bS47i 3 o cc nguDNn tX G, 6h;ng t7o r ion #o hoHc ion #)J An cht !iNn 6>t trong cc hQ0 cht c5 cc nguDNn tX trNn. 39/. S 47i 3 o GZ b9n c5 cc hQ0 cht Wng Vfi 3X oxi h, o# trong d`D ta <" G>n *b !7i gi-M nh'ng hQ0 cht Wng Vfi 3X oxi h, o2 c, GZ b9n tPng trong d`D G, J <ii thch.
bS 4a 6>t !uTn trNn h`D 3o 3nh tnh oxi h, c5 d`D <"$2 = .n$2 = *b$2 V tnh 6hO c5 cc cht trong d`D <"C!2 = .nC!2 = *bC!2. 391. NhiYt GZ n,ng chD c5 cc nguDNn tX nh,- RB c, cc gi tr[ 3 u\ C .i <" .n *b o 4ncK CS #888 1#18 9%8 232 321 S H`D gii thch t7i 3 o ta C G>n .i nhiYt GZ n,ng chD !7i gi- GZt ngZtJ bS <ii thch nguDNn nh+n 3_ gi- 4nc c, tnh duD !uTt ta .i G>n *b. 398. S 47i 3 o .n V *b !7i -9- nh'ng <" !7i cWngJ bS 47i 3 o c, thI t7o r dung d[ch rFn gic .i V <"M nh'ng 6h;ng t7o r dung d[ch rFn gic .i V *bJ 399. S Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho <" V .n tc dng Vfi HC!M HN$3M H2.$#. bS 47i 3 o *b 6h, t n trong dung d[ch HC! !o`ng V H2.$# !o`ng nh'ng !7i dn t n trong dung d[ch dung d[ch GT- GHc c5 xit G,J #88. S ._ th D G:i V9 GZ b9n nhiYt c5 cc hiGru d7ng 2H# trong d`D ta C G>n *b. bS 4rong cc hiGru G, cht no t n G'Qc trong dung d[ch 6i9-J Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng. #81. NhiYt GZ n,ng chD c5 cc oxit d7ng E$2 c5 cc nguDNn tX nh,- RB nh' 3 u\ C$2 .i$2 <"$2 .n$2 *b$2 o 4ncK CS )%1 1138 1128 1138 298 K% t-S K0h+n h5DS H`D gii thch 3_ bt th'ing V9 nhiYt GZ n,ng chD c5 C$2. 47i 3 o *b$2 c, GZ b9n nhiYt 6U- hn 3o Vfi cc oxit 6hc trong d`D trNnJ #82. 4rong cc oxit 3 u G+DM oxit no b9n hn 6hi Gun n,ng\ <"$2 h D .n$2 J *b$2 h D *b$ J #83. 4rong cc hidroxit 3 u G+D cht no thI hiYn tnh b x !fn hn\ <"K$HS2 h D .nK$HS2 J .nK$HS2 h D *bK$HS2 J .nK$HS2 h D .nK$HS# K.n$2.2H2$S J #8#. S Ajng 0hn Wng no GI -inh he rjng cc oxit 3 u G+D G9u ! !'ng tnhJ .n$ V .n$2 *b$ V *b$2. trong tang cH0 -ZtM cht no c, tnh b x !fn hnJ bS Cc oxit trNn G'Qc Gi9u ch> bjng cch noJ Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng oxi h, -uXi *b2o x"t t bjng C!oru V;i GI t7o r *b$2J #8%. Hidro c, thI 6hO G'Qc oxit no d'fi G+D thnh Gn cht\ C$2s .i$2s .n$s .n$2s <"$2s *b$s *b3$#J #8/. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng \ 1S i9u ch> .n$ ta .nC!2 V ta N tri .t nit. 2S i9u ch> *b$ ta *bKN$3S2 V ta K !i 0!o-bit. 3S 4c dng gic *b$2 V 6h .$2.
#81.
Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng\ 1S 4c dng gic *b$2 V dung d[ch KR. 2S 4c dng gic *b$2 V 6i9-. 3S 4c dng gic HC! V N tri *!o-bit. #88. S Ajng 0hn Wng no c, thI chWng -inh nhTn G[nh rjng *b3$# ! -Zt -uXiJ tNn c5 -uXi G,J bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng chWng -inh tnh oxi h, -7nh c5 *b3$#. #89. S 4rong h i tnh cht xit V b x c5 *bK$HS2 th? tnh cht no trZi hnJ bi>t rjng -uXi *bKN$3S2 th5D 0h+n 6U- hn K2*b$2. bS *h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> cc hidroxit <"K$HS2M .nK$HS2M *bK$HS2. S 47i 3 o 6hi Gi9u ch> .nC!2 bjng cch cho .n tc dng Vfi HC! !7i 0hi cho xit d'J bS 47i 3 o du tr?nh G, !7i t7o r .nC!2 - 6h;ng 0hi ! .nC!#J cS .n 0h- no G'Qc t7o thnh 6hi cho .nC!2 tc dng Vfi HgC!2s m"C!3J S*bR2 ! cht t t n trong n'fc nh'ng t7i 3 o dn t n trong dung d[ch KRJ bS 47i 3 o nhiYt GZ n,ng chD c5 .nC!2 c o hn .nC!#J 412. d[chHC! \ *bC$3 *b2o o C$32) *bCr$# *b2o o Cr$#2) ta G, cho bi>t h i -uXi G, -uXi no dn t n trong HC!J 413. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1S .nC!# o.n 2S .nC!2 o $2 3S *b$2 o HC! #S *b3$# o KR o H2.$# *b.$# o %S *b3$# o En.$# o HN$3 HEn$# o /S .n o H2."$# K!o`ngS 1S *b o H2."$# KGHcS C, thI t@n t7i G@ng thii trong dung d[chcc cht 3 u G+D 6h;ngJ 1S .nKN$3S2 V m"C!3 2S .nC!2 V Cu 3S *bKN$3S2 V Cd #S .nC!2 V m"KC!$#S3 %S *bKN$3S2 V m"C!2 S C, 0hn Wng xD r 6h;ng 6hi cho .n. tc dng Vfi dung d[ch *bKN$3S2J *b. tc dng Vfi dung d[ch.nC!2 bS Ajng 0hn Wng no c, thI tch G'Qc .n. r 6hvi htn hQ0 Vfi *b.J C+n bjng 3 u G+D 3C chuDIn d[ch nh' th> no trong dung
#18.
#11.
#1#.
#1%.
416.
S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng Gi9u ch> 2-oni 3t n t ta .nC!2. Khi xit h, dung d[chc, chW -oni 3t n t c, hiYn t'Qng g? J bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho "Vng gi" tc dng Vfi dung d[ch HN$3. cS*b.M .n. t n trong nhcng xit noJ
,A. XYn$ bQ; vn$ 2 Cu ? 4$? 4u 6 #11. S Hc GiI- V9 cu trLc "!"ctron c5 CuM 2gM 2u. bS 4r?nh bD nhTn xUt V9 nPng !'Qng ion h, M i !_c "!"ctron c5 cc nguDNn tX G, 3o Vfi cc nguDNn tX 6i- !o7i 6i9-. cS Cc nguDNn tX CuM 2gM 2u c, 6h nPng h?nh thh 0h+n tO d7ng Cu2M 2g2M 2u2 h D 6h;ngJ S Cc -Wc oxi h, c, thI c, c5 cc nguDNn tX CuM 2gM 2uJ bS Cc -Wc oxi h, G, c, 0hl hQ0 Vfi GHc GiI- cu t7o nguDNn tO c5 cc nguDNn tX G, 6h;ngJ cS 47i 3 o -Wc oxi h, GHc tr'ng GXi Vfi 2u ! o3 cgn GXi Vfi 2g ! o1J S 47i 3 o cc nguDNn tX CuM 2gM 2u !7i c, tnh cht 6hc nh u Gng 6I 3o Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9-J bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho Cu tc dng Vfi HN$3M H2.$#s Cu tc dng Vfi C!2M m2M Vfi n'fc c'ing th5D.
#18.
#19.
#28.
Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng Gi9u ch> Cu 6i- !o7i ta Cu$M *irit Cu.2M - ! 6it CuC$3M CuK$HS2 #21. S u tr?nh no 3C xD r trNn b9 -Ht GiYn c_c V thu G'Qc 3n 0h- g? 6hi diYn 0h+n dung d[ch CuC!2 Vfi GiYn c_c bjng th n ch?J bS u tr?nh no 3C xD r 6hi GiYn 0h+n dung d[ch Cu.$# Vfi d'ng c_c bjng G@ng V *! tin. #22. S 47i 3 o b7c V Vng 6h;ng t7o r cc oxit 6hi GXt n,ng trong 6h;ng 6h. bS <ii thch t7i 3 o 2g 6h;ng b[ oxi h, trong 6h;ng 6h nh'ng th'ing b[ oxi h, trong $xon V b[ oxi h, 6hi GiYn 0h+n dung d[ch xit chW oxi n>u dlng b7c !- GiYn c_cJ #23. S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng tc dng gic Cu.$# Vfi dung d[ch KR. <ii thch nguDNn nh+n g+D r 0hn Wng. bS 47i 3 o Vfi C!oM G@ng c, 6h nPng t7o r h i cht CuC!2 V CuC!M nh'ng Vfi iod chz t7o r CuRJ #2#. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng th5D 0h+n cc -uXi 3 u G+D\ CuC!2M CuKN$3S2M Cu.$# MCuKCH3C$$HS2. #2%. C, hiYn t'Qng g? xD r 6hi cho dung d[ch K$H hoHc !u@ng 6h H2. tc dng Vfi dung d[ch CuKNH3S#.$#J <ii thch V Vi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng.
C, h i dung d[ch Cu.$# V 2gN$3 cho thN- Vo cc dung d[ch G, tang giet dung d[ch N $H. 4i>0 tc cho thN- NH#$HM c, hiYn t'Qng g? th D G:iJ <ii thch nguDNn nh+n V Vi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng. #21. C, hiYn t'Qng g? xD r 6hi thN- Vo dung d[ch c, chW Ron CuKNH3S#2o -Zt !'Qng d' K !i ]i nu KCNJ Vi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng. #28. S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho Cu 6i- !o7i hg t n trong dung d[ch KC!. 2g V 2u c, 6h nPng G, 6h;ngJ <ii thch nguDNn nh+n. bS <ii thch t7i 3 o 2g 6i- !o7i c, 6h nPng hg t n trong dung d[ch KCN 6hi c, -Ht oxiJ Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng. #29. S 47i 3 o 2gR 6h;ng t n trong dung d[ch 2-oni c nh'ng t n trong dung d[ch KCNJ bS 4rong dung d[ch -oni c th"o d`D 2gC!M 2gArM 2gR GZ t n 3C gi-. <ii thch nguDNn nh+n. #38. Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng V gii thch nguDNn nh+n 3_ t7o thnh 6>t t5 6hi cho xit Nitric tc dng Vfi dung d[ch 2gKNH3S2C!. #31. S C, thI c, 0hn Wng xD r 6h;ng 6hi cho 2gC! tc dng Vfi dung d[ch KR GT- GHcJ bS *hn Wng 3C xD r nh' th> no 6hi cho A7c Cro- t tc dng Vfi HC! GTGHcJ #32. S &- th> no GI c, thI thu G'Qc Cu.$# ta nhcng cht 3 u G+D\ 1S CuC!2 V H2.$#. 2S Cu V dung d[ch H2.$# !o`ng bS i9u ch> G@ng *"c!or t CuKC!$#S2 ta cc cht 3 u\ 1S HC!$#M N $H V Cu.$# 2S A K$HS2M CuM H2.$# V HC!$# #33. S *hn Wng no 3C xD r 6hi cho 6h .$2 du dung d[ch CuAr2 Gun n,ngJ bS 4a Cu.$# bjng 0hn Wng no Gi9u ch> G'Qc CuArJ #3#. S <ii thch t7i 3 o 2gR c, 6h nPng t n trong dung dich KRJ bS 2gAr c, 6h nPng t n trong dung d[ch N 2.2$3 6h;ngJ cS *hn Wng 3C xD r nh' th> no 6hi cho H2. tc dng Vfi dung d[ch c, chW Ron 2gK.2$3S23)J 435. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng\ 2uK$HS3 o N $H 2uK$HS3 o HN$3 2uK$HS3 o HC! ,D. PZG ;<XiGi th[\ n$n 2]n? C%? !$6 #3/. S NhTn xUt V9 cu t7o nguDNn tO c5 cc nguDNn tX ynM CdM HgJ .o 3nh Vfi cu t7o c5 cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: clng chu 6( c, g? 6hcJ bS Cc 6i- !o7i ynM CdM Hg c, 6h nPng h?nh thnh 0h+n tO 2 nguDNn tO 6h;ngJ
#2/.
437.
S 4h> GiYn c_c c5 ynM CdM Hg c, gi tr[ 3 u\ yn Cd Hg 8 KBS )8M1/ )8M# 8M8% 2o 8 ] o 2" ] H`D gii thch t7i 3 o th> tiNu chun c5 Hg !7i k rt x V9 bNn 0hi c5 yn V Cd trong d`D th> GiYn c_cJ bS .o 3nh ho7t tnh h, hec c5 ynM CdM Hg Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th:. #38. S 4nh cht h, hec c5 cc 6i- !o7i ynM CdM Hg. Cc 6i- !o7i G, 0hn Wng Vfi cc dung d[ch 6i9-M dung d[ch xit nh' th> noJ bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho cc 6i- !o7i G, tc dng Vfi cc dung dich xit GHc V !o`ng\ HC!M H2.$#M HN$3. #39. S 47i 3 o yn 6h;ng t n G'Qc trong n'fc -Hc dl th> GiYn c_c c5 yn th0 hn th> GiYn c_c c5 Hidro trong -;i tr'ing trung tnhJ bS EuXn cho H2 thot r nh nh 6hi cho yn tc dng Vfi HC! th? 0hi !- th> noJ <ii thch. ##8. S 4rong -;i tr'ing no yn thI hiYn tnh 6hO -7nh hnJ bS KC- c, 6h nPng t n trong dung d[ch ynC!2 6h;ngJ cS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho yn tc dng Vfi cc dung d[ch 3 u\ N $HM NH#$HM NH#C!. ##1. S *h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> cc 6i- !o7i ynM CdM Hg. bS Nhcng 6i- !o7i no trong nh,- RR c5 hY thXng tuqn hon c, thI 6hO G'Qc C$2 t7o r C cbonJ ##2. S 4nh cht h, hec c5 cc oxit yn$M Cd$M Hg$. Z b9n c5 cc oxit G, th D G:i nh' th> no 6hi Gi ta yn$ G>n Hg$J bS EZt htn hQ0 g@- yn$M Cd$M Hg$ bjng 0h'ng 0h0 no c, thI tch G'Qc cc oxit G, r 6hvi htn hQ0J ##3. S *hn Wng 3C xD r nh' th> no 6hi cho cc dung d[ch -uXi c5 cc 6i- !o7i nh,- KC- tc dng Vfi dung d[ch 6i9- -7nhJ bS ._ bi>n thiNn tnh xit c5 cc hidroxit trong d`D ta ynK$HS2 G>n HgK$HS2J ###. S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng th5D 0h+n cc -uXi ynC!2M ynKN$3S2M yn.$#. bS 4hu G'Qc 3n 0h- g? 6hi th5D 0h+n N tri yinc t N 2ynK$HS#J ##%. C, 3n 0h- g? G'Qc t7o thnh 6hi cho ynC$3 tc dng Vfi dung d[ch K2.J <ii thch. ##/. S C, thI Gi9u ch> ynKN$3S2 k d7ng tinh thI 6hi Gun n,ng dung d[ch c, chW -Xi KC- V -uXi Ch? 6h;ngJ bS 4a ynKN$3S2 Gi9u ch> KC- *"c!or t. ##1. S C, 0hn Wng xD r 6h;ng 6hi cho HgKN$3S2 tc dng Vfi dung d[ch N C!J bS 47i 3 o cc -uXi HgC!2M HgKCNS2 !7i ! cht GiYn !i 6U-J ##8. S Cng nh' cc nguDNn tX he d 6hcM cc 6i- !o7i thuZc nh,yn G9u c, 6huDnh h'fng t7o 0hWc. H`D gii thch nguDNn nh+n V 3o 3nh Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: clng chu 6(.
bS 4h5D ng+n c, 0hn Wng Vfi Rot 6h;ngJ C, t n trong dung d[ch g@- Rot V K !i Rodu 6h;ngJ ##9. S C, xD r 0hn Wng 6hi cho 6C- 6i- !o7i tc dng Vfi dung d[ch c, chW ion CuKCnS#3)J bS 4rong h i -uXi 3 u G+D -uXi no b[ th5D 0h+n -7nh hn\ ynC!2 V ynKNH3S#C!2J ,I. ;'=G G<n$<n H^t 2C'? Mn? >36 #%8. S H`D tr?nh bD nhTn xUt V9 cu trLc "!"ctronM bn 6nh nguDNn tOM nPng !'Qng ion h, c5 nguDNn tO Cro-. .o 3nh Vfi Eo!i0d"n V Bon|r -. bS Cc -Wc oxi h, c, thI c, GXi Vfi Cro-J 4rong 3X G,M -Wc no GHc tr'ng nhtJ S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho Cro- tc dng Vfi $2M HC!M H2.$# !o`ngM H2.$# GHcM HN$3 GHc. bS 47i 3 o 6hi cho Cro- t n trong HC! !7i thu G'Qc CrC!2 - 6h;ng thu G'Qc CrC!3J
#%1.
S 4nh cht c bn c5 dung d[ch -uXi Cr2oJ bS H`D gii thch t7i 3 o 6hi -uXn Gi9u ch> CrC!2 bjng 0h'ng 0h0 cho Cro- tc dng Vfi HC! 0hi th_c hiYn trong bqu 6h duDIn HidroJ #%3. S 4nh cht h, hec c bn c5 Cr$ V CrK$HS2J bS 4hu G'Qc cht g? 6hi GI CrC!2 trong 6h;ng 6hJ cS 4rong 0hgng th nghiY- ng'ii t c, thI dlng dung d[ch CrC!2 trong HC! GI h0 th oxi. C 3k 6ho hec c5 0h'ng 0h0 G,J #%#. 4a cu trLc "!"ctron c5 nguDNn tO &'u hu(nh V Cro- h`D gii thch t7i 3 o Cro- ! -Zt 6i- !o7i !7i x>0 chung clng -Zt nh,- Vfi &'u hu(nh ! -Zt nguDNn tX 6h;ng 6i- !o7i. #%%. 4?- dbn chWng GI -inh he nhcng tnh cht giXng nh u V 6hc nh u gic Cro- Vfi Nh;-s Cro- Vfi &'u hu(nh. #%/. S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng nhiYt 0h+n KNH#SCr2$1 GI thu G'Qc Cr2$3. Ajng cch no c, thI thu G'Qc Cr2$3 6hi nhiYt 0h+n !'Qng d' KNH#S2Cr2$1J bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho Cr2$3 tinh thI nu n,ng chD Vfi K2.2$1M K$H. Cc 0hn Wng G, chWng -inh tnh cht g? c5 Cr2$3J #%2. #%1. S H`D chWng -inh rjng CrK$HS3 c, tnh !'ng tnh nh' 2!K$HS3. bS EZt dung d[ch c, chW G@ng thii K !i Cro-it V K !i 2!u-in t. 4a dung d[ch G, bjng cch no c, thI tch G'Qc\ CrK$HS3 V 2!K$HS3. {ung d[ch -uXi Cr3o c, GHc GiI- ! -u 3Fc th D G:i. <ii thch nguDNn nh+n V cho bi>t nhcng D>u tX no G` g+D r hiYn t'Qng G,J
#%8.
#%9.
S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho dung d[ch K2Cr2$1 bò hg tc dng Vfi dung d[ch H2.$# GHc GI thu G'Qc Cr$3. &- th> no GI tch G'Qc Cr$3J bS 4nh cht c5 Cr$3J S Htn hQ0 .un|ocro-it ! g?J Wng dng . bS *h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> htn hQ0 .un|ocro-icJ 4a nhidrit cro-ic !- th> no GI di9u ch> G'Qc\ 1S K2Cr2$1 2S K2Cr$# 3S Cr2$3 Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi Gun n,ng htn hQ0 Cr$3 Vfi m"K$HS2 V 6hi 0h !o`ng htn hQ0 G, Vo n'fc. S Cc ion Cr2$12) V Cr$#2) b9n trong -;i tr'ing noJ <ii thch nguDNn nh+n. bS Khi cho K$H Vo dung d[ch -uXi Cr3oMM Cr$#2) V Cr2$12) c, hiYn t'Qng g? xD r J <ii thch. S 4a N 2Cr$# bjng cch no thu G'Qc N 2Cr2$1.2H2$J bS Ajng cch no c, thI\ 1S 4a 0hn Cro- Gi9u ch> Cr$3J 2S 4a Cr2$3 Gi9u ch> Cr$3J 3S 4a Cro- 6i- !o7i Gi9u ch> K2Cr2$1J Ai>t rjng th> GiYn c_c chun c5 Cr2$12)~Cr3o trong -;i tr'ing xit ! o1M3/B V th> GiYn c_c chun c5 C!2~2C!) ! o1M3/BM nh'ng t7i 3 o trong 0hgng th nghiY- ng'ii t c, thI dlng K2Cr2$1 tc dng Vfi HC! GI Gi9u ch> C!oJ u GiI- c5 0h'ng 0h0 G,J S C, thI dlng cht no GI oxi h, dung d[ch -uXi Cr3o t7o thnh dung d[ch icro- tJ &D V d V Vi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng. bS Ajng 0h'ng 0h0 no GI Gi9u ch> Cro-D! C!oru ta K !i Cro- tJ HiYn t'Qng g? xD r 6hi cho\ 1S {ung d[ch K2Cr2$1 tc dng Vfi dung d[ch 2gN$3J 2S{ung d[ch K2Cr2$1 tc dng Vfi dung d[ch A K$HS2 3S {ung d[ch H2.$# !o`ng tc dng Vfi A Cr$#J Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng. S i9u ch> A ri icro- t. bS 4a Cr2$3 Gi9u ch> 2-oni icro- t. NNu rw 0h'ng 0h0 V Vi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng. u tr?nh no nNu r 3 u G+D c, thI xD r trong -;i tr'ing xit n>u K !i icro- t ! cht oxi h, \ 1S 2Ar) Ar2 2S 2C!) C!2
#/8. #/1. #/2. #/3.
#/#.
#/%.
#//.
#/1.
#/8.
469.
3S #S %S /S 1S 470.
2H2$ H2$2 o 2Ho H2 . . Hg22o 2Hg2o Cu Cu2o En2o En$#)
Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1S N 2Cr2$1 o KR o H2.$# 2S K2Cr2$1 o H2. o H2.$# 3S K2Cr$# o H2. o H2$ #S K2Cr2$1 o .$2 o H2.$# %S H2Cr$# o m".$# o H2.$# /S Cr2K.$#S3 o K2m"KCNS/ o K$H Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1S Cr$3 o H2$2 o H2.$# 2S CrAr3 o H2$2 o N $H 3S Cr$3 o HR #S Cr2K.$#S3 o Ar2 o N $H %S Cr2$3 o K3m"KCNS/ o K$H /S Cr2K.$#S3 o KEn$# o K$H S Cu t7o c5 nguDNn tO E ng n. .o 3nh Vfi cu t7o nguDNn tO C!o. bS 4a nhcng GHc GiI- V9 cu t7o nguDNn tO h`D 3o 3nh tnh cht h, hec c5 cc Gn cht V hQ0 cht c5 chLng.
471.
#12.
#13.
S Cc -Wc oxi h, c, thI c, c5 E ng nJ EWc no b9n nht bS Bi>t c;ng thWc 0h+n tO V nNu tnh cht h, hec c bn c5 cc oxit V hidroxit c5 E ng n Wng Vfi cc -Wc oxi h, G,. S 4nh cht h, hec c5 E ng nJ bS ._ bi>n G:i tnh cht h, hec ta En G>n ^"J cS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho E ng nM 4"cn"xi V ^"ni tc dng Vfi cc cht 3 u\ 1S HC! !o`ng V GHc. 2S H2.$# !o`ng. 3S H2.$# GHc. #S HN$3 GHc. S Ng'ii t c, thI Gi9u ch> E ng n bjng 0h'ng 0h0 GiYn 0h+n dung d[ch En.$#. Hvi c, nhcng du tr?nh no G` xD r trNn b9 -Ht GiYn c_c 6hi GiYn 0h+n dung d[ch G,J bS Ngoi 0h'ng 0h0 GiYn 0h+n c, thI dlng 0h'ng 0h0 no GI Gi9u ch> E ng nJ
#1#.
#1%.
#1/.
S 4a En$ bjng 0h'ng 0h0 no c, thI thu G'Qc EnK$HS2 bi>t rjng En$ 6h;ng t n trong n'fcJ bS Ajng 0hn Wng no chWng -inh rjng EnK$HS2 c, tnh 6hOJ Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1S En.$# o KC!$3 o K$HKn,ng chDS 2S En.$# o *b$2 o HN$3 3S En.$# o Ar2 o N $H #S EnAr2 o H2$2 o K$H %S -N3o# o C $C!2 o N $H E; t c;ng thWc cu t7o c5 EnC!3.#H2$ bi>t rjng hQ0 cht G, c, cu h?nh t- -Ht trong G, # 0h+n tO n'fc cng th - gi h?nh thnh !iNn 6>t. S En$2 ! cht oxi h, -7nh nh'ng 6hi tc dng Vfi cht oxi h, -7nh hn th? En$2 thI hiYn tnh 6hO. 4?- dbn chWng GI -inh he cho 6>t !uTn G,. bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1S En$2 o HC! 2S En$2 o N $H GHc 3S En$2 o H2.$# S 4a En$2 bjng 0hn Wng no c, thI thu G'Qc\ EnC!2M K-n$#M En2$1J bS 4a En$2 Gi9u ch> A KEn$#S2. Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng.
477.
#18.
479.
#88.
#81.
S Cc ion En$#2) V En$#) b9n trong -;i tr'ing noJ <ii thch nguDNn nh+n. bS 4hN- ta ta tang giet dung dich N $H cho G>n -;i tr'ing 6i9- Vo -Zt dung d[ch KEn$# 3 u G, cho thN- tang giet H2.$# !o`ng cho G>n -;i tr'ing xit. H`D nNu cc du tr?nh xD r trong du tr?nh trNn V gii thch nguDNn nh+n. S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng -; t tnh oxi h, V tnh 6hO c5 K2En$#. bS C, thI thu G'Qc H2En$# bjng 0h'ng 0h0 cho H2.$# GHc tc dng Vfi -uXi K2En$# G'Qc 6h;ngJ
#82.
#83.
S 4a 0hn Wng gic KEn$# Vfi K2.$3 h`D -; t tnh oxi h, c5 KEn$# trong cc -;i tr'ing xitM b xM trung tnh. bS C, thI Gi9u ch> HEn$# bjng cch cho H2.$# tc dng Vfi -uXi t'ng Wng G'Qc 6h;ngJ S 4nh cht c5 En2$1J .o 3nh Vfi tnh cht c5 C!2$1J bS *h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> En2$1J .o 3nh Vfi 0h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> C!2$1J
#8#.
485.
Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1S KEn$# o EnC!2 2S K2En$# o C!2 3S KEn$# o KR o H2.$# #S KEn$# o KR o H2$ %S KEn$# o m".$# o H2.$# Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 3 u G+D d'fi d7ng 0h+n tO\ 1S En2o o C!$) o $H) 2S En$#) o N$2) o Ho 3S En$#) o m" o Ho #S En2 o Ar$3) o H2$ %S En$#) o H2$2 o $H) .o 3nh cc 0hn Wng 3 u G+D\ 1S KEn$# o HC! 2S K2Cr2$1 o HC! 3S *b$2 o HC! *hn Wng no xD r nh nh hnJ EuXn Gi9u ch> -Zt !'Qng nhv 6h C!o nNn dlng 0hn Wng noJ C, b dung d[ch K2Cr$#M K2En$#M K2.$# cho tc dng !qn !'Qt Vfi H2.$#M N $H. NNu hiYn t'Qng V gii thch cc hiYn t'Qng G,J S Hc GiI- cu t7o nguDNn tO c5 3FtJ bS Ng'ii t G` bi>t G'Qc cc -Wc oxi h, no c5 .FtJ &D V d cc hQ0 cht Wng Vfi cc -Wc oxi h, G,. cS Bfi 3FtM -Wc oxi h, no b9n nhtJ 47i 3 oJ S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng V nNu rw cc Gi9u 6iYn 6hi cho m" tc dng Vfi $2M C!2M .M H2$M H2.$# !o`ngM H2.$# GHc. bS .Ft c, b[ Pn -gn 6h;ng 6hi GI trong 6h;ng 6h c, chW .$2M H2M C$2J Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho cc oxit\ m"$M m"2$3M m"3$# tc dng Vfi cc cht 3 u\ 1S HC! !o`ngJ 2S H2.$# !o`ng V GHc n,ngJ 3S HN$3 GHc n,ngJ S H`D gii thch 3_ h?nh thnh !iNn 6>t trong 0h+n tO hQ0 cht m"KC$S%. bS *h'ng 0h0 Gi9u ch> V Wng dng c5 m"KC$S%
486.
487.
#88. #89.
#98.
#91.
#92.
#93.
S 4rong dung d[ch n'fcM ion m"2o c, tnh 6hO -7nh nht ! trong -;i tr'ing 6i9-s ion m"3o c, tnh oxi h, -7nh nht trong -;i tr'ing xit. H`D !D V d GI -inh he .
bS C, 0hn Wng xD r 6h;ng 6hi cho dung d[ch m"C!3 tc dng Vfi dung d[ch KArM KRJ <ii thch. #9#. S 4rong h i cht K#m"KCNS/ V m".$# cht no c, tnh 6hO -7nh hnJ 47i 3 oJ bS Ai>t rjng m" c, thI t n trong dung d[ch KCN GI t7o thnh K#m"KCNS/. <ii thch nguDNn nh+n V Vi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng.
S H i cht K#m"KCNS/V K3m"KCNS/ cht no c, tnh oxi h, J Cht no c, tnh 6hOJ bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho K3m"KCNS/ tc dng Vfi H2$2 trong -;i tr'ing K$H. cS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho K#m"KCNS/ tc dng Vfi H2$2 trong dung d[ch HC!. #9/. C, thI t@n t7i G@ng thii trong dung d[ch cc ion 3 u G+D 6h;ngJ 1S m"2o V .n2o. 2S m"3o V .n2o. 3S m"2o V En$#). #S m"3o V En$#). %S m"2o V Cr2$12). /S m"3o V Cr2$12) 497. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u\ 1S m"K.$#S3 o N 2.$3 o H2$ 2S m".$# o HN$3 o H2.$# 3S m".$# o HN$3 #S m".$# o KEn$# o H2.$# %S m"C!3 o N 2C$3 o H2$ #98. S Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho K#m"KCNS/ tc dng Vfi dung d[ch m"2K.$#S3. bS Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 6hi cho K3m"KCNS/ tc dng Vfi dung d[ch m".$#. NNu rw 3_ th D G:i -u 3Fc trong c h i tr'ing hQ0. 499. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u G+D d'fi d7ng ion\ 1S m".$# o K2Cr2$1 o H2.$# 2S m".$# o HC!$3 o H2.$# HC! o 3S m".$# o KAr$3 o H2.$# #S K#m"KCNS/ o KEn$# o H2.$# %S K#m"KCNS/ o H2$2 o H2.$# 500. Bi>t 0h'ng tr?nh c5 cc 0hn Wng 3 u d'fi d7ng 0h+n tO\ 1S m"3o o H2. 2S m"3o o R) 3S m"3o o .2$3) #S m"3o o .$32) o H2$ %S m"2o o Ar2 o Ho
#9%.
Phn II !"#n$ %&n t'( )*i

