CCH VIT NG CHNH T

1. Bng ch ci ting Vit gm 29 ch ci xp theo th t: A, , , B, C, D, , !, ", #, $, %,

&, ', (, ), *, +, ,, -, ., /, 0, 1, 2, 3, V, 4, 56
2. Cc t7 ting Vit 8it theo 9:; t<c ch=nh t hin h>nh ?th@m Aho cc t7 BiCn ch=nh tD,
ch phn bit:
cEA: c@, co, cF, cGH Ae, AI, Ai6
JEgi: J@, JF, JGH gi@, gio, giG, giF6
gEgh: g@, go, gF, gGH ghe, ghI, ghi6
Vit KLi cc Mm tit, AhFng JNng JO: gPch nQi6
3. DNng i th@; cho ; R c:Qi Mm tit mR6 V= JS: hi Tinh, hi 8Ung, Vit Wi6
1K7 tKong cc Mm tit :; 8> cc tKXLng hYp T@: 9: hoZc ; Bng m[t m\nh hoZc Bng
B]: Mm tit6 V= JS: ^ ngh_@, ^ ch=, ;I: mn6
([t TQ t7 c` i W>m th>nh tQ th\ 8an 8it theo th`i 9:en: b eo, ]m _H hoZc i Bng B]: m[t
TQ Mm tit: in, im, inh, =t ci, St dt, b: x\:6
)goPi W: tKong cch 8it tIn KiIng ?tIn ngXLi, tIn BOtD, tIn cc tKie: BPi th\ 8an 8it
theo tK:;en thQng6 V= JS: tKie: '^, '^ BFn, '^ 1hXLng &it, xf '^ )hMn, )g:;gn 1hd '^, 88h
4. Vit hoa.
4.1. Vit hoa tn ngi:
i 1In ngXLi Vit )@m ?BUc theo Mm $n j VitD V@o gm tIn thkt, tIn t, tIn hi:,
666Be: 8it ho@ tOt c cc ch B]: cl@ Mm tit 8> AhFng JNng gPch nQi6 V= JS: 1K]n .:Qc
1:OnH )g:;gn D:, t 1Q )hX, hi: 1h@nh $iIn6
i ([t TQ tIn gUi 8:@ chm@, 9:@n WPi, tK= thc Vit )@m thLi phong Ain BXYc cO: tPo
theo AiC: J@nh t7 ch:ng ?B 8XGng, ho>ng hk:, tFng, tn, h]:, to, ph: to, 886D At hYp 8pi
J@nh t7 KiIng th\ 8it ho@ tOt c cc ch B]: cl@ Mm tit, 8= JS: (@i $<c , inh 1iIn
$o>ng, $Nng VXGng, 'Pc 'ong .:Mn, BQ Ci Pi VXGng, 'I 1hi 1n, 'I 1hnh 1Fng, -hN
nng 1hiIn VXGng, &hnng 1o, '@ 0Gn -h: 1o, 886
i ([t TQ tIn ngXLi Vit )@m cO: tPo Vqng cch At hYp m[t J@nh t7 ch:ng ?8= JS:
Fng, V>, thnh, c hoZc t7 chb hUc 8d, chc tXpc, 886D 8pi m[t J@nh t7 KiIng JNng BC gUi, W>m
Vit hi:, 666 th\ J@nh t7 ch:ng B` crng 8it ho@6 V= JS: B> 1KXng, +ng #i`ng, C 1KUng, e
1hm, 'fnh C, Co 1Kd, )ghs 1Mn, 1KPng 'XLng, ChiC:, 1m 4XGng, [i COn, 886
?Co, )ghs, 1KPng, , 1m, [i666W> cc t7 ch:ng chb hUc 8d, chc tXpcD
i 1In ngXLi tKong cc JMn t[c thiC: TQ R Vit )@m th\ 8it ho@ tOt c cc ch B]: cl@
Mm tit 8> AhFng JNng gPch nQi, V= JS: 't Vun BXLng, #i>ng A -o, 5 )iIm, A (@ -:i, 88h
4.2. Vit hoa tn a l:
i 1In Bd@ W^ Vit )@m 8> tIn Bd@ W^ BUc theo Mm $n i Vit 8it ho@ cc ch B]: cl@
Mm tit 8> AhFng JNng gPch nQi, 8= JS: $> )[i, -hong )h@666
1
i 1In Bd@ W^ th gipi phiIn gin tip 9:@ ting $n 8> BUc theo Mm $n i Vit crng 8it
ho@ tOt c cc ch ci B]: cl@ Mm tit 8> AhFng JNng gPch nQi, 8= JS: $> '@n, -h]n '@n, )@
2;, 1h:v iCn, @n (Pch, Ai Ckp, B >o )h@, 1M; B@n )h@, 886
i 17 chb phXGng hXpng At hYp 8pi t7 chb phXGng hXpng hoZc m[t t7 ch:ng BGn tit
n>o B` JNng BC chb m[t 8Nng, m[t mien, m[t Ah: 8c nhOt Bdnh th\ 8it ho@ tOt c cc th>nh
ph]n cl@ n`6
V= JS: 1M; B<c &w, Fng )@m &w, B<c 1K:ng B[, )@m 1K:ng B[, B<c $>, )@m $>,
>ng 1Kong, >ng )go>i, Fng )@m B[, 1KXLng 0Gn 1M;, B<c Bn C]:, )@m Bn C]:,
B<c Cc, 1K:ng -hi, Ckn Fng, Ah: Fng B<c, 8Nng 1M; )@m, 9:@n h Fng i 1M;, BQi
thoPi B<c i )@m, cc nXpc phXGng Fng, 8un hUc phXGng 1M;, 886
i d@ J@nh Vit )@m cO: tPo Vqng cch At hYp J@nh t7 ch:ng ?ViCn, co@, Vn, 8rng,
