TNG QUAN V HA PHN TCH Khi nim v ha phn tch: Ha phn tch l khoa hc v cc phng php kim tra

nhng qu trnh ha l v k thut ha hc. Phn tch nh tnh (PTT): Xc nh s hin din ca cc cu t trong mu phn tch v nh gi s b hm lng ca chng. Phn tch nh lng (PTL): Xc nh chnh xc hm lng ca nhng cu t trong mu. Vai tr ca ha phn tch: Gip tm ra cc nh lut ha hc quan trng Xc nh c nguyn t khi ca mt s nguyn t Thnh lp c cng thc ha hc ca nhiu hp cht C s cho vic kim nghim ha hc trong nghin cu, sn xut Xy dng cc phng php kim tra t ng cc qu trnh k thut Phn loi phng php phn tch (Da vo bn cht ca phng php) 1. Phng php ha hc (PPHH) Dng phn ng ha hc chuyn cu t kho st thnh hp cht mi c tnh cht c trng m ta c th xc nh c s hin din v hm lng ca cu t kho st. 2. Phng php vt l (PPVL) Xc nh thnh phn v hm lng ca cc cht da trn vic nghin cu cc tnh cht quang, in, t, nhit hoc cc tnh cht vt l khc. 3. Phng php ha l (PPHL) Kt hp gia PPHH v PPVL. nh tnh hoc nh lng mu da vo l tnh ca hp cht hay dung dch thu c t cc phn ng ha hc gia cu t cn phn tch vi thuc th. 4. Cc phng php ha l khc PPPT phng x: o cc bc x ca cc nguyn t c hot tnh phng x. PP nhit, PPnhit in, PP o dn in, PP chun nhit lng 5. Phng php ph nghim (PPPN) Kt qu kho st c biu din di dng ph, bao gm: Phng php quang ph: da trn s pht x, hp thu v tn x nh sng. Phng php khi ph: o khi lng phn t cht Phng php ph cng hng t: da trn s tng tc cht vi mi trng. 6. Phng php sc k (PPSK)

Da trn s chuyn dch ca hn hp phn tch qua lp cht bt ng tm trn cht mang rn (pha tnh) nh mt cht lng hoc kh c kh nng di chuyn (pha ng). ng dng: Tch cc cht v c v hu c ging nhau v thnh phn v tnh cht. Tch cc nguyn t t him v cc nguyn t phng x nh tnh, nh lng rt nhiu loi mu: rn, lng, kh. 6. Phng php sc k (PPSK) Da trn s chuyn dch ca hn hp phn tch qua lp cht bt ng tm trn cht mang rn (pha tnh) nh mt cht lng hoc kh c kh nng di chuyn (pha ng). ng dng: Tch cc cht v c v hu c ging nhau v thnh phn v tnh cht. Tch cc nguyn t t him v cc nguyn t phng x nh tnh, nh lng rt nhiu loi mu: rn, lng, kh. MUC DICH CUA PHEP PHAN TICH nh ngha: Muc ch cua phep phan tch lien quan en viec tm ra lng va loai cac cau t hoa hoc hien dien trong mau. Yeu cau phan tch nham muc ch: - Cung cap thong tin chnh xac ve gia tr cua mau thc - Chuan b cac so lieu ay u e d oan xu hng phat trien, bien oi cua vat chat - Chap nhan hay loai tr mot san pham nao o - Kiem nghiem mot so ch tieu ac trng cua mau VAI TRO PHAN TICH VOI KHOA HOC MOI TRUONG Xac nh ham lng chat o nhiem Xac nh oc to hoa hoc Kiem nh chat lng mau trc khi s dung YEU CAU PHAN TICH - Nhan vien : c ren luyen qua trng lp, co tay nghe, kinh nghiem - Moi trng lam viec: Khong gian thoang, sach se, an toan - Thiet b: c chuan hoa bao gom thiet b phan tch hoa hoc, hoa ly, phan tch the tch, may tnh, pham mem quan ly d lieu - Hoa chat: am bao chat lng, o tinh khiet

Nguyn tc chung v chun Chun l phng php xc nh hm lng cc cht da trn vic do th tch dung dch thuc th (DD chun) c thm vo mt th tch nh DD cht nh phn tc dng va vi cht nh phn . KHAI NIEM c trng ca mt php phn tch: tnh ng nht thp, tnh d th cao phi c loi tr. Qu trnh ny i hi phn tch cng phu v chnh xc ngha ca mt php phn tch: Cung cp thng tin chnh xc v mu, do c c nh gi chnh xc v mu. Trong thng mi s lm tng uy tn ca sn phm sn xut ra. Yu cu ca khch hng: Tha thun vi khch hng v yu cu phn tch mu. Yu cu thng tin mu bao gm: Ngun gc mu, thi gian, a im ly mu, mc dch ca vic phn tch. nh ngha php phn tch: L mt php m t xc nh c thnh phn, tnh cht (phn tch nh tnh) v lng (phn tch nh lng) no tn ti trong mu. Mc ch ca php phn tch: c 4 mc ch Chun b ngn hng d liu tm ra xu hng bin i ca cc vt cht trong mi trng. Chp nhn hay loi tr 1 sn phm trc khi a vo th trng hoc cng on sn xut tip theo. nh gi gi tr ca mu trc khi tr tin cho mu . Kim chng li mt s ch tiu trong sn phm.