,. -hN t'J ,.<6 k !f0 ngoi clng c5 nguDNn tO 6h tr g@- cc obit n n3 V n0M tt c cc "!"ctron G9u G` ghU0 G;i. ) Kch th'fc nguDNn tO tPng dqn Kta H" G>n 2r tPng nh nhs ta 2r G>n Kr tPng chT-S ) NPng !'Qng ion h, c o V gidqn Kta H" G>n 2r gi- nh nhs ta 2r G>n Kr gi- chT-S ) NPng !'Qng ion h, c o g+D r tnh tr V9 -Ht h, hec nNn nh?n chung cc 6h tr t c, 6h nPng 0hn WngM nht ! 6h tr nhp. b6 4a H" G>n ^nM nPng !'Qng ion h, gi- nNn 6h nPng 0hn Wng tPngM nht ! Kr V ]" G9u c, ho7t tnh h, hec c o. Cc hQ0 cht c5 Kr V ]" G9u ! cc cht oxi h, -7nhM chLng c, 6h nPng t7o r cc hQ0 cht Wng Vfi cc -Wc oxi h, o2s o#s o/s o8. HQ0 cht Wng Vfi -Wc oxi h, c o c, tnh oxi h, -7nh V c, tnh xitM chng h7n dung d[ch xit H#]"$/. 7. Cc nguDNn tO 6h tr t'ng tc Vfi nh u ch5 D>u do !_c 6hu>ch tnM -Zt thnh 0hqn du n treng trong !_cB n d"r !3M ta H" G>n ^n bn 6nh nguDNn tO tPngM 6h nPng b[ c_c h, c5 cc 6h tr tPngM dbn G>n nPng !'Qng t'ng tc 6hu>ch tn tPng do G, cc cht cng 6h, n,ng chD. 9. Khi 6ch th'fc nguDNn tO tPng th? tc dng chFn GiYn tch h7t nh+n c5 cc !f0 "!"ctron 3C tPng !NnM do G, "!"ctron k !f0 Vv ngoi clng c5 nhcng nguDNn tO c, 6ch th'fc !fn hn dn dng tch r 6hvi nguDNn tOM V? th> ion h, gi-. D.<6 H`D d_ Vo 3_ h?nh thnh cc "!"ctron GZc th+n 6hi 6ch thch nguDNn tO GI chuDIn "!"ctron ta tr7ng thi ghU0 G;i 3 ng tr7ng thi GZc th+n GI gii tch 6h nPng h?nh thnh cc -Wc oxi h, 6hc nh u. B d\ <ii thch 3_ h?nh thnh -Wc oxi h, o2 c5 ]" nh' 3 u\
5s2 5p6 5d0 5s2 5p5 5d1
Bfi H" 6h;ng c, 6h nPng G,. b6 Cc "!"ctron GZc th+n k tr7ng thi c o nNn 6h;ng b9nM dn dng trk V9 tr7ng thi c, nPng !'Qng th0 b n GquM do G, g+D r tnh oxi h, k bTc oxi h, c o. ;6 {o nPng !'Qng ion h, gi- ta H" G>n ^n nNn cc 6h tr c, 6h nPng t'ng GXi dn dng t7o r cc hQ0 cht c, h, tr[ c o. &iNn 6>t trong cc hQ0 cht G, G9u ! !iNn 6>t cZng h, tr[. %6 Cc hQ0 cht c5 6h tr G9u t b9nM dn b[ 0h+n h5DM c, tnh oxi h, -7nh. B d chLng oxi ho0 d'Qc iodu thnh iodM oxon thnh oxi. I. Cc hidr t c5 6h tr d7ng ]./H2$ ! nhcng hQ0 cht b o. Cc hidr t G, G'Qc h?nh thnh k nhiYt GZ th0 V k 0 3ut c o 6hi bò hg 6h tr. 4rong tinh thI n'fc G c, nhcng 6hong trXng G'Qc h?nh thnh6hi cc 0h+n tO n'fc !iNn 6>t
Vfi nh u bjng !iNn 6>t HidroM k 0 3ut c o cc nguDNn tO 6h tr G` th+- nhT0 Vo cc 6hong trXng G,M cc nguDNn tO 6h tr t'ng tc Vfi cc 0h+n tO n'fc nhi c, !_c 6hu>ch tnM !_c nD 6h;ng G5 GI h?nh thnh hQ0 cht 0hWc K-Zt !o7i hQ0 cht h, hecSM do G, cc hQ0 cht c5 6h tr 6h;ng 0hi ! !o7i hQ0 cht h, hec th_c 3_. H" V N" 6h;ng c, 6h nPng h?nh thnh nhcng hQ0 cht t'ng t_M V? H" V N" c, 6ch th'fc bU nNn dn dng 6hu>ch tn r 6hvi tinh thI n'fc G. K. Bfi H" V N" 6h;ng c, 6h nPng h?nh thnh hQ0 cht. 2r V Kr t G'Qc nghiNn cWu hoHc c, t7o r -Zt t hQ0 cht nh'ng 6U- b9n. Ch5 D>u ! ]" t7o r nhi9u hQ0 cht Vfi cc nguDNn tX c, GZ +- GiYn c o nh' m!oM $xiM C!oM GHc biYt Vfi m!o V $xi. Chng h7n cc hQ0 cht m!oru c5 ]" nh' ]"m2M ]"m#M ]"m/ hoHc ]"$3 G9u t b9n V c, tnh oxi h, -7nh\ 2KR o ]"m2 R2 o ]" o 2Km 8NH3 o 3]"m2 3]" o /NH#m o N2 #KR o ]"m# ]" o 2R2 o #Km ]"$3 o /KR o /HC! ]" o 3R2 o /KC! o 3H2$ 2xit * x"nic H#]"$/ G'Qc bi>t k trong dung d[chM cc -uXi c5 n, G9u c, thI tch r k d7ng tinh thI nh'\ A 2]"$/ M K#]"$/.9H2$ M N #]"$/./H2$ M N #]"$/.8H2$. 4rong -;i tr'ing xit chLng thI hiYn tnh oxi h, -7nhM chng h7n oxi h, Cr2o G>n Cr2$12) s C!$3) G>n C!$#) s En2o G>n En$#) s Ar) G>n Ar$3) L. EuXn h?nh thnh !iNn 6>t gic h i nguDNn tc" GI t7o r 0h+n tO h i nguDNn tO th? 0hi t7o r h i "!"ctron 6h;ng ghU0 G;iM Gi9u G, Ggi hvi nPng !'Qng 6h !fn V? VTD 6h;ng thI h?nh thnh !iNn 6>t gic h i 0h+n tO ]"non. M. NPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t ]" = C! bU hn 3o Vfi ]" = mM nPng !'ng G, G'Qc t7o r 3 u 6hi 6ch thch nguDNn tO ]" 6h;ng G5 GI bl !7i nPng !'Qng dlng GI 6ch thch nguDNn tO. ,R. Z b9n Vfi nhiYt tPng do GZ b9n !iNn 6>t tPng. ,,. {_ Vo GHc tch oxi h, c5 cc ]"non m!oru GI Vi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng. 7. hi%'= ,7.<6 NNu GHc GiI- cu t7o h7t nh+n K3X 0rotonM 3X ntronS nguDNn tO cc G@ng V[ c5 Hidro. B d Vfi 4riti K6 hiYu ! 4S c, 1")M 10oM 2n8. ;6 B? thI tch bU nNn c, GZ 6hu>ch tn !fn. ,9. {_ Vo tz 6hXi GI xc G[nh C, thI chuDIn G'Qc bjng cch L0 cXc thW h i 6h;ng chW Hidro !Nn cXc thW nht c, chW Hidro.
,D. B? 0h+n tO Hidro c, GZ b9n !fn. NPng !'Qng 0h+n !i H2 2H ! H h 183 6c !~-o! nNn k nhiYt GZ th'ing 6U- ho7t GZngM chz ho7t GZng k nhiYt GZ c o. bS Chz c, m!o V -Zt 3X 6i- !o7i chuDIn ti>0 nHng ! c, 6h nPng 0hn Wng tr_c ti>0 k nhiYt GZ 0hgng. ,K. Ajng 0h'ng 0h0 h, !vng 0h+n Go7n. ,L.;6 B? 6h;ng cqn cung c0 nPng !'Qng GI chuDNn Hidro 0h+n tO thnh nguDNn tO. B d\ H2 o m"C!3 m"C!2 o HC! K6h;ng xD r S Kyn o HC!S o m"C!3 m"C!2 o HC! Kdn dngS. 7R. {_ Vo nguDNn tFc GiNn 0h+n cc cht trong dung d[ch n'fcM 3 u G, Vi>t 3 G@ GiYn 0h+n 3C dbn G>n 6>t !uTn cqn thi>t. Chng h7nM 6hi GiYn 0h+n dung d[ch Cu.$#M chz thu G'Qc @ng 6i- !o7i V $xiM 6h;ng thu G'Qc Hidro. 7,.b6 Nhcng 6h 6h;ng c, 6h nPng t7o Vfi $xi c5 6h;ng 6h t7o thnh htn hQ0 6h n: G9u c, thI tch trc trong b?nh chW 6h. 79. Kh Hidro G'Qc t7o r cgn !bn hi n'fc V Hidro c!oru M cqn cho htn hQ0 G, du dung d[ch 6i9- V 3 u G, du dung d[ch c, 6h nPng h0 th n'fc. 7A. 4rong thnh 0hqn cc hQ0 cht h, hec Hidro chz t@n t7i k d7ng ion H) c, trong cc Hidru c5 cc 6i- !o7i -7nh KN HM C H2S. {7nh ion Ho 6h;ng t@n t7i trong cc hQ0 cht h, hec V? bn cht !iNn 6>t trong cc hQ0 cht G, ! !iNn 6>t cZng h, tr[ KV d HC!s HmS. 4rong dung d[ch 6h;ng c, d7ng ion Ho - chz c, d7ng H3$o Ron Ho th_c 3_ chz t@n t7i trong -;i tr'ing 6h 6hi 0h,ng GiYn du 6h Hidro bjng cc ti ion h, nh' , chng h7n. 7D. B? Hidro ! -Zt cht 6h;ng 0h+n c_c nNn t hg t n trong dung -;i 0h+n c_c. 7K. 4'ng tc gic cc 0h+n tO Hidro Vfi nh u ! t'ng tc 6hu>ch tn. 4'ng tc trong 6i- !o7i 6i9- ! t'ng tc 6i- !o7i. {o G, 3_ b D hi c5 cc 6i!o7i Ggi hvi -Zt nPng !'Qng GI thFng t'ng tc gic cc nguDNn tO. 4ri !7i 3_ b D hi c5 Hdro xD r 6hi GZng nPng c5 0h+n tO Hidro G5 GI thFng !_c t'ng tc 6hu>ch tnM do G, k nhiYt GZ th'ing Hidro ! -Zt cht 6h. 7M. Khi GiYn 0h+n dung d[ch cc Hidru ion trong -uXi H !og"nu 6i- !o7i 6i9- n,ng chDM thu G'Qc hidro k c_c +-. An th+n cc Hidru 6i- !o7i 6i9- hoHc 6i9- th: b[ th5D 0h+n rt -7nh\ N H o H2$ N $H o H2_
9R.<6 Cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- V 6i9- th: h?nh thnh r cc Hidru ion. Cc nguDNn tX 6h;ng 6i- !o7i hoHc nO 6i- !o7i t7o r Hidru cZng h, tr[\ &i N K ^b C3 mr Eg C .r A ^ C .i <" .n *b N * 23 .b Ai $ . ." 4" *o m C! Ar R 2t
To ra Hidrua ion To ra Hidrua cng ha tr b6 Cc hidru ion ! cc -uXiM 6>t tinh th"o d7ng !T0 0h'ng hoHc t 0h'ngM !iNn 6>t trong 0h+n tO ! !iNn 6>t ion. Cc Hdru cZng h, tr[ ch5 D>u ! nhcng cht k d7ng 6h Kdn b D hiSs 6hi t n trong n'fc 0hqn !fn t7o r xits !iNn 6>t trong 0h+n tO ! !iNn 6>t c;ng h, tr[.
9,. {_ Vo nhcng GHc GiI- c5 hQ0 cht ion nh' cht rFn tinh thIM nhiYt GZ n,ng chD c oM6hi n,ng chD th? dbn GiYnM 6hi GiYn 0h+n th? thu G'Qc 6h H2 k +- c_c GI dbn G>n 6>t !uTn. 97. {o 3_ chuDIn -Tt GZ GiYn tch V9 0h m!o nNn G` !- gi- !_c GD gic h i ion m!oru . 99. 4a tri du 0hi Kth"o chu 6?SM tnh 6hO tPngM tnh xit tPngM tnh b9n gi-. Z b9n nhiYt 0h thuZc Vo nPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t H = ]M 0h thuZc Vo GZ GiYn +- V 6ch th'fc nguDNn tO c5 ]. Khi h i nguDNn tX c, GZ GiYn +- t'ng G'ngM nguDNn tX no nHng hn cho H] c, GZ b9n nhiYt 6U- hn. 9A. C, thI gii thch nh' 3 u\ Khi t n Vo n'fc c, c+n bjng 3 u\ Hn)1]) o H3$o Hn] o H2$ Hno1]o o $H) GiYn !i xit GiYn !i b x C+n bjng chuDIn d[ch V9 0h no 0h thuZc Vo tr'ing !_c c5 ion trung n) t+- ] V $2) Kngh ! 0h thuZc Vo GiYn tch V bn 6nhS. Bfi HmM c+n bjng 3C chuDIn d[ch V9 0h GiYn !i xitM do tr'ing !_c c5 $2) !fn hn tr'ing !_c c5 m) Kbn 6nh c5 $2) ! 1M3/ s bn 6nh c5 m) ! 1M33s V? GiYn tch c5 $2) !fn hn m)S do G, Ho chuDIn V9 0h $2). Bfi NH3M c+n bjng 3C chuDIn d[ch th"o h'fng GiYn !i b xM do tr'ing !_c 3) c5 N !fn hn $2) Ktr'ing !_c 0h thuZc c bn 6nh V GiYn tchs bn 6nh c5 N3) ! 1M#1S. 9. !<)=$3n 9I. KhuDnh h'fng oxi h, ! ch5 D>u V? trong nguDNn tO c, -Zt "!"ctron ch' ghU0 G;i k obit ! n0 nNn dn dng 6>t hQ0 thN- 1 "!"ctron.
4a m!o G>n RodM nPng !'Qng ion h, gi- nNn 6h nPng nh'ing "!"ctron tPngM do G, G>n Rod c, 6h nPng t7o r ion Ro Ktrong cc hQ0 cht nh' RC!M RKCH3C$$S3S. 9K.<6 EWc oxi h, GHc tr'ng c5 cc H !og"n Ktra m!oS ! o1M o3M o%M o1. <ii thch cc -Wc G, bjng 3_ 6ch GZng "!"ctron chuDIn ta obit ! n3 V n0 3 ng nd. b6 B? -ti nguDNn tO chz c, -Zt "!"ctron 6h;ng ghU0 G;i k obit ! n0M h i "!"ctron 6h;ng ghU0 G;i k h i nguDNn tO ghU0 !7i Vfi nh u t7o thnh 0h+n tO h i nguDNn tO. 9L. 4rong nguDNn tO c5 cc H !og"n c, -Zt "!"ctron 6h;ng ghU0 G;iM nNn tra m!oM chLng G9u c, 6h nPng t7o r -Wc oxi h, o1 6hi chLng !iNn 6>t Vfi -Zt nguDNn tX 6hc c, GZ +- GiYn -7nh hn KV d Vfi $xiS NguDNn tO c5 C!o KhoHc Aro-M RodS cgn c, nhcng obit ! ch' G'Qc !0 GqDM do G, c, thI xD r cc du tr?nh 6ch GZng "!"ctron nh' 3 u\
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K>t du t7o r 3M %M 1 "!"ctron 6h;ng ghU0 G;i Wng Vfi cc tr7ng thi h, tr[ 3M %M 1 c5 H !og"n. u tr?nh 6ch GZng G, xD r d'fi nh h'kng c5 nhcng nguDNn tO c, GZ GiYn +- -7nh hn. &f0 ngoi clng c5 nguDNn tO m!o 6h;ng c, obit ! dM -uXn t7o r tr7ng thi h, tr[ !fn hn 1 k m!oM 0hi 6ch GZng "!"ctron ta obit ! 20 3 ng !f0 thW 3M 6h;ng c, nguDNn tX no c, GZ GiYn +- !fn hn m!o GI cung c0 nPng !'Qng G5 th_c hiYn du tr?nh 6ch GZng trNnM do G, Vfi m!o 6h;ng thI xut hiYn -Wc oxi h, d'ng V chz c, thI c, h, tr[ -Zt. Ngoi r cng cqn chL rjng n>u trong nguDNn tOM chng h7n c, % "!"ctron 6h;ng cH0 G;i th - gi h?nh thnh # !iNn 6>tM trong nguDNn tO cgn !7i -Zt "!"ctron 6h;ng cH0 G;iM Gi9u G, g+D r 6h nPng 0hn Wng rt -7nh c5 0h+n tO G'Qc t7o r M nNn chLng ! nhcng hQ0 cht 6U- b9n. Chng h7n C!$2 ! hQ0 cht c, 3X ! "!"ctron.
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& hQ0 cht ch' bò hg h, tr[M do G, c, 6huDnh h'fng 6>t hQ0 hoHc nh'ing -Zt "!"ctron\ C!$2 o " h C!$2)
C!$2 ) " h C!$2o ch5 D>u ! 6huDnh h'fng thW nht Ki !_c !"ctron c5 C!$2 ! 3M#3 "BSs C!$2 rt 6h;ng b9nM dn 0h+n hu n:M c, tnh oxi h, -7nh. 9M. *h'ng 0h0 $bit n 0h+n tO G` -; t cu h?nh "!"ctron c5 cc 0h+n tO h !og"n nh' 3 u\ Ngh ! h i nguDNn tO h !og"n !iNn 6>t Vfi nh u bjng -Zt !iNn 6>t L KLxS. Ngoi !iNn 6>t LM trong 0h+n tO C!2M Ar2M R2 cgn c, -Zt 0hqn !iNn 6>t t7o r bki 3_ x"n 0h5 c5 cc obit n d. 4rong 0h+n tO m!oM !iNn 6>t chz G'Qc h?nh thnh do -Zt !o7t cc "!"ctron h, tr[M 6h;ng c, 6h nPng h?nh thnh !iNn 6>t nh' trNn V? 6h;ng c, cc obit n d. &iNn 6>t G'Qc h?nh thnh G, ! !iNn 6>t "cho nhTn t7o r do cH0 "!"ctron t_ do c5 -Zt nguDNn tO V obit n d cgn bv trXng c5 nguDNn tO 6hcs c, thI -; t th"o 3 G@ 3 u\
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._ h?nh thnh cc !iNn 6>t G, G` !- cho 0h+n tO cc h !og"n b9n rw rYt. m!o 6h;ng c, 6h nPng t7o r !iNn 6>t nNn 0h+n tO m!o c, nPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t bU hn 3o Vfi C!o. 4a C!o G>n Rot do bn 6nh nguDNn tO tPngM GZ di !iNn 6>t tPng\ m2 C!2 Ar2 R2 {] =] KS 1M#2 2M88 2M29 2M11 nNn nPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t gi-. AR. 4rong 0h+n tO h i nguDNn tO c5 cc h !og"nM GZ b9n nhiYt c5 0h+n tO !iNn du n G>n nPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t ])] trong 0h+n tO\ ]"- cch gii thch k bi 39. A,. NhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i c5 cc h !og"n tPng. 4nh cht G, 0h thuZc Vo t'ng tc 6hu>ch tn gic cc 0h+n tO. k tr7ng thi !vng V rFnM cc 0h+n tO h !og"n t'ng tc Vfi nh u bjng !_c B n d"r !3. B? 0h+n tO cc h !og"n 6h;ng c, c_c nNn t'ng tc G, 0h thuZc Vo t'ng tc 6hu>ch tnM nPng !'Qng t'ng tc nD cng !fn 6hi GZ 0h+n c_c c5 0h+n tO cng !fn. B? 6h nPng b[ c_c h, c5 cc 0h+n tO 0h thuZc Vo bn 6nh nguDNn tOM nNn ta m G>n RM bn 6nh nguDNn tO tPngM GZ 0h+n c_c tPng do G, t'ng tc 6hu>ch tn tPng !- cho nhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i c5 cc h !og"n tPng. A7.<6 Cc cht c, xu h'fng t n nhi9u trong cht !vng giXng Vfi chLng. Cc h !og"n ! nhcng cht 6h;ng c_c nNn t t n trong dung -;i c, c_c KV d\ H2$S V t n nhi9u trong dung -;i 6h;ng c_c.
b6 4r'ing hQ0 Rot t n nhi9u trong dung d[ch KR V? t7o r Ron R3) th"o 0hn Wng\ R2 o R) h R3) A9. ]"- cch gii thch k bi 3X /. AA. .o 3nh\ NPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t ]2 KKc !~-o!S i !_c "!"ctron ] o " ]) KKc !~nguDNn tO gS NPng !'Qng hiGr t h, c5 ]) KKc !~-o!S 4h> tiNu chun 8x2~2x) KBonS m2 31 19 121 2.81 C!2 %9 83 98 1M3/
4 thD rjng nPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t V i !_c "!"ctron c5 m!o bU hn C!os nPng !'Qng hidr t !fn V th> tiNu chun c5 m!o !fn hn C!o. <6 EHc dl c, i !_c "!"ctron th0 hn Kc, tnh oxi h, 6U- hnS nh'ng nPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t trong 0h+ tO m!o th0 hn do G, 6h nPng 0hn Wng c5 m!o c o hn C!o. b6 u tr?nh chuDIn ]2 2]) k trong dung d[ch 0h thuZc Vo cc D>u tX 3 u\ ) NPng !'Qng 0h+n !i 0h+n tO thnh nguDNn tOKnPng !'Qng !iNn 6>tS. ) i !_c "!"ctron GI bi>n nguDNn tO thnh ]). ) NPng !'Qng hiGr t h, c5 nion ]). Bfi m!oM -Hc dl nPng !'Qng 0h+n !i 0h+n tO thnh nguDNn tO V i !_c "!"ctron bU hn C!oM nh'ng nPng !'Qng hiGr t h, c5 Ron m) !7i !fn hn nhi9u 3o Vfi Ron C!) M do G, trong dung d[ch n'fcM m!o c, tnh oxi h, -7nh hn C!o. AD. ]"- bi 3X 3/ AI. {_ Vo Gi9u 6iYn 0hn Wng V nhiYt t7o thnh c5 0hn Wng 6hi cho H2 0hn Wng Vfi h !og"n GI chWng -inh. AK.<6 Cc h !og"n tc dng Vfi H2$ th"o cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng 3 u\ 2m2 o 2H2$ #Hm o $2 C!2 o H2$ HC! o HC!$ Kh #M2.18# Ar2 o H2$ HAr o HAr$ Kh 1M2.18)# R2 o H2$ HR o HR$ Kh 2M1.18)13 Kh nPng 0hn Wng ta m!o G>n Rot gi-. b6 .o 3nh th> oxi h, )6hO chun GI xc G[nh\ $2 o #Ho K18)1 ion)g~!S o #" h 2H2$ 8ho8M81B m2 o 2" h 2m) 8h o2M8/ B C!2 o 2" h 2C!) 8h o1M3/B Ar2 o 2" h 2Ar) 8h o1M81B R2 o 2" h 2R) 8h o8M%3B Chng h7n Vfi tr'ing hQ0 m!o\
2m2 o 2H2$ h #Hm o $2 8h2M8/B Nh' VTD m!o G` 0hn Wng -7nh Vfi n'fc. Bfi C!o V Aro- th_c t> Ggi hvi nPng !'Qng ho7t h, c os Vfi Rot 6h;ng c, 6h nPng G,. AL.<6 Bfi cc 6i- !o7i c, nhi9u -Wc oxi h, th? cc hQ0 cht Wng Vfi -Wc oxi h, G9u c, tnh 6hOM trong 6hi G, cc h !og"n !7i ! cht oxi h, -7nh. b6 Khi cht rFn t'ng tc Vfi cht 6hM 6h nPng 0hn Wng 0h thuZc Vo cu trLc c5 cht rFn G'Qc t7o r . N>u 3n 0h- t7o r b- chFc Vo b9 -Ht cht rFn t'ng tc th? n, 3C ngPn cn 0hn Wng ti>0 dinn. & !uTn G, 3C gii thch tr'ing hQ0 nNu trong bi tT0. AM.b6 .o 3nh th> diYn c_c GI xc G[nh trTt t_ c5 cc 0hn Wng V ta G, -; t hiYn t'Qng. D,.b6 B? rjng th> GiYn c_c c5 m!o rt !fn nNn 6h;ng thI Gi9u ch> m!o bjng 0h'ng 0h0 GiYn 0h+n dung d[ch n'fc c, chW Ron m!oru M - 0hi GiYn 0h+n -Zt htn hQ0 n,ng chD g@- Km V Hm. ]"- ti>0 cch tr !ii k bi tT0 #8. D7. .o 3nh th> GiYn c_c chun GI tr !ii th"o h'fng\ <6 m!o c, tnh oxi h, -7nh hn KEn$#. b6 KEn$# c, tnh oxi h, -7nh hn Ar2 V R2 nNn c, thI oxi h, Ar2 V R2 t7o r Ar$3) V R$3). ;6 C, thI th D KEn$# bjng En$2 hoHc K2Cr2$1 nh'ng 0hi dlng HC! GHc V 0hi Gun n,ng dlng th> GiYn c_c t'ng G'ng nh u. K8C!2~2C!)h1M3/Bs 8Cr2$12)~Cr3o trong -;i tr'ing xit ! 1M3/BS. D9. 4a Hm G>n HC!\ NhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i gi-. 4a HC! G>n HR nhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i tPng. Cc hidro h !og"nu t'ng tc Vfi nh u bjng !_c t'ng tc gic cc 0h+n tO g@- !_c G[nh h'fngM !_c 6hu>ch tn V !_c c- Wng. Nh'ng nPng !'Qng t'ng tc c- Wng th'ing rt bU 3o Vfi nPng !'Qng t'ng tc G[nh h'fng V t'ng tc 6hu>ch tnM do G, nh h'kng c5 t'ng tc c- Wng G>n nhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i c, thI bv du . NPng !'Qng t'ng tc G[nh h'fng gi- ta Hm G>n HR do GZ 0h+n c_c c5 0h+n tO gi-. NPng !'Qng t'ng tc 6hu>ch tn tPng !Nn trong d`D do 3_ tPng bn 6nh nguDNn tO c5 cc h !og"n V 3_ gi- GZ 0h+n c_c c5 !iNn 6>t trong 0h+n tO. 4a Hm G>n HC!M nhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i gi- do gic cc 0h+n tO Hm 0ht 3inh G'Qc !iNn 6>t HidroM G@ng thii nPng !'Qng t:ng dut c5 t'ng tc gic cc 0h+n tO gi- do t'ng tc G[nh h'fng gi-. 4a HC! G>n HR nPng !'Qng t'ng tc 6hu>ch tn chi>- 'u th> 3o Vfi t'ng tc G[nh h'fng V? VTD nhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i tPng.