WPch, 8>m, V:Fn, Vn, 886D 8pi J@nh t7 KiIng ?thXLng chb c` m[t Mm tit th\ 8it ho@ tOt c cc
ch B]: tPo nIn Bd@ J@nh B`6
V= JS: Co@ 't, Bn )ghx, Vrng 1>:, 'Pch 1KXLng, V>m Cc, V>m 'ng, B:Fn $, Bn &eo,
0`c 1Kung, 886
4.3. Tn cc t chc:
i 1In cc tn chc BXYc 8it ho@ ch B]: cl@ th>nh tQ B]: 8> cc t7, cSm t7 cO: tPo
BZc tKXng ?nxt Ah: VitD cl@ tn chc 8> tIn KiIng n: c`6
V= JS: Ch=nh phl Vit )@m, .:Qc h[i Vit )@m, (Zt tKkn 1n 9:Qc Vit )@m, ng
C[ng Tn Vit )@m, 1KXLng Pi hUc 1nng hYp $> )[i, )h> 4:Ot Vn 17 BiCn Vch Aho@,
>i 1K:;en h\nh Vit )@m, B@n 1n chc 1K:ng XGng, nXpc C[ng ho> $i gio -@Aixt@n, 886
4.4. Vit hoa cc trng hp hc:
i 1In cc num Mm Wdch: 8it ho@ c h@i Mm tit6 V= JS: num &b 1v, Cch mPng 1Mn $Yi,
C:[c ch=nh Vin (k: 1:Ot, 1t (k: 1hMn, 886
i 1In cc ng>; tit 8> ng>; tt: 8it ho@ Mm tit th nhOt6 V= JS: tit 'kp x:Mn, tit Pi
h>n, tt o@n ngU, tt 1K:ng th:, tt )g:;In Bn6
i 17 chb TQ tKong nhng BGn 8d W> tIn gUi cc T Ain Wdch To: AhFng 8it Vqng con TQ
m> 8it Vqng ch ho@6 V= JS: Cch mPng thng 1m, Cch mPng 4f h[i chl ngh_@ thng
(XLi6
i 1In gUi m[t TQ thLi Aw Wdch To, T Ain Wdch To c` ^ ngh_@ 9:@n tKUng: 8it ho@ Mm tit
B]:6 V= JS: thLi Aw -hSc hXng, Chin tK@nh th gipi %, phong tK>o C]n 8XGng6
i Vit ho@ tIn cc ng>nh, Wpp, V[, hU, giQng ?chiD tKong phMn WoPi Tinh 8kt6 V= JS: hU
&im gi@oH V[ (XLi chMn, Wpp 1hMn memH chi 1Fm heH Wpp )hnH cM; hU k:H hU DM: tqm,
88h
i 1In cc niIn BPi Bd@ chOt: 8it ho@ ch B]: cl@ Mm tit th nhOt6
V= JS: BPi Cn Tinh, Ay C@cVon, Ay t
i 1In gUi cc h:Mn chXGng, h:; chXGng, J@nh hi: 8inh J,666 8it nhX T@:: h:Mn
chXGng [c Wkp, 0@o 8>ng, CL Bc, 'Inin, $ Ch= (inhH h:Mn chXGng .:Mn cFng, Chin
cFng, &hng chin, Chin T_ 8z 8@ngH &b nim chXGngH 1n 9:Qc ghi cFngH Bng 8>ng J@nh
JH gii thXRng )h> nXpcH J@nh hi: )gh T_ nhMn JMn, )h> gio nhMn JMn, 1h]; th:Qc
nhMn JMn, Anh hNng W@o B[ng, 886
i 1In gUi cc tFn gio, gio phi 8it Vqng ting Vit hoZc $n i Vit: 8it ho@ tOt c
2
cc ch B]: cl@ Mm tit, 8= JS: 1in '>nh, CG Qc, 1hiIn Chm@, $o> $o, C@o >i, B> '@
(Fn, 1iC: 1h7@, Pi 1h7@, (kt 1Fng, 1hien 1Fng, 886 Chm ^: )ho gio, 1hiIn Chm@ gio,
BPo $i, $i gio6
i 1In cc tc ph{m, Tch Vo, 8un Ain,666 BC tKong ngoZc Axp 8> 8it ho@ nhX T@::
| ): tIn ngXLi, tIn Bd@ W^, tIn tKie: BPi,666 JNng W>m tIn tc ph{m th\ 8it ho@ tIn ngXLi, tIn
Bd@ W^, tIn tKie: BPi B`, 8= JS: }1hPch 0@nh~, }$ Ch= (inh to>n tkp~, })gh An~ , }'_nh )@m
ch=ch 9:i~, }Vit To WXYc~, }$k: $n thX~, }1@m .:Qc ch=~, 88h
| )go>i cc tKXLng hYp tKIn, chb 8it ho@ Mm tit th nhOt, 8it ho@ Ahi chOm x:Qng Jtng,
8it ho@ T@: Ahi chOm ht cM:, T@: JO: chOm hcih
V= JS: }'>m g\~, Vo })hMn JMn~, tPp ch= }&ho cn hUc~, }DX Bd@ ch=~, }$in php nXpc C[ng
ho> 4f h[i chl ngh_@ Vit )@m~, }':kt tn chc .:Qc h[i 8> $[i Bng )h> nXpc~6
i 1In chc 8S, hUc 8d ch:ng AhFng 8it ho@, 8= JS: tnng thQng, chl tdch, tnng V= thX,
BPi T, thi thm, tnng BQc, tin T_, co nhMn, 8in T_666 tK7 m[t TQ tKXLng hYp BZc Vit6
5. 1Kkt t cc JO: th@nh Bi:: AhFng JO:, h:;en, hci, ngf, T<c, nZng6
