K thut sn xut ch en:

Ch en c mu sc nc pha mu hng , c hng v thm mt d chu. c

c cc c tnh trn, trong qu trnh sn xut ch en ngi ta to iu kin cho
cc loi men peroxidaza v poliphenoloxidaza hot ng:
Quy trnh sn xut ch en nh sau:
Nguyn liu ch

Thu hi,vn chuyn v bo qun

Lm ho
V ch v sang ch v
Ln men
Sy kh
Phn loi ch
ng thng v bo qun

Ch en
thnh
phm

Thuyt minh quy trnh sn xut ch en:

1. Nguyn liu:
Nguyn liu dng trong sn xut ch l nhng bp ch 1 tm (bp ch) hai
hoc ba l non. Nguyn liu ch tt hay xu nh hng rt ln ti qu trnh ch
bin v cht lng ch tnh phm. Qua nghien cu ngi ta thy mt s tnh cht
ca l ch c lin quan ti cht lng ch nh sau:
to nh v nng nh ca nguyn liu ch: Nguyn liu ch nu c hi
trn cng mt cy th bp ch cng nh cht lng ch cng tt, bp ch cng to
cht lng ch cng xu v nhng bp ch to thng l nhng bp ch trng
thnh v dn c xu hng chuyn thnh bp ch gi, thnh phn ho hc ca n
km hn so vi bp ch non. Xt v nng nh, ngi ta c kt lun sau: Trong
cng mt bp ch tm nh hn l v l th nht nh hn l th hai .v.v. Nn nnu
cng mt ging ch, bp ch cng nh cht lng ch cng tt v t l mt hng
tt cng cao.
Mu sc ca l ch ti: Mu sc ca l ch ph thuc nhiu vo ging ch,
ni trng v iu kin chm bn. Nhn chung mu sc l ch c lin quan ti cht
lng ca ch thnh phm. L ch c mu xanh thm th hm lng tannin khng
cao, hm lng clorofin v protein tng i cao. L ch c mu xanh nht hoc
vng nht, mng th hm lng clorofin thp, hm lng tannin cao.
Ngoi ra di ca bp, dy mng ca l cng lin quan ti cht lng ca
ch. Bp ch cng di, l ch cng mng th cht lng ch cng tt v khi ch
bin cht lng ch thnh phm cng cao.
2. Thu hi vn chuyn v bo qun l ch:
Ch nguyn liu c thu hi dng 1 tm hai hoc ba l. iu kin thu hi
cng nh hng ln ti cht lng ch thnh phm. Cht lng ch tt nht l
c thu hi vo bui sng, nhng nu hi sm qu, sng nhiu cng nh hng
xu ti qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun l ch. K thut thu hi l ch cng nh
hng rt ln ti cht lng ch nguyn liu. Nguyn liu ch sau khi thu hi
c phn loi nh sau:

Bng: Ch tiu phn loi ch nguyn liu

Phn loi
Loi A
Loi B
Loi C
Loi D

% l non
>85
>75
>65
>55

%l bnh t
10
15
20
25

%l gi
5
10
15
20

Nguyn liu ch sau khi thu hi vn cn tip tc xy ra qu trnh h hp.

Thng thng qu trnh h hp din ra nh sau:
H hp hiu kh: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 674 calo.
H hp ym kh: C6H12O6 6O2 + 2C2H5OH + 28 calo.
Qu trnh h hp lun sinh ra mt lng nhit nht nh nn qu trnh chuyn
ch v bo qun cn m bo thong, trnh s t bc nng trong khi nguyn liu.
Mc khc qu trinh chuyn ch bc d l ch phi ht sc nh nhng, trnh lm
gip nt l ch, v b gip nt cc qu trnh h hp v oxi ho xy ra mnh lm
gim hm lng ng v tannin, nh hng ti cht lng ch.
m bo cht lng ch yu cu kho bo qun phi sch s, thong mt, c
b phn che ma nng v thi gian bo qun khng lu. Ngy nay CHLB Nga
thnh cng trong vic nghin cu bo qun l ch ti, m bo tt cht lng
ca l ch trc khi ch bin.
3. Lm ho l ch:
3.1. Mc ch ca qu trnh lm ho
Lm thay i mnh m v su sc nhng bin i sinh l v sinh ho l ch,
thay i v thnh phn ho hc v tnh cht vt l ca l ch to iu kin cho cc
qu trnh ch bin sau c d dng. Trong qu trnh lm ho, l ch c a t
m 7578% xung cn 6162%. Qua nghin cu ngi ta thy nc trong l
ch tp trung nhiu kh khng v mt s t chc khc. Khi lm ho, nc thot
ra qua kh khng di mt l. Tc bc hi nc ph thuc vo s dch chuyn