DA. Z di !iNn 6>t H]M nPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t V GZ b9n GXi Vfi nhiYt trong d`D ta Hm G>n HR c, cc gi tr[ 3 u\ Hm HC! HAr HR Z di !iNn 6>t H] KS 1M82 1M28 1M#1 1M/8 NPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t H] KKc !~-o!S 13% 183 81 11 8 *h+n h5D k 1888 C KuS Kh;ng 8M81# 8M% 33 4rong d`D G,M GZ b9n GXi Vfi nhiYt gi- do GZ di !iNn 6>t tPng V nPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t gi-. Z b9n GXi Vfi nhiYt chz 0h thuZc Vo nPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t c5 0h+n tOM cgn nhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i !7i 0h thuZc Vo nPng !'Qng t'ng tc gic cc 0h+n tO. DD.<6 Htn hQ0 Gng 0h h D htn hQ0 G@ng 3;i ! nhcng htn hQ0 3;i k nhiYt GZ 6h;ng G:i V 6h;ng th D G:i thnh 0hqn c5 htn hQ0 k 0 3ut 6h;ng G:i. Cht nguDNn cht cng c, GHc tnh nh' th>M nh'ng Vfi htn hQ0 G@ng 3;i th? 6hi 0 3ut th D G:i 6h;ng nhcng nhiYt GZ 3;i - c thnh 0hqn c5 htn hQ0 cng th D G:i th"o. B d Hidro C!oru t7o thnh Vfi n'fc -Zt htn hQ0 G@ng 3;i k 1188C d'fi 0 3ut th'ing V chW 28M2u HC!. Khi th D G:i 0 3utM thnh 0hqn c5 HC! trong htn hQ0 cng th D G:i\ 0 3ut K--HgS 1%8 %88 1/8 1888 2%88 4hnh 0hqn HC! KuS 22M% 28M9 28M2 19M1 18M8 Cc hidro h !og"nu 6hc cng t7o nNn cc htn hQ0 G@ng 3;i c, thnh 0hqn V nhiYt GZ 3;i xc G[nh. Bfi Hm 3;i k 1288C thnh 0hqn Hm 3%M#us Vfi HAr htn hQ0 3;i k 12/8CM thnh 0hqn HAr #1usVfi HR htn hQ0 3;i k 1218CM thnh 0hqn HR %1u ;6 B? c, GZ t n !fn trong n'fc nNn cc hidro C!oru bXc 6h,i trong 6h;ng 6h. Khi Gun n,ng dung d[ch HC! GHc !fn hn 28u th? Gqu tiNn 6h Hidro C!oru bXc r M cgn n>u dung d[ch d'fi 28u th? tr'fc h>t hi n'fc thot r V n@ng GZ xit tPng. 4rong c h i tr'ing hQ0 G,M 6hi h- !'Qng c5 HC! trong xit G7t G>n 28M2u Kk 1/8 --HgS th? thu G'Qc htn hQ0 G@ng 3;i Gi9u G, gii thch hiYn t'Qng bXc 6h,i c5 dung d[ch HC! GHc. DI. C, thI xc G[nh nh nh h- !'Qng u c5 HC! trong dung d[ch bjng cch nh+n h i con 3X 3 u du 0hD Kc5 6hXi !'Qng riNng c5 dung d[chS Vfi 2. Ng'Qc !7i n>u bi>t thnh 0hqn u c5 HC! trong dung d[ch c, thI tnh gqn GLng 6hXi !'Qng riNng c5 dung d[ch G,. <6 B d\ {ung d[ch c, 6hXi !'Qng riNng ! 1M82% g~c-3M h- !'Qng HC! !\ 2M%.2h %uM dung d[ch c, 6hXi !'Qng riNng ! 1M19% g~c-3M h- !'Qng HC! ! 19M%.2 h 39 u. b6 {ung d[ch 32M% u th? 6hXi !'Qng riNng !\ 32M%\2h 1/M2% 3uD r dh 1M1/2 g~c-3. DK.<6 EZt 0hqn V? nPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t Hm rt !fnM -Zt 0hqn 6hc V? 6hi hg t n trong n'fc xD r du tr?nh Ron h, t7o r H3$o V m)M 3 u G, Ron m) !7i t'ng tc Vfi 0h+n tO Hm t7 r Ron 0hWc Hm2)\
Hm o H2$ H3$o o m) Hm o m) Hm2) HoHc k d7ng t:ng dut\ 2Hm o H2$ H3$o o Hm2) {o -Zt 0hqn 0h+n tO Hm !iNn 6>t t7o r Hm2) nNn h- !'Qng t'ng GXi c5 Ron H3$o 6h;ng !fnM V? VTD dung d[ch xit m!ohidric c, tnh xit D>u KKh 1.18)#S. b6 B? nguDNn nh+n trNn nNn trong dung d[ch xit m!ohidric c, cc Ron d7ng ) H2m3 M H3m#)M H#m%). Khi trung hg t7o r cc -uXi xit nh' KHm2 K4nch 2398CSs KH2m3 K4nch /28CSs KH3m# K4nch/88CSs KH#m% K4nch 138CS. DL.<6 Z GiYn !i v c5 cc dung d[ch xit h !og"n hidric H] 8M1N. Hm HC! HAr HR KuS 9 92M/ 93M% 9% GZ -7nh c5 xit tPng ta Hm G>n HR do GZ di !iNn 6>t tPng Kx"- bi 3X %#S. 2xit m!ohidric ! -Zt xit D>u Kx"- bi %1S bS B i trg c5 HR trong h i 0hn Wng G, 6hc nh u. DM. {_ Vo th> GiYn c_c GI gii thch. IR.<6 Chz c, KR ! c, thI 0hn Wng G'Qc Vfi m"C!3 Kd_ Vo th> GiYn c_c GI gii thchS. I,.<6 2xit .un|uric tc dng Vfi C nxi m!oru t7o r xit m!ohidricM ! xit duD nht tc dng G'Qc Vfi .i!ic Gioxit. .i$2 o #Hm h 2H2$o .im# . u G, 3i!ic t"tr |!oru tc dng Vfi Hm d' t7o r xit H"cx |!o3i!ixic H2.im3 t n trong n'fc\ .im# o 2Hm h H2.im3 2xit C!ohidric 6h;ng c, 6h nPng Pn -gn G'Qc th5D tinh. I7.b6 4rong c h i tr'ing hQ0 3n 0h- t7o r G9u nh' nh u\ N 2$.C $./.i$2 o 1#H2m2 N 2.im/ o C .im/ o #.im# o 1# H2$. 4uD nhiNn 6hi th5D tinh b[ dung d[ch xit m!ohiGric Pn -gn th? 3n 0h0hn Wng 3C chuDIn Vo dung d[ch V b9 -Ht b[ Pn -gn 3C trk nNn trong 3uXt. I9.<6 B? GZ b9n GXi Vfi nhiYt gi-M nPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t gi- nNn tnh 6hO c5 cc hidro h !og"nu tPng Kk tr7ng thi 6h cng nh' k tr7ng thi t n trong dung d[chS Kx"- bi tT0 %#S. b6 Khi tc dng Vfi $xi\ Hm o $2\ 6h;ng c, 0hn Wngs Hm hon ton 6h;ng thI hiYn tnh 6hO. HC! o $2 \ trong dung d[ch 6h;ng xD r 0hn WngM nh'ng k tr7ng thi 6h th? xD r 0hn Wng thuTn ngh[ch\
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HC! chz thI hiYn tnh 6hO 6hi tc dng Vfi cht oxi h, -7nh. HAr V HR G9u ! nhcng cht 6hO -7nhM dung d[ch c5 chLng VXn ! trong 3uXt V 6h;ng -uM nh'ng GI !+u trong 6h;ng 6h dung d[ch 3C Vng dqn do t7o r cc h !og"n t_ do\ #HAr o $2 KKKS 2H2$ o 2Ar2 #HR o $2 KKKS 2H2$ o 2R2 4r'ing hQ0 HR dung d[ch nhuX- -u Vng nh nh hn 3o Vfi dung d[ch HAr. IA.<6 B? cc hidro h !og"nu G9u ! nhcng hQ0 cht c, c_c nNn t n rt -7nh trong dung -;i c, c_c. b6 Khi t n trong n'fcM dung d[ch c, tnh xit V? t7o r Vfi n'fc ion hidroxoni H3$o. k tr7ng thi !vng chLng 6h;ng 0hi ! xit. ID.<6 i9u ch> hidro c!oru bjng cch cho N C! tc dng Vfi H2.$# GHc\ N C! o H2.$# N H.$# o HC! N C! o N H.$# N 2.$# o HC! *hn Wng thW nht xD r k -Wc GZ Gng 6I ng D k nhiYt GZ th'ing V 6hi Gun n,ng G>n 2%88C th? th_c t> xD r hon ton. *hn Wng thW h i xD r k nhiYt GZ c o hn 6hon #88)%888C. b6 Khi dlng H2.$# !o`ng V N C! !o`ng 0hn Wng 3C 6h;ng t7o r hidroc!oru V? 0hqn !fn c+n bjng 3C chuDIn d[ch V9 0h t7o r H2.$# t 0h+n !i hn HC!. Nh'ng n>u dlng dung d[ch N C! GT- GHc V H2.$#GHc th? 6hi Gun n,ngM c+n bjng c, thI chuDIn d[ch 3 ng 0hi V? HC! dn b D hi hn. ;6 *h'ng 0h0 trNn c, thI dlng GI Gi9u ch> Hm nh'ng 6h;ng thI VTn dng cho HAr V HR V? chLng G9u ! cht 6hO -7nh\ 2HAr o H2.$# Ar2 o .$2 o 2H2$ 8HR o H2.$# #R2 o H2. o #H2$ II.<6 Ngoi 0h'ng 0h0 trNn Kbi tT0 /%S hiYn n D trong c;ng nghiY0 ch5 D>u dlng 0h'ng 0h0 t:ng hQ0 GI Gi9u ch> hidro c!oru M 3 u G, cho h0 th n'fc t7o r xit C!ohidric\ H2 oC!2 2HC! Hh ) ## Kc !~-o! b6 *h'ng 0h0 G, d_ trNn c 3k 0hn Wng d+D chuD9n. *hn Wng trNn xD r rt chT- k nhiYt GZ th'ingM nh'ng 6hi Gun n,ng -7nh hoHc c, ti !O GiYnM hoHc chi>u bPng ti tO ngo7i th? 0hn Wng xD r -`nh !iYt. 4r'fc h>t nhi nPng !'Qng hf c5 ti tO ngo7i KhoHc GXt n,ngSM 0h+n tO C!o 0h+n !i thnh nguDNn tO 3 u G, cc nguDNn tO nD tc dng Vfi 0h+n tO Hidro t7o thnh HC! V nguDNn tO Hidro. NguDNn tO Hidro nD !7i tc dng Vfi 0h+n tO C!2 t7o thnh HC! V nguDNn tO C!o C!2 o hf C! o C! K6ch thch b n GquS C! o H2 HC! o H H o C!2 HC! o C! C! o H2 HC! o H
{o G, t7o r -Zt d`D 0hn Wng 6> ti>0 nh u V cW -Zt 0h+n tO 6ch thch b n Gqu c, thI t7o r hng trP- ngn 0h+n tO HC! 6hc. ;6 *h'ng 0h0 G, 6h;ng thI VTn dng GI Gi9u ch> cc xit h !og"n hidric 6hc G'Qcs Vfi Hm 0hn Wng xD r du -`nh !iYts Vfi HAr V HR cho hiYu 3ut th0. i9u G, c, thI thD rw 6hi 3o 3nh nhiYt h?nh thnh H c5 cc hidro h !og"nu \ Hm HC! HAr HR HKKc !~-o!S )128 )## )2# o12. IL.<6 H !og"nu ion ! nhcng h !og"n c, -7ng !'fi tinh thI b o g@- cc ion. Cc 6i- !o7i 6i9-\ N M KM ^bMC3 Cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th:\ EgM C M .rM A . & nt nM -Zt 3X & nt noit V 2ctinoit t7o r cc h !og"nu d7ng ion. Ngoi r -Zt 3X 6i- !o7i c, nhi9u -Wc oxi h, cng t7o r cc h !og"nu ion k -Wc oxi h, th0 c5 6i- !o7i. b6 EWc GZ ion trong !iNn 6>t c5 cc hQ0 cht G, th D G:i tlD th"o bn tnh c5 6i- !o7i V c5 cc h !og"n. B d\ Ki- !o7i c, -Wc oxi h, 6hc nh u th? h !og"nu th0 c, bn tnh ion c o hn h !og"nu c os chng h7n *bC!2 ! hQ0 cht ionM *bC!# ! hQ0 cht cZng h, tr[. Bfi clng -Zt 6i- !o7i th? -Wc GZ ion c5 !iNn 6>t gidqn ta m!oru G>n Rodu . Chng h7n 2!m3 ! hQ0 cht ion nh'ng 2!R3 ! hQ0 cht cZng h, tr[. IM. H !og"nu ion c, nhcng tnh cht ch5 D>u 3 u\ nhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i c os -Wc GZ ion trong 0h+n tO cng !fn th? nhiYt GZ n,ng chD cng c o. {bn GiYn 6hi n,ng chD V 6hi t n trong n'fc. 3X t n trong n'fc t7o r cc ion hidr t h, . Khi cc h !og"nu G9u ! ion th? GZ t n tPng ta |!oru G>n iodu Kdo nPng !'Qng -7ng !'fi gi- 6hi bn 6nh ion h !og"nu tPngS. Chng h7n h !og"nu c5 cc 6i- !o7i 6i9-M 6i9- th: V cc cht & nt noit Kcc |!oru c5 cc & nt noit th_c t> 6h;ng t nS. KR.<6 Nhcng h !g"nu cZng h, tr[ ! nhcng h !og"nu c, -7ng !'fi 0h+n tO. &_c t'ng tc gic cc 0h+n tO trong tinh thI ! !_c B n d"r !3. Cc nguDNn tX 6h;ng 6i- !o7iM cc 6i- !o7i k -Wc oxi h, c o t7o r cc h !og"nu cZng h, tr[. b6 Cc h !og"nu cZng h, tr[ c, -Zt 3X GHc tnh 3 u\ n,i chung G9u dn b D his t n trong dung -;i 6h;ng c_cs 6h;ng dbn GiYn 6hi n,ng chD cng nh' 6hi t n trong dung -;i 6h;ng c_cM dn dng b[ th5D 0h+n t7o r xit h !og"n hidric. Chng h7n\ AiC!3 o 3H2$ AiK$HS3 o 3HC!. K,. 4h"o d`D C!2$M C!$2M C!2$/M C!2$1 tnh b9n tPngM tnh oxi h, gi-.
B? c, GZ GiYn +- gqn t'ng G'ng nNn 6h;ng thI Gi9u ch> bjng 0h'ng 0h0 t:ng hQ0 tr_c ti>0 ta C!o V $xi - 0hi Gi9u ch> bjng 0h'ng 0h0 gin ti>0. K7.<6 4rong cc oxit c5 C!o th? C!$2 c, tnh thuTn ta V? trong 0h+n tO c, -Zt "!"ctron ch' ghU0 G;i Kx"- bi tT0 38S. b6 Ajng 0hn Wng cho tc dng Vfi n'fc t7o r xit hoHc 0hn Wng Vfi dung d[ch 6i9- t7o r -uXi GI -inh he cc oxit G, ! cc nhidrit. C!2$ ! nhidrit c5 xit hi0oc!or. C!$2 ! nhidrit htn t70 c5 xit hi0oc!or HC!$2 V xit c!oric HC!$3. C!2$/ ! nhidrit htn t70 c5 xit c!oric V xit 0"c!oric HC!$#. C!2$1 ! nhidrit c5 xit 0"c!oric. Chng h7n cc 0hn Wng\ C!2$ o 2K$H 2KC !$ o H2$ 2C!$2 o 2K$H KC!$2 o KC!$3 o H2$ C!2$/ o H2$ HC!$3 o HC!$# C!2$1 o H2$ 2HC!$#. K9. ` bi>t G'Qc cc oxit 3 u G+D\ m C! Ar R $m2 C!2$ Ar2$ R2$# $2m2 C!$2 Ar3$3KhoHcS R#$9 $3m2 C!2$/ Ar$3 $#m2 C!2$1 Ar$2 R2$% m!o c, GZ GiYn +- !fn hn oxi nNn cc oxit c5 |!o c, thI coi ! cc |!oru c5 oxiM trong G, chz c, $m2 ! t@n t7i k nhiYt GZ 0hgng. N,i chung G9u ! nhcng hQ0 cht 6h;ng b9n dn b[ 0h+n h5DM dn n:M nNn G9u c, 6h nPng 0hn Wng. A9n hn c ! R2$% M cht rFn trFngM G>n 3888C 6h;ng b[ 0h+n h5DM Gi9u ch> bjng cch 6hO n'fc c5 xit Rodic k 2888C. R2$# G'Qc coi ! -uXi RodD! Rod t R$KR$S3M cgn R#$9 ! -uXi Rod t c5 Rod h, tr[ b RKR$3S3. KA.Cc h !og"n G` t7o r cc xit chW oxi nh' 3 u\ 4Nn gei m C! Ar 2xit hi0oh !og"n Hm$ HC!$ HAr$ 2xit h !og"n HC!$2 2xit h !og"nic HC!$3 HAr$3 2xit 0"h !og"nic HC!$# R HR$
HR$3 HR$#sH3R$%s H%R$/s H#R2$9 tra xit hi0o|!orM nhcng xit 6hc c5 |!o ch' Gi9u ch> G'Qc. Cc xit bro-M xit 0"bro-icM xit iod ch' Gi9u ch> G'Qc. 2xit 0"iodic c, 6h nPng t@n t7i trong dung d[ch d'fi d7ng cc ion hidr t h, 6hc nh uM chng h7n nh' ion H2R$%) KR$#).H2$Ss H#R$/) KR$#).2H2$SM ... xit -"t 0"iodic HR$# ! d7ng Gn gin nht c5 !o7i xit 0"iodic G'Qc Gi9u ch> ta xit 0 r 0"iodic H%R$/M bjng cch 6hO H2$ hon ton k 1888 trong ch+n 6h;ng. 2xit
-"xo 0"iodic H3R$% t@n t7i trong dung d[ch Kcng cgn gei ! xit -"t iodicM 0 r iodicS. KD.<6 4h"o d`D Hm$M HC!$M HAr$M HR$M tnh b9n gi-M tnh xit gi-M tnh oxi h, gi-. Hm$\ c, 6h nPng tch r k tr7ng thi t_ doM k nhiYt GZ th0 ! cht rFn -u trFngM nhiYt GZ n,ng chD ! ) 1118C. A xit cgn !7i G9u t b9n chz t@n t7i trong dung d[ch !o`ng 6h;ng tch r G'Qc k tr7ng thi t_ do. Hjng 3X GiYn !i xit c5 HC!$ ! 3M#.18)8s c5 HAr$ ! 2.18)9 V HR$ ! 2M8.18)11. th> tiNu chun Wng Vfi du tr?nh\ 2H]$ o 2Ho o 2" ]2 o 2H2$ gi- KVfi C!oM 8 h 1M/3Bs Vfi Aro-M 8h1M%9Bs Vfi Rod 8h1M#%BS . KI.<6 N'fc C!o ! dung d[ch C!o hg t n trong n'fc - thnh 0hqn ch5 D>u ! xit C!ohidric HC! V xit hi0oc!or HC!$s n'fc V"n ! dung d[ch trong n'fc c5 N tri C!oru V N tri hi0oc!orits c!oru V;i ! cht bZt -u trFng - thnh 0hqn ch5 D>u ! C nxi c!oru hi0oc!orit C $C!2. bS Khi cho 6h C$2 du dung d[ch n'fc V"n hoHc dung d[ch C nxi hi0oc!orit c, cc 0hn Wng 3 u G+D\ C$2 o H2$ o N C!$ N HC$3 o HC!$ C$2 o H2$ o C K$C!S2 C C$3 o 2HC!$. KK.<6 {o tc dng c5 C$2 trong 6h;ng 6h M t7o thnh HC!$. 2xit hi0oc!or dn dng b[ 0h+n h5D t7o r HC! V oxi do G, c, 6h nPng tD -u. bS 4a C nxi c cbon t Gi9u ch> C nxi hidroxitM ta N tri c!oru Gi9u ch> r C!oM 3 u G, Gi9u ch> C!oru V;i. KL. C!o tc dng Vfi KR t7o r R2 cho dung d[ch -u n+uM 3 u G, C!o d' tc dng Vfi R2 t7o r R$3) !- cho dung d[ch -t -u. C!2 o 2N $H N C! o N C!$ o H2$ C!2 o 2KR R2 o 2KC! %C!2 o R2 o /H2$ 2HR$3 o 18HC! KM.<6 Cc H !og"n tc dng Vfi H2$ Kx"- bi #1S. Khi cho cc H !og"n tc dng Vfi dung d[ch 6i9-M 0hn Wng t7o r Hi0oh !og"nit K]$)SM nh'ng trong -;i tr'ing 6i9- cc Hi0oh !og"nit b[ 0h+n h5D th"o 0hn Wng\ 3]$) 2]) o ]$3) K] h C!M ArM RS. ._ 0h+n h5D G, 0h thuZc Vo bn cht c5 cc H !og"n V nhiYt GZ. C!$)\ 0h+n h5D chT- k nhiYt GZ th'ingM nh nh 6hi Gun n,ng. Ar$)\ 0h+n h5D chT- k nhiYt GZ th0M nh nh k nhiYt GZ th'ing. R$)\ 0h+n h5D k tt c cc nhiYt GZ.
Nh' VTD du tr?nh 0h+n h5D G, tPng 6hi nhiYt GZ tPngs ta C!o G>n Rot du tr?nh 0h+n h5D tPng. {o G,M 6hi cho cc H !og"n tc dng Vfi dung d[ch 6i9-M 0hn Wng xD r th"o cc 0h'ng tr?nh\ C!2 o 2K$H
t0 thng 700C t
0
KC! o KC!$ o H2$ %KC! o KC!$3 o 3H2$
3C!2 o /K$H
3Ar2 o /K$H thng %KAr o KAr$3 o 3H2$ 3R2 o /K$H %KR oKR$3 o 3H2$ b6 Khi cho C!2 tc dng Vfi dung d[ch K$H !o`ng k nhiYt GZ th'ing t7o r KC!$M 6hi Gun n,ng !Nn 18oCM KC!$ 0h+n h5D thnh KC!$3 V KC!M G>n 1888C cgn htn hQ0 -uXi rFn g@- KC!$3 V KC!M G>n #888C KC!$3 0h+n h5D t7o r KC!$# V KC!M 6hi Gun n,ng c o hn nc KC!$# 0h+n h5D thnh KC! V $2. LR. Cho 6h C!o du V;i t;i bZt 'ft hoHc du huD9n 0hl GHc C K$HS2 k 38 C thu G'Qc C nxic!oru hi0oc!orit.
8
O Ca Cl
Cl
Cho 6h c!o du dung d[ch n'fc V;i trong k nhiYt GZ th'ing t7o r c nxi hi0oc!orit.
O Ca O Cl Cl
L,. .o 3nh th> GiYn c_c GI tr !ii. L9. 4hI tch 6h c!o k tr'ing hQ0 thW nht g0 G;i tr'ing hQ0 thW h i. LA. <6 HC!$ Ho o C!$) Kh 3M1.18)8 HAr$ Ho o Ar$) Kh 2.18)9 HR$ Ho o R$) Kh 2.18)11 HR$ Ro o $H) Kh 3.18)18 tnh xit gi-M tnh b x tPng. b6 Khi thN- HC! Vo n'fc V"n t7o r -;i tr'ing xit. 4rong -;i ) ) tr'ing G,M ion C!$ oxi h, ion C! t7o r 6h C!o. HC!$ o Ho o C!) C!2 o H2$ .o 3nh th> GiYn c_c gii thch G'Qc Vn G9 trNn\ HC!$ o Ho o 2" C!) o H2$ 8ho1M%B C!2 o 2" 2C!) 8ho1M3/B Khi xit h, n'fc V"n bjng H2.$# !o`ngM trong dung d[ch 3C t@n t7i c+n bjng\ C!2 o H2$ HC!$ o Ho o C!) V? n@ng GZ Ho tPng nNn c+n bjng chuDIn 3 ng tri t7o r 6h C!o.
HC!$ trong n'fc V"n G` G'Qc oxi h, bjng HAr 3C oxi h, ion Ar) thnh bro- t Ar$3). LD. 4h"o d`D HC!$M HC!$2M HC!$3M HC!$#\ <6 4nh b9n tPng\ HC!$ V HC!$2 chz t@n t7i trong dung d[ch !o`ngs HC!$3 t@n t7i trong dung d[ch d'fi %8us HC!$# tch r d'fi d7ng tinh 6hi>t. Z b9n tPng do GZ di c5 !iNn 6>t C! ) $ gi-\ HC!$ HC!$2 HC!$3 HC!$# dKC!)$S 1M1 1M/# 1M%1 1M#% b6 4nh oxi h, gi- do GZ b9n tPng trong d`D C!$)M C!$2)M C!$3)M C!$#) nNn tnh oxi h, c5 xit V c5 -uXi gi-. ;6 4nh xit tPng\ HC!$ ! xit D>u KKh2M#.18)3Ss HC!$2 ! xit trung b?nh KKh1M1.18)2Ss HC!$3 ! xit -7nhs HC!$# ! xit -7nh nht trong tt c cc xit. Z -7nh c5 cc xit 0h thuZc V 6h nPng tch 0roton Ho 6hvi 0h+n tOM ngh ! 0h thuZc Vo GZ b9n c5 !iNn 6>t $ ) H. Khi 3X nguDNn tO $xi K6h;ng nj- trong nh,- hidroxD!S tPng th? GZ b9n trong nh,- $H gi-M do G, 6h nPng tch 0roton Ho tPng. LI. 3S #S %S /S 1S 8S 9S 18S 2C K$HS2 o 2C!2 C K$C!S2 o C C!2 o 2H2$ C $C!2 o C$2 C C!2 o C C$3 o C!2$ HC!$3 o %HC! 3C!2 o 3H2$ /2g o /HC!$3 %2gC!$3 o 2gC! o 3H2$ /m" o 18HC!$3 %m"KC!$3S3 o m"C!3 o 9H2$ HC!$3 o /m".$# o 3H2.$# HC! o 3m"2K.$#S3 o #H2$2 C!2$% o H2$ HC!$3 o HC!$# 2HC!$# o *2$% C!2$1 o 2H*$3
LK. 4h"o d`D HC!$3 ) HAr$3 ) HR$3 tnh b9n tPngM tnh xit gi-M tnh oxi h, gi-. xit C!oric HC!$3 V xit Aro-ic HAr$3 chz t@n t7i trong dung d[chM n@ng GZ trNn %8u b[ 0h+n h5D. 3HC!$3 HC!$# o 2C!$2 o H2$ #HAr$3 $2 o #Ar$2 o 2H2$ 2xit iodic HR$3 c, thI tch r d7ng tinh thI 6h;ng -u b9n G>n 2%88 t7o r R2$%. C 3 xit G9u c, tnh oxi h, -7nhM chng h7n trong -;i tr'ing xit chLng c, 6h nPng gi- h, tr[ t7o r cc h !og"nu \ C!$3) o /Ho o /" C!) o 3H2$ 8ho1M#%B Ar$3) o /Ho o /" Ar) o 3H2$ 8ho1M##B R$3) o /Ho o /" R) o 3H2$ 8h1M89B ta G, t thD tnh oxi h, gi- ta HC!$3 G>n HR$3.