nh JO: cc JO: th@nh Bi: tKIn Mm ch=nh: ht@, thm;, 9:, Ahoz, ngoqn ngoso6
Mt s t d vit sai chnh t:
Jng nIn, J@ng t@;, JO: On, ngoqn ngoso, ngo<t ngoxo, Ah:;@ Aho<t, Ahmc Ah:y:,
nghiIn Vmt, ghx thum, ghi nhp, nghiIng ng, giO: gim, hLn Ji, Ki 8ic, Knh Ki, n Wc,
W>m nIn, WIn BXLng, neo Bk:, Wng ngc, tKMn tKUng, chMn th>nh, T<p xp, xp h>ng, Tp
?cOp tKInD, KLi KPc, JLi BF, #iLi Gi, KOm ?KOm ho@ 9: cho ch`ng ch=nDh
3
CCH DNG DU CU
DO: cM: W> m[t tKong nhng phXGng tin ng php ?th@; cho ng Bi: Ahi n`iD6 )` c` tc
JSng W>m cho n[i J:ng cl@ cM: 8un mPch WPc, Ahmc chitH ngun cch cc th>nh ph]n tKong
cO: tPo cM:6
DNng JO: cM: AhFng ch:{n xc hoZc JNng JO: cM: AhFng phN hYp tKong 8un Vn T W>m
cho cM: T@i hoZc c` n[i J:ng mG h6
1Kong ting Vit c` cc JO: cM: T@: BM;:
1. D! "h#
DO: chOm JNng BC At thmc cM: tXLng th:kt ?cM: ACD tKIn 8un Vn6
VD: Anh y ni rng: "S ti mt ngy ta di no non sng!".
2. D! "h# h$i
DO: chOm hci JNng tKong cM: nghi 8On ?cM: hciD nhOt W> tKong tKXLng hYp BQi thoPi6
VD:
- Ban c bit g v tnh hnh Hong Sa v Trung Sa hin nay?
- Ti khng bit. Cn ban?
C]n chm ^:
@E DO: chOm hci c` thC JNng tKong cM: tXLng th:kt, BZt tKong JO: ngoZc BGn BC ViC: thd T
nghi ngL6
VD:
- Chng ta d mt Trung Sa (?)
- Chng ta vn cn gi duoc mt s do!
VE &hFng JNng JO: chOm hci tKong tKXLng hYp c` t7 nghi 8On tKong cO: tPo cl@ cM: ghxp
8pi ngh_@ nI: WIn m[t tien Be cho ^ Ain tip theo6
VD: Trung Quc l nuc nhu th no, ai cng bit.
cE ): m:Qn tc thi B[ Ahinh Vb, mb@ m@i, Bng thLi ho>i nghi th\ JNng JO: chOm th@n 8> JO:
hci tKong m[t ngoZc BGn6
VD: Ngui ta dn rng hn l k la do (!?).
4
3. D! "h# tha%
DO: chOm th@n thXLng BXYc BZt c:Qi cM: cm thn, cM: c]: Ahin, Ah:;In ngun, mnh
Wnh6
VD:
i CM: cm thn: Tri! Bin do T quc ta dep qu!
i CM: c]: Ahin, Ah:;In ngun, mnh Wnh: Vit Nam oi xin nm cht tay!
DO: chOm th@n ctn c` thC BZt tKong JO: ngoZc BGn BC ViC: thd thi B[ mb@ m@i h@; JNng
cNng 8pi JO: chOm hci tKong ngoZc BGn BC 87@ ViC: thd thi B[ mb@ m@i, 87@ ho>i nghi6
VD: Hn tu ho v ngui ta khng tm duoc hn (!)
4. D! "h# &'%(
&hi n`i, JO: chOm Wong BXYc th@; th Vqng t7 8Mn 8Mn6 &hi 8it crng c` thC JNng t7 n>;
?8it t<t 868666D hoZc JNng JO: chOm ?666D6 DO: chOm Wong JNng BC:
@6 Zt c:Qi cM: Ahi ngXLi n`i AhFng m:Qn n`i ht ^ m\nh6
VD: Su th l vy nhung hn no c mun...
V6 Zt c:Qi BoPn Wit AI Ahi ngXLi n`i AhFng m:Qn Wit AI ht T 8kt, hin tXYng,666 tKong m[t
chl Be6
VD: CM: tKIn crng W> 8= JS6
VD Ahc: Nm nay, cc loai rau c nhu: rau mung, mng toi, su ho, bp ci,... du ln gi.
c6 Zt T@: t7, ng ViC: thd WLi n`i Bt 9:fng6
VD: Ti... khng... cn... d... sc... na!
J6 Zt T@: t7 tXYng th@nh BC ViC: thd T Axo J>i Mm th@nh6
VD: Ph... Th l xong!
e6 Zt T@: BoPn ViC: thd T chMm Vim, h>i hXpc6
VD: ep trai khng bng... chai mt.
5. D! hai "h#
DO: h@i chOm JNng BC:
@E 'it AI th>nh ph]n 8d ng cl@ cM: BGn c` B[ng t7 W> hoZc tKong th>nh ph]n 8d ng c` cc
t7 ViC: thd T Wit AI R T@: cc t7: T@: BM;, nhX T@:, BC,666
VD: Mt s yu cu khi vit bi trn din dn l:
- Vit dng chnh t;
- Trnh by d nhn;
- Khng s dung cc ngn t thiu vn ha.
