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CHNG 13: TNH TOAN THIET KE HE THONG TANG AP CAU THANG

Chng

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TNH TOAN THIET KE HE THONG TANG AP CAU THANG


Thin tai ha hon l iu m con ngi khng h mong mun nhng khng th trnh khi v lun phi tm cch i ph, lm gim thit hi khi c thin tai hay ha hon xy ra. Ti Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y, do tc xy dng pht trin rt nhanh, hng lot nhng ta nh cao tng c xy dng. V trong cc ta nh , h thng ht khi v tng p cu thang nhm m bo an ton cho con ngi cng c ch hn. T nhu cu thc t, cc k s Nhit lnh sau khi ra trng lm vic ti cc cng ty t vn thit k hay thi cng u t nhiu phi tnh ton thit k h thng bo chy (Fire Fighting System), h thng ht khi v tng p cu thang (Smoke Control System) nn tc gi lun vn ny c gng a vo phn tnh ton thit k h thng ht khi v tng p cu thang. y l mt s tm ti hc hi nhm b sung cho kin thc hc c trng. iu ny cng ph hp vi xu hng o to bc i hc nc ta hin nay l o to cho sinh vin c kh nng t c, t hc sau khi tt nghip. 13.1. LCH S V S RA I CA H THNG HT KHI V TNG P CU THANG. tng v vic s dng phng php iu p kim sot s di chuyn ca khi khng phi l mt tng mi. Vic ng dng s chnh p iu khin s di chuyn ca khi bt u c quan tm trong sut nhng nm 1950 ca th k trc ti Anh v Australia. B tiu chun u tin cho php s dng vic iu p nh l mt cch phng chng ha hon c ra i ti Australia vo nm 1957. Ti Anh, cng vic nghin cu vn tip tc cho n nhng nm 1960 v 1970. Kt qu l cho ra i b tiu chun BS5588 part 4:1978 v part 5:1991. B tiu chun ny sau c chnh sa v cho xut bn li vo thng 4 nm 1998. Ti Vit Nam cui nhng nm 90 ca th k trc nh nc cng ch ti vic p dng h thng tng p cu thang m bo an ton cho con ngi bng vic 188

CHNG 13: TNH TOAN THIET KE HE THONG TANG AP CAU THANG

cho ra i hai tiu chun TCVN 6160:1996 Phng chy cha chy Nh cao tng Yu cu thit k v TCVN 6161:1996 Phng chy cha chy Ch v trung tm thng mi Yu cu thit k. T n ny rt nhiu cng trnh p dng h thng tng p cu thang v ht khi.

Hnh 13.1. Qut tng p cu thang trn mi nh iu hnh d n cng trnh thy in Sn La, Tnh Sn La

13.2. MC CH CA VIC KIM SOT S DI CHUYN CA KHI. Mc ch ca bt k mt h thng kim sot s di chuyn ca khi no cng nhm lm cho khi v kh c khng xm nhp vo li thot him trong mt thi gian con ngi c th thot ra ngoi hoc tm c ni tr n. 13.3. NHNG KHI NIM C BN Khi la chy s to ra khi v s chnh lch p sut. Chnh s chnh lch p sut ny s y khi di chuyn qua cc khe h. Tuy nhin ta cng c th li dng nguyn l v s chnh lch p sut kim sot s di chuyn ca khi. Hai nguyn l c bn v iu khin s di chuyn ca khi c nh ngha bi JH KLOTE: a) S chnh lch v p sut gia hai pha ca vt chn khi (air barriers) c th tc ng n s di chuyn ca khi. (Airflow can control smoke movement if the average VELOCITY is of sufficient magnitude.)

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CHNG 13: TNH TOAN THIET KE HE THONG TANG AP CAU THANG

b) Dng kh lu chuyn c th tc ng n s di chuyn ca khi nu vn tc trung bnh ca dng kh ln. (A PRESSURE difference across a barrier can act to control smoke movement.) Tuy nhin nguyn l th hai ch l mt trng hp c bit ca nguyn l th nht bi v lu cht di chuyn c l do s chnh lch p sut hoc do chnh lch th nng. Nhng nu ch xt ring trong lnh vc kim sot s lan ta ca khi khi c ha hon th ty tng trng hp c th ta c th ng dng nguyn l th nht hoc nguyn l th hai nu ra trn. Thng thng ta c hai trng hp: Trng hp 1: Khe h ln: ca m, v.v ta p dng nguyn l th hai.