LL. C, thI bjng cch 3 u\ cho C C$3 tc dng Vfi htn hQ0 g@- HC! V HC!$. 2xit C!ohidric tc dng Vfi C C$3M cgn HC!$ 6h;ng 0hn Wng. {ung d[ch cgn !7i chW HC!$M C 2o V C!). Ch'ng ct htn hQ0M HC!$ 0h+n h5D th"o 3 G@\ 2HC!$ 2C!2$ o H2$. Cho C!2$ hg t n trong n'fc thu G'Qc dung d[ch HC!$. LM. Cho htn hQ0 g@- hidro c!oru V 6h;ng 6h Gun n,ng k #%88C c, cht xLc tc. Htn hQ0 6h thu G'Qc g@- C!o V hidro c!oru cho t n Vo n'fcM t7o r dung d[ch g@- xit c!ohidric V xit hi0oc!or. 4ch HC!$ r 6hvi htn hQ0 nh' bi 88. MR. C, thI Gi9u ch> bjng 0h'ng 0h0 GiYn 0h+n dung d[ch KC!. 4rong du tr?nh GiYn 0h+nM k C tot t7o r -;i tr'ing 6i9-\ 2H2$ o 2" H2 o 2$H). k not t7o r C!o\ 2C!) ) 2" C!2 n>u du tr?nh GiYn 0h+n 6h;ng c, -ng ngPn cch 2 GiYn c_c th? dung d[ch k C tot V 2ot trZn !bn Vfi nh u 3inh r 0hn Wng\ C!2 o 2K$H KC!$ o KC! o H2$. trong -;i tr'ing 6i9-M ion C!$) b[ 0h+n h5D th"o 0hn Wng\ 3C!$) 2C!) o C!$3) 6>t du thu G'Qc 6 !i c!or t KC!$3 tch r k d7ng tinh thI V? GZ t n c5 KC!$3 bU KGZ t n c5 KC!$3 k 288C ! /M8uS. M,. C, thI Gi9u ch> bjng 0h'ng 0h0 nhiYt 0h+n 6 !i c!or t thu G'Qc htn hQ0 g@- KC!$# V KC!. . u G, tch 2 cht bjng 0h'ng 0h0 6>t tinh 0h+n Go7n Kd_ Vo GZ t n 6hc nh uS. C, thI Gi9u ch> bjng 0h'ng 0h0 GiYn 0h+n dung d[ch KC!$3. u tr?nh GiYn 0h+n xD r th"o 0h'ng tr?nh\ in phn KC!$3 o H2$ H2Kc totS o KC!$# K notS. KC!$3 o / HC! KC! o 3C!2 o 3H2$ 3KC!$3 o 3H2.$# 3KH.$# o HC!$# o 2C!$2 o H2$ 2KC!$3 o H2.$# K2.$# o 2HC!$3 2KC!$3 o K2.2$3 2K2.$# o $2 o 2C!$2 2KC!$3 o H2C2$# K2C$3 o C$2 o 2C!$2 o H2$ 2KC!$3 o H2.$# o H2C2$# K2.$# o 2C!$2 o 2C$2 o 2H2$ M7. M9.{_ Vo GZ t n 6hc nh u c5 cc -uXi trong htn hQ0. MD.<6 Khi thN- -Zt !'Qng t'ng Wng H2.$# c, thI 6>t t5 h>t A dung d[ch n'fc c5 A H3R$/. 2xit *"ioGic cgn !7i trong dung d[ch. A H3R$/ o H2.$# A .$# o H%R$/
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c5 n'fc gi- xuXng. 4rNn #8CM du tr?nh tPng thI tch c5 n'fc chi>- 'u th>M nNn 6hXi !'Qng riNng c5 n'fc gi-. K>t hQ0 c 2 du tr?nh tPng V gi- thI tch cho thD t7i 3 o n'fc c, 6hXi !'Qng riNng c o nht k #8C. ,79. <6 *"hidro! ! dung d[ch H2$2 38 u bn k th[ tr'ing. b6 u tr?nh 0h+n h5D 2H2$2 2H2$ o $2 c, GHc tnh d+D truD9n 6U- thuTn !Qi hn do cc 0h+n tO H2$ ngPn cn 3_ V ch7- gic cc gXc V cc 0h+n tO H2$2. Khi chi>u 3ng hoHc 6hi Gun n,ngM G` t7o Gi9u 6iYn thuTn !Qi cho du tr?nh V ch7- V !- cho d+D truD9n 0h+n h5D 0ht triIn. Hidro 0"oxit rt tinh 6hi>t b9n hn dung d[ch c, !bn t70 cht cng gii thch t'ng t_ nh' trNn. ,7A. <6 Nhcng cht c, GHc tnh xit nh' H3*$#M H2.$# G9u c, 6h nPng Wc ch> du tr?nh 0h+n h5D H2$2. H2$2 G'Qc ct trc trong cc b?nh bjng *o!i"ti!"n hoHc b?nh trng bjng * r 0hin. b6 Nhcng cht c, tnh 6i9-s bis cc 6i- !o7i nHng V cc ion c5 chLngs En$2 thLc GD nh nh du tr?nh 0h+n h5D H2$2 12%. S H2$2 ! 1 xit rt D>u. 4rong dung d[ch n'fc c, c+n bjng GiYn !i xit\ H2$2 o H2$ H3$o o H$2) Bfi hjng 3X c+n bjng ion h, Kh 1M39 . 18)12 Kion H$2)\ ion hidro0"oxitS b6 An cht !iNn 6>t trong cc hQ0 cht\ H2o$22)\ !iNn 6>t gic Ho V $22) ! !iNn 6>t cZng h, tr[. N 2o$22)M A 2o$22)\ !iNn 6>t gic ion N o hoHc A 2o Vfi ion $22) c, bn cht ion. m2)$22o\ !iNn 6>t gic m) V $22o c, bn cht cZng h, tr[. ,7I. <6 B? gXc $22) trong H2$2 c, 6h nPng thu thN- 2 "!"ctron \ $22) o 2" 2$2) V 6hO bft 2 "!"ctron \ $2) ) 2" $2 4h> GiYn c_c c5 H2$2 trong -;i tr'ing xit H2$2 o 2Ho o 2" 2H2$ 8 h o 1M11 B V trong -;i tr'ing 6i9H2$2 o 2" 2$H) 8 h o 8M81 B 4hI hiYn tnh oxi h, -7nh c5 H2$2 trong c 2 -;i tr'ingM nh'ng -7nh hn ! trong -;i tr'ing xit. H2$2 cgn thI hiYn tnh 6hO 6hi tc dng Vfi cht c, tnh oxi h, -7nh hn n,M Vfi th> GiYn c_c\ $2 o 2Ho o 2" H2$2 8 h o 8M/8 B. Nh' VTD H2$2 c, tnh oxi h, ! ch5 D>u.
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B d\ H2.3$/ K xit tritionicS H2.#$/ K xit t"tr tionicS ,D7.b6 3X !qn xit G'Qc duD>t G[nh bki 3X nh,- )$H !iNn 6>t Vfi nguDNn tO trung t+- trong 0h+n tO H2.$3 chz c, -Zt nh,- $H !iNn 6>t tr_c ti>0 Vfi nguDNn tO !'u hu(nh. Hjng 3X GiYn !i GXi Vfi ion Ho trong nh,- H$)$ ! rt bU. B? VTD xit H2.$3 ! xit -Zt !qn xit.
,DD.1S Khi nung m".$#.1H2$ tr'fc h>t c, du tr?nh -t n'fc 6>t tinhM 3 u G, G>n du tr?nh 0h+n h5D -uXi V tch .$3\ 2m".$# 700 m"2$3 o .$3 o .$2 4rong 6h;ng 6hM du tr?nh G, G'Qc tPng c'ing do oxi th - gi chuDIn m"$ thnh m"2$3. 2S Khi nung KNH#S2.$#M m".$#./H2$ c, du tr?nh nhiYt 0h+n KNH#S2.$#\ KNH#S2.$# 2NH3 o H2.$# 2m".$# o 2H2.$# m"2K.$#S3 o 2H2$ o .$2 3S C, du tr?nh !Nn ho k ng D nhiYt GZ th'ing c5 N 2.$#.18H2$ KhoHc 6hi Gun n,ng nhpS. N 2.$# 6h;ng b[ 0h+n h5D. #S Khi nung n,ngM KH.$# hg t n G'Qc 2!2$3 tinh thI Kcc xit 6h;ng !t n G'Qc !o7i oxit nDSM chuDIn 2!2$3 thnh d7ng -uXi t n 2KH.$# K2.2$1 o H2$ 2!2$3 o 3K2.2$1 2!2K.$#S3 o 3K2.$#
0
,DK.<6 .o 3nh tch 3X c5 A .$# Vfi A .$3 V C .$#. N@ng GZ ion A trong c+n bjng Vfi 6>t t5 A .$3 !fn hn 3o Vfi n@ng GZ c5 ion G, trong c+n bjng Vfi 6>t tO A .$#s do G, ta A .$3 c, thI bjng 0hn Wng tr o G:i chuDIn thnh A .$#. Cng ! !uTn nh' trNn Vfi tr'ing hQ0 C .$#. b6 Khi nung htn hQ0 C .$# Vfi th n k nhiYt GZ c o\ C .$# o #C C . o #C$ 4a C . dn dng thu G'Qc H2.
2o
,DL.<6 Ron m"2o 3C b[ oxi h, bki .2$32) t7o r m"2K.$#S3. b6 Nung yn.$# thu G'Qc yn$M .$3M .$2M$2. {_ Vo nhiYt GZ 3;i c5 cc 6h .$3M .$2 V $2 trong htn hQ0 GI tch .$2 tinh 6hi>t. KNhiYt GZ 3;i c5 .$3 ! ##M88CM c5 .$2 ! )188CM c5 $2 ! )1838CS. ,DM. 4rong du tr?nh nung t7o r -uXi m"2K.$#S3 k thnh 0h trong c5 chUn 3FtM do tc dng c5 m"2$3 Vfi H2.2$1. ,IR.<6 4ra H2.$#M cc xit 6hc 6h;ng nh h'kng G>n c+n bjng\ A .$# A 2o o .$#2) B? 2nion .$#2) 6h;ng !iNn 6>t Vfi ion Ho. 4rong dung d[ch !o`ng H2.$#M GZ t n c5 A .$# gi-M do G, 6hi c, -Ht H2.$# !- cho c+n bjng t n chuDIn 3 ng tri. 4r'ing hQ0 A .$3 th? ng'Qc !7i. C, cc du tr?nh 3 u\ A .$3 A 2o o .$32) Khi thN- xit .$3 o Ho H.$3) B ti>0 tc\ H.$3) o H3$o o Kx)2SH2$ .$2.xH2$ {o G, A .$3 t n trong xit. b6 C .$# c, 6h nPng t n G'Qc trong H2.$# GHc. 4rong tr'ing hQ0 G, xD r du tr?nh 3 u\
C .$# C 2o o .$#2) K4t h 2M%.18)%S H2.$# o .$#2) 2H.$#) {o G, !- tPng du tr?nh t n c5 C .$# C .$# o H2.$# C KH.$#S2 ;6 {_ Vo GZ t n 6hc nh u c5 h i cht G,. ,I,. 1S #yn o %H2.$# KGHcS #yn.$# o H2. o #H2$ 2S Hg o 2H2.$# KGHcS Hg.$# o .$2 o 2H2$ 3S 8yn o %H2.2$1 8yn.$# o 2H2. o 3H2$ #S #C!2 o N 2.2$3 o %H2$ 2N H.$# o 8HC! %S R2 o 2N 2.2$3 N 2.#$/ o 2N R /S82! o3N 2.2$3 o38HC!82!C!3 o /H2. o/N C! o9H2$ ,I7. 1S %KNH#S2.2$3 o 2En.$# o 8H2$ 2HEn$# o 18NH#H.$# o 2H2.$# 2S K2.2$# o K2Cr2$1 o 3H2.$# 2K2.$# o Cr2K.$#S3 o 3H2$ 3S K2.3$/ o #$3 o 2H2$ 2KH.$# o H2.$# o #$2 #S %N 2.#$/ o1#KEn$# o/H2.$#%N 2.$# o1K2.$# o1#En.$# o/H2$ %S N 2.%$/ o 18$3 o #H2$ 2N H.$# o 3H2.$# o 18$2 /S 3KNH#S2.3$/oK2Cr2$1oH2.$#3.o3KNH#S2.$#oK2.$#o CrK.$#S3o H2$ ,ID. ]"- bi 1%1. ,II.b6 Cc tionD! h !og"nu .$]2 K]h mM C!M ArS c, cu t7o tW diYnM nguDNn tO . k Gznh c, tr7ng thi ! i h, 303. 3 obit n ! i h, 303 t7o thnh !iNn 6>t L Vfi obit n 0 c5 nguDNn tO oxi V h i nguDNn tO h !og"n. $bit n ! i h, 303 cgn !7i c, cH0 "!"ctron t_ do. Cc 3un|urD! h !og"nu .$2]2 K]h mM C!S c, cu t7o tW diYn Vfi cc obit n ! i h, 303. HQ0 cht nD coi nh' ! 3n 0h- th> cc nh,- $H trong 0h+n tO H2.$# bjng cc nguDNn tO h !og"n. O S
Cl
:'
Cl
Ph n t tionyl cloru
:' 2h;n t< -un=ur9' c'orua
,IK.<6 4h5D 0h+n 3un|urD! c!oru t7o r H2.$# V HC! .$2C!2 o 2H2$ H2.$# o 2HC!
K>t du c, 6>t t5 trFng A .$#. bS KEn$# 3C oxi h, HC! G'Qc t7o r do du tr?nh th5D 0h+n .$2C!2\ 2KEn$# o %.$2C!2 o 2H2$ K2.$# o 2En.$# o %C!2 o 2H2.$# ,IL. k Gi9u 6iYn th'ingM 0h+n tO c5 .M ."M 4" t@n t7i k d7ng G 0h+n tO\ .8M .ns ."8M ."ns 4"n k nhiYt GZ c oM 0h+n tO c5 chLng Kd7ng hiS g@- h i nguDNn tO. Z b9n c5 nhcng 0h+n tO G, gidqn ta !'u hu(nh G>n 4"!u. NPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t c5 chLng nh' 3 u\ $2 .2 ."2 4"2 NPng !'Qng !iNn 6>tKKc !~-o!S 118 11 /# %# ,IM. <,c h, tr[ c5 H]H\ H2$ H2. H2." H24" 8 8 8 H]H 18#M% 92M2 91 988 <,c h, tr[ gi- do gi- 6h nPng ! i h, 302 ta $ G>n 4". KC, thI gii thch nh' bi 131S. 4a H2$ G>n H2*o GZ b9n gi- do GZ di !iNn 6>t tPng V nPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t gi-. H2$ V H2. G9u b9nM ! hQ0 cht 0ht nhiNts H2." 0h+n h5D 6hi nung n,ngM ! hQ0 cht thu nhiYtM H24" 0h+n h5D k nhiYt Ge th'ings H2*o rt 6h;ng b9n. Z di !iNn 6>t ] ) H K S NPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t ] ) H KKc !~-o!S NhiYt t7o thnh H KKc !~-o!S H2$ 8M9/ 111 ) /8 H2. 1M33 98 ) #M8 H2." 1M#/ // o 18M% H24" 1M18 %1 o3#
,KR.<6 NhiYt GZ 3;i gi- ta H2$ G>n H2.M 3 u G, !7i tPng !Nn ta H2. G>n H24" K]"- bi %3S b6 4?nh xit tPng ta H2$ G>n H24" Vfi hjng 3X 0h+n !i K1 trong dung d[ch n'fc\ H2$ H2. H2." H24" )1# )1 )1# K1 h 1M8.18 1.18 1.18 2.18)3 Z xit tPngM do GZ b9n !iNn 6>t gi- V GZ 0h+n c_c tPng. ;6 4nh 6hO tPng ta H2$ G>n H2."M H2." V H24" c, thI 6hO G'Qc H2$ t7o r H2 nh'ng do hiYn t'Qng du th> c5 hidro nNn chLng c, 6h nPng t@n t7i trong dung d[ch. KH2." V H24" t n nhi9u trong nWocS. ,K,. 4nh xit D>u dqn ta ."$2 ) 4"$2 ) *o$2\ ."$2 t n trong n'fc\ ."$2 o H2$ ."H2$3 4"$2 t n trong 6i9-M trong xit\ 4"$2 o 2K$H K24"$3 o H2$ 4"$2 o #HC! 4"C!# o 2H2$ *o$2 o 2H2.$# *oK.$#S2 o 2H2$ ,K7.<6 4rong d`D H2.$3 ) H2."$3 ) H24"$3M tnh xit gi-\ H2.$3 H2."$3 H24"$3
Hjng 3X GiYn !i K1 2.18)2 2.18)3 2.18)3 Hjng 3X GiYn !i K2 /.18)8 %.18)9 1. 8)8 4nh oxi h, 6hO th D G:i th"o th> GiYn c_c 3 u\ H2.$3 o #Ho o #" . o 3H2$ 8 h o 8M#%B H2."$3 o #Ho o #" ." o 3H2$ 8 h o 8M1#B b6 4nh oxi h, c5 H2."$# V H2.$# th D G:i th"o th> GiYn c_c 3 u\ 2) .$# o #Ho o 2" .$2 o 2H2$ 8 h o 8M11B ."$#2) o #Ho o 2" H2."$3 o H2$ 8 h o 1M1%B' ;6 &'u hu(nh V ."!"n 6h;ng t7o r xit t'ng t_ Vfi xit H/4"$/ V? bn6nh c5 nguDNn tO . V ." bU hn bn 6nh c5 4" K]"- bi 91S. ,K9. 1S 3H2."$3 o HC!$ 3H2."$# o HC! 2S H2."$# o 2HC! H2."$3 o C!2 o H2$ 3S H2."$3 o 2KEn$# o#K$H K2."$# o 2K2En$# o 3H2$ #S N 2."$3 o 2.$2 o H2$ N 2.$# o ." o H2.$# %S N 2."$3 o C!2 o H2$ 2N C! o H2."$# /S 2g2."$3 o Ar2 o H2$ 22gAr o H2."$# ,KA. 1S 3." o #HN$3 o H2$ 3H2."$3 o #N$ 2S 34" o #HN$3 o H2$ 3H24"$3 o #N$ 3S ."$2 o #N 2.2$3 o 2H2$ 2N 2.#$/ o ." #N $H #S ."$32) o #R) o 3H2$ ." o 2R2 o /$H) %S 2.$C!2 o 3m" 2m"C!2 o m". o .$2
I. Nit= C Ph=t h= 2N C P6 ,KI.<6 Cu h?nh "!"ctron c5 0h+n tO N2 c, d7ng\ K 2s S2 K 2s S2 K 2px S2 K 2py S2 K 2pz S2
lk ! lk lk lk
bS 4rong 0h+n tO N2 c, -Zt !iNn 6>t L V h i !iNn 6>t nNn 0h+n tO rt b9n
:' ':
NPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t b trong 0h+n tO N2 ! 22%M8 Kc !~-o! nNn k Gi9u 6iYn th'ing Nit ! cht tr. k 38888CM chz -fi c, 8M1u 3X 0h+n tO 0h+n !i thnh nguDNn tO. ,KK.4lD th"o Gi9u 6iYn 0hn WngM nit c, thI t7o r nhcng hQ0 cht Vfi 6i!o7i hoHc 6h;ng 6i- !o7i bjng 0hn Wng tr_c ti>0 hoHc gin ti>0. Bfi cc nguDNn tX 6h;ng 6i- !o7i KoxiM c cbonM hidroSM t7o r hQ0 cht chW nit k d7ng 6h. Bfi 6i- !o7i t7o r nitru V xotu . 2xotu ! hQ0 cht -uXiM ch5 D>u Gi9u ch> G'Qc do 0hn Wng tr o G:i gic -uXi c5 6i- !o7i t'ng Wng Vfi Vfi xit hidr xonic HN3. Cc nitru G'Qc t7o r 6hi cho 6i- !o7i tc dng Vfi nit hoHc
NH3s hidru 6i- !o7i Vfi nit s oxit 6i- !o7i Vfi -oni cs 6hi 6hO oxit 6i- !o7i bjng th n trong 6h duDIn nit. {_ Vo bn cht !iNn 6>tM cc nitru c, thI chi !- b !o7i\ 1S nitru ion s 2S nitru cZng h, tr[ V 3S nitru t'ng t_ 6i- !o7i. Nitru ion g@- nhcng nitru c5 nhcng 6i- !o7i c, GiYn +- th0M nguDNn tO c, !f0 Vv "!"ctron 3 K6i- !o7i 6i9-M 6i9- th:M cc 6i- !o7i 0h+n nh,- G@ngM 6C- S. Nitru cZng h, tr[ G'Qc t7o r Vfi cc nguDNn tX c, Vv "!"ctron 0 KboM nh;-M 3i!icM g !iM g"c- ni V.VS. Nitru t'ng t_ 6i- !o7i t7o r bki cc 6i- !o7i chuDIn ti>0 c, !f0 Vv d hoHc |. Nitru ion V nitru cZng h, tr[ c, thnh 0hqn 0h+n tO Wng Vfi h, tr[ c5 6i- !o7i K&i3NM Cr3N2S cgn !o7i nitru thW b c, thnh 0hqn 0hWc t70M 6h;ng Wng Vfi h, tr[ KCr2NM En3N2S. ,KL.<6 C, thI Gi9u ch> th"o nhcng 0h'ng 0h0 3 u\ ) NhiYt 0h+n dung d[ch bò hg -uXi -oni nitrit. NH#N$2 N2 o 2H2$ ) NhiYt 0h+n dung d[ch bò hg htn hQ0 N N$2 V NH#C!. N N$2 o NH#C! N C! o NH#N$2 ) Nung n,ng htn hQ0 g@- KN$3 Vfi bZt 3Ft 6hO\ /KN$3 o 18m" 3K2$ o %m"2$3 o 3N2 ) Cho 6h NH3 du Cu$ Gun n,ng\ 2NH3 o 3Cu$ 3Cu o N2 o 3H2$ Htn hQ0 6h NH3 d' V N2 cho du dung d[ch H2.$# !o`ng. ) Cho tang giet dung d[ch n'fc bro- tc dng Vfi dung d[ch -oni c\ 2NH3 o 3Ar2 N2 o /HAr Hidro bro-u tc dng Vfi !'Qng d' NH3 t7o r NH#Ar k d7ng 6h,iM cho n'fc h0 th. ,KM.<6 {lng 0hXt 0ho trFng h0 th oxiM cgn !7i Nit. ,L,.<6 N>u cho rjng 0h+n tO NH3 h?nh thnh cc !iNn 6>t cZng h, tr[ do b "!"ctron 0 c5 nguDNn tO N Vfi "!"ctron 3 c5 nguDNn tO hidro th? g,c h, tr[ NHN 0hi bjng 988. 4uD nhiNn g,c h, tr[ NHN !7i ! 1818 Wng Vfi cu h?nh 3 u G+D\ K s S2 K px S2 K py S2 K pz S2
lk lk lk
4rong 0h+n tO c, G- -+D h i "!"ctron 6h;ng !iNn 6>t. b6 {o c, h i "!"ctron cgn t_ do nNn 0h+n tO NH3 dn biIu !Z 6h nPng "cho" cH0 "!"ctron G,. B? VTD 0h+n tO NH3 c, c_c tnh !fn Kh1M#8{S V dn th - gi 0hn Wng cZngs V? 0h+n tO c, c_c nNn t n nhi9u trong dung -;i c, c_c s nhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i c o hn *H3. ,LA. <6 {o c, cH0 "!"ctron t_ do ch' th - gi !iNn 6>t . b6 Kh nPng G, tPng dqn ta HmM H2$M NH3M V? 3X cH0 "!"ctron t_ do gidqn nNn G` !- tPng i !_c Vfi 0roton. Chng h7n i !_c Vfi 0roton c5 NH3 ! 9M3"B !fn hn k H2$ ! 1M9"BM nNn trong dung d[ch n'fcM NH3 3C chi>- 0roton c5 0h+n tO n'fc V do G, g+D r tnh cht b x c5 dung d[ch.
;6 NguDNn tO c cbon trong 0h+n tO CH# cng k tr7ng thi ! i h, 303M nh'ng c # obit n 303 G9u G` 3O dng GI !iNn 6>t Vfi # nguDNn tO hidroM trong 0h+n tO CH# 6h;ng cgn c, cH0 "!"ctron t_ do nh' trong 0h+n tO NH3M V? VTD 0h+n tO CH# 6h;ng thI hiYn tnh cht "cho"M nh'ng cng 6h;ng cgn obit n trXng nNn 6h;ng c, 6h nPng "nhTn". ,LD.b6 *hn Wng N2 o 3H2 2NH3 c, H8 h )22 Kc ! V .8 h ) #%M9 c !~GZ. 4a 0h'ng tr?nh < h H ) 4. t thD 4 cng bU th? < cng +-M nNn !'Qng NH3 cng !fn nh'ng tXc GZ 0hn Wng cng th0M do G, cqn c, xuc tc GI tPng tXc Ge 0hn Wng. ,LI. 1S 8NH3 o C C!2 C C!2.8NH3 >?t 2N2 o /HN$ 2S #NH3 o 3$2 8000: #N$ o /H2$ #NH3 o 3$2 3S 2NH3 o 3C!2 N2 o /HC! #S NH3 o KAr$ N2H# o KAr o H2$ ,LK.<6 Ron NH#o c, bn 6nh gqn t'ng G'ng Vfi bn 6nh cc ion 6i!o7i 6i9- K rNH = 1"43s r K = 1"33s r Rb = 1"49Ss -Ht 6hcM NH#o c, i !_c "!"ctron bU t'ng t_ cc ion 6i- !o7i 6i9-M do G, cc -uXi -oni c, nhcng tnh cht giXng -uXi 6i- !o7i 6i9-s cc -uXi -oni th5D 0h+n trong dung d[ch cho -;i tr'ing xit cgn ion 6i- !o7i 6i9- 6h;ng b[ th5D 0h+n. bS iYn 0h+n dung d[ch -uXi -oni trong NH3 !vng k nhiYt GZ th0 Vfi +c_c bjng th5D ng+n thu G'Qc htn hXng NH# ) Hg. &iNn 6>t gic NH3 V Ho ! !iNn 6>t cho nhTn . 4rong Ron NH#oM !f0 Vv "!"ctron ngoi clng c5 nguDNn tO nit G` bò hg M do G, -Hc dl c, 6h nPng 6>t hQ0 thN- "!"ctron\ NH#o o 1" NH# nh'ng rt D>u V? VTD 0h+n tO NH# dn b[ 0h+n h5D thnh NH3V H2.
+ + + 4
,LM. *h+n tO cc cht NH3M N2H#M NH2$H G9u c, cc cH0 "!"ctron t_ do k nguDNn tO nit\
H :' H H : : H H ' ' H H H : ' H : O : H
B? VTD chLng G9u c, nhcng tnh cht t'ng t_ nh u. B dM NH3 V N2H# G9u ! nhcng cht c, c_c tnh !fns k thI !vng G9u c, 6h nPng trlng hQ0 nhi !iNn 6>t hidros trong dung d[ch c b cht G9u c, tnh b x D>u\ NH3 o H2$ NH#o o $H) Kh 1M8%.18)% N2H# o H2$ N2H%o o $H) K1h 8M%.18)1 N2H%o o H2$ N2H/2o o $H) K2h 8M9.18)1/
NH2$H o H2$ NH3$Ho o $H) Kh 2.18)8 ChLng G9u c, 6h nPng t7o cc -uXi t'ng t_ nh u. cc -uXi G, G9u th5D 0h+n cho -;i tr'ing xits V d\ NH#C!M N2H%C! KN2H#.HC!SM KNH3$HSC! hoHc NH2$H.HC!s c b G9u c, tnh 6hO -7nhM riNng N2H# V NH3$H !7i cgn c, tnh oxi h, . ,MR. 1S N2H# o 2HgC!2 N2 o 2Hg o#HC! 2S N2H# o HN$2 HN3 o 2H2$ 3S 3N2H# o 2K2Cr2$1 o 8H2.$# 2Cr2K.$#S3 o 3N2 o 2K2.$# o 1#H2$ #S N2H#.H2.$# o #Cu.$# o 18N C! N2 o #CuC! o %N 2.$# o /HC! %S N2H#.HC! o .nC!2 o 3HC! 2NH#C! o .nC!# ,M,. 1S #NH2$H o ."$2 ." o 2N2 o /H2$ 2S %KNH3$HS2.$# o 2KEn$#%N2 o2En.$# o K2.$#o2H2.$#o18H2$ 3S 2NH2$H o R2 o 2K$H N2 o 2KR o #H2$ #S NH2$H.HC! o 3H2$2 HC! o HN$3 o #H2$ %S 3N2H#.HC! o2K2Cr2$1 o13HC!3N2 o#CrC!3 o1#H2$ o#KC! Cc 0h'ng tr?nh trNn c, thI d_ Vo 3X oxi h, trung b?nh c5 N trong cc hQ0 cht G, GI c+n bjng. B d\ k 0h'ng tr?nh K%S\ 3 2N)2 ) #" N8 2 2Cro/ o /" 2Cro3 ,M7. 1S N2H#.H2.$# o 2R2 o /K$H N2 o K2.$# o #KR o /H2$ 2S 3N2H#.H2.$# o 2KR$3 o /K$H 3N2 o 2KR o 3K2.$# o 12H2$ 3S 3N 2H# o 2N Ar$3 3N2 o 2N Ar o /H2$ #S N2H#.H2.$# o 2C $C!2 N2 o 2C C!2 o H2.$# o 2H2$ ,M9. 1S 2NH2$H o #m".$# o3H2.$#2m"2K.$#S3 o KNH#S2.$# o 2H2$ 2S 2NH2$H o #Cu$ N2$ o 2Cu2$ o 3H2$ 3S N2H# o #2gN$3 #2g o N2 o #HN$3 #S N2H# o 2N Ar$ N2 o 2N Ar o 2H2$ ,MA. {ung d[ch hidr xin c, tnh 6i9-M 3"!"n c, 6h nPng t n trong dung d[ch 6i9- t7o r cc -uXi hidr xin\ #N2H#.H2$ o #." 3N2H#.H2." o N2H#.H2."$# ,MD.<6 Cu t7o c5
: ' H '
xit hidr xoic\