VE nh JO: ?Vo tKXpcD ph]n gii th=ch, th:;t minh cho m[t ph]n tKXpc B`
VD: Cu vng c by mu co bn: d, cam, vng, luc, lam, chm, tm.
cE nh JO: ?Vo tKXpcD WLi Jan tKc tip ?JNng 8pi JO: ngoZc AxpD h@; 8pi WLi BQi thoPi
?JNng 8pi JO: gPch ng@ngD
VD:
Ban ti hi:
5
- Cu rnh hay sao m lai tham gia v my ci rc ri d?
Ti dp:
- Ti khng rnh lm nhung tranh th cht thi gian v ti thy mnh cn phi lm mt ci g
d cho Hong Sa Trung Sa, cho dt nuc.
). D! (*"h %(a%(
DO: gPch ng@ng JNng BC:
@E Chb K@nh gipi cl@ th>nh ph]n chm th=ch
VD: Tin s s hoc Nguyn Nh - mt ngui d ginh c di d nghin cu v Hong Sa v
Trung Sa - sp ti s pht hnh mt cun sch mi
VE Zt tKXpc nhng WLi BQi thoPi
VD:
- Anh di du th?
- Ti di loanh quanh dy thi.
cE Zt R B]: nhng th>nh ph]n Wit AI
VD:Thi dua yu nuc d:
- Dit gic di;
- Dit gic dt;
- Dit gic ngoai xm.
JE Zt gi@ h@i, V@, VQn tIn KiIng, h@; R gi@ h@i con TQ ghxp WPi BC chd m[t JiIn J@nh, m[t
WiIn TQ
VD: Cu truyn hnh H Ni - Hu - TP. HCM d sn sng.
Vn hoc Vit Nam thi ky 1930 - 1945 c nhiu tc phm dng d doc.
eE DNng tKong tKXLng hYp phiIn Mm ting nXpc ngo>i
VD: 'Iinin, pFiWiime,666
+. D! %(o," -.%
@6 DNng BC ngun cch th>nh ph]n chm th=ch 8pi t7 ng tKong th>nh ph]n ch=nh cl@ cM:6
VD: Ti quen anh (rt tnh c) qua mt ngui ban thn.
V6 0 Ahc nh@: gi@ JO: gPch ng@ng 8> JO: ngoZc BGn c` Ahi AhFng BXYc K6 1heo th`i
9:en, ngXLi JNng JO: n>;, ngXLi JNng JO: Ai@ BQi 8pi th>nh ph]n chm th=ch6 1:; 8M;, crng
c` thC nhkn thO; gi@ h@i WoPi JO: n>; c` T Ahc nh@: nhX T@::
i &hi th>nh ph]n chm th=ch c` 9:@n h K 8pi m[t t7, m[t ng R tKXpc n`, th\ thXLng JNng
JO: ng@ngH n: 9:@n h B` AhFng K th\ thXLng JNng JO: ngoZc BGn6
i DO: ngoZc BGn To JSng Ahi m> th>nh ph]n chm th=ch J>i, JNng ch in nghiIng
VD: Chng chj - anh Nguyn Vn Du - tuy mi hai muoi su tui nhung d hoc ngh lm
rung dn mui by nm.
(Ng Tt T)
6
i ([t tKXLng hYp Bng chm ^ W> JO: ngoZc BGn c` thC JNng BC gii ngh_@ cho m[t t7 hoZc
m[t ;: tQ ngFn ng AhFng thFng JSng6
VD: - Italia (), Hn Quc (Nam Triu Tin)
- Ting trng ca pha (l trung) thc goi np thu vn rn r.
(T Hoi)
/. D! %(o," 012
@E DNng BC chb K@nh gipi cl@ m[t WLi n`i BXYc th:kt WPi tKc tip6 1KXpc JO: ngoZc Axp, tKong
tKXLng hYp n>;, thXLng JNng JO: h@i chOm6
VD: Thiu y Trn Vn Phuong d h: "Th hy sinh ch khng chju mt do, hy d cho
mu ca mnh t thm l c truyn thng ca Qun chng Hi qun".
VE DNng BC tK=ch Jan m[t J@nh ngFn, m[t Ah{: hi:6 1Kong tKXLng hYp n>; AhFng JNng JO:
h@i chOm tKXpc B`6 Ch ci B]: Mm tit cl@ t7 tKong J@nh ngFn, tSc ng, WLi Jan666 c]n BXYc
8it ho@6
VD: Cu "Trm nm bia d th mn, nghn nm bia ming hy cn tro tro" l c khuyn
ngui ta cn trong trong n , dng d ting xu di.
cE DNng BC ViC: thd thi B[ mb@ m@i, ch Jig: cl@ ngXLi 8it hoZc tK=ch Jan t7, ng cl@
ngXLi Ahc hoZc Bnh JO: m[t t7 BXYc JNng 8pi ngh_@ BZc Vit, Ahc 8pi ngh_@ thFng
thXLng66
VD: Xem chng cc anh chj dy du theo chiu hung "trm nm c don" ht c ri!