Hnh 13.2. Kim sot s di chuyn ca khi khi ca m Trng hp 2: Khe h nh: ca ng, ch cn nhng khe h nh v.v ta p dng nguyn l th nht.

Hnh 13.3. Kim sot s di chuyn ca khi khi ca ng 13.4. PHN LOI CC H THNG KIM SOT S DI CHUYN CA KHI C 2 h thng kim sot s di chuyn ca khi, l:

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CHNG 13: TNH TOAN THIET KE HE THONG TANG AP CAU THANG

13.3.1. Kim sot s di chuyn ca khi s dng h thng thng gi (Smoke Ventilation) H thng ny thng c s dng trong nhng khng gian ln nh bi xe, trung tm mua sm, trung tm hi ngh trin lm, v.v H thng ny s s dng h thng thng gi ca cng trnh thi khi v kh c ra ngoi.

Hnh 13.4. Kim sot s di chuyn ca khi bng h thng thng gi 13.3.2. Kim sot s di chuyn ca khi s dng h thng iu p (Pressurasition for Smoke Control)

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CHNG 13: TNH TOAN THIET KE HE THONG TANG AP CAU THANG

Hnh 13.5. Kim sot s di chuyn ca khi bng h thng tng p cu thang Trong h thng ny, ngi ta s thit k mt h thng ng ng cng vi qut tng p cp kh cho lng cu thang hay phng m (nu c) duy tr p sut dng (khong 10Pa 50Pa) khi c ha hon. ngn khng cho la chy lan vo lng cu thang m bo an ton cho con ngi khi thot him.

13.5. CC THNG S QUAN TRNG NH HNG TI VIC CHN QUT Hai thng s c nh hng ln nht n kch c ca qut cp l: 13.5.1 Vn tc khng kh qua cc ca ang m. (The AIR VELOCITY through the OPEN DOORS.) S c lng tng quan ca Thomas ch ra rng: vi 2,4 MW nhit lng ca la chy s to ra ra khi di chuyn qua mt ci ca c b rng 0,9 m vn tc 3-4 m/s. Tiu chun BS5588 Part 4:1978 yu cu vn tc ny cho nhng ca m lin tc. Trong thc t yu cu v vn tc ny khng th t c trong cc ta nh c s dng phng php iu p kim sot s di chuyn ca khi. V mt s tha hip l cn thit. Ca thng c m mt cch khng lin tc, do vn tc c th c gim. Tiu chun BS5588 Part 4:1978 ch nh vn tc dng kh qua ca l 0,75 m/s trong sut thi gian thot him. 192

CHNG 13: TNH TOAN THIET KE HE THONG TANG AP CAU THANG

Tiu chun BS5588 Part 5:1991 2 m/s cho cha chy. 13.5.2 S lng ca hu dng c m. (The number of EFFECTIVE OPEN DOORS) S thay i ca thng s ny c tc ng ln nht n kch c qut Theo bng 14.1 s lng ca hu dng c m thay i t 1 (c ch nh bi BS5588 Part 4:1978) n 4 (theo tiu chun N.B.C.C:1990 ca Canada) Bng 13.1: So snh cc tiu chun tng p cu thang

13.6. H THNG CP KH (SUPPLY AIR SYSTEM) H thng iu p c 2 hoc i khi c 3 ch vn hnh. Ch 1 C bn: duy tr s chnh lch p sut gia vng an ton (thng l lng trong cu thang hay snh m) v vng cn li ca ta nh l 50 Pa (theo tiu chun BS5588) khi tt c cc ca u ng. Ch 2 Khi con ngi thot ra ngoi: lc ny ca thot him v mt vi ca khc s c m v h thng phi duy tr vn tc kh qua ca l 0,75 m/s. Hoc duy tr s chnh lch p sut 10 Pa khi ca tng c chy ng v mt vi ca khc c m. Ch 3 Cha chy: duy tr vn tc kh qua ca l 2,0 m/s khi ca tng c chy v mt vi ca khc m.

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CHNG 13: TNH TOAN THIET KE HE THONG TANG AP CAU THANG

Tt c cc h thng iu p u phi p ng yu cu vn hnh ch 1. i vi ch vn hnh th 2 ngi ta cn chia ra cc cp ph hp vi tng loi cng trnh khc nhau.