m trong l, kch thc v m ca kh khng. Qu trnh bc hi nc khi lm

ho c chia lm ba giai on:
Giai on 1: Khi bt u lm ho, nc trong l ch bay hi mnh,
ch yu l lng nc t do.
Giai on 2: Sau khi lng nc t do bay hi ht, nc bay hi b
chm li v s thot nc trong dung dch b cc keo trong cn tr.
Giai on 3: Khi t bo l mt kh nng hot ng bnh thng, cc
cht keo trong dch bo b ngng kt, lng nc b gii phng v hin tng bay
hi nc li xy ra mnh lit. Ngoi ra lm ho cn to iu kin cho v ch c
d dng.
3.2.

Yu cu ca qu trnh lm ho

Ch phi c lm ho ng u, v c lm ho ng mc. Nu lm ho
qu cc qu trnh bin i sinh ho t ngng li, l ch b kh v vn cn v ng
v mi hng ban u. Cc thng s k thut ch yu ca qu trnh lm ho l:

Nhit v m ca khng kh: trnh ngng t

nc trn b mt l v hi nc c thot ra d dng, yu cu: nu lm ho t

nhin khng kh c nhit l t0 380C v m l 60 70%. Nu lm ho nhn
to khng kh c nhit l 46 490C v m l = 28 30%

Trong qu trnh lm ho cn m bo lu thng khng

kh lm gim m xung quanh l ch v cung cp oxi cho qu trnh h hp.

Vn tc lu thng khng kh thng l 100 150m/pht
Cht lng ca l ch khi lm ho cn ph thuc vo ng u ca
nguyn liu v non gi khc nhau, l ch cng non bay hi nc cng mnh.

Tiu chun nh gi mc lm ho nh sau:

T l l ch c lm ho ng mc > 80%, ch ho thuc
loi tt.
T l l ch c lm ho ng mc 70 80%, ch ho thuc
loi trung bnh.

 T l l ch c lm ho ng mc 70%, ch ho thuc
loi xu.
3.3.S hot ng ca men trong qu trnh lm ho
S hot ng ca men trong qu trnh lm ho c nh hng rt ln n cht
lng ch thnh phm. Nhn chung qu trnh lm ho, kh nng hot ng ca cc
men u c tng ln. Theo ti liu nghin cu ca A. Cursanp, trong thi
gian lm ho hot tnh ca men glucozidaza tng t 100 200%, hot tnh ca men
investaza tng t 5070%.
Theo V. Vrnxvi v R. Vrnxvai hot tnh ca men peroxidaza thay
i trong kho lm ho nh sau:

l th nht v tm tng ln 12%

l th hai v tm tng ln 55,5%

l th ba v tm tng ln 144,2%

Theo V.Ppp trong thi gian lm ho, hot tnh ca men poliphenoloxidaza
cng tng t 207 ml O2 trc khi lm ho ln 248 ml O2 sau khi lm ho.
3.4.Cc phng php lm ho.
Ch c lm ho bng hai phng php ch yu: lm ho t nhin v lm ho
nhn to:

Lm ho t nhin: Nhit thch hp ca lm ho t

nhin l 24250C v hm m khng kh l 60 70%.

m bo thng gi khi lm ho, c 12 gi ngi ta m ca lu thng
khng khv iu chnh nhit mt ln. Thi gian lm ho 1618 gi, nu thi
tit m t th thi gian l 3648 gi.
Phng php lm ho ny n gin nhng tn din tch, tn cng nhn v
cht lng sn phm km.