: '
Ron xotu N3) Kh D No%N2)3S do c, No% nNn c, tnh oxi h, M V c, N)3 nNn c, tnh 6hO. 4nh cht c5 HN3 t'ng t_ HN$3.2xit HN3 ! -Zt xit D>uKK h 1M8.18)%S b6 *hn Wng 0h+n h5D HN3 ! 0hn Wng 0ht nhiYt -7nh\ 2HN3 3N2 o H2 H h ) 18M8 Kc !~-o! {o G, 0h+n tO HN$3 6h;ng b9n V 6h;ng thI t7o r ta N2 V H2. 4nh g+D n: c5 cc xotu 6i- !o7i cng !iNn du n G>n tnh 0ht nhiYt !fn 6hi chLng b[ 0h+n h5D. 7RR.;6 Cho htn hQ0 h i 6h N2$ V N$ du dung d[ch m".$#M dung d[ch nD h0 th N$ t7o r m"KN$S.$# 6hi b[ Gun n,ngM 6h N$ !7i thot r \ m".$# o N$ m"KN$S.$# 7R,.b6 cu h?nh "!"ctron c5 N$M N$oM N$)\ Bfi N$\ K 2s S2 K 2s S2 K 2p S2 K 2p S2 K 2p S2 K 2p S1
lk ! lk lk lk !
Bfi N$o\ K 2s S2 K 2s S2 K 2p S2 K 2p S2 K 2p S2
lk !
lk
lk
lk
Bfi N$)\ K 2s S2 K 2s S2 K 2p S2 K 2p S2 K 2p S2 K 2p S2
lk !
lk
lk
lk
4rong 0h+n tO N$ c, -Zt "!"ctron GZc th+nM trong ion N$) c, h i "!"ctron GZc th+n. K]"- thN- bi 11/S KCch x+D d_ng gin G@ cc -Wc nPng !'Qng x"bi 181S. 7R7.<6 C;ng thWc cu t7o\
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KN2S KN$S KN$oS KN$)S b6 Ron N$o c, trong cc hQ0 cht nh' N$C!$# KnitroxD! 0"c!or tS KN$S2m"$# KnitroxD! 3"!"n tS. ;6 Ron N$o KnitroxoniS b9n hn 0h+n tO N$ V? c, t hn 0h+n tO N$ -Zt "!"ctron. 7RA.b6 NhTn r 6h N$ bjng 0hn Wng t7o r 6h N$2 -u n+u hoHc 0hn Wng Vfi dung d[ch m".$# t7o r dung d[ch -u n+u thb- m"KN$S.$#. 7RD. 4rong 0h+n tO N$2M nguDNn tO nit k tr7ng thi ! i h, 302. -Zt "!"ctron ch' ghU0 G;i chi>- -Zt obit n ! i h, 302M cgn h i obit n ! i h, 302 6hc t7o thnh h i !iNn 6>t L gic N V $. {o c, -Zt "!"ctron ch' ghU0 G;i nNn N$2 c, 6h nPng trlng hQ0 t7o r 0h+n tO N2$#. Cng V? N$2 c, 3X ! "!"ctron nNn N$2 c, -u. K]"- thN- bi 113S. .$2 6h;ng c, 6h nPng G, V? 0h+n tO .$2 6h;ng c, "!"ctron GZc th+n K]"- bi 1#3S. 7RK.<6 4a ) 288C G>n ) 11M28C K4ncS 188u N2$# 4a ) 11M28C G>n 21M%8C K43;iS c, 8M81u 8M1uN$2
4a 21M%8C G>n 1888C\ c, 8M1u 98u N$2 >n 1888C\ 188u N$2 4rNn 1888C\ N$2 bFt Gqu 0h+n h5D cho N$ V $2 >n /888C\ N$2 0h+n h5D hon ton. b6 I chWng -inh 3_ bi>n G:i gic N$2V N2$# c, thI cho ng+- Vo htn hQ0 3inh hn d'fi ) 188CM 3 u G, tPng nhiYt GZ G>n 6hong 1888C. 7RL.b6 NPng !'Qng ion h, c5 N$2 KN$2 ) 1" N$2oS ! 9M8"Bs i !_c "!"ctron c5 N$2 KN$2 o 1" N$2)S ! 1M/2"BM do G, xD r 0hn Wng t_ oxi h, ) 6hO trong dung d[ch n'fc hoHc trong dung d[ch 6i9- t7o r ion nitrit N$2) V nitr t N$3) \ N$2 o N$2 o H2$ HK$N$2S) o HK$N$S) N$2 o C$ C$2 o C$ N$2 o .$2 .$3 o N$ 2N$2 o $3 N2$% o $2 2N$2 o H2$2 2HN$3 ;6 N$2 o 2m".$# o H2.$# m"2K.$#S3 o N$ o H2$ K]"- bi 288SM bn cht h i 0hn Wng hon ton 6hc nh u. 7RM.b6 7,R. u tr?nh t'ng tc N2$3V N$2 Vfi H2$ G9u c, t7o r HN$2s HN$2 6h;ng b9nM dn dng chuDIn thnh HN$3 6hi Gun n,ng. 7,7. {_ Vo du D tFc\ N>u th> GiYn c_c bNn 0hi c5 tiIu 0h+n !fn hn th> bNn tri th? tiIu 0h+n k gic 3C t_ oxi h, ) 6hO. Nh' VTD trong -;i tr'ing xitM HN$2 3C t_ 0h+n h5D th"o 0hn Wng\ 3HN$2 HN$3 o 2N$ o H2$ V ion N$2) 3C b9n trong -;i tr'ing 6i9-M ngh ! 6h;ng thI t_ oxi h, ) 6hO th"o 0hn Wng\ 3N$2) o H2$ N$3) o 2N$) o 2$H) 7,9. Khi tc dng Vfi cht 6hOM bn th+n N$2) bi>n thnh N$s 6hi thI hiYn tnh cht 6hO Ktc dng Vfi cht oxi h, -7nh hnS 3C chuDIn thnh N$3). 7,D. ]"- bi %% V /%. 7,I.<6 .n 0h- c5 0hn Wng 0h thuZc Vo bn cht c5 6i- !o7iM V n@ng GZ c5 xit V nhiYt GZ. 0hn Wng t7o r -uXi Wng Vfi -Wc oxi h, c o c5 6i- !o7iM V 3n 0h- c5 du tr?nh 6hO HN$3 c, thI ! N2$M N$M N$2M N2M NH2$HM NH3M tlD thuZc Vo Gi9u 6iYn 0hn Wng.Bfi cc nguDNn tX 6h;ng 6i- !o7i th'ing t7o r xit Wng Vfi -Wc oxi h, c o nht c5 nguDNn tX G,. bS C, thI cho rjng 3n 0h- t7o thnh ch5 D>u ! N$2M nh'ng V? 6h;ng b9nM b[ 0h+n h5D t7o r N$ V N$2. N$2 tc dng Vfi H2$ th"o 0hn Wng thuTn ngh[ch\
3N$2 o H2$ 2HN$3 o N$ 2xit HN$3 cng GHc c+n bjng cng G'Qc chuDIn V9 0h t7o r N$2M do G, 6hi tc dng Vfi HN$3 GHc th'ing t7o r N$2. Bfi 6i- !o7i nh' m"M CoM Ni tc dng Vfi HN$3 rt !o`ng c, thI t7o r 3n 0h- chnh ! N2s Vfi xit HN$3 !o`ng th? cc 6i- !o7i ho7t GZng hn nh' EgM yn 3C 6hO G>n -oni c. 7,K. #yn #.n %Co 323 o o o o 18HN$3 K!o`ngS NH#N$3 o #ynKN$3S2 o 3H2$ 18HN$3 K!o`ngS N2$ o #.nKN$3S2 o %H2$ 12HN$3 K!o`ngS N2 o %CoKN$3S2 o /H2$ %HN$3 K!o`ngS o 2H2$ 3H323$# o %N$
7,L. Khi gii thch 3_ 6hc nh u V9 GZ b9n nhYt c5 cc -uXi c, thI d_ V tc dng 0h+n c_c c5 cc ion 6i- !o7i GI gii thch. B d ion 2go c, !f0 Vv ngoi clng ! 18"M c, tc dng 0h+n c_c !fn hn ion N c, !f0 Vv 8". {o G, trong tinh thI 2gN$3M ion N$3 dn b[ bi>n d7ng hn 3o Vfi ion N$3 trong tinh thI N N$3M do tc dung 0h+n c_c c5 ion 2go !fn hn ion N )s V? VTD HN$3 V cc -uXi nitr t 6i!o7i nHng b[ 0h+n h5D k nhiYt GZ th0 hn. 7,M.HN$3 GHc G9u c, 6h nPng oxi h, H] K] ! cc h !og"n S G9u c, 0hn Wng t'ng t_ nh' n'fc c'ing th5DM nh'ng ta N$C! ) N$Ar ) N$R GZ b9n c5 hQ0 cht N$] gi- xuXngM N$R 6h;ng Gi9u ch> G'Qc. ;6 *tM 2u t n G'Qc trong n'fc c'ing th5D V? du tr?nh c, t7o r C!o ho7t GZng V t7o nNn 0hWc cht c5 cc 6i- !o7i G,. 77,. {_ Vo GZ t n 6hc nh u c5 N C! V KN$3 k nhcng nhiYt GZ 6hc nh u. 777.b6 B? 6ch th'fc 0h+n tO c5 0hot0ho trFng bU hn 0hot0ho Gv K]"bi 133S. ;6 ._ h?nh thnh cht rFn V; G[nh h?nh 0h thuZc Vo 6ch th'fc 0h+n tO c5 cht G,. Bfi cht c, 0h+n tO !'Qng th0 th? tr7ng thi V; G[nh h?nh 6h;ng 0hi ! tr7ng thi GHc tr'ngM 0h+n tO c5 cc cht !o7i nD c, GZ di GZng !fn V 6hi !!7nh dn th D G:i GZ G[nh h'fng c5 n, 3o Vfi cc 0h+n tO !+n cTnM NNn dn dng 3F0 x>0 thnh -7ng 0h+n tOs Vfi cht c, 0h+n tO !'Qng c o th? GZ di GZng c5 0h+n tO bU hn. EHt 6hc cqn chL rjng 6hi 6>t tinh cc cht G, 0hi th D G:i d7ng c5 0h+n tO. 4a cc ! do trNnM nhcng cht c, 0h+n tO !'Qng c o bt 6? g@- nhcng 0h+n tO c, GZ di 6hc nh u rt 6h, 6>t tinh thnh tinh thI. *hot0ho Gv c, cu trLc c o 0h+n tO nNn 6hi !- !7nh 6h;ng thI chuDIn thnh d7ng tinh thI - k d7ng V; G[nh h?nh. 779.<6 Kch th'fc c5 0h+n tO N2 bU hn 0hot0hoM hn nc 0h+n tO c5 0hot0ho g@- -Zt 3X !fn nguDNn tOM do G, nPng !'Qng t'ng tc gic cc 0h+n tO k nit bU hn k 0hot0ho.
b6 &iNn 6>t * ) * trong 0h+n tO *# 6U- b9n hn 3o Vfi !iNn 6>t N)N trong 0h+n tO N2. Hn nc nguDNn tO * c, obit n 3d nNn "!"ctron dn b[ 6ch Geng ta 33203 !Nn 3d t7o r % "!"ctron 6h;ng ghU0 G;iM h?nh thnh % "!"ctron cZng h, tr[. 77D.;6 *hot0ho trFng c, 6h nPng 0hn Wng Vfi -uXi c5 cc 6i- !o7i nh' G@ngM ch?M b7cM Vng s V? VTD GI 6hO 0hot0ho d' ng'ii t th'ing ng+- cc dng c G_ng 0hot0ho trFng trong dung d[ch Cu.$# th"o 0hn Wng\ %Cu.$# o 2* o 8H2$ 2H3*$# o %H2.$# o %Cu 77K. u tr?nh th5D 0h+n t7o r xit chW oxi c5 0hot0ho V HC!s KH3*$3 V H3*$# t'ng WngS. Kh;ng thI Vi>t 0h'ng tr?nh th5D 0h+n k d7ng ion V? *C!3M *C!% 6h;ng 0hi ! cht GiYn !i. 77L.<6 *hot0ho t7o r cc hQ0 cht *H3M *2H#M *3H#s chLng G'Qc Gi9u ch> bjng 0h'ng 0h0 th5D 0h+n 0hot0hu 6i- !o7iM chng h7n nh' C 3*2\ C 3*2 o /H2$ 3C K$HS2 o 2*H3 *2H# V *3H# t7o r G@ng thii Vfi *H3. b6 EHc dl *H3 c, d7ng t'ng t_ NH3 nh'ng c, nhi9u tnh cht 6hc biYt Vfi -oni c nh' dung d[ch *H3 c, -;i tr'ing trung tnhM *H3 c, tnh 6hO -7nh hn NH3 V.V ;6 *h+n tO NH3 c, d7ng h?nh ch,0M cc G- -+D "!"ctron c5 * k d7ng ! i 3 h, 30 , tuD nhiNn do cc G- -+D "!"ctron c5 * c, 6ch th'fc !fnM nNn tr7ng thi ! i h, 303 thI hiYn 6h D>u 3o Vfi nit trong NH3. Chnh V? VTD g,c h, tr[ gqn Vfi 988 KH*H h 93M%8S do G, *H3 c, c_c tnh bUM nNn t t n trong n'fc. EZt trong bXn obit n ! i h, 303 c, h i "!"ctron t_ doM c, d7ng gqn Vfi h?nh cqu. {o ! i h, D>u nNn 6h nPng nh'ing cH0 "!"ctron G, c5 *H3 D>u hn nhi9u 3o Vfi NH3. B? VTD *H3 6h;ng t'ng tc Vfi H2$ nh' NH3. 77M. 2S C 3*2 o 8HC!$ 2H3*$# o 3C C!2 o 2HC! 3S 2* o 3A K$HS2 o /H2$ 3A KH2*$3S2 o 2*H3 #S %*H3 o 8KEn$# o 12H2.$# %H3*$# o 8En.$# o #K2.$# o 12H2$ %S *H3 o HC!$# *H#C!$# 1S *H#R o K$H *H3 o KR o H2$ 79,. Ng'ii t G` bi>t 11 xit chW oxi c5 0hot0ho g@- # xit 0hot0horM % xit 0hot0horic V 2 xit 0"0hot0horic. 1S H3*$2 xit hi0o0hot0hor H2*$K$HS KC;ng thWc cu t7o Vi>t d'fi d7ng Gn ginS c, ngh !
"# " " P #
2S H*$2 xit -"t 0hot0hor K$HS*$
3S H#*2$% xit di0hot0hor KH$S2* ) $ ) *K$HS2 #S H3*$3 xit 0hot0hor KH$S3* %S H#*2$/ xit hi0o0hot0horic KH$S2*$ ) *$K$HS2 /S H*$3 xit -"t 0hot0horic KH$S*$2 1S H#*2$1 xit di0hot0horic KH$S2*$ ) $ ) *$K$HS2 8S H%*3$18 xit tri0hot0horic KH$S2*$ ) $ ) *$ ) $ ) *$K$HS2 OH 9S H3*$# xit octo0hot0horic KH$S3*$ 18S H3*$% xit -ono0"0hot0horic KH$S ) $ ) *$K$HS2 11S H#*2$8 xit di0"0hot0horic KH$S2*$ ) $ ) $ ) *$K$HS2 . 4rong G, H3*$2M H3*$3M H3*$# ! du n treng. 2xit hi0o0hot0hor ! xit -7nhM -Zt !qn xitM c, tnh 6hO -7nhM xit 0hot0hor ! xit trung b?nhM h i !qn xit c, tnh 6hO -7nhs xit 0hot0horic ! xit trung b?nhM b !qn xitM 6h;ng c, tnh oxi h, . K{_ Vo bng hjng 3X GiYn !i GI 3o 3nh tnh xitS. 799. 4rong -;i tr'ing xit -7nh !- gi- GZ GiYn !i c5 H3*$# do G, 6h;ng G7t G>n tch 3X t n c5 2g3*$# ng D c 6hi n@ng GZ c5 ion 2g o trong dung d[ch 6h !fn. EHt 6hcM V9 nguDNn tFc cc -uXi xit dn t n hn 3o Vfi -uXi trung tnhM do G, 6h;ng c, 6>t t5 tch r . 79D. K>t du G9u thu G'Qc -uXi trung tnh V? c, GZ t n 6U- hn cc -uXi xit. 79I. Khi A 3K*$#S2 t n trong xit c, cc du tr?nh 3 u\ A 3K*$#S2 3A 2o o 2*$#3) *$#3) o Ho H*$#2) Nh' VTD du tr?nh t n xD r do t7o r xit H3*$#M H*$#2)M H2*$#) ! cht GiYn !i 6U-. Cc c+n bjng G, 6h;ng xD r GXi Vfi A .$#. 79K. t0 1S #H3*$3 *H3 o 3H3*$# 3S H3*$3 o 22gN$3 o H2$ 22g o H3*$# o 2HN$3 K Phn nhFG 4H3n 79L. 323 o %HN$3 o 2H2$ 3H323$# o %N$ 3.b o %HN$3 3H.b$3 o %HN$ o H2$ Ai o #HN$3 AiKN$3S3 o N$ o 2H2$ 79M. ]"- bi %3. 7A,.bS 23H3 o KR$3 H323$3 o KR 23H3 o /2gN$3 o 3H2$ /2g o /HN$3 o H323$3
7A7. <,c h, tr[ H]H gidqn ! do gi- 6h nPng ! i h, 303 c5 cc nguDNn tX ta N G>n Ai. cng do nguDNn nh+n G,M 6h nPng nh'ing cH0 "!"ctron c5 cc hiGru D>u dqn V V? VTD 6h nPng 6>t hQ0 Ho gi-. NH3 ch> t7o t NH#os *H3 chz 6>t hQ0 Vfi xit -7nhs 23H3 rt 6h,s .bH3 6h;ng c, 6h nPng. 7AD. 323 o %HN$3 o 2H2$ 3H323$# o %N$ *hn Wng hg t n 23 trong n'fc c'ing th5D V trong HN$3 t7o r 3n 0h- nh' nh u. B i trg c5 HC! trong n'fc c'ing th5D ! t7o r hQ0 cht trung gi n N$C!M bn th+n cht G, t7o Gi9u 6iYn thuTn !Qi cho du tr?nh oxi h, . HQ0 cht G, 6h;ng nh h'kng G>n 3n 0h- c5 0hn Wng. 7AI. 1S 223 o 3H2.$# KGHcS 2H323$3 o 3.$2 2S 2Ai o /H2.$# 9GHcS Ai2K.$#S3 o 3.$2 o /H2$ 3S 223 o %N C!$ o 3H2$ 2H323$# o %N C! #S 232$3 o 2HC!$ o 3H2$ 2H323$# o 2HC! %S %23H3 o 8KEn$# o 12H2.$# %H323$# o 8En.$# o #K2.$# o12H2$ 7AK. 1S 223C!3 o 3.nC!2 3.nC!# o 223 2S 232.3 o 1$2 o /H2$ 2H323$# o 3H2.$# 3S 3232.3 o 28HN$3 o #H2$ /H323$# o 9H2.$# o 28N$ #S232.3 o 1#H2$2 o 12NH#$H 3KNH#S2.$# o 2KNH#S323$# o 28H2$ 7AL. 1S /23 o %Cr2$12) o22Ho /23$#3) o 18Cr3o o 11H2$ 2S 23$2) o R2 o 2C$32) o 2H2$ H223$#) o 2R) o 2C$2 o 2$H) 3S .b$2) o 22go o #$H) .b$#3) o 22g o 2H2$ #S %H3.b$3 o 2EN$#) o /Ho %H3.b$# o 2En2o o 3H2$ %S 2Ai2o o 3.n$22) o /$H) 2Ai o 3.n$32) o 3H2$ L. C<;b=n ` Si)i; 2C C Si6 7AM.b6 {_ Vo 6h nPng tch "!"ctron h, tr[ c5 cc nguDNn tO GI chWng -inh. 7DR.<6 EZt trong nhcng nguDNn nh+n c bn g+D r 6h nPng t7o -7ch c5 c cbon ! GZ b9n c5 !iNn 6>t C ) C K83 Kc !~ngtO g -SM do 3X "!"ctron h, tr[ c5 c cbon bjng 3X obit n h, tr[. 7D,.<6 @ng V[ 1#C G'Qc h?nh thnh trong 6h duDIn c5 tri Gt d'fi tc dng c5 ti V tr th"o 0hn Wng h7t nh+n 3 u\
14N + 1 n = 14C + 1 H 1 0 6 1
b6 ._ 6hc nh u c bn gic h i G@ng V[ G, ! thnh 0hqn h7t nh+n c5 nguDNn tO. 7D7. Eti nguDNn tO c cbon trong 6i- c'ng G9u k tr7ng thi ! i h, 303M -ti nguDNn tO G9u t7o thnh # !iNn 6>t L b9nM V G@ng nht Vfi # nguDNn tO xung du nh. E7ng tinh thI 6i- c'ng ! -7ng !T0 0h'ng V? -ti nguDNn tO c cbon G9u k t+- c5 -Zt h?nh tW diYn G9uM cc h'fng !iNn 6>t G9u nh' nh u V bjng !iNn 6>t L nNn tinh thI 6i- c'ng rt cWngM 6h;ng dbn GiYn. 4rong th n ch?M -ti nguDNn tO c cbon k tr7ng thi ! i h, 302. 4rong clng -Ht 0hngM -ti nguDNn tO ccbon !iNn 6>t Vfi b nguDNn tO c cbon 6hc bjng !iNn 6>t L b9n. 4rong 6iIu ! i h, nD c cbon chz -fi 3O dng 3 obit n ! i h, M -Wc obit n 20 cgn !7i ch' ! i h, t7o nNn !iNn 6>t 6h;ng G[nh V[. B? VTD th n ch? c, 6h nPng t7o VDM -9-M dbn GiYnM dbn nhiYt V c, -u x-M nhcng tnh cht G, g+D r do !iNn 6>t 6h;ng G[nh V[ G,. 7D9. B? rjng tr7ng thi tT0 hQ0 c5 cc cht 6h 6hi b[ h0 0h trNn b9 -Ht c5 cht rFn G'Qc coi nh' ! tr7ng thi trung gi n gic tr7ng thi 6h V tr7ng thi !vngM do G, nhcng 6h dn h, !vng ! nhcng cht - 0h+n tO dn gqn nh u hn GI chuDIn 3 ng tr7ng thi !vng nNn cng dn chuDIn 3 ng tr7ng thi h0 0h. EHt 6hcM 3_ h0 0h ! -Zt du tr?nh tv nhYtM c+n bjng h0 0h tu+n th"o nguDNn ! &" Ch t"!i"r do G, 6hi nhiYt GZ tPng 6h nPng h0 0h gi-. 7DK.<6 C C2 c, cu trLc tinh thI -7ng ion. 4rong tinh thI c, ion C 2o V C22) s tri !7i 2C c, cu trLc tinh thI 6iIu th+- nhT0M nguDNn tO c cbon th+- nhT0 Vo cc !t trXng c5 -7ng !'fi 6i- !o7i. ta cu trLc G, dn dng thD G'Qc nhcng tnh cht 6hc nh u c5 h i !o7i c cbu 6i- !o7i trNn. 7DM.;6 &iNn 6>t C ) H trong 0h+n tO CH# th_c cht ! !iNn 6>t c;ng h, tr[M V? VTD 6h;ng thI xD r du tr?nh tch Ho r 6hvi 0h+n tO CH# d'fi tc dng c5 0h+n tO H2$. EHt 6hcM cc obit n ! i h, 303 G` 3O dng h>tM 6h;ng cgn cH0 "!"ctron t_ do nNn 6h;ng thI t7o r !iNn 6>t cho ) nhTn. 7IR.b6 *h+n tO C$ cng nh' 0h+n tO N2 c, !iNn 6>t 3. H i trong 3 !iNn 6>t G'Qc t7o thnh nhi 3_ ghU0 G;i "!"ctronM cgn !iNn 6>t thW b G'Qc t7o thnh th"o !iNn 6>t cho ) nhTn. &iNn 6>t nD g+D r nhi obit n t_ do 20 c5 c cbon V cH0 "!"ctron c5 oxi\ @ : O@ @ : O@ Wng Vfi cu h?nh "!"ctron 3 u G+D\ K s S2 K s S2 K py S2 K pz S2 K px S2
lk ! lk lk lk
{o 0h+n tO C$ c, 0h+n tO !'QngM 3X "!"ctron V cu t7o 0h+n tO nh' N2 nNn c, nhcng tnh cht ! h, t'ng t_ nh u. 7I7. Cc 6i- !o7i chuDIn ti>0 th'ing c, 6h nPng 0hn Wng Vfi C$M 3n 0h- t7o r gei ! hQ0 cht c cbonD! 6i- !o7iM G, ! cc 0hWc chtM trong G, C$ G,ng V i trg ! 0hXi tOM V d\ CrKC$S%M m"KC$S%M NiKC$S#
Khi tc dng Vfi xit V; cM chng h7n HN$3M 0hWc c cbonD! 6i- !o7i 3C b[ 0h h5DM h?nh thnh 0hn Wng oxi h, 6i- !o7iM chng h7n\ CrKC$S3 o /HN$3 KGHcS CrKN$3S3 o /C$ o 3N$2 o 3H2$ 4rong du tr?nh t7o 0hWcM xD r 3_ ghU0 G;i cc "!"ctron h, tr[ c5 cc 6i- !o7i chuDIn ti>0 KV d\ cc nguDNn tX dS. &iNn 6>t L trong 0hWc cht c cbonD! G'Qc t7o thnh th"o c ch> cho ) nhTn nhi cc obit n t_ do c5 cc nguDNn tX d V cc cH0 "!"ctron t_ do c5 cc 0h+n tO C$. Chng h7n nguDNn tO Cro- k tr7ng thi c bn c, cu h?nh 3d%#31M 3u "!"ctron G, 3C ghU0 G;i th"o 3 G@\
3d 4s 4p
Trng th7i cAB*n@ Trang th7i to )hCc@ To ra 'i(n $% t 56 i c7c cD ) +'+ctron c8a :O
7I9.<6 H i cht H2 V C$ G9u c, tnh 6hO t'ng G'ng d_ Vo hjng 3X c+n bjng K c5 0hn Wng\ H2 o C$2 C$ o H2$ Kh :: . :H O
O
2 2 2
:H . ::O k cc nhiYt GZ 6hc nh u GI 3o 3nh\ NhiYt GZ 8C 188 888 838 1888 1288 1#88 K 8M/ 8M9 1 1M1 2M/ 3M#% 8 Nh' VTD k 838 CM trong htn hQ0 c+n bjng c, !'Qng C$ V H2 nh' nh us C$ V H2 c, i !_c nh' nh u GXi Vfi oxis d'fi 8388CM C$ 6hO -7nh hns trNn 8388C H2 6hO -7nh hn. b6 EuXn bi>t H2 V C$ 6hO G'Qc oxit 6i- !o7i no c, thI dlng 0h'ng 0h0 tnh < c5 0hn Wng. 7II.<6 NhiYt GZ c o hn 1888C c+n bjng C$2 o H2 C$ o H2$ ChuDIn 3 ng 0hi. N>u cho htn hQ0 C$2 Vo H2 Gi du -Zt Xng Gun n,ngM th? 6hi !- !7nh 6hM c+n bjng 6h;ng 6[0 chuDIn 3 ng tri. Khi c, -Ht cht xLc tc V d\ NiM oxit c cbon thu G'Qc c, thI t7o r E"t n th"o 0hn Wng\ C$ o 3H2 CH# o H2$ 7IL.<6 <ic 6>t t5 V dung d[ch c, t@n t7i c+n bjng t n\ C C$3 C 2o o C$32) Ron C$32) b[ th5D 0h+n\ C$32) o H2$ HC$3) o $H) Khi cho C$2 Gi du dung d[chM t7o thnh xit V !- tPng n@ng GZ ion o H3$ M t7o Gi9u 6iYn cho c+n bjng th5D 0h+n chuDIn 3 ng 0hiM t7o r dung d[ch
-uXi t n C KHC$3S2s ng'Qc !7iM 6hitPng n@ng GZ $H)M c+n bjng chuDIn 3 ng triM t7o r 6Nt t5 C C$3 6hi cho N $H Vo dung d[ch C KHC$3S2. 7IM. ]"- bi 1#1. <6 Khi cho -uXi c cbon t c5 6i- !o7i 6i9- hoHc -oni tc dng Vfi dung d[ch -uXi 6i- !o7i h, tr[ 3 nh' 2!3oM Cr3oM m"3o 3C t7o r hidroxit c5 cc 6i- !o7i G,. ;6 Khi cho 3od Vo dung d[ch -uXi yn2oM Co2oM Cr2oM Ni2o 3C t7o r -uXi c cbon t b x. 7KR. ]"- bi 218. 7KA. ]i n\ 2xit ]i nhidric\ 2xit ]i nic\ H @N H O : : : : N@ N N :@ : O
N @ hoHc H N @ hoHc H
Ron CN) K]i nu S c, cu t7o t'ng t_ 0h+n tO C$\ @ : N@ ) B? VTD CN c, 6h nPng t7o 0hWc t'ng t_ C$M chng h7n m"KCNS/#)M C$KCNS/3)M m"KCNS/3) EnKCNS/#) ._ h?nh thnh nhcng 0hWc cht nh' th> t'ng t_ nh' 3_ h?nh thnh 0hWc c cbonD! K]"- bi 2/2S. 7KD.<6 4rong 6i- c'ng V trong tinh thI 3i!icM cc nguDNn tO C V .i G9u k tr7ng thi ! i h, 303M nh'ng cc obit n ! i h, 303 trong tinh thI 3i!ic c, 0hqn 6h;ng G[nh V[M nNn cu trLc tinh thI 3i!ic c, 0hqn t'ng t_ cu trLc 6i- !o7i V ! cht bn dbn. 7KI.b6 .i!ic b9n Vfi cc xit V chz t n trong htn hQ0 Hm V HN$3. 3.i o #HN$3 o 18Hm 3H2.im/ o #N$ o 8H2$ B hg t n -7nh trong 6i9-\ .i o 2K$H o H2$ K2.i$3 o 2H2 7KK.<6 .i!ic Gioxit tuD c, c;ng thWc 0h+n tO giXng Vfi c cbon dioxit nh'ng c, cu t7o 6hc nh u. C cbon dioxit c, cu t7o G'ing thng $ h C h $ Wng Vfi tr7ng thi ! i h, 30 c5 nguDNn tO c cbon. 4ri !7i .i$2 c, cu t7o tW diYn Wng Vfi tr7ng thi ! i h, 303 c5 nguDNn tO 3i!ic. 4rong tinh thI .i$2M nguDNn tO .i nj- k t+- c5 tW diYnM !iNn 6>t c;ng h, tr[ Vfi # nguDNn tO oxi nj- k # Gznh c5 tW diYn G,. Nh' VTD -ti nguDNn tO oxi !iNn 6>t Vfi 2 nguDNn tO oxi k h i tW diYn c7nh nh u. {o G,M .i$2 k d7ng 0o!i-" Vfi cu trLc b chi9uM nNn du tr?nh n,ng chD c, !iNn du n G>n du tr?nh cFt GWt !iNn 6>t h, hecs cgn C$2 k tr7ng thi rFn t7o r tinh thI 0h+n tOM du tr?nh n,ng chD 6h;ng !iNn du G>n 3_ GWt !iNn 6>t h, hec trong nguDNn tO C$2.