Hoc LOD = 3. lch chun ca php th 0 La chn phng php Cc yu t nh hng khi lc chn PP phn tch: Gii hn pht hin (LOD hoc DL): L lng cht nh nht trong mu phn tch m ta c th pht hin c. Gii hn nh lng: > LOD ng ca PP: lch gia gi tr o v gi tr thc ca mu cn o. chnh xc ca PP: lch gia gi tr o v gi tr ca ng chun. Vn tc ca phng PP phn tch Thit b phn tch Kch thc, kch c ca mu Gi thnh phn tch Tnh an tan

Sai s thng gp Sai s v mt phng php: vd: pp qu c in Sai s v mt thit b: vd: cha chun thit b La chn thit b, vt dng phn tch: Mi trng phn tch: thit b o, nhn vin phn tch, ha cht lu tr trong PTN, mi trng khng kh trong PTN. Yu t nh hng n th nghim: Bi Bc x in t Xung ng in t nh sng mt tri Nhit

 m La chn thit b, vt dng phn tch: Thit b La chn thit b ph hp Chc nng ha thit b: nh chun thit b Kim tra thit b Lau chi, bo tr thit b thng xuyn Ha cht v cc vt dng khc: Ha cht phi c ghi tinh khit Nhn phi ghi r nh xut bn, CTP, CTCT, KLPT, V,.. Chun b ha cht cn lu : Tun th tuyt i theo ch dn Lu dng c cha ha cht iu kin lu tr ha cht Quy tc an tan khi s dng ha cht Thi b ha cht DO MAU Cc nguyn nhn dn n sai s khi o mu Nng lc yu km ca ngi phn tch PP s dng khng hp l Mu b nhim bn Cc nhiu khi o mu Sai s trong nh chun thit b Sai s trong ly mu Cc qu trnh phn hy xy ra trong mu Tnh thch hp ca mt phng php phn tch C 6 ch tiu: Tnh lp li ca php phn tch Lm th nghim thu hi Mu th khng Cc PP tng t c thc hin nc khc, ngi khc, t chc khc Dng u d khc Dng vt liu tham chiu Yu cu v nng lc ca ngi phn tch Trc khi phn tch: Cch li mu C bn miu t phn tch mi nht, c k PP phn tch c, hiu bn miu t PP phn tch Kim tra li ton b thit b Lp k hoch cho cng vic Xem xt tnh c t ca php o C qun o bo h, gng tay, mt n Kim tra li cc dng c thy tinh Ln k hoch thi b cc ha cht, lau chi thit b Yu cu v nng lc ca ngi phn tch Trong lc phn tch: Kim tra li l lch ca mu Thc hin vic ly mu o o m bo sch thit b sau mi bc o Ghi nhn li, theo di, quan st qu trnh o Khng c nng vi trong khi o

Yu cu v nng lc ca ngi phn tch Sau khi phn tch: Thu thp, ghi nhn cc s liu o nh gi s b cc sai s Kim tra cc gii ngha s liu trong kt qu Khng c vt mu ngay m phi lu gi trong mt thi gian Sp xp v chun b li hin trng th nghim chun b cho php o tip theo.

nh chun php o phn tch So snh gi tr o c vi gi tr tham chiu Gi tr tham chiu c cung cp bi vt liu tham chiu, c cung cp bi nh sn xut Kim tra cht lng php o Cc ch tiu: Mu trng Mu kim tra cht lng: Dung dch chun Mu lp li: kim tra chnh xc Mu m Thu hi: kim tra tnh ng n ca php o X L V BO CO D LiU Qan l d liu Ghi nhn s liu: C 4 hnh thc s liu: S liu lin quan n mua/ bn, hp ng mua bn, ha n, bin bn kim k. Cc th tc lin quan n PTN Phng php Quy tc lin quan n nh chun thit b v phng php Cc th tc bo tr, chi ra thit b. Cc cng vic lin quan n phn tch: Bng biu s liu, th lun lun phi c ghi ch y Bo co kt qu Chuyn kt qu o c sang dng s liu c th c c, so snh kt qu o c vi vt liu tham chiu a kt qu o cho mt ngi khc kim tra li S liu lin quan n mua/ bn, hp ng mua bn, ha n, bin bn kim k. o c tnh bt thng Tnh bt thng l yu t xy ra lm cho kt qu php o b lch so vi kt qu ng Khi nim v sai s: l sai s gia kt qu ca php o vi gi tr thc: C 2 lai sai s: Sai s bt k Sai s h thng nhy ca PP phn tch: c quyt nh bi dc ca ng chun

Theo bn cht phn ng chun : 1. Phng php axit baz: nh lng cc axit, baz v cc mui c tnh axit hoc baz da trn cc phn ng trung ha (H+ + OH- H2O).

2. Phng php kt ta: Dng nh lng cc ion to c cc hp cht kh tan. Tuy nhin cc phn ng ny xy ra chm v khng c cht ch th thch hp nn p dng hn ch. 3. Phng php phc cht: nh lng hu ht cc cation kim loi v mt s anion da trn phn ng to phc cht gia cht cn phn tch v thuc th. 4. Phng php oxi ha: nh lng trc tip cc nguyn t chuyn tip, mt s cht hu c v nh lng gin tip mt s ion v c da trn phn ng oxi ha kh. 1. PHNG PHP CHUN TO PHC Nguyn tc: Da trn phn ng to phc ca cc cht Cc phng php chun to phc thng dng: Phng php complexom Phng php bc Phng php thy ngn II 1.1 Phng php complexon 2. Da trn s to phc cng cua ca cc ion kim loi vi nhm complexon dn xut ca axt aminopolycacboxylic (ph bin dinatri ca axt etilendiamin tetraaxetic - EDTA). 3. Ch th mu l nhng axt hu c yu hoc baz yu cha nhng nhm mang mu v ch mu. Mu bin i theo pM (pM = - lg[M]) v theo pH. 4. Mu ca ch th v mu ca phc phi khc nhau, d phn bit. 5. pH phi thch hp cho ch th v phn ng to phc xy ra hon ton. 6. Ch th thng dng: eriocromen T, murexit, xylen da cam