Lm ho nhn to: Ch lm ho nhn to c th tin

hnh c th tin hnh phng nng hoc thit b lm ho. Trong phng nng c
nhit 25 280C, ch c xp trn gin. Vi dy 0,5kg/1m2, thi gian lm

ho l 7 8 gi. Nu nhit phng l 40 450C th gian l 5 6 gi. Lu thng

khng kh trong phng bng qut gi v c 1 gi lu thng khng kh 10 15
pht.
Ch cn c lm ho trong thit b kiu bng ti vi chiu dy lp ch trn
bng l 20 22cm, nhit phng l 46 480C. Vi thi gian lm ho l 85 270
pht. Ch c t nng bng khng kh nng hay bng cc gin ng hai pha
ca bng ti.
4. V Ch v sng ch v
4.1 Mc ch ca v ch v s bin i hnh thi khi v
Mc ch ca v ch lm cho nc p ca ch thot ra trn mt l, khi sy
cc cht tan c c nh li trn mt l, to iu kin cho khi pha ch, cht tan
c ho tan d dng vo trong nc.

i vi sn xut ch en v ch cn to iu kin cho

qu trnh ln men, nh qu trnh v ch cc men cng cc cht tan c gii

phng trn ln vo nhau v tip xc vi khng kh, thc hin qu trnh oxi ho.

Khi v ch, nh p lc t hai mt p li l ch c

cun theo sng l thnh hnh xon c, lm cho l ch xon li, c hnh dng gn
p. Ngoi ra v mu sc, l ch chuyn t mu xanh ti trc khi v sang mu
nu nht cui giai on v.
4.2 S xm nhp ca oxi vo khi l trong khi v
Trong khi v ch, cc qu trnh sinh ho xy ra mnh v lin quan mt thit
v lng oxi xm nhp vo khi l. Trong khi qu trnh h hp gim dn v
ngng hn cui giai on v. Theo nghin cu ca Subert th s xm nhp ca
oxi vo khi l khi v tng ln t ngt. So snh s xm nhp ca oxi vo khi l
trong tt c cc qu trnh ch bin ta c:

Giai on lm ho chim 14%.

Giai on v ch chim 72,5%.

Giai on ln men chim 13,5%.

Nh vy qu trnh v ch cn l mt qu trnh bin i ho hc ca l ch m

ch yu l qu trnh oxi ho. Trong qu trnh oxi ho. Trong qu trnh v, do lc
ma st v nhit sinh ra ca phn ng oxi ho, nhit khi ch tng ln 4 50C.
S tng nhit khng u lm cho qu trnh lm cho qu trnh oxi ho din ra
mnh v cc b, nh hng xu n phm cht ca ch. lm gim nhit
khi l v iu chnh qu trnh oxi ho xy ra u n ng mc, ngi ta khng
v ch lin tc qu lu m v nhiu ln, sau mi ln u c sng phn loi v
lm ngui.
4.3 Phng php v ch
Hin nay c nhiu cch v ch khc nhau, tu theo iu kin sn xut, Thng
thng ngi ta v ch 3 4 ln. Mi ln 40 45 pht.
Ln th nht v my v khng p, lc v nh, cc ln sau v my v p
vi lc v mnh hn. Lng ch ho a vo v ch ln I thng 180 200kg/l
ci v, cn cc ln v sau l 140 170kg/l ci v.
Mc ch ca v p l lm tng cng gip ca l ch, m bo cho cc
bin i ho hc xy ra thun li v nng cao cht lng ch thnh phm. m
bo cht lng ch thnh phm v nng cao hiu sut v, sau mi ln v nguyn
liu c qua sn phn lm 3 loi:

Loi I, loi II: l nhng phn non v bp ch gy ra c v gip c

a sang ln men ngay.

Loi III: L cc l ch gi cc t chc ca l ch cha gip c a i

v tip.
Trong qu trnh v p, c 10 pht v p li nng bn p ln 5 pht, ri li v p
10 pht, c nh vy cho ht thi gian 1 ln v. Nu gip ca ch loi III t
c 75 85% th kt thc giai on v v a c sang ln men.
Tc ca my v cng nh hng ln n cht lng ch thnh phm, thng
thng ngi ta dng cc my v ch c s vng quay l 45; 50 ; 55 ; 60
vng/pht.
5. Qu trnh ln men ch en

5.1 Mc ch ca qu trnh ln men

Ln men l qu trnh quan trng trong k thut sn xut ch en. Thc t
nhng bin i sinh ho ca l ch, xy ra t khi lm ho, nhng n giai on ln
men n mi xy ra bin i y v su sc nht, to nn phm cht c bit
ca ch en. Nhn chung qu trnh ln men ch en xy ra 4 5 gi k t khi bt
u v. Ton b qu trnh ln men chia lm hai giai on:

Giai on th nht: k t khi bt u v n khi v

xong. Trong thi gian ny di tc dng ca men oxi ho cc catechine ca

tannin ch b oxi ho chuyn thnh orthoquynone, l cht c hot tnh mnh c
th oxi ho cc cht khc, hoc ngng t vi nhau to thnh cc sn phm c
mu. V vy khi v, l ch t xanh chuyn sang mu hung hung (nu nht).