7KL.<6 &iNn 6>t C ) H V .i ) H ! !iNn 6>t 6h;ng c_cM nNn t'ng tc gic cc 0h+n tO -"t n V gic cc 0h+n tO .i! n Vfi nh u ch5 D>u ! t'ng tc 6hu>ch tn. &iNn 6>t * ) H cng ! !iNn 6>t 6h;ng c_c do G, t'ng tc gic cc 0h+n tO *H3 cng ! t'ng tc 6hu>ch tn. Cgn t'ng tc gic cc 0h+n tO NH3 6h;ng chz ! t'ng tc 6hu>ch tn - cgn c, !_c c- Wng V !_c G[nh h'fngM ngoi r cgn c, 3_ h?nh thnh !iNn 6>t hidro. , ! c 3k GI gii thch c+u hvi trNn K]"- thN- bi %3S. 7LR.<6 C cbon V 3i!ic G9u t7o r hQ0 cht t"tr h !og"nu . b6 4rong cc t"tr h !og"nu c5 c cbon Kcng nh' c5 3i!icS ta Cm# G>n CR# GZ di !iNn 6>t tPngM nPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t gi-M nNn GZ b9n nhiYt gi-M ho7t tnh h, hec tPng. ;6 NPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t .i ) ] !fn hn nPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t C ) ] KV d\ .i ) C! c, nPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t trung b?nh ! 8/ Kc !~ngtgs cgn C ) C! ! 19 Kc !~ngtgS do G, .i]# c, GZ b9n nhiYt hn 3o Vfi C]#. M./NN! C!O/ -IM L8QI 7L7. C, thI d_ Vo t:ng 3X "!"ctron c5 nguDNn tO 3 u G, t?- 3X thW t_ c5 nguDNn tX. C, thI d_ Vo 3X "!"ctron h, tr[ GI t?- 3X thW t_ c5 nh,- ta G, t?- r nguDNn tX. B d\ 20/331\ NguDNn tX chu 6? 3 Kn h 3Ss 0h+n nh,- chnh nh,- 1 Kh D nh,- R Ss he 3 Kc, -Zt "!"ctron 3S. #d2%32\ NguDNn tX k chu 6? % Kn h %Ss 0h+n nh,- 0h nh,- # Kh D nh,- RBbSs he d Kc, 2 "!"ctron #dS. 7L9. Bfi 6i- !o7iM k tr7ng thi ng'ng 6>t K!vngM tinh thIS c, 3_ bi>n V[ cc "!"ctronM nhcng "!"ctron 6h;ng G[nh V[ nD !iNn 6>t G@ng thii Vfi nhi9u t+- V c, thI chuDIn G;ng trong ton bZ t'fng !iNn 6>t. k Gi9u 6iYn th'ing nhcng "!"ctron nD chi>- tr7ng thi nPng !'Qng th0 nht t7o thnh Vlng nPng !'Qng b[ chi>Kvng ha trS. Khi b[ 6ch thchM cc "!"ctron k Vlng nD thu thN- nPng !'Qng V chuDIn ta Vlng h, tr[ !Nn Vlng c, nPng !'Qng c o hnM G, ! Vlng t_ do h D Vlng dn in. Chnh nhcng "!"ctron 6hi G` chuDIn !Nn Vlng dbn GiYn nhi tc dng c5 GiYn tr'ing ngoi ! nguDNn nh+n g+D r dgng GiYn trong 6i- !o7i. 4uD VTD -uXn chuDIn ta Vlng h, r[ !Nn Vlng dbn GiYnM "!"ctron 0hi V'Qt du Vlng c-M ngh ! 0hi thu -Zt nPng !'Qng ! h 2 ) 1 K2\ NPng !'Qng k Vlng dbn GiYns 1\ NPng !'Qng k Vlng h, tr[S. 4lD th"o cu trLc c5 nguDNn tO V c5 tinh thIM c, thI c, nhcng gi tr[ 6hc nh us trong 6i- !o7i rt nhvs tri !7i trong cht GiYn -;i !7i rt !fn c, thI !fn hn 3"BM cgn trong ch+t bn dbn 6hong cch k Vlng c- Vo 6hong 8M1 G>n 3"B. C, thI gii thch Gn gin ! 6hi nhiYt GZ tPng !- tPng GZ gi o GZng c5 -7ng tinh thIM ngPn cn du tr?nh chuDIn GZng c5 "!"ctron 6h;ng G[nh V[M do G, GZ dbn GiYn c5 6i- !o7i gi- k nhiYt GZ gqn 88KM 6i- !o7i c, tnh 3iNu dbn. &Lc nD cc tiIu 0h+n trong -7ng tinh thI hqu nh' 6h;ng chuDIn GZngM -7ng tinh thI
6h;ng b[ gi o GZng t7o Gi9u 6iYn thuTn !Qi cho 3_ chuDIn GZng c5 cc "!"ctron 6h;ng G[nh V[. 7LA. 4rong 6i- !o7i 6h;ng thI c, !iNn 6>t bjng 2 "!"ctron G[nh V[ nh' trong cc 0h+n tO cZng h, tr[ hoHc cc 0h+n tO ion. Chng h7nM trong tinh thI !itiM -ti nguDNn tO &i G'Qc b o du nh bjng 8 nguDNn tO &i 6hcM nNn t7o r !iNn 6>t bjng 2 "!"ctron th? -ti nguDNn tO &i 0hi t7o r 8 "!"ctron GI h?nh thnh !iNn 6>tM trong 6hi G, &i chz c, 1 "!"ctron h, tr[ K132231S. 7LD.<6 Cc "!"ctron c5 6i- !o7i trong tinh thI c, 6h nPn gh0 th nPng !'Qng nh 3ng GI chuDIn !Nn -Wc nPng !'Qng c o hn trong Vlng h, tr[ hoHc Vlng dbn GiYnM V 3 u G, !7i 0ht r nPng !'Qng GI trk V9 -Wc nPng !'Qng th0 hn. u tr?nh G, ch5 D>u xD r trNn b9 -Ht tinh thI 6i- !o7iM 0hn x7 !7i ton bZ 0hqn nh 3ng G` h0 thM do G, 6i- !o7i c, -u trFng b7c V c, nh 6i-. b6 4uD nhiNn du tr?nh 0hn x7 c, tr'ing hQ0 6h;ng G@ng G9u GXi Vfi -ei ti nNn -Zt 3X 6i- !o7i c, -u 6hc nh uM V d 6i- !o7i G@ng c, -u GvM 6i- !o7i Vng c, -u Vng. 7LI.b6 4h> GiYn c_c tiNu chun c5 6i- !o7i 0h thuZc Vo b D>u tX\ ) NPng !'Qng ion h, \ cng bUM th> GiYn c_c cng th0M 6i- !o7i cng ho7t GZng. ) NPng !'Qng hidr t h, \ cng !fnM th> GiYn c_c cng th0. ) NPng !'Qng -7ng !'fi\ cng nhvM du tr?nh oxi h, 6i- !o7i xD r cng dn. 7LK. Ki- !o7i !iti c, nPng !'Qng hidr t h, !fn nNn c, th> GiYn c_c th0. ._ bi>n thiNn tnh cht c5 cc nguDNn tO th"o bng hY thXng tuqn hon 0h thuZc Vo cu trLc c5 nguDNn tOM 6h;ng xUt G>n nh h'kng 6hc. 7LL.b6 i9u 6iYn cho 6i- !o7i 0hn Wng Vfi H2$ ! 6i- !o7i 0hi c, th> GiYn c_c bU hn th> GiYn c_c c5 hidro trong -;i tr'ing trung tnh K) 8M#1BS V hidroxit t7o r 0hi t n trong n'fcs 6hi 6i- !o7i GWng tr'fc hidro trong d`D th> GiYn c_c V -uXi t7o r 0hi t n trong n'fc th? 6i- !o7i G, t n G'Qc trong xit 6h;ng c, tnh oxi h, s 6hi hidroxit 6i- !o7i t n G'Qc trong dung d[ch 6i9- th? 6i!o7i t n G'Qc trong dung d[ch 6i9-. 7LM.<6 {_ th"o 0h+n tO N"rn3t GI tnhM Vfi n@ng GZ ion Ho trong -;i tr'ing trung tnh ! Ho h 18)1 ion ) g~!. K>t du 8 2Ho~H2h )8M#13B b6 4nh 3Wc GiYn GZng GI xc G[nh. B d\ th> GiYn c_c chun 8 Ni2o~Ni h ) 8M2%Bs 8 2Ho~H2h ) 8M#1BM VTD 8h)8M#1)K) 8M2%Sh)8M1/B K 8S do G, Ni 6h;ng thI GD G'Qc H2 r 6hvi n'fc nguDNn cht th"o 0hn Wng\ Ni o 2H2$ NiK$HS2 o H2 7M,.b6 .o 3nh cc th> GiYn c_c 3 u GI tr !ii\ 8 m"2o~m" h ) 8M##Bs 8 m"3o~m" h ) 8M8#B
7M7.b6 Nhcng xit 6h;ng c, tnh oxi h, 6hi tc dng Vfi 6i- !o7i 3C t7o r -uXi Wng Vfi -Wc oxi h, th0 c5 6i- !o7is nhcng xit c, tnh oxi h, nh' H2.$# GHcM HN$3 .C t7o r -uXi 6i- !o7i Wng Vfi -Wc oxi h, c o. 7M9.<6 .o 3nh cc th> GiYn c_c chun 3 u G+D\ 8 m"2o~m" h ) 8M##Bs 8 Cu2o~Cu h o 8M3#Bs 8 m"3o~m"2oho 8M11B m" o Cu.$# Cu o m".$# 8 2m" o 3Cu.$# 3Cu o m"2K.$#S3 8 Cu o m".$# m" o Cu.$# 8 Cu o m"2K.$#S3 2m".$# o Cu.$# 8 7MA. 4nh th> GiYn c_c 2go~2g trong Gi9u 6iYn G` cho\ R) h 1 ion ) g~!M 4 2gR h 8M3.18)11 2gR 2go o R) R)2goh8M3.18)11
17 8"3.10 h 8M3.18)11 ion ) g~! 1 0"059 2go~2g h 8 o .!g8M3.18)11 1
2goh
2go~2g h )8M183B {o G,\ 22g o 2HR 22gR o H2 h o 8M183B BTD 2g c, thI GD G'Qc H2 r 6hvi dung d[ch HR th"o Gi9u 6iYn G,. 7MI.<6 3M2g~!s
nFE
bS 8M/1g~!s
96500
cS /1M%
298. Hjng 3X c+n bjng G'Qc tnh th"o 0h'ng tr?nh\ !gK h ) 2"3RT h n 2"3.8"314 h 1/M9 n .298 4rong G,\ o ! 3Wc GiYn GZng o m ! 3X m r d D o n ! 3X "!"ctron chuDIn ta cht 6hO 3 ng cht oxi h, o ^h 8M31# un~-o!.GZ Bfi c+n bjng\ Cu2o o yn yn2o o Cu u tr?nh oxi h, 6hO t:ng dut G'Qc xc G[nh ta h i bn 0hn Wng\ Cu2o o 2" Cu 1 h o 8M331B 2o yn yn o 2" 2 h o 8M1/3B 4h> c5 du tr?nh t:ng dut bjng t:ng th> c5 0hn Wng oxi h, V 0hn Wng 6hO\ h 1 o 2 h 8M331 o 8M1/3 h 1M18B ' Vo 0h'ng tr?nh !gK h 1/M9n h 1/M9.2.1M1h 31M2 h D Khyn2o~ Cu2o h 1M/.1831. 4a 6>t du G, t thD rjng yn2o h Cu2o.1M/.1831. Ngh ! !Lc c+n bjngM h- !'Qng c5 Cu2o bU hn 1831 !qn 3o Vfi h- !'Qng c5 yn2o trong
dung d[ch. , ! c 3k c5 du tr?nh !uDYn 6i- bjng 0h'ng 0h0 dlng 6i- !o7i ho7t GZng hn GD 6i- !o7i 6hc r 6hvi dung d[ch -uXi. NPng !'Qng <ibb3 bjng\ < h )2M3 ^4.!gK h )2M3.31M2.298.1M98.18)3 h )/1M9Kc !~-o! Kh D h )283M1 un~-o!S. 4rong G, ^ h 1M98 c !~-o!.GZ B? <8 nNn c+n bjng trNn th_c t> chuDIn 3 ng 0hi. 7MM.<6 NguDNn tFc chung ! 6hO cc ion 6i- !o7i thnh 6i- !o7i bjng tc nh+n 6hO thch hQ0\ Eno o n" E8 bS Nhcng 0h'ng 0h0 th'ing dlng\ 1S 6hO ion 6i- !o7i ta cc oxit bjng cc cht 6hO nh' CM H2M .iM C$ k nhiYt GZ c o. 2S KhO ion 6i- !o7i ta cc hQ0 cht bjng -Zt 6i- !o7i 6hc k nhiYt GZ c o K0h'ng 0h0 nhiYt 6i-S. 3S D 6i- !o7i r 6hvi dung d[ch -uXi. #S iYn 0h+n -uXi n,ng chD. %S iYn 0h+n dung d[ch -uXi trong n'fc. /S nhiYt 0h+n cc hQ0 cht V; c. 9RR. I xc G[nh chi9u c5 0hn Wng c, thI tnh < c5 0hn Wng. <0' h <8Ni K r S o <8H2$ K6S ) <8Ni$ K r S o <8H2 K6S h h8 o K)%#M/S ) K)%8M/S o 8 h ) # Kc ! h D h ) 1/M12 un. <8 do G, du tr?nh 6hO Ni$ c, thI xD r . C, thI tnh <8 c5 0hn Wng ta 0h'ng tr?nh\ <8 h H8 ) 4.8 H0' h H8Ni K r S o H8H2$ K6S ) H8Ni$ K r S o H8H2 K6S h h8 o K)%1M8S ) K) %1M3S o 8 h )8M% Kc ! Kh D h )2M89 unS. .*' h .8Ni K r S o .8H2$ K6S ) .8Ni$ K r S o .8H2 K6S h K1M1 o #%M1S ) K9M1 o 31M2S h 11M9 Gn V[ "ntro0i. <0' h ) 8M% ) 213 K11M9~1888S h )3M1% 6c !~-o!. BTD <8M do G, du tr?nh c, thI xD r . 9R,. Cch gii nh' bi 388. 9R7.<6 {lng cc c cbon !- cht 6hO GI Gi9u ch> cc 6i- !o7i -u nHng nh' ynM .nM *bM Cu Khi - i !_c c5 oxi Vfi 6i- !o7i bU hn 3o Vfi c cbons cng 6h;ng thI dlng c cbon !- cht 6h' 6hi 6i- !o7i dn dng t7o r hQ0 cht c cbu 6i- !o7i nh' A"M CrM En 9R9.b6 1S ) 388M# Kc !s 3S ) 121M8 Kc !s %S ) 288M9 Kc !s 2S ) 28/ Kc !s #S ) /88M1 Kc !
9RA.b6 C, b 0h'ng 0h0 nhiYt 0h+n h5D cc cht V; c GI Gi9u ch> 6i!o7i\ 1S NhiYt 0h+n cc hQ0 cht c cbonD! 2S NhiYt 0h+n cc hQ0 cht iotu 6i- !o7is 3S un n,ng 6i- !o7i trong ch+n 6h;ng bjng !g GiYn cc t70 cht 3C b D hi cgn !7i 6i- !o7i. ,R. -iG )=Qi PiSG 9RL. b6 .o 3nh nPng !'Qng ion h, c5 hidro V c5 cc 6i- !o7i 69-. 4a G, rLt r 6>t !uTn V9 6h nPng 6hO c5 cc nguDNn tX G,J Ron Ho c, 6h nPng hidr t h, t7o r H3$o M cgn cc ion 6i- !o7i 6i96h;ng c, 6h nPng G,. Hidro c, 6h nPng 6>t hQ0 "!"ctron GI t7o r cc hQ0 cht hidru Vfi 6i!o7i -7nhs G@ng thii hidro dn dng t7o r !iNn 6>t cZng h, tr[ c, c_c hoHc 6h;ng c, c_c. 9,R. Cc hjng 3X VTt ! G9u c, GiI- bt th'ing k &i. 9,,.<6 B? ion &io c, bn 6nh bU hn cc ion 6i- !o7i 6i9- 6hcM nNn !iNn 6>t b9n hn Vfi cc 0h+n tO n'fc hidr t h, M do G, ion &io c, nPng !'Qng hidr t h, !fn hnM t7o Gi9u 6iYn cho 3_ chuDIn d[ch c+n bjng &i &io o " V9 0h 0hi. b6 Cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- gic "!"ctron h, tr[ c5 -?nh 6h D>uM do G, !iNn 6>t 6i- !o7i trong -7ng !'fi c5 cc 6i- !o7i G, ! !iNn 6>t D>uM V? VTD cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- -9- dn cFt. ) NhiYt GZ n,ng chD 0h thuZc -7nh Vo nPng !'Qng -7ng !'fi tinh thI. Khi chuDIn ta &i G>n C3M bn 6nh nguDNn tO tPngM do G, G` !- gi- t'ng tc gic cc nguDNn tOM chnh Gi9u G, G` !- gi- nhiYt GZ n,ng chD c5 cc 6i!o7i 6i9-. Cqn chL ! cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- G9u c, cu trLc tinh thI giXng nh u. 9,7.<6 N>u !D GZ dbn GiYn c5 Hg ! Gn V[ th? GZ dbn GiYn c5 &i ! 11s N ! 21s c5 K ! 1#s c5 ^b ! 8 V C3 ! %. 4uD nhiNn Vfi 2g ! %9M c5 Cu ! %/M9M c5 2u ! 39M/s Gi9u G, 6h;ng c, ngh ! cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- ho7t GZng 6Uhn CuM 2gM 2u. B? rjng GZ dbn GiYn 0h thuZc Vo 3X nguDNn tO 6i- !o7i trong -7ng tinh thIM n,i cch 6hc 0h thuZc Vo 3X nguDNn tO c, trong 1c-3 6i- !o7i k tr7ng thi rFnM chLng t c, thI tnh G'Qc 3X nguDNn tO 6i- !o7i trong -Zt c-3 k tr7ng thi rFnM V d nh'\
)23 KhXi !'Qng -Zt nguDNn tO &i h 6"02 g. 23 h 1M1/.18 .10 22 .X nguDNn tO &i trong -Zt c-3\ h 1"16 nguDNn tO &i 23 h #M%.18 .10
0"53
.o Vfi 2g\
)23 KhXi !'Qng -Zt nguDNn tO 2g h 6"02 g. 23 h 11M9.18 .10 22 .X nguDNn tO 2g trong 1c-3 h 17 nguDNn tO 2g. 23 h %M8.18 "9.10
108
10 "382
Nh' VTD trong 1c-3 6i- !o7i k tr7ng thi rFnM 3X nguDNn tO 2g !fn hn 3X nguDNn tO &i. b6 Cng t'ng t_ nh' th> c, thI gii thch nguDNn nh+n 6i- !o7i N c, GZ dbn GiYn c o hn cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- 6hc. 9,9.<6 k tr7ng thi hi 0h+n tO c5 cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- g@- 2 nguDNn tO E2. ChLng c, thI G'Qc h?nh thnh do t7o r !iNn 6>t cZng h, tr[ ta "!"ctron n3 Kcc obit n nguDNn tO n3 ch' G'Qc ghU0 G;iS. b6 Khi b[ 6ch thch cc "!"ctron ti>0 thu nPng !'Qng V chuDIn r cc obit n x nh+n hnM cc obit n cng x nh+n c, nPng !'Qng cng !fnM V? VTD cc "!"ctron G, dn chuDIn V9 cc obit n gqn nh+n hnM trong du tr?nh nD 0ht r cc bWc x7 6hc nh u trong Vlng nh?n thD c5 du ng 0h:M do G, c, -u 3Fc 6hc nh u. 9,A.b6 c, thI dlng 0hn Wng h, hec th"o 0h'ng 0h0 nhiYt 6i- GI 6hO cc ion 6i- !o7i 6i9-M V d\ KC! Kn,ng chDS o N K o N C! 2^bC! o C 700 2^b o C C!2 2C3C! o C 700 2C3 o C C!2 Cc 0hn Wng G, G9u th_c hiYn trong ch+n 6h;ng.
0 0
9,D.b6 iYn 0h+n htn hQ0 n,ng chD g@- N C! o 2%u N m o 12u KC! thu G'Qc N 6i- !o7i. Htn hQ0 N m o KC! hoHc cc -uXi 6hc nh' C C!2 !gi- nhiYt GZ n,ng chD c5 cht GiYn 0h+n ta 8888C KN C!S xuXng %88 ) /888C. 9,I.<6 4t c G9u 0hn Wng tr_c ti>0 Vfi 6i- !o7i 6i9-M tra tr'ing hQ0 Vfi c cbon V 3i!ic th? chz c, &iti -fi 0hn Wng tr_c ti>0 G'Qc. N V K 6h;ng 0hn Wng tr_c ti>0 Vfi c cbonM do G, 6h;ng thI th D th> cho &i G'Qc. 9,K. Cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- G'Qc bo dun trong dqu hv 6h n V trung tnhM k cht 6ns 6h;ng cho ti>0 xLc Vfi xitM Vfi H2$M Vfi hQ0 cht c, chW C!o nh' CC!#M Vfi C$2 rFn. 9,L.<6 4h> GiYn c_c c5 du tr?nh H2 o 2" 2H) ! )2M2%B do G, cc hidru 6i- !o7i 6i9- ! cht 6hO -7nh. Cc hidru 6i- !o7i 6i9- c, bn cht ion c, tnh dbn GiYn 6hi n,ng chD V n,ng chD k nhiYt GZ c o. b6 B9 tnh cht N H giXng Vfi HC! hn N C!. 9,M. <6 &iN$3. 2&iH o 3N2 2&iN3 o H2
97R.b6 &i2$ Gi9u ch> bjng 0h'ng 0h0 0h+n h5D &i$HM &i2C$3 h D
N 2$M K2$ Gi9u ch> bjng 0h'ng 0h0 Gun n,ng 0"oxit hoHc hidroxit Vfi 6i- !o7i 6i9- t'ng Wng. B d\ 2N $H o 2N 2N 2$ o 2H2 K$2 o 3K 2K2$ 97,.b6 u tr?nh t7o r 0"oxit hoHc .u0"oxit dn h D 6h, 0h thuZc Vo 6ch th'fc V nPng !'Qng ion h, c5 cc 6i- !o7i. B? i !_c "!"ctron c5 0h+n tO oxi t'ng GXi bU h 8M81"B Ki !_c "!"ctron c5 nguDNn tO oxi ! 1M#/"BS nNn 6h;ng c, 6h nPng 6>t hQ0 "!"ctron c5 cc 6i!o7i. Bfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- c, th> ion h, bU hn V 6ch th'fc !fn hn 3o Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6hcM do G, c, thI "!"ctron h, tr[ c5 -?nh cho 0h+n tO oxi. Chng h7n N 2$2. NguDNn nh+n G, G` g+D r 6h nPng chuDIn 2 "!"ctron h, tr[ c5 2 nguDNn tO N cho 0h+n tO oxi GI t7o r ion $22) h?nh thnh 0h+n tO ion N 2$2. Bfi &i 6h;ng c, 6h nPng G, V? th> ion h, c5 &i 6h c oM 6ch th'fc !7i bU nNn 0h+n tO $2 6h;ng thI hLt "!"ctron c5 &i V9 0h -?nh. 977.<6 *hn Wng th5D 0h+n N 2$2\ N 2$2 o 2H2$ 2N $H o H2$2 ! 0hn Wng thuTn ngh[ch KH2$2 ! -Zt xit Vfi hjng 3X GiYn !i K1 h 2M%.18)12S nh'ng du tr?nh th5D 0h+n t7o r -;i tr'ing 6i9- nNn H2$2 b[ 0h+n h5D do G, c+n bjng chuDIn th"o chi9u thuTn. b6 {_ Vo 0hn Wng ti 3inh $2 6hi N 2$2 hoHc htn hQ0 N 2$2 o K$2 tc dng Vfi C$2 GI gii thch. KChL G>n thI tch $2 G'Qc ti 3inh 3o Vfi thI tch C$2 th - gi Vo 0hn Wng S. 97I.<6 Cho tc dng Vfi 2g2$ trong dung d[ch n'fc. b6 Bi>t cc 0h'ng tr?nh 0hn Wng xD r trNn b9 -Ht GiYn c_c 6hi GiYn 0h+n dung d[ch KRM 3 u G, xUt cc 3n 0h- G'Qc t7o r G` tc dng Vfi cc thuXc thO nh' th> noM 3C thD G'Qc hiYn t'Qng th D G:i V9 -u 3Fc c5 dung d[ch k 2 GiYn c_c. 97K.b6 4inh thI K$H cng nh' tinh thI C3$H ! tinh thI ion. Khi hg t n trong n'fcM cc tinh thI G, chuDIn thnh ionM Vfi GZ GiYn !i th_c ! bjng Gn V[. 4uD nhiNn GZ GiYn !i biIu 6i>n c5 2 cht G, 6h;ng nh' nh u V? ion Ko t'ng tc Vfi ion $H) -7nh hn C3o. ;6 &i$H dn b[ nhiYt 0h+n t7o r &i2$ cgn cc hidroxit c5 cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- 6hc 6h;ng c, 6h nPng G, V? ion &io chz c, 2 "!"ctron V 6ch th'fc bU nNn dn hLt nguDNn tO oxi ta $H) V9 0h -?nh. Cgn cc ion 6i- !o7i 6i9- 6hc c, 8 "!"ctron !f0 ngoi clngM 6ch th'fc !7i !fn nNn 6h nPng trNn rt 6h, xD r . 97L. {_ Vo 3_ chuDIn d[ch c+n bjng t n c5 N C! GI gii thch. 97M. NhiYt GZ n,ng chD ta N m G>n N R gi-. 4inh thI c5 chLng G9u ! tinh thI ion nNn c, GZ n,ng chD c o nh'ng bn 6nh ion c5 cc h !og"nu tPngM do G, -Wc GZ ion c5 !iNn 6>t gi-M V? VTD nhiYt GZ n,ng chD gi-.
99R.b6 {_ Vo GZ t n c5 3n 0h- 0hn Wng GI tr !ii. 99,.b6 {_ Vo hjng 3X GiYn !i c5 cc xit G'Qc t7o r trong du tr?nh th5D 0h+n GI gii thch. 997.<6 4nh 0H c5 dung d[ch N 2C$3 V N HC$3 3C dbn G>n 6>t !uTn dung d[ch N 2C$3 c, tnh 6i9- !fn hn. b6 B? rjng 0hn Wng N 2C$3 o C$2 o H2$ 2N HC$3 c, bn cht thuTn ngh[ch. u tr?nh 0h+n h5D N HC$3 xD r 6hi Gun n,ngM nh'ng k nhiYt GZ th'ing KV ng D c trong dung d[ch S G` c, 3_ 0h+n h5D chT-M V g+D r -Zt 0 3ut no G, c5 C$2 trNn b9 -Ht cht rFn. 99A.<6 C, thI c, nhcng 0h'ng 0h0 3 u\ 1S N 2.$# o #C o C C$3 N 2C$3 o C . o #C$ 2S N 2.$# o A C!2 A .$# o 2N C! N C! o C$2 o NH3 o H2$ N HC$3 o NH#C! 3SN 2.$# o A K$HS2 A .$# o 2N $H 2N $H o C$2 N 2C$3 o H2$ bS KHC$3 dn t n trong n'fc. 99D.<6 N 2.$# o A K$HS2 A .$# o 2N $H N $H o HN$3 N N$3 o H2$ 2N CH3C$$ o H2.$# 2CH3C$$H o N 2.$# un n,ng dung d[ch cho CH3C$$H b D hiM c+n bjng 3C chuDIn 3 ng 0hiM thu G'Qc N 2.$#. 99K.b6 4 n c_c G7i k 3#8C. ;6 4a dung d[ch bò hg k %88C\ Khi tPng nhiYt GZ G>n 188C\ N 2C$3 tch r -Zt 0hqn k tr7ng thi rFn V dung d[ch bò hg N 2C$3. Khi h7 nhiYt GZ xuXng #88C\ N 2C$3 k tr7ng thi t n trong dung d[ch V? ch' bò hg . H7 nhiYt GZ xuXng 388C\ dung d[ch bò hg chW 6hong 32u N 2C$3. H7 nhiYt GZ xuXng 288C\ tinh thI N 2C$3 tch r k tr7ng thi rFn V dung d[ch bò hg chW 11M8uN 2C$3. ,,. -iG )=Qi PiSG thT 99L.<6 9u ! cc nguDNn tX he 3M nh'ng cc obit n nguDNn tO n3 k cc 6i!o7i 6i9- th: G` G'Qc !0 GqD. b6 Ai>n G:i G9u ta C G>n A s nPng !'Qng ion h, c o V c o nht k A"s th> GiYn c_c c5 C M .rM A gqn t'ng G'ng. k A" c, gi tr[ c o hn nhi9u 3o Vfi cc nguDNn tX cgn !7iM trong 6hi G, k &i !7i c, gi tr[ th0 hn nhi9u 3o Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- c,n !7i.
99M.b6 NhiYt GZ n,ng chDM nhiYt GZ 3;iM 6hXi !'Qng riNng G9u c o V c o hn 6i- !o7i 6i9-. NhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i bi>n G:i 6h;ng G9u nh' trong 6i- !o7i 6i9-s GZ dbn GiYn c o. 9AR.<6 EHc dl nPng !'Qng ion h, R2 R1 nh'ng nPng !'Qng hidr t h, c5 ion E 6h c oM bl cho nPng !'Qng ion h, c oM do G, 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: dn -t 2 "!"ctron GI t7o r ion E2o. b6 EHc dl nPng !'Qng ion h, c5 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: !fn hn 6i- !o7i 6i9-M nh'ng nPng !'Qng hidr t h, c5 ion 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: !fn hn nhi9u 3o Vfi 6i- !o7i 6i9- nNn c+n bjng E E2o o 2" dn dng b[ chuDIn d[ch. B? VTD th> GiYn c_c c5 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: c, gi tr[ t'ng G'ng Vfi 6i- !o7i 6i9-.
2o
9A,. EuXn t7o r 0h+n tO 2 nguDNn tO E2 M cc nguDNn tO 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: 0hi th'ing xuDNn k tr7ng thi 6ch thch 32 30. 4uD nhiNn nPng !'Qng G'Qc t7o r 6hi h?nh thnh !iNn 6>t gic 2 nguDNn tO 6h;ng G5 bl !7i cho nPng !'Qng cqn cung c0 GI g+D r tr7ng thi 6ch thchM V? VTD cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: 6h;ng t7o r 0h+n tO E2. 9A7.<6 4rong 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: c, !iNn 6>t 6i- !o7i -7nh hn trong 6i!o7i 6i9- nNn 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: c, GZ cWng !fn hn. b6 4n; V 4HUi 0h thuZc Vo cu trLc c5 -7ng tinh thI. B? tinh thI c5 cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: 6h;ng cu t7o clng -Zt -7ng tinh thI nNn nPng !'Qng -7ng !'fi 6hc nh u. {o G, nhiYt GZ n,ng chD V nhiYt GZ 3;i th D G:i 6h;ng G9u nh' trong he 6i- !o7i 6i9-. 9A9. 4rong cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: Vlng h, tr[ n3 G` G'Qc !0 GqD nNn 3_ 6ch thch "!"ctron ta Vlng G, !Nn Vlng t_ do 6h, th_c hiYn. C, thI gii thch rjng trong tinh thI 6i- !o7i 6i9- th:M nPng !'Qng cc Vlng n3M n0 G'Qc x"n 0h5 Vo nh u. N,i cch 6hc 2 "!"ctron n3 c, nPng !'Qng nj- trong Vlng 6h rZng ch' G5 "!"ctron GI t7o r cht cch GiYnM do G, cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: c, tnh dbn GiYn 6h c o. 9AA. Bfi &i c, nPng !'Qng hidr t h, c o hn nhi9u 3o Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- 6hcM bl !7i cho nPng !'Qng ion h, nNn &i c, th> GiYn c_c th0 hn nhi9u 3o Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9-. 4ri !7iM A"ri -Hc dl c, nPng !'Qng hidr t h, c o nh'ng 6h;ng thI bl !7i nPng !'Qng ion h, c o V nPng !'Qng -7ng !'fi c o c5 A"riM V? VTD A"ri c, th> GiYn c_c c o hn cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: 6hc. 9AI. ]"- bi 321. 9AM. <6 u tr?nh GXt chD ngoi Eg$ cgn t7o r Eg3N2 . b6 E giN c, thI GXt chD trong C!2M C$2M .$2.