&hong cch T@: cc JO: cM: V@o giL crng W> m[t ?D Ahong tK<ng, T@: B` V<t B]: Bn A^
t B]: tiIn cl@ cM: ?8D tip theo6
0@: JO: chOm cM: th\ 8it A^ t in ho@6 0@: JO: ph{; ? , D, JO: chOm ph{; ? H D ngun cch
cc 8 cl@ m[t cM: th\ AhFng 8it ho@6
]: mQi cM: 8it ho@ A^ t B]: tiIn6 1In KiIng th\ 8it in ho@ A^ t B]:6
Cc JO: Vc ng@; T@: A^ t c:Qi cNng cl@ cM: ?8D m> AhFng c` Ahong cch6
1:; nhiIn, hin n@;, tKong cc 8un Vn BXYc in On th\ c` Ahc m[t chmt, ngXLi t@ 8an BC
Ahong tK<ng tKXpc cc JO: T@: BM;:
i DO: chOm hciH
i DO: chOm th@nH
i DO: h@i chOmH
i DO: gPch ng@ngH
7
CCH 3HN 4I5T T6 GH73 V8 T6 9:
6
3h;% <i=t t> (h12 ?@ t> &AB ?C% Dt 2hE" t*2 . 4Fi ?GB Ti%( Vi=t "H IJ "h!BK% hoA t>
t> (h12 Ia%( t> &AB ;#. 9*i 0hL%( Mt tDNO%( hP2 2h;% tM"h D*"h DQi (iRa &@ (h12 haB &AB
-@%h S2 "hT%( ?@o -.% ?U tD!%( (ia%. T!B %hiV% "W%( "H #Xt IC "A"h %hG% Yi=% Z 2h;%
<i=t t> &ABZ t> (h12.
CA"h 1 : '; Mm W> phXGng thc cO: tPo KiIng cl@ t7 1ing Vit, 17 $n Vit n`i
ch:ng AhFng c` JPng W; Mm? tK7 tKXLng hYp ;: tQ gQc $n Bf BXYc Vit ho ho>n to>n D 6
Cho nIn, n: Vit ch<c ch<n m[t t7 h@i Mm tit W> t7 $n Vit th\ xc Bdnh n` W> t7 ghxp ngh_@
ch AhFng phi W> t7 W; Mm, JN Ve ngo>i c` JPng W; Mm nga: nhiIn6 V= JS: ckp AI, Wfng
Bfng, tX W, to th66 D_ nhiIn m:Qn p JSng cch n>; c]n AhFng ng7ng Vn x:ng Ain thc 8e
t7 ng gQc $n
CA"h 2[ /@nh gipi BC phMn Vit m[t t7 th:]n Vit 8> m[t t7 W; BFi th:]n Vit W> : t7
ghxp h@i Mm tit , c h@i ting Be: c` ngh_@6 V= JS: che ch<n, tK@i tKz, m: mlhh Ctn t7 W;
BFi th\ chb m[t ting gQc W> c` ngh_@, ctn ting Ai@ W> ting W; WPi, AhFng c` ngh_@ hoZc mOt
ngh_@, c` tKXLng hYp c h@i ting Be: 8F ngh_@6
C` thC phMn Vit Vqng cch tch KiIng t7ng ting , n: mi ting Ahi Bng B[c Wkp Be: c`
ngh_@ th\ B` W> t7 ghxp Tong Tong ? hoZc Bng WkpD6 V= JS : B@: Bpn, Ah@o Aht, Wfi WLi, B@:
Bpn, ngM; ngOthhn: chb m[t ting c` ngh_@ th\ B` W> W; Mm6 V= JS: WPnh WNng, W>m WSng,
phkp phng, Wm nhmhhchb c` ting WPnh, W>m, phng, nhm hW> ting gQc c` ngh_@ 6
CA"h 3[ o tKkt t cc ting tKong t7 h@i Mm tit nghi 8On6 ): Bo BXYc th\ B` W> t7
ghxp nghif ? V\ W; Mm n`i ch:ng j AhFng Bo BXYcD6V= JS : BoP B>;E B>; BoP, g\n giE gi
g\n, mL mdtE mdt mL, ngG ng{nE ng{n ngG, than thLE thL than,h66 Be: c` thC Bo tKKkt t cc
ting tKong t7nIn W> cc t7 ghxp ngh_@6 Cc t7 : WPnh WNng, t]n ng]n, ng ng>ng, K K>ng, thOm
tho<t , thkp thth6W> cc t7 W; Mm6
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php: c` ting ch=nh 8> ting phS6
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cl@ t7 ghxp ch=nh phS cS thC hGn,
hp hGn ngh_@ cl@ ting ch=nh6
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tnng hYp ngh_@ cl@ cc ting cO: tPo
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AhOp AhCnhh 17 W; BXYc chi@ th>nh W7 W; to>n V[ 8> t7 W; V[ phkn6

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cO: tPo
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i giQng nh@: ho>n to>n: xanh xanh,
vng vng, xinh xinh.
i Ahc nh@: 8e th@nh Bi:: tim tm,
Cc ting tKong t7 W; V[ phkn giQng nh@::
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vng, m .
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i )gh_@ cl@ t7 W; c` nhng T<c thi nhOt Bdnh Ahc 8pi ngh_@ cl@ ting gQc6
)hXng T<c thi J` c` thC W>:
| gim nh: x@nh x@nh, Bo Bch
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V> nhie: JPng T<c thi B@ JPng Ahc6
2. Th@%h %(R
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phxp ch:;Cn ngh_@ nhX {n JS, To Tnh,h
1h>nh ng c` t\nh ViC: tKXng ho, tc WO; t=nh chOt cl@ T 8kt, T 8ic cS thC BC ViC: thd
cc t=nh chOt, BZc BiCm Ahi 9:t W> BZc tKXng th>nh ng ngh_@ nni Vkt cl@ th>nh ng6
VD: 1h>nh ng ch ngi dy ging 8pi ngh_@ Ben W> m[t T 8ic cS thC ?ch TQng JXpi
ging, nh\n WIn V]: tKLi 9:@ ming ging, W]m tXRng V]: tKLi chb W> m[t Ahong nhc nhX
chic 8:ng D BXYc JNng BC ViC: thd BZc BiCm Ahi 9:t: } hiC: Vit =t, t]m nh\n Vd hPn ch, Jo