Giai on th 2: k t sau khi v n trc khi sy

vi thi gian khong 2 3 gi. Nguyn liu ch phng ln men lun c

phun hi m v iu chnh nhit nht nh thch hp cho qu trnh ln men.
Trong thi gian ny ch chuyn t mu hung hung sang mu ng v to ra
hng thm d chu,v ch khng chat gt m cht du.
5.2. C s l thuyt ca qu trnh ln men
Qu trnh ln men xy ra bin i mnh m thnh phn ho hc ca l ch.
Nhng bin i ny lin quan nhiu n nhit , m, h vi sinh vt v men ca
nguyn liu ch, trong vai tr quan trng quyt nh s thay i thnh phn v
cht lng ch thnh phm l men.

S tc dng ca men: Trong qu trnh sn xut ch

en tc dng ch yu n cc bin i thnh phn ho hc l cht xc tc ca men.

Theo M.B.Cutravaimen, peroxidaza oxi ho tannin ch su sc nht v s dng
tannin ln nht, to nn cc sn phm khng mu hoc mu sa c v c bit
gp phn to nn v ca ch en. Men poliphenoloxidaza oxi ho tannin ch to
nn mu ng l mu sc nc pha ca ch en. Theo vin s A. Oparin th khi
t bo cn sng, di tc dng ca men, cc nguyn liu h hp c trong t bo b

oxi ho tng i trit . Trong khi cc hp cht poliphenol ca tannin vn

tn ti trng thi th khng mu. Khi cu trc t bo b ph hu, qu trnh h
hp b ngng li, ton b oxi c hot ho dng vo oxi ho cc hp cht
poliphenol ca tannin v cc hp cht khc to nn hng v ca mu sc ca
ch en.

S t oxi ho ca tannin ch: Ngoi s bin i ca

men, s bin i thnh phn ho hc ca ch cn do s t oxi ho ca chnh bn

thn tannin. Bi v trong thnh phn ca nguyn liu ch c mt tannin c bit c
kh nng t oxi ho, c bit l trong dung dch nc. Nhng qu trnh ny ch l
th yu v lng oxi cn dng cho s t oxi ho khng vt qu 10% tng lng
oxi cn dng cho qu trnh oxi ho.

Tc dng ca nhit cao. Mi y cc nh khoa

hc CHLB Nga ng dng xc tc ca nhit cao cho ln men ch gi gim

c thi gian ln men t 10 ngy xung cn 10 gi.Ngy ny ngi ta ng
dng trong ln men ca sn xut ch en, chnh l phng php nhit luyn
ch. Trong qu trnh nhit luyn, mt s thnh phn ho hc b thay i v to nn
hin tng ng phn d th, lm thay i cht lng ca ch.
V d: , hexanol dng thun c mi v hng ca c ti nhng dng
nghch mi v hng ny b mt i. ng thi cng do tc dng ca nhit luyn,
mi hng ti xanh ca mt vi anehit cng b mt i, tannin tc dng vi
aminoacid v ng to thnh nhiu loi cht thm. Mt khc, nhit luyt lm cho
cc men mt i hot tnh nn tannin khng tc dng vi protein to hp cht
khng tan, v vy tannin trng thi ho tan chim 90 95%.
5.3. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men
Qu trnh ln men ca sn xut ch en chu nh hng rt ln ca nhit ,
m v thnh phn khng kh ca mi trng xunh quanh.

Nhit : nhit c nh hng rt ln n s xc

tc ca men v tc ca cc phn ng ho hc. i vi sn xut ch en, nhit

 thch hp cho ln men l 20 300C. Nhit cao qu s c ch s xc tc ca

men, ngc li nhit thp qu s lm chm qu trnh xc tc.

m: L ch sau khi v em ln men yu cu phi

c m thch hp: W = 60 62% v m khng kh ca phng ln men phi

cao = 95 98% trnh ch b ho v cc phn ng ho hc b chm li.