9DR.<6 Kh nPng chD c5 Eg 6hc Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6hc ! do nhiYt t7o thnh c5 Eg$ 6h !fn\ 2Eg o $2 2Eg$ H h )1#/ Kc !~-o! Chnh nhiYt !'Qng G, G` GXt n,ng -7nh cc h7t Eg$ G'Qc t7o nNnM !0ht r nh 3ng ch,i. b6 Khi Eg chD 6h;ng thI dT0 tFt bjng n'fc hoHc bjng C$2M .i$2M V? 6hi GXt n,ng Eg G9u c, 6h nPng 0hn Wng Vfi H2$M C$2M .i$2. 9D,.<6 H2 6h;ng c, 6h nPng 0hn Wng tr_c ti>0 Vfi EgM nh'ng oxi V nit th? 0hn Wng dn dngM do G, 0hi dlng H2 !- bqu 6h tr. 9D9.<6 Kh;ng dlng NH#$H GI 6>t t5 ion Eg2o thnh EgK$HS2 V? c, 0hn Wng thuTn ngh[ch. Chng h7n\ EgC!2 o 2NH#$H EgK$HS2 o 2NH#C! b6 {o nh h'kng c5 ion G@ng d7ng NH#o nNn !- gi- du tr?nh GiYn !i c5 NH#$HM V? VTD n@ng GZ ion $H) 6h;ng G5 GI G7t G>n tch 3X t n c5 EgK$HS2. 9DA.b6 Hg t n trong NH#C! 6U- hnM V? NH#$H c, GZ GiYn !i !fn hn H2$. 9DD.b6 C, thI hg t n EgC$3 bjng dung d[ch GT- GHc KNH#S2C$3 cS cho htn hQ0 tc dng Vfi dung d[ch 6i9- d'. 9DK. 1S 2S 3S C H2 o 2H2$ C K$HS2 o 2H2 C H 2 o $2 C $ o H 2 $ A H2 o C$2 C o A K$HS2
9DL. b6 4ch 3X t n c5 A m2 ! 1M1.18)/M cgn A .$# ! 1M1.18)18 nNn c, thI dlng H2.$# GHc chuDIn A m2 thnh A .$#M 3 u G, nung k 1#888 cho A $. &nguZi ta ta G>n #888 A $ 6>t hQ0 Vfi oxi t7o r A $2. ;6 1S A $2 o #HC! KGHcS A C!2 o C!2 o 2H2$ 2S A $2 o2HC! A C!2 o H2$2 3S A $2 o KR o #HC! A C!2 o 2KC! o R2 o2H2$ #S A $2 o 22gN$3 22g o $2 o A KN$3S2 %S A $2 o En$2 A En$# 9IR. b6 .o 3nh tc dng 0h+n c_c h, c5 ion E1o K 6i- !o7i 6i9-S V cc ion E2o K 6i- !o7i 6i9- th:S GXi Vfi nguDNn tO oxi trong nh,- $H). 9I,. 4a A"2o G>n A 2oM tc dng 0h+n c_c h, c5 c tion E2o G>n nion .$#2) gi- Kdo bn 6nh ion tPng ta A"2o d>n A 2oS nNn GZ b9n nhiYt tPng ta A".$# G>n A .$#.
9I7. Z t n c5 cc -uXi 0h thuZc V 2 D>u tX\ nPng !'Qng -7ng !'fi c5 tinh thI -uXi V nPng !'Qng hidr t h, c5 c tion. NPng !'Qng -7ng !'fi gi-M GZ hg t n c5 -uXi tPngs nPng !'Qng hidr t h, c5 c tion gi-M GZ hg t n gi-. 4a C .$# G>nA .$#\ D>u tX nh h'kng chnh G>n GZ t n ! nPng !'Qng hidr t h, . 4a C 2o G>n A 2o nPng !'Qng hidr t h, gi- Kta 311 Kc !~-o! k C 2o G>n 388 Kc !~-o! k A 2oS nNn GZ t n gi-. 4a C m2 G>n A m2\ D>u tX duD>t G[nh G>n GZ t n ! nPng !'Qng -7ng !'fi. 4a C m2 G>n A m2 nPng !'Qng -7ng !'fi gi- Kta /2# Kc !~-o! k C m2 G>n %// Kc !~-o! k A m2S nNn GZ t n tPng. 9I9. B d GZ t n c5 A m2 ! 8M3.18)3 -o!~! k 2%8Cs cgn GZ t n c5 A C$3 ! 1M1.18)# -o!~! k clng nhiYt GZ. >u tX duD>t G[nh G>n GZ t n c5 chLng ! nPng !'Qng -7ng !'fi. NPng !'Qng -7ng !'fi c5 A m2 K%// Kc !~-o!S bU hn c5 A C$3 K/2% Kc !~-o!S nNn GZ t n c5 A m2 !fn hn GZ t n c5 A C$3. 9IA.<6 Khi 0h+n h5D nhiYt cc -uXi c cbon t xD r 3_ tch nguDNn tO oxi r 6hvi nguDNn tO trung t+- c5 nion V 3 u G, ! 6>t hQ0 nguDNn tO oxi Vo c tion. u tr?nh G, g+D r 3_ chuDIn d[ch -Tt GZ GiYn tch c5 "!"ctron V !bi>n d7ng tion do GiYn tr'ing c5 c tionM ngh ! cc nion b[ cc c tion 0h+n c_c. K>t du ! C C$3 b[ nhiYt 0h+n t7o r C $ V C$2. 4a A"C$3 G>n A C$3M tc dng 0h+n c_c c5 c tion gi- nNn 6h nPng b[ nhiYt 0h+n gi- KEgC$3 b[ nhiYt 0h+n k /888C nh'ng A C$3 b[ nhiYt 0h+n k 13/88CS. b6 Khi 0 3ut gi- V nhiYt GZ tPngM c+n bjng chuDIn 3 ng 0hi. 4h:i 6h C$2 Kcho 0 gi-SG@ng thii tPn nhiYt GZ GI cho hiYu 3ut nung V;i tPng. Khi nhiYt GZ gi- C $ 6>t hQ0 Vfi C$2 t7o r C C$3 Kdu tr?nh V;i 3Xng h, c cbon tS . 9IK. .o 3nh tch 3X t n c5 cc cht 6h;ng t n t7o r trong dung d[ch. 9IM. NPng !'Qng hidr t h, c5 ion 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: !fn hn ion 6i- !o7i 6i9- nNn dn t7o r cc hidr t tinh thI. 9KR.b6 Nung th7ch c o k 1#888C t7o r C $M 3 u G, chuDIn C $ thnh C C!2. iYn 0h+n -uXi C C!2 n,ng chD thu G'Qc C 6i- !o7i. ,7. NhUG 9K7. &f0 "!"ctron thW 2 6I ta ngoi Vo k cc nguDNn tX nh,- nD G9u c, 3X "!"ctron 6hc nh u. Bfi 2! c, !f0 3d cgn trXngs < M Rn nj- ng D 3 u cc nguDNn tX he d Vfi !f0 thW 2 c, 18 "!"ctrons 4 !i 6h;ng nhcng nj- 3 u cc nguDNn tX he d - cgn nj- 3 u cc nguDNn tX he |M !f0 "!"ctron thW 2 6I ta ngoi Vo cng c, 18". 4,- !7i < M RnM 4! G9u ! cc nguDNn tX 3 u chuDIn ti>0M tnh cht c5 cc nguDNn tX nD g+D r bki cu trLc G,. 9K9. An 6nh nguDNt tO tPng GZt ngZt ta A G>n 2!M 3 u G, gi- -Zt t 6hi chuDIn ta 2! G>n < V ta < !7i tPng.
4h> ion h, th D G:i 6h;ng G9uM gi- -7nh ta A G>n 2! V 3 u G, tPng 6h;ng Gng 6I. 4a 2! G>n < c, 3_ th D G:i G, ! do nh h'kng c5 hiYn t'Qng co d K< GWng 3 u cc nguDNn tX he dS. Cng VTDM ngoi nh h'kng c5 3_ co dM 3_ co | cng c, nh h'kng -7nhM nNn ta Rn G>n 4! 6ch th'fc nguDNn tO tPng !Nn 6h;ng Gng 6I. 9KA. 4inh thI Ao c, cu t7o GHc 6ht. N, b o g@- nhcng h?nh h i chc -Ht A12 KcW 12 nguDNn tO A t7o r -Zt t> bo tinh thI h i chc -HtS. &iNn 6>t gic cc nguDNn tO Ao ! !iNn 6>t cZng h, tr[M do G, Ao rt 6h, n,ng chD. 4ri !7iM tinh thI < !i c, -7ng !'fi 0h+n tOM t7i -Ft -7ng !'fi ! cc 0h+n tO < 2M V? VTD < !i c, nhiYt GZ n,ng chD th0M nh'ng nhiYt GZ b D hi !7i c o ! do 6hi 3;i 0h+n tO < 2 0hi 0h+n h5D thnh < nguDNn tO. 9KD.<6 Ao ! nguDNn tX 6h;ng 6i- !o7i nh'ng Nh;- ! -Zt 6i- !o7i ho7t GZng. {o 3_ bi>n G:i GZt ngZt V9 6ch th'fc nguDNn tO ta 8M83 k Ao G>n 1M2/ k Nh;- V do nPng !'Qng hidr t h, c5 ion 2!3o rt !fn K1288Kc !~-o!SM V? VTD 6huDnh h'fng t7o thnh ion 2!3o dn dng hn. 9KI. Aoru ! hQ0 cht c5 A Vfi 6i- !o7i. Cc boru 6i- !o7i th'ing c, c;ng thWc 0h+n tO V cu t7o 6h;ng 0hl hQ0 Vfi du n GiI- h, tr[ b?nh th'ingM c, thnh 0hqn V cu trLc 0hWc t70M chng h7n cc boru c5 Niobi\ Nb2AM Nb#A2M NbAM Nb3A# HQ0 cht c5 Ao Vfi hidro gei chung ! cc bor nM V d\ A2H/M A#H18 Aor t ! -uXi c5 xit boricM chng h7n nh' bor c ) -Zt !o7i bor t Wng Vfi c;ng thWcN 2A#$1.18H2$. Cc bor t th'ing c, cu trLc 0hWc t70 V d7ng 0o!i-". EuXi G, c, thI Wng Vfi xit t"tr boric KK1h2.18)# V K2h2.18)3S Vfi c;ng thWc 3 u\ O O E O E E OH HO E O O EuXi borD! ! -Zt !o7i -uXi b x trong G, chW gXc borD! A$o Kh, tr[ -ZtS t'ng t_ ti nD!M xirconD!. B d KA$S*$3 ! -uXi c5 xit -"t 0hot0horic hoHc borD! 3"n t KA$S23$3. Nhcng hQ0 cht nD th'ing b[ th5D 0h+n hon ton trong n'fc. B d\ A$*$3 o H2$ HA$2 o H*$3 Nh' VTDM c, thI x"- cc -uXi AorD! ! 3n 0h- c5 xit boric k d7ng b x AK$HS3 t'ng tc Vfi xit t'ng WngM -Hc dl tnh b x c5 H2A$3 k -Wc GZ 6h;ng Gng 6I. 9KK. *h+n tO Am3 c, d7ng t - gic G9u. 4rong 0h+n tO G, nguDNn tO A v tr7ng thi ! i h, 302 b obit ! ! i h, nD t7o nNn !iNn 6>t L Vfi 3 obit ! 20 c5 3 nguDNn tO m!o. EZt obit ! trXng cgn !7i c5 A Vu;ng g,c Vfi cc obit ! ! i h, t7o nNn !iNn 6>t Vfi -Zt obit ! 20 6hc c, cH0 "!"ctron t_ do c5 -Zt trong 3 nguDNn tO m!o.
9KL.<6 k !f0 Vv ngoi clng c5 nguDNn tO A trong 0h+n tO AH3 c, 3 cH0 "!"ctron V -Zt obit ! t_ doM V? VTD nguDNn tO A c, tnh cht nhTnM ngh ! c, 6huDnh h'fng 6>t hQ0 -Zt cH0 "!"ctron. Khi 6h;ng c, 0h+n tO !7 c, chW cH0 "!"ctron t_ doM th? 3_ !0 GqD obit ! cgn trXng c5 nguDNn tO A chz c, thI G7t G'Qc 6hi h i 0h+n tO AH3 6>t hQ0 Vfi nh u t7o r A2H/M trong G, c, -Zt cH0 "!"ctron c5 0h+n tO AH3 nDGHt Vo obit ! t_ do c5 nguDNn tO A trong 0h+n tO AH3 6i M 6>t du t7o r !iNn 6>t 3 t+-. 4rong 0h+n tO A2H/M nguDNn tO A k tr7ng thi ! i h, 303 K! i h, tW diYnS. H i obit ! ! i h, 303 t7o !iNn 6>t h i t+- Vfi h i nguDNn tO HM ngh ! !iNn 6>t G'Qc h?nh thnh do 3_ ghU0 chung cH0 "!"ctron c5 2 nguDNn tO. CH0 "!"ctron cgn !7i t7o r do obit ! ! i h, thW b V obit ! 13 c5 nguDNn tO H G'Qc GHt Vo obit ! cgn trXng c5 nguDNn tO A bNn c7nh t7o r !iNn 6>t b t+- A ) H ) AM ngh ! h?nh thnh h i !iNn 6>t nh'ng chz c, -Zt cH0 "!"ctron.
H H H E E o H H
H Hnh 1: Cu t7o c5 A2H/ Vfi h i !iNn 6>t b t+- A ) H ) A *h+n tO dibor n c, cu t7o6h;ng gi n nh' h?nh d'fi G+DM trong G, cc nguDNn tO A V cc nguDNn tO H k h i Gqu nj- trong clng -Zt -Ht 0hng. H i nguDNn tO H th - gi !iNn 6>t b t+- nj- GXi xWng nh u du trc A ) A. H i nh,AH3 h?nh thnh h i tW diYn !Ych c, c7nh chung. b6 B? dibor n 6h;ng 0hi ! -Zt -uXi nNn 0hn Wng th5D 0h+n dibor n 6h;ng th"o c ch> th5D 0h+n -uXi\ A2H/ o /H2$ 2H3A$3 o /H2
H
4 1,3
H
A 1,2
o
H
1190
970
H H
Hnh 2: Cu t7o tW diYn !Ych c5 h i nh,- AH# trong 0h+n tO A2H/ 9KM.b6 B? dn t7o r -7ch c o 0h+n tO. 9LR.b6 2xit octoboric ! cht tinh thI c, -7ng !f0M cc 0h+n tO H3A$3 trong -ti !f0 !iNn 6>t Vfi nh u bjng !_c !iNn 6>t hidroM cgn cc !f0 nXi Vfi nh u bjng !_c B n d"r !3. B? VTD chLng k tr7ng thi rFn ! nhcng VD nhin. 2xit H3A$3 6h;ng 0h+n !i 0roton nh' xit 6hcM - do nguDNn tO A cgn c, -Zt obit n t_ do c, 6h nPng nhTn -Zt cH0 "!"ctron V? VTD 6hi t'ng tc Vfi H2$M n, 6>t hQ0 Vfi nh,- $H) V gii 0h,ng 0roton c5 n'fc\ H3A$3 o H2$ AK$HS#) o Ho Kh 18)9 9L,.b6 B? ion 2!3o c, nPng !'Qng hidr t h, rt !fn nNn 2! dn dng chuDIn thnh d7ng ion 2!3o. 9L7.<6 Khi Gun n,ng bZt nh;- Vfi . t7o r 2!2.3. Cht nD chz k tr7ng thi rFnM 6h;ng c, trong dung d[ch V? dn b[ th5D 0h+n t7o r \ 2!2.3o H2$ 2!K$HS3 o H2. 2!#C3 G'Qc t7o r 6hi cho bZt nh;- 6i- !o7i tc dng Vfi c cbon trong 6h duDIn hidro. & cht bZt -u Vng 6hi tc dng Vfi H2$ t7o r CH#. Khi cho 0hn nh;- tc dng Vfi N2 hoHc NH3 k 13888K ) 1%888K t7o r 2!N. A[ 0h+n h5D trong n'fc n,ng V nguZiM xitM 6i9-. 4:ng hQ0 ta cc nguDNn tO 2! V * t7o r 2!*. Nh;- 6h;ng t7o r hQ0 cht Vfi 3i!ic. Nh;- tc dng Vfi C!o V Aro- k nhiYt GZ th'ingM Vfi Rot 6hi Gun n,ng V c, H2$ !- xLc tc. 9L9.<6 22! o N 2C$3 o 1H2$ 2N 2!K$HS# o C$2 o 3H2 Nh;- cng nh' cc 6i- !o7i ho7t GZng G9u c, 6h nPng t7o r htn hXng. Htn hXng nh;- t'ng tc Vfi H2$ t7o r H2V 2!K$HS3. bS 22! o Cr2$12) o 1#Ho 22!3o o 2Cr3o o 1H2$ %2! o3En$#) o 2#Ho %2!3o o 3En2o o 2H2$
9LK. Corundu- ! 2!2$3 k d7ng tinh thI c, trong t_ nhiNn. ^t trM 6h;ng t n trong n'fcM trong xitM trong 6i9-. 4 n G'Qc trong N $H n,ng chDs Vfi N 2C$3M K2.2$1 k nhiYt GZ c o K18888CS. 2!2$3 o N $H KncS N 2!$2 o H2$ 2!2$3 o N 2C$3 2N 2!$2 o C$2 2!2$3 o 3K2.2$1 2!2K.$#S3 o 3K2.$# 2!u-og"n ! d7ng thl h?nh , c5 2!2$3 G'Qc Gi9u ch> 6hi 6hO n'fc c5 2!K$HS3.nH2$ k %%88Cs dlng !- cht h0 th b9 -Ht nh' 3i!ic g"n. 9LL.<6 {_ Vo c+n bjng th5D 0h+n c5 2!3o GI gii thch. 47o r 6h NH3 V 6>t t5 2!K$HS3. b6 Ron x"t t !iNn 6>t Vfi ion Ho G'Qc t7o r do du tr?nh th5D 0h+n 2!3o !tPng c'ing du tr?nh th5D 0h+nM 6>t du t7o r 2!K$HS3 V CH3C$$H. 22!3o o /CH3C$$) o /H2$ 22!K$HS3 o /CH3C$$H cS 2!3o o H2$ 2!K$HS2o o Ho C$32) o H2$ HC$3) o $H) Ho o $H) H2$ {o c+n bjng t7o H2$ nNn G` !- tPng c'ing du tr?nh th5D 0h+n 2!3o t7o r 2!K$HS3 V tPng c'ing du tr?nh th5D 0h+n C$32) t7o r C$2 -uXi c cbon t 2!3o 6h;ng G'Qc t7o r trong Gi9u 6iYn G, V? 2!K$HS3 c, GZ t n bU hn. 9LM. *hn ! !o7i -uXi 6U0 c, c;ng thWc chung ! E2 .$#.E2RRK.$#S3.2#H2$M trong G,\ ER\ 6i- !o7i h, tr[ R nh' N M KM ^bM C3M NH#M 4! ERR\ 6i- !o7i h, tr[ RRR nh' 2!M CrM m"M < M RnM 4!M Co.
R
9MR.<6 k tr7ng thi hi V trong -Zt 3X dung -;i hcu cM cc nh;h !og"nu 2!C!3M 2!Ar3M 2!R3 k d7ng 0h+n tO di-" 2!2]/ c, cu h?nh 6h;ng gi n nh' dibor nM nh'ng ! cu t7o tW diYn G9uM 6U0 Vfi -Zt c7nh chung. &iNn 6>t cqu nXi gic C! V 2 nguDNn tO nh;- 2! ) C! ) 2! 6h;ng 0hi ! !iNn 6>t 3 t+- nh' trong dibor ns trong G, c, !iNn 6>t cZng h, tr[ do 3_ ghU0 chung "!"ctron c5 nguDNn tO C!o V nguDNn tO nh;-s !iNn 6>t cgn !7i ! !iNn 6>t cho ) nhTn trong G, nguDNn tO C!o ! cht choM nh;- ! cht nhTn. :' :' :' F' :' F'
:' :' 2!C!3 6h n bXc 6h,i -7nh trong 6h;ng 6h - gii 0h,ng hidro c!oru \ 2!C!3 o 3H2$ 2!K$HS3 o 3HC! HC! tc dng Vfi NH3 t7o r 6h,i NH#C!. ;6 2!C!3 k tr7ng thi rFn c, cu t7o ionM cgn k tr7ng thi n,ng chD c, 0hqn chuDIn 3 ng d7ng hQ0 cht 0h+n tO.
9M,. < !i tc dng Vfi xit t'ng t_ 2!. 4 !i t n trong HN$3 GHc n,ng t7o r hQ0 cht 4!3oM HN$3 !o`ng oxi h, t !i G>n tr7ng thi h, tr[ R. 4 !i tc dng Vfi HC! t7o r 4!C!. < t n trong dung d[ch 6i9- t'ng t_ nh;-\ 2< o 2N $H o/H2$ 2N < K$HS# o 3H2 Cgn Rn V 4! 6h;ng 0hn Wng Vfi dung d[ch 6i9-. 9M7. k < K$HS3 chWc b x V chWc xit thI hiYn Vfi -Wc GZ gqn nh' nh us k RnK$HS3 tnh b x trZi hn tnh xits cgn k 4!K$HS3 thI hiYn chWc xit rt D>u. 9M9. EuXi 6i- !o7i D>u hn dn b[ th5D 0h+n hn. Clng -Zt 6i- !o7iM ion 6i- !o7i Vfi -Wc oxi h, c o hn dn b[ th5D 0h+n hn. 9MA.<6 B? bn 6nh c5 ion 4!o t'ng t_ bn 6nh cc ion 6i- !o7i 6i9- K r h1M##; r h1M33S nNn dn 6>t tinh t7o 0hn. 4! K b6 4nh cht 6hO ! ch5 D>u. Cc hQ0 cht < KRSM RnKRS G9u ! cht 6hO -7nh. 4!KRS c, tnh 6hO 6U- hnM chz chuDIn thnh 4!KRRRS 6hi tc dng Vfi cht oxi h, -7nh. Nh' VTD hQ0 cht 4!3o t b9n hnM cgn hQ0 cht 4! cZng !7i b9n hn.
+ +
,9.G3;G<ni C thiV; C ;hW 9MD.b6 B? t:ng nPng !'Qng ion h, 6h c o nNn 6h;ng thI h?nh thnh cc ion #o V i !_c "!"ctron c5 cc nguDNn tO G, 6h;ng G5 GI t7o r cc ion #). An cht !iNn 6>t trong cc hQ0 cht ! cZng h, tr[. 9MI.<6 Cng nh' cc nguDNn tX 6hc thuZc he 0M trong 0h+n nh,- <" 6hi 3X thW t_ nguDNn tO tPng !NnM th? cc obit n d V | c, nh h'kng !fn G>n ViYc h?nh thnh !iNn 6>t h, hec. N,i cch 6hcM 6hi chuDIn ta <" G>n *b tnh tr c5 cc "!"ctron n32 tPng !NnM V i trg th - gi Vo ViYc h?nh thnh !iNn 6>t c5 cc "!"ctron n32 gi- xuXngM V? VTD trong d`D G, 6huDnh h'fng cho -Wc oxi h, o# gixuXngM V 6huDnh h'fng t7o r -Wc oxi h, o2 tPng !Nn. B d\ *b$2 ! cht oxi h, -7nhM nh'ng tnh oxi h, c5 <"$2M .n$2 ! 6h;ng GHc tr'ngs <"C!2M .nC!2 ! cht 6h' -7nhM <"C!2 0hn Wng ng D tWc 6hFc Vfi C!oM .nC!2 0hn Wng nh nh k nhiYt GZ th'ingM nh'ng *bC!2 6h;ng 0hn Wng Vfi C!o k nhiYt GZ G,. 9MK.<6 Ki- c'ng V 3i!ic c, cu trLc tinh thI t'ng t_ nh uM -ti nguDNn tO !iNn 6>t c;ng h, tr[ Vfi # nguDNn tO 6hc b o du nhM 6iIu tW diYn G9uM V? VTD chLng G9u ! nhcng cht 6h, n,ng chDs tuD nhiNn 6hong cch C) C trong 6ic'ng ! 1M%#% M cgn .i ) .i ! 2M3# G@ng thii !iNn 6>t C) C c, GZ b9n !fn hn nhi9u 3o Vfi !iNn 6>t .i ) .i. b6 4a .i G>n *bM 6iIu !iNn 6>t h, hec bi>n G:i ta cZng h, tr[ G>n !iNn 6>t 6i- !o7iM do G, 4nc gi-.
9ML.<6 4inh thI <" c, cu trLc 6iIu 6i- c'ng nNn cWngs .nM *b c, 6iIu !iNn 6>t 6i- !o7i trong tinh thI nNn -9-. b6 .o 3nh bn 6nh nguDNn tO V cu trLc c5 t> bo nguDNn tX tinh thI .iM <" V *b 3C dbn G>n 6>t !uTn .i V <" hg t n 6h;ng h7n ch> Vo nh uM cc nguDNn tO c, thI th D th> cho nh u trong -7ng !'fi tinh thI. 9MM.<6 <"c- ni 6h;ng t n trong HC! V H2.$# !o`ng nh'ng t n trong H2.$# GHc V HN$3 t7o r xit g"c- nic H2<"$3 Kx<"$2.DH2$S. B d\ <" o #HN$3 H2<"$3.H2$ o #N$2 4hi>c t n G'Qc trong HC! V H2.$# !o`ng. 4rong HN$3 !o`ng t7o r .nKN$3S2M nh'ng trong HN$3 GHc t7o r xit 3t nic\ .n o #H2.$# KGHcS .nK.$#S2 o 2.$2 o #H2$ 3.n o 8HN$3 K!o`ngS 3.nKN$3S2 o #N$ o #H2$ .n o #HN$3 KGHcS H2.n$3.H2$ o #N$2 o 2H2$ Kx.n$2.DH2$S bS B? c, 0hn Wng t7o r cht t n\ *bC!2 o 2HC! H2*bC!# *b.$# o H2.$# *bKH.$#S2 ARR.<6 Z b9n c5 2H# gi- xuXng ta C G>n *b do 6huDnh h'fng ! i h, 30 c5 2 gidqn ta .i G>n *b.
3
AR,. 4rong 0h+n tO C$2 c, !iNn 6>t K0 ) 0S ! -Zt trong nhcng !iNn 6>t b9n. *h+n tO C$2 t'ng tc Vfi nh u bjng !_c B n d"r !3 ! !_c 6h D>us cgn 3i!ic 6h;ng t7o r !iNn 6>t 6U0 nh' trong 0h+n tO C$2s .i$2 c, cu t7o 3 chi9u trong G, 3i!ic V oxi c, 3X 0h+n tO ! # V 2 t'ng Wng. NPng !'Qng !iNn 6>t .i ) $ 6h !fn V do G, tinh thI rt b9n c, nhiYt GZ n,ng chD c o K]"- thN- bi 2/8S. Ch? dioxit dn b[ nhiYt 0h+n 6hi Gun n,ng -t dqn oxi bi>n thnh cc oxit th0 hn\ 320 C 420 C 550 C *b$2 290 *b2$3 290 *b3$# 530 *b$ Kn+u G"nS KBng GvS KGv n+uS KVngS ._ 0h+n h5D G, c, thI gii thch -Zt cch th; 3 ! do GHc tnh oxi h, -7nh c5 c tion *b#o GXi Vfi nion $2)M -Hc dl !iNn 6>t trong 0h+n tO c, GHc tnh cZng h, tr[. 4uD VTD cch gii thch G, cng chWng -inh G'Qc 6huDnh h'fng t:ng dut chuDIn V9 tr7ng thi h, tr[ RR tPng !Nn ta <" G>n *b.
o 0 0
AR7. 4a .i$2 G>n *b$2 tnh b9n gi-s *b$2 dn b[ 0h+n h5D t7o r *b$ b9n. AR9. 4a <"K$HS2 G>n *bK$HS2 tnh b x tPngM tnh xit gi-. 4a ]K$HS2 G>n ]K$HS# tnh b x gi-. ARD. .o 3nh nhiYt t7o thnh cc oxit trNn V nhiYt t7o thnh c5 n'fc. ARI.1S .nC!2 chuDIn thnh .nK$HS2V 3 u G, cho -t n'fc N 2.n$2 o 2H2$ 2N $H o .nK$HS2
.nK$HS2 .n$ o H2$ 3S*b$2 o .$2 *b.$# ARK. Khi t n trong dung d[ch 6i9-\ *b$2 o 2K$H o 2H2$ K2*bK$HS/ B trong 6i9- n,ng chD\ #N $H o *b$2 N #*b$# o 2H2$ n tri octo0!o-b t ARL.<6 Cho *b3$# tc dng Vfi dung d[ch !o`ng c5 H2.$# hoHc HN$3 t7o nNn *b$2 V -uXi *b2o\ *b3$# o #HN$3 2*bKN$3S2 o *b$2 o2H2$ ch? octo0!o-b t A,R.<6 .nC!2 dn b[ th5D 0h+n t7o r 6>t t5 trFng\ .nC!2 o H2$ .nK$HSC! o HC! b6 .o 3nh th> tiNu chun 8 .n2o~.n V 8 .n#o~.n. ;6 .nC!2 ! cht 6hO -7nhM c, thI 6hO Hg2o thnh Hgs m"3o thnh m"2o. A,,.<6 B? c, t7o r cc 0hWc cht t n\ *bR2 o 2KR K2*bR# b6 .nC!# t7o r tinh thI 0h+n tOM cgn tinh thI .nC!2 k d7ng 0o!i-" trong G, c, cc nh,-\
Cl Sn Cl Sn
A,7. Khi cho xit tc dng Vo *bC$3 3C c, cc du tr?nh 3 u\ *bC$3 *b2o o C$32) C$32) o Ho HC$3) HC$3) o Ho H2C$3 H2C$3 H2$ o C$2 nhi G, xD r du tr?nh t n c5 *bC$3. 4ri !7i *bCr$# ! -uXi c5 -7nhM nNn c+n bjng t n\ *bCr$# *b2o o Cr$#2) 6h;ng chuDIn d[ch. A,9. 1S .nC!# o 2yn 2ynC!2 o .n 2S 2.nC!2 o $2 .n$2 o .nC!# 3S *b$2 o #HC! *bC!2 o C!2 o 2H2$ #S 2KR o *b3$ o #H2.$#3*b.$# o R2 o K2.$# o #H2$ %S 2En.$# o %*b3$# o 2/HN$3 2HEn$# o o 13*bKN$3S2 o 2*b.$# o 12H2$ /S .n oH2."$# K!o`ngS .n."$# o H2
xit
1S *b o 2H2.$# KGHcS *b."$# o ."$2 o 2H2$ A,D.<6 .o 3nh tnh 3X t n c5 .n. V *b.. b6 .n. c, 6h nPng b[ -oni 0o!i3un|u oxi h, G>n di3un|u M 3 u G, di3un|u t n trong -oni3un|u t7o r -oni tio3t n t t n. *b. 6h;ng c, 6h nPng G,. .n. o KNH#S2.2 .n.2 o KNH#S2. .n.2 o KNH#S2. KNH#S2.n.3 A,I.<6 .nC!2 o H2. .n. o 2HC! .n. o KNH#S2.2 KNH#S2.n.3 .n.32) o 2Ho .n.2 oH2. b6 Bng gi ! .n.2 t n G'Qc trong 6i9- V trong xit\ .n.2 o 1/HN$3 KGHcS H2.n$3 o 2H2.$# o 1/N$2 o %H2$ .n.2 o /K$H 2K2.n.2 o K2.nK$HS/ K6 !i tio3t nitS b6 *b. V .n. 6h;ng t n trong nhcng dung d[ch xit !o`ngM t n trong dung d[ch HN$3 V HC! GT- GHc ,A. Yn$ C @Q; C Vn$ A,K.<6 CuM 2gM 2u ! hcng nguDNn tX thuZc he d gqn cuXi clng trong cc chu 6? t'ng Wng. {ng !C cu trLc "!"ctron h i !f0 ngoi clng c5 cc nguDNn tX nD 0hi ! Kn ) 1Sd9n32 Kn Wng Vfi 3X thW t_ c5 chu 6(S. 4uD nhiNn k !f0 Kn ) 1Sd G` gqn hon thnhM nNn ViYc chuDIn 1 "!"ctron k !f0 n32 3 ng !f0 Kn ) 1Sd 3C thuTn !Qi hn V9 -Ht nPng !'Qng. B? VTDM cu trLc cc !f0 "!"ctron ngoi clng c5 3 nguDNn tX CuM 2gM 2u 3C ! Kn )1Sd18n31. b6 NPng !'Qng ion h, thW nht K"BS V i !_c "!"ctron K"BS nh' 3 u\ Cu 2g 2u 8 o NPng !'Qng ion h, ] ] K"BS 1M13 1M%1 9M22 i !_c "!"ctron K"BS 2M# 2M% 2M1 NPng !'Qng ion h, gi- ta Cu G>n 2g V 3 u G, tPng !Nn G>n 2u. i !_c "!"ctron tPng ta Cu G>n 2g V 3 u G, gi-. .o Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th? nPng !'Qng ion h, c5 CuM 2gM 2u c o hns nh'ng i !_c "!"ctron th? !7i c o hn rt nhi9u 3o Vfi 6i- !o7i 6i9- V !fn hn c oxiM !'u hu(nh V -Zt 3X nguDNn tX 6h;ng 6i- !o7i 6hc nh' NM * ;6 {o c, -Zt "!"ctron n31 k !f0 ngoi clng nNn c, 6h nPng h?nh thnh 0h+n tO h i nguDNn tO nh' cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- KCu2M 2g2M 2u2S. 4uD nhiNn nPng !'Qng 0h+n !i t'ng GXi !fn 3o Vfi 0h+n tO c5 6i- !o7i 6i9- trong clng chu 6?. *h+n tO E2 c5 cc 6i- !o7i nD b9n hn cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- ! do c, h i !iNn 6>t b: xung G'Qc h?nh thnh do c ch> cho g+D nNn Kcc cH0 "!"ctron d t_ do V cc obit ! cgn trXngS. A,L. Bfi Cu V 2g th? -Hc dl 0h+n !f0 d G'Qc Gi9n GqD G5 nhi -Zt "!"ctron 3 k !f0 ngoi clng nhuDIn Vo nh'ng cu trLc ch' 0hi G` b9n hon