Bie: Ain tip xmc hPn hp~6
3. N(hca "da t>.
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WPi R JPng ch 8it6
i )gh_@ cl@ t7 W> ph]n n[i JSng ?T 8kt, hin tXYng, hoPt B[ng, t=nh chOt, 9:@n hh D m> t7
ViC: thdW
$@i mZt n[i J:ng 8> h\nh thc cl@ t7 g<n V` 8pi nh@: chZt ch6
V, C` cc cch gii ngh_@ t7 nhX T@::
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10
i 1K\nh V>; hiC: Vit 8e nhng T 8kt, hin tXYng, hoPt B[ng, t=nh chOt, 9:@n hh m> t7
ViC: thd6
i X@ K@ nhng t7 Bng ngh_@ hoZc tKi ngh_@ 8pi cc t7 c]n gii th=ch6
4. T> %hie! %(hca ?@ hi=% tNP%( "h!BK% %(hca "da t>.
@, 17 c` thC c` m[t ngh_@, nhXng ph]n Wpn cc t7 tKong ngFn ng W> nhng t7 c` nhie:
ngh_@6
Ch:;Cn ngh_@ W> hin tXYng tung thIm ngh_@ cho t7 nhqm tPo K@ cc t7 nhie: ngh_@6
VD: 17 } chn" c` cc ngh_@:
i B[ phkn JXpi cNng cl@ ngXLi h@; B[ng 8kt, JNng BC nMng B 8> Ji ch:;Cn thMn thC: ChMn
tKi, chMn VXpc Bi6
i ChMn con ngXLi ViC: tKXng cho cXGng 8d, tX th tKong tkp thC, tn chc: C chn trong Ban
qun trj.
i ([t ph]n tX con 8kt VQn chMn Ahi W>m thdt chi@ K@: ung mt chn lon. Chia cho mi nh
mt chn.
i -h]n c:Qi cNng cl@ m[t TQ 8kt JNng BC B hoZc Vm ch<c tKIn mZt nen: chn bn; chn
king; chn ni.
V, Cc ngh_@ tKong t7 nhie: ngh_@ BXYc chi@ th>nh:
i )gh_@ gQc ? ctn gUi W> ngh_@ ch=nh, ngh_@ Ben D : W> ngh_@ W>m cG TR BC ch:;Cn ngh_@, h\nh
th>nh cc ngh_@ Ahc ? tKong t7 chMn tKIn BM;, ngh_@ B]: tiIn i V[ phkn JXpi cNng cl@
ngXLi h@; B[ng 8kt,h W> ngh_@ gQc D6
i )gh_@ ch:;Cn: W> ngh_@ BXYc h\nh th>nh tKIn cG TR ngh_@ gQc ? tKong t7 chMn tKIn BM;,
cc ngh_@ 2, , W> cc ngh_@ ch:;Cn 6
)go>i K@ tKong ngh_@ cl@ t7 ctn c` thC c` cc ngh_@ Vd hPn ch 8e phPm 8i To JSng, nhX
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ngh_@ 8un chXGng 6 )gh_@ } hYp chOt m> phMn to gm c` m[t h@; nhie: ng:;In to Aim WoPi
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ngon } W> ngh_@ Bd@ phXGngh $0 crng c]n Vit c` cc WoPi ngh_@ nhX 8k; tKong t7 BC WX: ^
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nhng t7 Ahc, cM: Ahc tKong 8un Vn6
V= JS, t7 un W> m[t t7 nhie: ngh_@ ? Ahong hGn ngh_@ D, nhXng tKong To JSng:
L xong, vua cho dem bnh ra n cng vi qun thn. Ai cng tm tc khen ngon. ( Bnh
chung, bnh giy) th\ ngh_@ t7 un tKR nIn xc Bdnh6
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cc t7 c` thC tnng hYp nhX T@: :
11
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m[t h\nh thc Mm th@nh m[t ngh_@ T don ngha
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nhie: ngh_@ T nhiu ngha
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nhie: h\nh thc Mm th@nh Cc ngh_@ tKi ngXYc nh@: Cc t tri ngha

V, Cc t7 Bng Mm W> cc t7 c` mZt Mm th@nh giQng nh@: nhXng Ahc nh@: 8e ^ ngh_@6 Cc
ngh_@ cl@ t7 Bng Mm Ahc x@ nh@:, AhFng c` mQi WiIn h g\ 8pi nh@:6 ? C]n WX: ^ : hin
tXYng nhie: ngh_@ x; K@ tKong m[t t7, gi@ cc ngh_@ c` mQi WiIn h nhOt Bdnh 8pi nh@: H
ctn hin tXYng Bng Mm x; K@ gi@ cc t7 Ahc nh@:6 D
c, (:Qn xc Bdnh BXYc t7 Bng Mm phi J@ 8>o ng cnh6
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nh@:6 V= JS: 17 tKFng c` nhie: ngh_@ tKong B` c` ngh_@ nh\n BC Vit, t7 nh\n crng c` nhie:
ngh_@, tKong B` c` ngh_@ giQng ? g]n giQng D 8pi ngh_@ Bf nI: cl@ t7 trn. )hX 8k;, t7 tKFng
8> nh\n W> h@i t7 Bng ngh_@ 8pi nh@:6
V, .:@n h Bng ngh_@ AhFng chb V` hp tKong h@i t7 m> c` thC gi@ nhie: t76 Cc t7 Bng
ngh_@ 8pi nh@: 8> tPo th>nh nh`m t7 Bng ngh_@6
V= JS:
- trng, nhn, dm, lic, . Be: W> cc t7 Bng ngh_@
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Crng c]n WX: ^ W> hin tXYng Bng ngh_@ ctn c` thC x; K@ gi@ cc t7 8pi cc cSm t76
V= JS: Dai Bng ngh_@ 8pi dai nhu dia, dai nhu cho, h
c, C` nhng t7 c` thC th@; th cho nh@: tKong nhng ng cnh nhOt Bdnh nhXng AhFng phi
W> cc t7 Bng ngh_@ 8pi nh@:6 V= JS:
- Cu di du dy ?