Khng kh: Qu trnh ln men ch cn phi cung cp

mt lng ln khng kh trong sch, nu thiu khng kh ch d b hi. Trong

khng kh nu thnh phn CO2 nhiu cng gy nh hng xu n qu trnh ln
men. c bit thnh phn H2S ch cn mt lng nh cng c th lm cho qu
trnh ln men b nh ch. Qua nhiu th nghim H.Mng gan rt ra rng, m
bo ln men tt, 1,5kg ch ti cn 28,32m3 khng kh.
5.4 K tht ln men ch
Ch sau khi v c phn thnh 3 loi, tng loi c ri ring vo khay g v
t phng ln men. dy ca tng thnh phn ch c quy nh nh sau:

Phn ch loi I dy 4 cm.

Phn ch loi II dy 6 cm.

Phn ch loi III dy 8 cm.

Khi xp cc khay ch cn ch xp xen k m bo thong kh trong thi

gian ln men. Nhit v m ca khng kh trong phng ln men l: t0 = 22
240C v = 95 98%. Trong thi gian ln men, c 6 8 pht yu cu thng gi
phng mt ln. Tng thi gian ln men l 4 5 gi k t khi bt u v 2 3 gi
k t khi a ch vo ln men.
kt thc giai on ln men cho thch hp, ngi ta da vo mt s nguyn
tc sau:

Khi ch ln men c mu ng , c hng thm v

mu d chu th c th a ch i sy.

Trong thi gian ln men, nhit ca khi ch tng

dn v sau khi t cc i th bt u gim xung. Giai on ln men c kt

thc khi nhit bt u gim.

Trong qu trnh ln men hm lng tannin trong ch

gim dn, tu theo tng loi ch m ngi ta cn phi gi hm lng tannin cn

li sau khi ln men trong mt gii hn nht nh. Cn c vo ngi ta lp bng
tiu chun v hm lng tannin kt thc giai on ln men.
Bng: S bin i hm lng tannin trong qu trnh ln men
Phn ch loi I
Hm lng
Hm lng

Phn ch loi II
Hm lng
Hm lng

tannin

tannin

tannin

tannin

Sau khi v ln I

Khi kt thc ln

Sau khi v ln I

Khi kt thc ln

(%)

men

(%)

men

19 21
21 23
23 25
25 27
27 31
31 34
34 37
37 40

(%)
12 14
14 16
16 17
17 19
19 21
21 23
13 24
24 25

11 13
13 15
15 17
17 19
19 21
21 23
23 24
24 25

(%)
9 10
9 10
9 11
11 12
12 14
14 15
15 17
17 19

5.5 Nhng bin i ho hc xy ra trong qu trnh ln men

Cc cht ho tan: Trong qu trnh ln men hm

lng cc cht ho tan b thay i rt ln do s chuyn ho t cc cht ho tan

thnh khng tan v do tc dng vi protein. Nhn chung hm lng cht tan gim
t 42,9% sau khi lm ho xung cn 31,3% sau khi ln men.

S bin i ca tanin: Trong thi gian ln men hm

lng tanin gim 50% so vi ban u. Trong khi ch yu l gim hm lng

tanin dng poliphenol cathechine c v ng (gim t 8,91% khi v n cn

2,77% sau khi ln men). Cn ring tanin c v cht du th gim i khng ng k

(t 9,06% khi v xyng cn 5,96% sau khi ln men).

Bin i ca du thm v s to thnh hng thm

ca ch: Trong qu trnh ln men hm lng du thm thay i rt ln v t cc

i sau 3 4 gi ln men. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh ln men cn lm thay i thnh
phn du thm ca ch t lm thay i cht lng v hng thm ca ch
thnh phm. Trong cc cht thm ca ch sau khi ln men ch yu l cc acid
thm, cc este, ru phenol, xetonTheo nghin cu ca A.Cursalp v T.
Subert s bin i ca du thm th hin nh sau:
Bng: Mt s ch s ca mt s loi ch
Cc ch s

Ch ti

Ch s x phng (mgKOH)
Ch s acid (mgKOH)
Ch s este (mgKOH)