tonM do G, nguDNn tO c, thI b[ 6ch thch chuDIn thnh tr7ng thi Kn)1Sd93101M 6>t du t7o r b "!"ctron 6h;ng cH0 G;iM V nh' VTD c, -Zt hoHc h i "!"ctron d th gi Vo du tr?nh h?nh thnh !iNn 6>t h, hec\
(n-1)d10 ns1 np0
(n-1)d9
ns1
np1
{o G, cc nguDNn tX 0h+n nh,- G@ng Wng Vfi cc -_c oxi h, o1M o2M o3. Bfi Vng th? tr7ng thi oxi h, o3 ! GHc tr'ngM k G+D c 2 "!"ctron d G9u th - gi Vo du tr?nh h?nh thnh !iNn 6>t. Bfi G@ng th? tr7ng thi GHc tr'ng ! o2s cgn Vfi b7c ! o1. 4nh b9n c5 tr ng thi o1 k b7c ! do cu h?nh #d18 c, tnh b9n t'ng GXi !fnM V? rjng cu h?nh G, G` G'Qc h?nh thnh ta nguDNn tX GWng tr'fc b7c ! 0 ! di K*dS\ #d18%38. Cng ta cu trLc G, chLng t hiIu G'Qc t7i 3 o nPng !'Qng ion h, c5 2g !7i bU hn c5 Cu. A,M.<6 bn 6nh nguDNn tO c5 nguDNn tX nh,- G@ng bU hn nhi9u 3o Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9-M do G, !f0 18 " k 3t !f0 ngoi clngM V? VTD cc nguDNn tX nD c, th> ion h, c o hn cc 6i- !o7i 6i9-s Gi9u G, G` gii thch nguDNn nh+n V 3_ 6hc nh u V9 tnh ch+t c5 cc 6i- !o7i nh,- G@ng 3o Vfi cc 6i- !o7i 6i9-. A77.<6 2g V 2u 6h;ng b[ $xi oxi h, V? 3n 0h- 0hn Wng 6h;ng b9ns k Gi9u 6iYn th'ing cc oxi G, 6h;ng G'Qc t7o r M cgn k nhiYt GZ c o th? b[ 0h+n h5D. b6 $xi nguDNn tO c, ho7t tnh h, hec !fn hn oxi 0h+n tOM c, 6h nPng 0hn Wng Vfi b7c k ng D nhiYt GZ th'ingM t7o r trNn b9 -Ht -Zt !f0 oxi 2g2$ hoHc 2g$. A79.<6 EHc dl hQ0 cht Cu KRRS b9n hn hQ0 cht CuKRSM chng h7n du tr?nh 0h+n h5D Cum2 V CuC!2 thnh Cum V CuC! V h !og"n k nhiYt GZ c oM nh'ng do tnh 6hO -7nh c5 ion R) nNn CuR2 b[ 0h+n h5D ng D k Gi9u 6iYn th'ing do G, c, 0hn Wng\ 2Cu.$# o #KR 2CuR o R2 o 2K2.$# b6 u tr?nh 6>t hQ0 nguDNn tO h !og"n Vo 0h+n tO Cu] K] ! h !og"n S chz c, thI xD r 3 u 6hi 6ch thch nguDNn tO G@ng 3d18#31 3d9#3101. Bfi Rot c, i !_c "!"ctron bU hn V bn 6nh !fn hn 3o Vfi cc h !og"n cgn !7iM do G, 6hi t7o thnh !iNn 6>t Cu ) R nPng !'Qng G'Qc gii 0h,ng r bU hn 3o Vfi 3_ t7o thnh !iNn 6>t t'ng t_ Vfi nguDNn tO h !og"n 6hcM nPng !'Qng G, 6h;ng G5 GI g+D r tr7ng thi 6ch thch trNn. A7D. .o 3nh tch 3X t n c5 CuK$HS2M Cu. V hjng 3X 6h;ng b9n c5 ion 0hWc CuKNH3S#2o GI tr !ii\ K4ch 3X t n c5 CuK$HS2 \ h %.18)28s c5 Cu.\ h /M3.18)3/s hjng 3X 6h;ng b9n c5 0hWc CuKNH3S#2o Wng Vfi du tr?nh\ CuKNH3S#2o Cu2o o #NH3 ! K h 9M33.18)13 S.
A7K. .o 3nh hjng 3X 6h;ng b9n c5 ion 0hWc\CuKNH3S#2o Cu2o o #NH3 K h 9M33.18)13 V tch 3X t n c5 CuCN ! 3M2.18)28. K !i xi nu ! cht 6hO -7nhM c, thI 6hO G'Qc Cu2o thnh CuCN V KCNS2. A7L.<6 Ai>t rjng 6hi nhLng -Zt thnh 6i- !o7i Vo n'fc th? trNn b9 -Ht thnh 6i- !o7i G, c, -Zt !'Qng ion 6i- !o7i no G, t'ng Wng Vfi V[ tr 6i- !o7i trong d`D thW t_ GiYn th>. C+n bjng Cu o Ho Cuo o H 3C chuDIn d[ch V9 bNn 0hi 6hi c, !'Qng d' ion CN) t7o r ion 0hWc CuKCNS2) M n@ng GZ ion Cuo nj- trong c+n bjng Vfi 6i!o7i 3C !fn hn 3o Vfi c+n bjng GiYn !i c5 ion 0hWc CuKCNS2) M do G, Cu c, thI t n G'Qc trong dung d[ch KCN th"o 0hn Wng\ 2Cu o #KCN o 2H2$ 2KCuKCNS2 o 2K$H o H2 Bfi 2g V 2u GWng bNn 0hi Cu trong d`D thW t_ GiYn th> nNn n@ng GZ ion 6i- !o7i 2go V 2uo chuDIn ta 6i- !o7i Vo dung d[ch bU hn 3o Vfi c+n bjng GiYn !i c5 cc ion 0hWc 2gKCNS2) V 2uKCnS2) M do G, 6h;ng c, 6h nPng t n trong dung d[ch KCN. b6 4uD nhiNn 6hi c, -Ht cht oxi h, M chng h7n oxi c5 6h;ng 6hM th? c+n bjng E o Ho Eo o H 3C chuDIn d[ch 3 ng 0hi do du tr?nh oxi h, hidroM V? VTD 2g V 2u t n trong KCN 6hi c, -Ht cht oxi h, \ #2g o 8KCN o 2H2$ o $2 #K2gKCNS2 o #K$H Bfi 2u cng c, 0hn Wng t'ng t_. A7M.<6 .o 3nh tch 3X t n c5 HgR K8M3.18)11S V hjng 3X 6h;ng b9n c5 2gKNH3S2o K%M89.18)8S V c5 2gKCNS2) K1M8.18)21S. b6 Z t n gi- do tch 3X t n ta 2gC! G>n 2gR gi-. A9R. C, cc du tr?nh\ 2gKNH3S2o 2go o 2NH3 HN$3 Ho o N$3) NH3 o Ho NH#o 4rong dung d[ch c, ion C!) do 3_ GiYn !i cqu ngo7i\ 2gKNH3S2C! 2gKNH3S2) o C!) Nhi du tr?nh t7o r ion NH#o M nNn G` !- tPng du tr?nh GiYn !i ion 0hWcM V n@ng GZ ion 2go 3C G5 GI G7t G>n tch 3X t n\ 2go o C!) 2gC! A9,.<6 .o 3nh tch 3X t n c5 2gC! V 2gR. b6 .o 3nh tch 3X t n c5 2gCr$# V 2gC!. A99.<6 .$2 3C 6hO CuAr2 t7o r CuAr K4ch 3X t n c5 CuAr ! %M3.18)9S th"o 0h'ng tr?nh\ 2CuAr2 o .$2 o 2H2$ H2.$# o 2HAr oCuAr b6 4a Cu.$# chuDIn thnh CuAr2M chng h7n th"o 0hn Wng\ Cu.$# o A Ar2 A .$# o CuAr2
. u G, cho 6h .$2 Gi du dung d[ch n'fc !ec c, chW CuAr2M 0hn Wng xD r nh' trNn. A9A.<6 Cc h !og"nu E] 6h;ng t n trong n'fc V xit nh'ng t n trong dung d[ch GT- GHc c5 cc xit h !og"n hidric h D cc dung d[ch h !og"nu t7o r cc 0hWc cht t n\ 2gR o KR K2gR2 b6 B? c, 6h nPng t7o r 0hWc cht t n c, hjng 3X 6h;ng b9n bU\ 2gAr o 2N 2.2$3 N 32gK.2$3S2 o N Ar Hjng 3X 6h;ng b9n c5 0hWc 2gK.2$3S23) ! 3M%.18)1#. ;6 47o r 6>t t5 2g2.. K4ch 3X t n c5 2g2. ! /M3.18)%8S. A9D. 2uK$HS3 t n trong N $H M HN$3 V HC! t7o r cc 0hWc cht\ 2uK$HS3 o N $H N 2uK$HS# 2uK$HS3 o #HN$3 H2uKN$3S# o 3H2$ 2uK$HS3 o #HC! H2uC!# o 3H2$ ,D. -ZG C ;<%iGi C th[\ n$n A9I.<6 C, !f0 Kn ) 1Sd hon ton b9n Vcng Vfi 18 "!"ctron. b6 Cc 6i- !o7i ynM CdM Hg c, bn 6nh bU hn cc 6i- !o7i 6i9- th: clng chu 6?M nNn 6hi h?nh thnh !iNn 6>t gic cc nguDNn tO k tr7ng thi 6ch thchM nPng !'Qng G'Qc gii 0h,ng r !fn hn 3o Vfi du tr?nh t'ng t_ c5 cc 6i- !o7i 6i9th:M nNn cc 0h+n tO yn2M Cd2M Hg2 c, 6h nPng t@n t7i. A9K.<6 {o tnh b9n GHc biYt c5 cu h?nh /32 nNn th> ion h, c5 th5D ng+n rt c o V? VTD th> tiNu chun c o. A9L.<6 Chz c, 6C- tc dng Vfi dung d[ch 6i9-. KC- V c di-i t n G'Qc trong dung d[ch HC! V H2.$# !o`ngM th5D ng+n 6h;ng 0hn Wng. Cc 6i- !o7i G, G9u 0hn Wng Vfi cc dung d[ch HN$3 GHc hoHc !o`ng V G9u t n dn dng. îNng th5D ng+n 6hi 0hn Wng Vfi HN$3 GHc thu G'Qc HgKN$3S2. Hg o #HN$3 HgKN$3S2 o 2N$2 o 2H2$ B Vfi HN$3 !o`ng 6hi Hg d' 3C thu G'Qc Hg2KN$3S2\ /Hg o 8HN$3 3Hg2KN$3S2 o 2N$ o #H2$ A9M.<6 B? b9 -Ht c, 0h5 -Zt !f0 oxit 6h;ng t n trong n'fc nNn 6C- 6h;ng GD G'Qc H2 r 6hvi n'fc. b6 Cho thN- Cu.$# Vo dung d[ch GI t7o r cH0 0in < nV ni\ Cu ) ynM 6h H2 3C thot r nh nh hn. AAR.<6 4rong -;i tr'ing 6i9-M tnh 6hO c5 6i- !o7i 6C- thI hiYn -7nh hnM V? 6hi c, -Ht ion $H) trNn b9 -Ht c5 6C- 3C -t !f0 bo VY K4h> GiYn c_c c5 6C- trong -;i tr'ing xit ! ) 8M1/BM nh'ng trong -;i tr'ing 6i9- ! ) 1M22BS.
b6 {ung d[ch n,ng ynC!2 b[ th5D 0h+n t7o r -;i tr'ing xitM nNn c, 6h nPng !- t n yn 6i- !o7i. ;6 1S yn o 2N $H o 2H2$ H2 o N 2ynK$HS# 2S yn o #NH#$H H2 o ynKNH3S#K$HS2 o 2H2$ 3S yn o 2NH#C! o 2H2$ ynC!2 o H2 o 2NH#$H AA,.<6 Nhcng 6i- !o7i - nhiYt t7o thnh c5 oxit 6i- !o7i G, 0hi !fn hn nhiYt t7o thnh c5 C$2. b6 C, thI bjng cch Gun n,ng htn hQ0M Hg$ 3C b[ 0h+n h5D\ 2Hg$ 2Hg o $2 Hg t n oxit 6C- V c di-i cgn !7i trong xit HC!. Cho 6h H2. Gi du dung d[chM Cd. 3C 6>t t5 M cgn !7i -uXi 6C- trong dung d[ch. 4a dung d[ch -uXi 6n- cho 6>t t5 k d7ng hidroxitM nung 6>t t5 t7o r yn$. 4a Hg chuDIn thnh Hg$ V ta Cd. t?- cch chuDIn thnh Cd$ KCd. 6h;ng t n trong xit !o`ngS. AA9.<6 Khi cho dung d[ch cc -uXi 6C- V c di-i tc dng Vfi 6i9-7nh. Cc hidroxit ynK$HS2M CdK$HS2 3C thot r d'fi d7ng 6>t t5 trFng. HgK$HS2 3C b[ 0h+n h5D ng D 6hi -fi G'Qc t7o thnh\ HgKN$3S2 o 2K$H Hg$ o 2KN$3 o H2$ do G, 6hi cho -uXi th5D ng+n tc dng Vfi dung d[ch 6i9- -7nh 3C 3inh r th5D ng+n oxit -u Vng. Hg$ 6h;ng t n trong 6i9- d'. Hidroxit ynK$HS2 t n trong 6i9- d' cgn CdK$HS2 6h, t n. b6 4nh xit gi- HgK$HS2 hqu nh' 6h;ng c, tnh xit. c, thI gii thch do du tr?nh t7o 0hWc\ EK$HS2 o $H) EK$HS3) EK$HS2 o 2$H) EK$HS#2) Ron Hg2o c, bn 6nh !fn hn ion yn2o do G, 6>t hQ0 Vfi 0hXi tO $H) D>u hn 3o Vfi ion yn2o. B? th>M ion 0hWc HgK$HS#2) c, GZ b9n bU hn 3o Vfi ion 0hWc ynK$HS#2) nNn trong th_c t> 6h;ng t7o r trong dung d[ch ng D c 6hi n@ng GZ ion $H) 6h !fn. AAA.<6 Khi hg t n N tri xinc t trong n'fc xD r cc du tr?nh 3 u\ N 2ynK$HS# 2N o o ynK$HS#2) ynK$HS#2) ynK$HS3) o $H) ynK$HS3) ynK$HS2 o $H) c+n bjng 3C chuDIn d[ch -7nh V9 bNn 0hi do n@ng GZ ion $H) 6h bU. Cc 0h+n tO H2$ !- nhiY- V th D th> cc 0hXi tO $H) trong cqu nZi c5 0hWc cht. AAD. .o 3nh tch 3X t n c5 ynC$3 V yn.. AAI. C, thI !D -uXi *bKN$3S2 V yn.$#. AAK.<6 C, 0hn Wng tr o G:i t7o r HgC!2 ! cht GiYn !i 6U-. b6 Hg c, GZ GiYn +- t'ng GXi !fn nNn !iNn 6>t trong cc hQ0 cht G, c, bn cht cZng h, tr[ k -Wc GZ 6h !fn.
AAL.<6 EZt trong nhcng nguDNn nh+n g+D r 6h nPng t7o 0hWc ! do bn 6nh bU c5 cc 6i- !o7i 0h+n nh,- 6C-M nhi VTD cc 0hXi tO c, 6h nPng !iNn 6>t b9n Vfi cc ion 6i- !o7i G,. b6 4h5D ng+n tc dng Vfi Rod ng D k nhiYt GZ th'ing. Bfi dung d[ch R2 o KR t7o r ion 0hWc HgR#2)\ Hg o R2 o 2KR K2HgR# ,I. C'=G C M<n$<n C S^t ADR.<6 &f0 Kn ) 1Sd ch' hon chznhs bn 6nh nguDNn tO tPng ta Cro- G>n Eo!ibd"nM nh'ng gqn nh' 6h;ng G:i 6hi chuDIn ta Eo!ibd"n G>n Von|r - do c, hiYn t'ng co ! nt nit. 4h> ion h, tPng V? cc !f0 Vv "!"ctron c5 nguDNn tO b[ co !7i GHc biYt -7nh 6hi chuDIn ta Eo G>n . B? nhcng ! do G, nNn Eo V c, tnh cht h, hec giXng nh u hn 3o Vfi cro-. AD,.b6 .o 3nh th> GiYn c_c chun\ 8Cr2o~Cr V 8Cr3o~Cr AD7.<6 C, tnh 6hO -7nhM ng D trong dung d[ch 6hi 6h;ng c, cht oxi h, cng b[ n'fc 0h+n h5D dqn\ 2CrC!2 o 2H2$ 2CrK$HSC!2 o H2 b6 4rnh hiYn t'Qng oxi c5 6h;ng 6h oxi h, CrC!2. AD9.<6 Chz thI hiYn tnh b x\ t n trong xit. b6 #CrC!2 o 2H2$ o $2 #CrK$HSC!2 ;6 4rong -;i tr'ing xitM oxi c5 6h;ng 6h oxi h, CrC!2\ #CrKH2$S/2o o $2 o #Ho #CrKH2$S/3o o 2H2$ ADA. k -Wc oxi h, c oM cu h?nh "!"ctron c5 ./o V Cr/o t'ng t_ nh uM do G, hQ0 cht c, chW ./o V Cr/o c, tnh cht t'ng t_ nh u.
t ADI.<6 KNH#S2Cr2$1 Cr2$3 o N2 o #H2$ Hg t n htn hQ0 trong n'fc thu G'Qc Cr2$3. b6 Cr2$3 o 3K2.2$1 Cr2K.$#S3 o 3K2.$# Cr2$3 o 2K$H 2KCr$2 o H2$ chWng -inh tnh !'ng tnh c5 Cr2$3 tinh thI.
0
ADK.b6 C, thI bjng cch 3 u\ cho htn hQ0 KCr$2 V K2!$2 th5D 0h+n trong -;i tr'ing xitM 3 u G, cho xit d' chuDIn thnh -uXi Cr3o V 2!3o. Cho thN- cht oxi h, M chng h7n HC!$ oxi h, Cr3o thnh Cr2$12). Cho thN- 6i9- 3C c, 2!K$HS3 xut hiYn. {ung d[ch cgn !7i c, chW htn hQ0 Cr$#2) V Cr2$12)M ta dung d[ch nD chuDIn thnh -uXi Cr3o 3 u G, t7o r CrK$HS3.
ADL. Eu 3Fc c5 dung d[ch th D G:i th"o 3X !'Qng 0hXi tO H2$ trong cqu nZi. B d\ CrKH2$S/C!3\ x nh tCrKH2$S%C!C!2\ x nh 3ng CrKH2$S#C!2C!\ x nh tXi .X 0hXi tO G, 0h thuZc Vo cc D>u tX nhiYt GZM n@ng GZM 0H c5 dung d[ch !- cho thnh 0hqn c5 0hWc th D G:i. AIR.b6 i9u ch> htn hQ0 3un|ocro-ic bjng cch hg t n 8% g - Cr$3 t n trong 128-! H2$ o %88-! H2.$# 98us hoHc dung d[ch %u Kth"o treng !'QngS K2Cr2$1 trong H2.$# 98u. AI,. Cho Cr$3 hg t n trong dung d[ch !o`ng K$H t7o r K2Cr$#M 3 u G, xit h, dung d[ch K2Cr$# t7o r K2Cr2$1. Cho dung d[ch K2Cr2$1 tc dng Vfi cht 6hO trong -;i tr'ing xit t7o r Cr2K.$#S3 3 u G, chuDIn thnh CrK$HS3M nhiYt 0h+n CrK$HS3 t7o r Cr2$3. AI7. 2Cr$3 o /m"K$HS2 Cr2$3 o 3m"2$3 o /H2$ Cr$3 o 3m"K$HS2 o 3H2$ CrK$HS3 o 3m"K$HS3
AI9.<6 <ic Cr$#2) V Cr2$12) c, t@n t i c+n bjng 3 u G+D trong dung d[ch\ 2Cr$#2) o 2Ho Cr2$12) o H2$ 4a G, t thD ion Cr2$12) t@n t7i trong -;i tr'ing xits ion Cr$#2) t@n t7i trong -;i tr'ing 6i9-. b6 Khi cho K$H Vo dung d[ch -uXi Cr3o t7o r 6>t t5 6"oM x nh x-M 6>t t5 t n trong 6i9- d'. Khi cho K$H Vo dung d[ch K2Cr2$1 c+n bjng trNn 3C chuDIn 3 ng triM dung d[ch 3C chuDIn ta Vng d c - 3 ng Vng. AIA.b6 {lng cht oxi h, chng h7n C $C!2 hoHc HC!$M oxi h, -uXi Cr3o t7o thnh Cr2$12) 3 u G, chuDIn thnh Cr$3. B d\ Cr2K.$#S3 o 3HC!$ o #H2$ H2Cr2$1 o 3HC! o 3H2.$# ta K2Cr2$1 Gi9u ch> Cr$3\ K2Cr2$1 o H2.$# KGHcS Cr$3 o K2.$# o H2$ AID. Khi Gun n,ng th> GiYn c_c 3C th D G:i. B? VTD 6hi cho HC! GHc tc dng Vfi tinh thI K2Cr2$1 V Gun n,ng 3C c, 6h C!o thot r M n>u ngang Gun 0hn Wng 3C dang !7i. *hn Wng nD dlng GI Gi9u ch> -Zt !'Qng nhv 6h C!oM 6hi ngang Gun 6h C!o 3C 6h;ng thot r nc . K2Cr2$1 o 1#HC! 2KC! o 2CrC!3 o C!2 o 1H2$ AII.<6 {lng nhcng cht c, th> tiNu chun !fn hn th> tiNu chun c5 Cr2$1)2~Cr3o. b6 4a K2Cr$# chuDIn thnh K2Cr$1M 3 u G, cho tc dng Vfi H2.$# GHc t7o r Cr$3. Cho Cr$3 tinh thI tc dng Vfi 6h HC! t7o r cro-D!c!oru . HoHc cho
H2.$# GHc tc dng tr_c ti>0 !Nn K2Cr$# thu G'Qc Cr$3M 3 u G, cho tc dng Vfi 6h HC!\ Cr$3 o 2HC! Cr$2C!2 o H2$ AIK. {_ V 3_ chuDIn d[ch c+n bjng\ Cr2$12) o H2$ 2Ho o 2Cr$#2) GI gii thch hiYn t'QngM G@ng thii 3o 3nh tch 3X t n c5 2g2Cr2$1s 2g2Cr$#s A Cr$#. 1S 47o r 6>t t5 Gv n+u 2g2Cr$#. 2S 47o r 6Nt t5 Vng A Cr$# 3S 47o r 6>t t5 A .$#. ChL rjng H2Cr$# ! -Zt xit -7nh KK1h2.18)1s K2h3.18)1S nh'ng D>u hn H2.$#M A Cr$# c, tch 3X t n ! 1M2.18)18. B? VTD trong dung d[ch c, c+n bjng\ A Cr$# A 2o o Cr$#2) trong dung d[ch H2.$#M c+n bjng trNn chuDIn 3 ng 0hi do du tr?nh t7o thnh Cr2$12)M trong dung d[ch c, chW ion A 2o 3C h?nh thnh 6>t t5 A .$#. AIL.b6 C, thI bjng cch\ Cr2$3 o 3K2.2$1 Cr2K.$#S3 o 3K2.$# ti>0 tc oxi h, Cr2K.$#S3 trong -;i tr'ing 6i9- 6hi c, -Ht ion NH#o. AIM. 1S Cr2$12) o 1#Ho o /Ar) 2Cr3o o 3Ar2 o 1H2$ 2S *hi c, Gi9u 6iYn 3S Kh;ng #S Cr2$12) o 8Ho o 3H2. 2Cr3o o 3. o 1H2$ %S Cr2$12) o 1#Ho o 3Hg22o 2Cr3o o /Hg2oo 1H2$ /S Cr2$12) o 1#Ho o 3Cu 2Cr3o o 3Cu2o o 1H2$ 1S Kh;ng 1S Cr2$12) o /R) o 1#Ho 2Cr3o o 3R2 o1 H2$ 2S Cr2$12) o 8Ho o 3H2. 2Cr3o o . o 1H2$ 3S 2Cr$#2) o 3H2. o 2H2$ 2CrK$HS3 o 3. o #$H) #S Cr2$12) o 3.$2 o 2Ho 2Cr3o o 3.$#2) o H2$ %S Cr$#2) o 3m"2o o 8Ho Cr3o o 3m"3o o#H2$ /S Cr3o o3m"KCNS/3) o8$H)Cr$#2) o3m"KCNS/#)o#H2$
AKR.
AK,. 1S 2Cr$3 o 3H2$2 o 3H2.$# Cr2K.$#S3 o 3$2 o /H2$ 2S 2CrAr3 o 3H2$2 o 18N $H 2N 2Cr$# o /N Ar o 8H2$ 3S 2Cr$3 o /HR 2CrK$HS3 o 3R2 #S Cr2K.$#S3 o 3Ar2 o 1/N $H 2N 2Cr$# o /N Ar o 3N 2.$# o 8H2$ %S Cr2$3 o /K3m"KCNS/ o 18K$H 2K2Cr$# o /K#m"KCNS/ o %H2$ /S Cr2K.$#S3 o /KEn$#o1/K$H2K2Cr$# o /K2En$# o 3K2.$# o 8H2$ AKA.b6 Ho7t tnh h, hec gi- ta En G>n ^".
;6 En t n trong HC! V H2.$# !o`ng. Cc 6i- !o7i ^" V 4c 0hn Wng Vfi cc xit HN$3 V H2.$# GHc. B d\ 34c o 1HN$3 3H4c$# o 1N$ o 2H2$ 2^" o 1H2.$# 2H^"$# o 1.$2 o /H2$ AKD.<6 iYn 0h+n dung d[ch En.$# t'ng t_ nh' du tr?nh GiYn 0h+n dung d[ch Ni.$# hoHc Cu.$#. b6 C, thI Gi9u ch> En bjng 0h'ng 0h0 nhiYt 6i- hoHc nhiYt 3i!ic\ 3En3$# o 82! 9En o #2!2$3 En$2 o .i En o .i$2 AKI.<6 ChuDIn En$ thnh En.$# hoHc EnC!2M 3 u G, cho dung d[ch -uXi En tc dng Vfi 6i9- thu G'Qc 6>t t5 EnK$HS2 -qu trFng. b6 C, thI dlng 0hn Wng \ 2EnK$HS2 o $2 K6h;ng 6hS o 2H2$ EnK$HS#
2o
AKK. 1S 3En.$# o 2KC!$3 o 12K$H 3K2En$# o 2KC! o /H2$ o 3K2.$# 2S 2En.$# o %*b$2 o /HN$3 2HEn$# o 3*bKN$3S2 o 2*b.$# o 2H2$ 3S En.$# o 2H2$2 o #K$H K2En$# o #H2$ o K2.$# #S En.$# o 2Ar2 o 8N $H N 2En$# o #H2$ o #N Ar o En2.$# %S En.$# o C $C!2 o 2N $H En$2 o N 2.$# o C C!2 o H2$ AKM.<6 B d 0hn Wng\ 3En$2 o KC!$3 o /K$H 3K2En$# o KC! o 3H2$ 2En$2 o 3*b$2 o /HN$3 2HEn$# o 3*bKN$3S2 o 2H2$ ALR.<6 C, thI cho En$2 tc dng Vfi HC! GHc thu G'Qc EnC!2\ En$2 o #HC! EnC!2 o C!2 o 2H2$ Nung htn hQ0 En$2 o KC!$3 o K$H rFn 0hn Wng t7o r K2En$# K]"bi #19SM hg t nM !ec dung d[ch n'fc !ec c, K2En$#. 2xit h, dung d[ch K2En$# thu G'Qc KEn$#. un n,ng dung d[ch k 888CM 3 u G, !- nguZiM tinh thI KEn$# xut hiYn. EuXn thu G'Qc En2$1M cho H2.$# GHc tc dng Vfi tinh thI KEn$#\ 2KEn$# o H2.$# 2HEn$# o K2.$# 2HEn$# En2$1 o H2$ b6 Nung htn hQ0 A K$HS2 V En$2 trong 6h;ng 6h\ 2A K$HS2 o 2En$2 o $2 2A En$# o 2H2$ 3A En$# o 2H2$ A KEn$#S2 o En$2 o 2A K$HS2 A K$HS2 o C$2 A C$3 o H2$ !ec V rO 3n 0h-M A KEn$#S2 cgn !7i trong dung d[ch. AL,. 4rong dung d[ch c, t@n t7i c+n bjng 3 u\ 3En$#2) o 2H2$ 2En$#) o En$2 o #$H)
ta c+n bjng G, c, thI thD G'Qc ion En$#2) t@n t7i trong -;i tr'ing 6i9-s En$#) b9n trong -;i tr'ing xit. AL7.<6 C, thI bjng cc 0hn Wng\ K2En$# o 2H2. o 2H2.$# 2. o En.$# o K2.$# o #H2$ 2K2En$# o C!2 2KEn$# o 2KC! #K2En$# o $2 o 2H2$ #KEn$# o #K$H bS H2En$# 6h;ng b9n nh nh ch,ng b[ 0h+n h5D\ K2En$# o H2.$# H2En$# o K2.$# 2H2En$# 2HEn$# o En$2 o 2H2$ ALD. 1S 2KEn$# o 3EnC!2 o 2H2$ %En$2 o 2KC! o #HC! 3S 2KEn$# o 18KR o 3H2.$# 2En.$# o /K2.$# o %R2 o 8H2$ #S 2KEn$# o /KR o #H2$ 2En$2 o 3R2 o 8K$H ALI. 1S 2EnC!2 o #KC!$ o 8K$H 2K2En$# o 8KC! o #H2$ Vfi 0h'ng tr?nh d7ng ion\ 2En2o o #C!$) o8$H) 2En$#2) o #C!) o #H2$ th"o V d trNnM Vi>t 0h'ng tr?nh 0h+n tO d_ Vo cc 0h'ng tr?nh ion 3 u\ 2S 2En$#) o %N$2) o /Ho 2En2o o %N$3) o 3H2$ 3S 3En$#) o %m" o 2#Ho 3En2o o %m"3o o 12H2$ #S %En2o o 2Ar$3) o #H2$ %En$2 o Ar2 o 8H) %S 2En$#) o H2$2 o 2$H) 2En$#2) o $2 o 2H2$ ALK. {_ Vo th> tiNu chun GI gii thch. AM7.<6 *h+n tO G'Qc h?nh thnh th"o c ch> cho ) nhTn nhi cc obit ! ! i h, d303 c5 nguDNn tO m".
3d 4s 4p
V cc cH0 "!"ctron c5 % 0h+n tO C$ Kx"- bi 2/2S b6 m"KC$S% Gi9u ch> bjng cch nung bZt 3Ft trong dgng 6h C$ k 1%8 ) 8 288 C Vfi 0 3ut 6hong 188 t. m" o %C$ m"KC$S% AMA.<6 4rong dung d[ch n'fc ion m"2o k d7ng ion 0hWc m"KH2$S/2o c, GZ b9n 6U- hn ion 0hWc m"KCNS/#)M nNn m"KH2$S/2o c, tnh 6hO -7nh hn. b6 ]"- bi tT0 #21. AMD.b6 2K3m"KCNS/ o H2$2 o2K$H2K#m"KCNS/ o $2 o2H2$ ;6 2K#m"KCNS/ o H2$2 o 2HC! 2K3m"KCNS/ o 2KC! o 2H2$
AMK. 1S m"2K.$#S3 o N 2.$3 o H2$ 2m".$# o N 2.$# o H2.$# 2S /m".$# o 2HN$3 o 3H2.$# 3m"2K.$#S3 o 2N$ o #H2$ 3S 3m".$# o 18HN$3 3m"KN$3S3 o N$ o 3H2.$3 o 2H2$ %S 2m"C!3 o 3N 2C$3 o 3H2$ 2m"K$HS3 o /N C! o 3C$2 AMM. 3S /m"2o o Ar$3) o /Ho /m"3o o Ar) o 3H2$ #S %m"KCNS/#) o En$#) o 8Ho %m"KCNS/3) o #H2$ o En2o %S 2m"KCNS/#) o H2$2 o 2Ho 2m"KCNS/3) o 2H2$ DRR. B d Vi>t th"o d7ng 3 u\ 2m"C!3 o H2. . o 2m"C!2 o 2HC!

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PGS.

Nh xut bn gio dc 1983

#1. #2. #3.

##. #%. #/. #1.

%2. %3. %#.

%8. %9. /8. /1. /2.

22/. 221. 228.

233. 23#. 23%. 23/. 237.

K. hn nhFG <H3n 2 4H? Sb ? @i6

2%1. 2%2. 2%3. 2%#.

2/8. 2/1. 262.

2/%. 2//. 2/1. 2/8.

212. 213. 21#.

28/. 281. 288.

328. 329. 338.

333. 33#. 33%. 33/. 331.

31/. 311. 318.

#/8. #/1. #/2. #/3.

2H2$ H2$2 o 2Ho H2 . . Hg22o 2Hg2o Cu Cu2o En2o En$#)

Phn II !"#n$ %&n t'( )*i

t > 6000C 2H2$

KC! o KC!$ o H2$ %KC! o KC!$3 o 3H2$

lk 2 lk 4 ! 1 2px 2py "z 2py 2 2 2 lk 4 ! 3 lk lk ! \ 2s 2s 2py "z 2py "z 2px

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xit hidr xoic\

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