Bng 13.2: Cc cp h thng iu p v phm vi ng dng Cp h thng A B C D Phm vi ng dng Cng trnh dn dng (0,75 m/s) Bo v khng gian dnh cho cu ha (2 m/s) Thng mi (s dng ng thi cho di tn) (10 Pa v 0,75m/s) Khch sn v cc c quan, khng bao gm cc cng trnh cp cp A (10 Pa v 0,75m/s) Di tn (10 Pa v 0,75m/s)

13.7. LC M CA Lc m ca trong trng hp c tng p cu thang bao gm 2 thnh phn: lc l xo ca v lc do chnh lch p sut to ra. Mun m ca phi to ra 1 lc ln hn tng 2 lc thnh phn trn. Do lc m ca khng c qu ln v c th gy kh khn trong vic thot him. Theo ASHRAE lc m ca c tnh theo cng thc di y:
F = Fdc + W.a.p 2(W d )

Trong :

F: Tng lc m ca (N) Fdc: Lc do l xo ca ca (N) W: B rng ca ca (m) A: Din tch ca (m2)


p: Chnh lch p sut hai bn ca (Pa)

d: Khong cch t tay cm ca n cnh gn nht (m)

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CHNG 13: TNH TOAN THIET KE HE THONG TANG AP CAU THANG

13.8. TNH TON THIT K H THNG 13.8.1 Yu cu Cp h thng: v y l ta nh iu hnh ca mt trng i hc (c quan, cng s) nn ta s chn cp h thng l cp D. Mc to p: Khi tt c ca vo thang c ng, gi cp phi duy tr chnh lch p sut gia lng thang v snh m ca ta nh l 50 Pa. Khi cc ca c m (3 ca m theo tiu chun BS5588 Part 4:1998) th chnh lch p sut l 10 Pa v duy tr vn tc gi qua ca l 0,75 m/s. H thng ny c p dng cho thang thot him, vic to p s thc hin bng qut li tm t trn mi. Qut ny s cp kh to p thng qua gain iu p, phn phi ti mi tng nh ming gi. Lc m ca vo bung thang khng ln hn 110N Tt c cp cp ngun v iu khin u phi s dng cp chng chy. Ngun in cp cho qut iu p s l ngun u tin. Mi khu vc iu p cn cung cp ng thot gi trnh trng hp qu p. S vn hnh ca tt c h thng iu p s c iu khin trc tip t t bo chy t ng bt c khi no c tn hiu bo chy t trung tm bo chy. Nt nhn khn cp khi ng h thng iu p c lp t khng qu 1m tnh t ca ra vo cu thang, bn ngoi lng thang. H thng khng c ngng tr khi c ch ngt bng tay. Mi h thng s c cung cp cng tc iu khin on / off t iu khin cha chy chnh. 13.8.2 Tnh ton h thng a) Khi tt c cc ca u ng
Q = 0,83. AE . p (theo hng dn ca tiu chun Anh, cng thc A.11 trang 84

TL [12])
AE = 10. p = 50 Pa Q = 0,83.0, 0894. 50 = 0,525m3 / s 0, 01.0, 02 0, 01 + 0, 02
2 2

= 0, 0894m 2 , theo bng din tch khe ca.

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CHNG 13: TNH TOAN THIET KE HE THONG TANG AP CAU THANG

Cng thm 50% QS = 1,5.0, 525 = 0, 7875m3 / s Bng 13.3: Din tch khe ca theo tiu chun BS5588

b) Khi c 3 ca m (ca tng c chy, ca tng k tng c chy v ca thot him tng trt).
Q = n. A.v + 0,83. AE . p = 3.1, 6.0, 75 + 0,83.0, 0626. 10 = 3, 76m3 / s

Vi AE = 7.