426,0
294,7
131,6

Ch ho

Ch v

Ch ln

287,0
370,0
246,7

sau 2 gi
719,7
473,0
246,7

men xong
862,6
549,0
313,6

S bin i protein v cc cht khc trong khi ln

men:Trong qu trnh len men protein phc tp khng tan b thu phn thnh
protein ho tan v aminoacid tham gia to thnh cc anehit thm ca ch. ng
thi trong qu trnh ln men protein cn tc dng vi tanin to nn hp cht khng
tan nh hng xu ti cht lng ca ch. Mt khc trong qu trnh ln men hm
lng cc monosaccarit tng ln cn saccroz gim xung, gp phn to hng
thm ca ch sau khi sy. Cc hp cht pectin giai on ln men cng thay i:
Hm lng pectin ho tan gim xung cn li pectin khng tan tng ln. c bit
hm lng sinh t C gim rt ln: t 266mg% ch ti xung cn 196,6mg% khi
ch ho v sau khi ln men ch cn 66,6mg%.
6. Sy
6.1 Mc ch v ngha

Mc ch ch yu ca giai on sy l nh ch cc qu trnh hot ng ca

men, lm kh ch, to iu kin cho qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun ch c
d dng. ng thi sy cn c nh nhng cht to thnh do qu trnh ln men
v gi cht tan trn b mt l ch. Di tc dng ca nhit khi sy, cc hng
thm ca ch c pht huy v mt s cht thm mi c to thnh.
6.2 Nhng bin i l ho xy ra khi sy kh
Di tc dng ca nhit khi sy, lng nc ca ch c bay hi mnh,
ch t mu ng chuyn dn sang mu en bng. Trong khi sy, ch kh i v
xon li, cc cht thm ca ch b gim i, hidro pectin cng gim i 1,5% v
protopectin gim 0,77%. Hm lng sinh t C b gim rt ln trong qu trnh sy,
nu khi ln men l 81,4mg% th sau khi sy ch cn l 18,06mg%. Mt khc, di
tc dng ca nhit, hm lng ng v tinh bt cng b gim i. S thay i
thnh phn ca cc cht ny khng nhiu nhng n c ngha quan trng i vi
cht lng ca ch, do cc phn ng caramen ho to nhng mi thm c o
ca ch kh.
6.3 Cch tin hnh sy
Hu ht cc nh my sn xut ch u tin hnh sy bng my, cn ch iu
chnh cc thng s ca qu trnh sy cho hp l.

Nhit v thi gian sy: Nhit sy cn cao dit

men v lm kh ch nhng cng cn trnh nhit qu cao gy mi ch chy.

Thng thng ngi ta sy ch 2 ln vi nhit sy nh sau: sy ln mt c
nhit 90 950C vi thi gian sy 12 15 pht, sau khi sy m ca ch cn li
l 18 20%. Sy ln hai c nhit 80 850C vi thi gian sy 12 15 pht, sau
khi sy ln 2 m ca ch cn li l 3 5%.
Gia hai ln sy, ch c ri mng, lm ngui v ch phn phi li m
cho ng u, trnh hin tng kh cc b v trong t ngoi kh. Ngoi nhit
sy trn ngi ta cn p dng sy 1280C, phng php ny sy nhanh, nng sut
cao nhng kh khng ch cc ch tiu k thut.

Tc ca khng kh sy: m bo thi gian sy v

nng sut ca my sy, lng khng kh vo thit b sy thch hp l 16000m3/h

v m bo tc chuyn ng ca khng kh qua lp ch l 0,5m/s. Nu lng
khng kh sy t th tn tht hng thm t nhng lng nc bay hi chm v nh
hng xu n cht lng ca ch thnh phm.
7. Phn loi ch bn thnh phm
Ch sau kh sy c a qua sng trn v sng bng phn loi ra cc loi
ch c kch thc khc nhau. i vi cc loi ch to ngi ta cho qua dao ct ri
li a ln sng phn loi tip. Sau khi phn loi thnh nhiu c ch khc nhau, ta
ch nh s v xp thnh tng chng ring. T cc c ch trn ngi ta em pha
trn v c cc loi ch thnh phm sau:

Ch cnh hay ch si gm c: OP ; P ; PS.

Ch mnh hay ch gy gm c: BOP ; BP ; BPS.

Ch vn gm c: F v D.

c im c bn ca cc loi ch trn nh sau:

OP: gm ch yu l tm v l 1 c ln t cung bp

non, hnh thc bn ngoi xon cht, c mu en bng.Nc pha c mu ti,

trong sng, v cht du, hng thm cao.