- Ban di du dy ?
12
Ban 8> cu AhFng phi W> h@i t7 Bng ngh_@ 8pi nh@: nhXng tKong tKXLng hYp To JSng nhX
tKIn c` thC th@; th cho nh@: m> 8an gi ng:;In BXYc ngh_@ cl@ cM:6
+. T> tDAi %(hca
@, Cc t7 tKi ngh_@ 8pi nh@: W> nhng t7 c` ^ ngh_@ tKi ngXYc nh@: theo m[t phXGng Jin
ngh_@ n>o B`6 V= JS :
i D>i 8> ng<n tKi ngh_@ 8pi nh@: 8e chie: J>i H
i 0M: 8> nFng tKi ngh_@ 8pi nh@: 8e chie: TM: H
i C@o 8> thOp tKi ngh_@ 8pi nh@: 8e chie: c@oH
i /[ng 8> hp tKi ngh_@ 8pi nh@: 8e chie: K[ng6
V, $in tXYng tKi ngh_@ x; K@ nhie: nhOt R cc t=nh t76 1Kong cc J@nh t7, B[ng t7, =t x;
K@ hin tXYng tKi ngh_@6 Cc J@nh t7, B[ng t7 BXYc coi W> tKi ngh_@ 8pi nh@: thXLng BXYc
gii th=ch thFng 9:@ cc t=nh chOt BZc tKXng cl@ cc T 8kt, hin tXYng, hoPt B[ng, tKPng thi
m> cc J@nh t7, B[ng t7 B` ViC: thd6
c, Cc t=nh chOt c` thC c` mc B[ Ahc nh@:, chng hPn : lanh mt - m nng H Jo B`
AhFng n`ng AhFng c` ngh_@ W> WPnh m> ctn c` thC Om hoZc mt6
)hXng crng c` nhng t=nh chOt m@ng t=nh WXng phMn, chng hPn : ?g>) mi - trng : tKong
tKXLng hYp n>;, AhFng mi tc W> tKQng 8> ngXYc WPi AhFng tKQng tc W> mi6
/. C2 -X 0hAi g!At "da %(hca t> %(R.
@, Cc t7 ng tKong ngFn ng AhFng tn tPi KiIng Vit, B[c Wkp 8pi nh@:, #i@ chmng c`
nhng mQi 9:@n h nhOt Bdnh6 ([t tKong nhng 9:@n h gi@ cc t7 ng W> 9:@n h Ahi
9:t 8> cS thC h@; ctn gUi W> 9:@n h K[ng i hp gi@ cc t7 ng6
C]n WX: ^, chb c` thC n`i Bn 9:@n h K[ng i hp gi@ cc t7 ng Ahi chmng c` T Bng nhOt
8e ^ ngh_@6 Chng hPn, c` thC To Tnh t=nh K[ng i hp 8e ngh_@ cl@ h@i t7 : xe, xe BPp 8\
chmng Be: BQng nhOt 8pi nh@: 8e ^ ngh_@ phXGng tin Bi ch:;Cn H AhFng thC To T@nh t=nh
K[ng i hp gi@ h@i t7 : c chp 8> xe dap 8\ chmng AhFng c` T Bng nhOt 8e ^ ngh_@6
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8e ngh_@ BXYc hiC: W> JNng ch:ng cho m[t phPm 8i T 8kt n>o B`6
VD: Mt, mt, mi, chn, tay, bung, m, ngn chn, tc, du gi666JNng BC chb cc V[ phkn
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V, 1KXLng t7 8ng AhFng phi phMn WoPi t7 giQng nhX phMn WoPi t7 8e mZt cO: tPo ?t7 BGn, t7
ghxp, t7 W;D, nIn m[t t7 c` thC th@m gi@ 8>o nhie: tKXLng t7 8ng Ahc nh@:6
VD: 17 B]: c` thC th@m gi@ 8>o tKXLng t7 8ng chb )#3%, c` thC th@m gi@ 8>o tKXLng t7
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1XGng t, m[t t7 c` nhie: ngh_@ crng c` thC th:[c 8e cc tKXLng t7 8ng Ahc nh@:6
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@, 17 8ng pht tKiCn nhum Bp ng nh: c]: gi@o tip cl@ con ngXLi6 17 8ng c` thC pht
tKiCn Vqng cch:
i 1ung TQ WXYng t7 ng: CO: tPo t7 mpi, 8@; mXYn t7 ngFn ng nXpc ngo>i6
i 1ung thIm ngh_@ cho t7 ng: Bin Bni, ch:;Cn ngh_@ cl@ t76
V, -ht tKiCn t7 8ng 8e mZt TQ WXYng:
i CO: tPo t7 mpi W> J@ 8>o cc t7 ng 8Qn c` 8> 8kn JSng cc phXGng thc cO: tPo t7 nhX
ghxp, W; BC tPo K@ cc t7 mpi6
VD: xe + dap = xe dap xe dap + din = xe dap din.
qun + o = qun o qun qun o o
i V@; mXYn t7 ting nXpc ngo>i nhng t7 ng c]n thit BC pht tKiCn 8Qn t76
VD: ma-ket-tinh, Com-pu-to.