0, 01.0, 02 0, 01 + 0, 02
2 2

= 0, 0626m 2

v = 0, 75m / s , vn tc dng kh qua ca

n: s ca m D phng 15% Q = 3, 76.1,15 = 4,32m3 / s So snh gi tr Q t mc a) v mc b) ta chn Q = 4,32m3 / s c) Tnh ton ng ng dn kh - Bang cach tnh lu lng i qua tng oan, sau o tra o th hnh 10.5 trang 336, TL[2] vi ton that ap suat 1 Pa/m ( 1 Pa/m ), ta c ng knh

tng ng cua moi oan. Tiep theo, ta tra bang 9.4, trang 321, TL[2], ta xac inh kch thc ong ch nhat co ng knh tng ng gan nhat va nho hn ng knh tng ng va tra c cua moi oan ong. Ket qua c trnh bay trong bang sau:

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CHNG 13: TNH TOAN THIET KE HE THONG TANG AP CAU THANG

Bang 13.4. Ket qua tnh toan ng ong gio cho h thng tng p cu thang
ng knh Lu lng oan ong (l/s) (mm) Quat T.10 T.10 T.9 T.9 T.8 T.8 T.7 T.7 T.6 T.6 T.5 T.5 T.4 T.4 T.3 T.3 T.2 T.2 T.1 4320 3888 3456 3024 2592 2160 1728 1296 864 432 783,4 752,7 719,7 684,1 645,2 602,1 553,2 496,1 425,6 327,6 (mmxmm) 1300x425 1250x400 1250x375 1200x350 1200x325 1100x300 1100x250 1000x225 800x200 500x200 8,96 8,74 8,50 8,23 7,93 7,59 7,19 6,70 6,07 5,14 1,3 3,6 3,6 3,6 3,6 3,6 3,6 3,6 3,6 3,6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 tng ng ch nhat (m/s) (m) (Pa/m) Tiet dien ong Van toc Chieu dai Ton that

- T kch thc tiet dien ong ch nhat va chon, ta tra c ng knh tng ng chnh xac cua oan ong va lai tra trong bang 10.5 tren e xac nh van toc va ton that ap suat. Tuy nhien rieng oi vi ton that ap suat, v khi ta tra kch thc ong luon chon gan bang 1 nen e cong viec thiet ke de dang ma khong anh hng nhieu en ket qua tnh toan, ta lay ton that ap suat tnh toan luon bang 1 Pa/m. d) Tnh chn qut Tn tht p sut dc ng ng dn kh (tn tht p sut)
p = 44.1 = 44 (Pa)

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CHNG 13: TNH TOAN THIET KE HE THONG TANG AP CAU THANG

Tn tht cc b Tn tht p sut ti on cong (ng ng ch c 1 on cong)


pcb = . pd = 0,18.0, 602.8,96 2 = 8, 7 Pa

Vi = 0,18 (bng 10.11a trang 348, TL [3]) Tn tht p sut ti tit din ng thu hp dn
pcb = . pd

= 0, 05 (bng 10.27 trang 363, TL [3])


pd = 0, 602.V 2

pcb = 0, 602.0, 05.Vi 2 = 0, 602.0, 05.(8,96 2 + 8, 74 2 + 8,52 + 8, 232 + 7, 932 + 7,592 7,192 + 6, 7 2 + 6, 07 2 + 5,142 ) = 17,37 Pa

Tn tht p sut ti cc on ng r nhnh Tr lc cc b theo ng chnh


c,s
0, 01 (theo bng 10.34a trang 370, TL [3])

pcb = 0, 602.Vi 2 .0, 01 =3,47 Pa

Tr lc cc b theo ng nhnh
Q 10 = 0, 77 (theo bng 10.41 trang 377, TL [3])

109 = 0, 77 7 6 = 0, 75 43 = 0, 71

98 = 0, 76 65 = 0, 72 3 2 = 0

87 = 0, 75 5 4 = 0, 69

pcb = 0, 602.5,14 2. i =94,15

Pa

Tn tht ti ming vo ca ng dn
= 0,52
pcb = 0, 602.5,14 2.0,52.10 = 82, 7 Pa

Tn tht p sut ti ming thi


= 0,51
pcb = 0, 602.5,142.0, 52.10 = 81,1 Pa

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CHNG 13: TNH TOAN THIET KE HE THONG TANG AP CAU THANG

Tng p sut tnh


p = 81,1 + 82, 7 + 94,15 + 3, 47 + 17, 37 + 8, 7 + 44 = 331,5 Pa

T 2 thng s tng p sut tnh v lu lng, s dng phn mm FAN SELECTOR ca hng KRUGER ta tm c qut li tm vi Model BSB630/CM (CLI) vi cc thng s k thut (xem Ph lc 4): (bng xut ra t chng trnh la chn qut ca hng Kruger).

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