P: L ch tng i non, gm ch yu l th 2 v

phn non ca l th 3, cnh u si to nhng cht. Nc pha c mu sc, hng v

tng i tt.

PS: L phn gi ca l th 3, si th, t xon, mu

nc pha tng i m, km ti sng.

BOP: Thuc loi ch mnh, non rt cao, ch yu

gm phn gy ca tm, phn gy ca l th nht, c mu tuyt vng. Nc pha c

mu ti, m, trong sut, hng thm cao.

BP: Gm ch yu ca cc mnh gy ca l th 2 v

1 phn ca l 1. Hnh thc bn ngoi ging ch BOP nhng khng c tuyt vng.
Nc pha m, km ti, hng thm km hn ch BOP.

BPS: Ch yu gm mnh vn ca l th 3 v mt

phn mnh vn ca l th 2. Hnh dng ngoi to th hn BOP, BP v nc pha c

mu ti m.

F: L cc ch vn nt trong qu trnh phn loi, mu

nc ti, v cht ng.

D: Gm cc loi ch bt, v ng cht.

8. ng thng v bo qun
Sau khi trn xong, ch c em ng thng v bo qun. Thng lm bng g
dn trong c lt giy thic, giy chng m v lp giy bn trng mn l lp tip
xc vi ch. Nhn hiu dn vo thng phi ghi r: Ni sn xut, ni nhn hng,
loi ch, khi lng ch trong thng v ngy ng thng. V trong qu trnh bo
qun trc khi ng thng, ch c ht m tr li, v vy yu cu ch khi ng
thng phi c m l W<= 7,5%.
9. Sn xut ch en theo phng php mi
Qua nhiu nm p dng phng php c sn xut ch en, ngi ta tng
kt c nhiu kinh nghim v rt ra c nhng thiu st nh sau:

Giai on v, l ch khng b ph v cu trc hon

ton, do vy cc phn l khng b gip vn gi li nhng c tnh ca ch ti

nhng mi hng, mu xanh, v cht ng

Giai on ln men, tanin b tn tht nhiu do tc

dng vi cc cht khc chuyn thnh trng thi khng tan. Mt khc hng thm
c tch t tt giai on ln men nhng li phi qua sy nn li b mt i nhiu.

Ch en thnh phm sn xut theo phng php c

c hm lng tanin thp nh hng ti qu trnh chn ti to hng v khi

bo qun.

 khc phc nhng nhc im trn ngi ta a ra bin php sn xut

ch en theo phng php mi hay cn gi l phng php nhit luyn, phng
php ny b qua giai on ln men.

Quy trnh k thut sn xut theo phng php

mi l:

Nguyn liu l ch

Lm ho

V ch v sang ch v
Sy kh

Nhit luyn
Phn loi
ng thng v bo qun

Ch
en
thnh
phm

So vi phng php c phng php mi c c im l:

V ch cng chia ra lm 3 ln v v ln u khng p nhng thi gian v
rt ngn xung cn 20 25 pht mt ln v.
Sy kh: Ch sy mt ln, ch phn I phn II sy chung, phn III sy ring
v ch sy n m ca ch W = 7 9% khi kt thc sy.
Nhit luyn: y l giai on mi c tnh cht quyt nh ti cht lng ch
thnh phm. Ch sau khi sy cn nng ( 60 70 0C ) c a vo thng
cho sang phng nhit luyn. Ch nhit luyn nh sau:
Nhit phng nhit luyn 40 450C, m tng i ca khng kh =50
65%, thi gian nhit luyn 3 5 gi.
u im ca phng php mi sn xut ch en:
Rt ngn c thi gian sn xut do rt ngn giai on v v b qua gia
on ln men. Nhn chung so vi phng php c thi gian sn xut gim 2 3
ln. Do b qua giai on ln men nn d c gii ho v t ng ho dy chuyn
sn xut.
Cht lng ca ch thnh phm c nng cao, hm lng tanin trong ch
tng ln 3 6%, hng thm ca ch c tng ln do sau khi nhit luyn to
hng, khng phi qua sy lm mt hng thm.
Tit kim c in nng, nhin liu v nng lng. Mu sc v v hng
ca ch xanh cng b mt i do tri qua qu trnh nhit luyn.