c, C` h@i phXGng thc chl ;: BC pht tKiCn ngh_@ cl@ t7 W> phXGng thc {n JS 8> hon JS6
0 pht tKiCn ngh_@ cl@ t7 W>m cho t7 tKR th>nh cc t7 nhie: ngh_@6 1Kong TQ cc ngh_@ B` ,
c` ngh_@ gQc 8> cc ngh_@ ch:;Cn6 0 ch:;Cn ngh_@ tKong m[t t7 c` thC c` c h@i phXGng
thc {n JS 8> hon JS6
11. T> #NP%
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V, V@; mXYn t7 ng c` ng:n gQc nXpc ngo>i W> hin tXYng phn Vin tKong cc ngFn ng6
&hi tKong ting cl@ t@ chX@ c` cc t7 BC ViC: thd nhng T 8Mt, hin tXYng mpi th\ 8ic 8@;
mXYn W> c]n thit6 V@; mXYn crng W> m[t cch BC W>m gi>: ngFn ng m Bz6 1:; nhiIn BC
gi g\n T tKong Tng cl@ ting Vit, 8ic 8@; mXYn c]n BXYc cMn nh<c, AhFng t:w tin6
c, ([t V[ phkn 9:@n tKUng tKong t7 mXYn W> nhng t7 gQc $n 8> $n Vit6 0o JSng nhng
t7 n>; phi ht Tc chm ^ BC tKnh m<c Wi 8e JNng t76
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12. T> HA% Vi=t
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W> cc ;: tQ $n Vit6 C` KOt nhie: ;: tQ $n Vit B@ ngh_@ hoZc Bng Mm6 Do B`, c]n ht
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14
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ng tKong m[t ng>nh Aho@
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T<c thi ViC: cm6
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th:kt ng tKIn th gipi c`
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th:kt ng ViC: thd c` cch
hiC: tXGng BQi thQng nhOt
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th gipi, ng@; c Ahi h\nh
thc Mm th@nh cl@ th:kt
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cc th:kt ng Vqng ting
Vit nhX: nXpc, m:Qi, Wc666
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ch tKong m[t ?m[t 8>iD 8Nng
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8Nng Ahc c` thC gM; Ah` hiC:6
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ch tKong phPm 8i m[t nh`m xf
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hiC: cho nhng ngXLi th:[c Bd@ phXGng Ahc hoZc th:[c t]ng
Wpp xf h[i Ahc6 C]n c{n tKUng tKong 8ic JNng 6 C]n nhkn
thc K t7 n>o W> t7 ng to>n JMn, t7 ng n>o W> t7 ng Bd@
phXGng 8> Vit ng 4$6 17 B` c` hXpng To JSng cho th=ch
hYp6 1K7 cc tKXLng hYp gi@o tip h>ng ng>; 8pi nhng ngXLi
cNng Bd@ phXGng hoZc cNng nh`m xf h[i, Ahi To JSng cc t7
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nh<c A_ WXng:
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cc tc ph{m 8un hUc Ahi c]n nhOn mPnh, Ah<c hU@ BZc BiCm
Bd@ phXGng, BZc BiCm xf h[i cl@ nhMn 8kt6 ? &hi JNng nIn c`
chm th=ch Vqng t7 to>n JMn tXGng BXGngD
i &hFng JNng tKong gi@o tip to>n JMn, nhOt W> tKong cc
W_nh 8c gi@o tip c` t=nh chOt ch=nh thc, nhX 8un Vn Aho@
hUc, 8un Vn h>nh ch=nh6666
14. TDa! Y]i ?C% t>
@, 17 c` 8@i tKt 9:@n tKUng BQi 8pi 8ic To JSng ngFn ng6 VQn t7 nghso n>n W>m cho Ah
nung Jign BPt crng nghso n>n6 )gXYc WPi, 8Qn t7 phong phm W>m cho Ah nung Jign BPt B@
JPng, tinh t6 Do B` KOt c>n phi tK@: Ji 8Qn t76
V, 1K@: Ji 8Qn t7 BXYc hiC: W> thXLng x:;In phi Vn T:ng t7 mpi cho 8Qn t7, W>m cho 8Qn
t7 cl@ m\nh ng>; c>ng nhie:, c>ng phong phm 8> B@ JPng6
c, C To JSng t7 tQt, c]n thit phiH
15
i Bit h:; B[ng t7 ng theo tKXLng ngh_@ mi Ahi c]n Jign BPt m[t n[i J:ng n>o B`6
i Bit To Tnh cc t7 tKong cNng tKXLng ngh_@, nhOt W> cc t7 Bng ngh_@ 8pi nh@: BC thO;
BXYc gi tKd ViC: BPt cl@ t7ng t76
1KIn cG TR B`, mpi 9:;t Bdnh W@ chUn t7 ng BC JNng6
15. T> tNP%( tha%h ?@ t> tNP%( hl%h.
@, 17 tXYng th@nh W> nhng t7 mF phcng theo Mm th@nh t nhiIn6
VD: m m, o o, rc rch, lp dp666mF phcng ting nXpc ch;6
V, 17 tXYng h\nh W> nhng t7 c` Ah nung gYi h\nh nh, Jnh 8z, tKPng thi cl@ T 8kt6
VD: h huc, rn rn, chp chng666 gYi K@ cch W>m 8ic, Jng Bi6
c, Do Ah nung gYi h\nh nh 8> Mm th@nh nIn cc t7 tXYng h\nh 8> cc t7 tXYng th@nh c`
t=nh ViC: cm c@o6 t BXYc JNng tKong cc 8un Vn Bti hci t=nh tK:ng ho> 8e ViC: cm nhX
8un Vn Aho@ hUc, h>nh ch=nh m> JNng tKong cc 8un Vn 8un hUc nhX miI: t, t T6
16