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DC field winding of the rotor replaced by permanent magnet. Advantages Elimination of field Cu loss High power density Lower rotor inertia Robust construction of the rotor Disadvantage Possible demagnetization effect
INTRODUCTION
Difference from BLDCM is the way in which the stator windings are excited. Phase windings connected to a 3 phase AC supply of line frequency producing a smooth rotating stator mmf . Permanent magnet rotor will follow the stator rotating field ,the north and south pole of the rotor continuously attracted by the north and south pole of the stator mmf respectively.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
CLASSIFICATION
Sinusoidal Surface Magnet Machine (SPM) Sinusoidal Interior Magnet Machine(IPM)
stator- three phase sinusoidal windings creating synchronously rotating air gap flux. The PMs glued on the rotor surface using epoxy adhesive. Rotor has iron core-solid or punched laminations. Low armature reaction effect.
Stator-three phase winding. Magnets mounted inside the rotor. More robust and higher speed of operation possible.
Synchronous speed is directly proportional to frequency. But the induced voltage is proportional to frequency and speed ,it will be necessary to adjust the voltage also. Simplest Inferior performance compared with the vector control.
Closed
speed tracking essential among no. of machines for certain applications like fiber spinning mills. All the machines connected in parallel to the same inverter. They connected in parallel to the same inverter so that they move in synchronism corresponding to the command frequency e* at the input.
The
phase voltage command Vs* generated through a function generator (FG) where voltage proportional to frequency so that stator flux s remains constant. s maintained constant at rated value- permits maximum available torque/ampere of stator current and fast transient response.
Front end of voltage fed PWM inverter supplied from utility line through a diode rectifier and LC filter. Machine normally built with a damper or cage winding to prevent oscillatory or underdamping behaviour during the transient response.
TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
Assume initially load torque is zero. The machine initially started from stand-still condition at point O to point A by increasing frequency. At this point, the load torque TL gradually increased. At steady-state condition, Te =TL , the operating point will move vertically along AB.
* Is - stator current
=torque angle
Torque angle, stator current will increase gradually until the rated torque is reached at point B .
TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
Operating point can be changed from B to C by gradually increasing frequency.It can be brought back to D by reducing TL. Any sudden change in e* will make the system unstable because of loss of synchronism. For variable-speed operation, the motor speed should be able to track the command frequency without losing synchronism. The rate of e* change or maximum acceleration/deceleration dictated by the following equation
For acceleration
For deceleration
At base speed, voltage Vs will saturate. Beyond this point-field weakening mode available torque will be reduced due to reduced s
TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
A self controlled synchronous machine has a close analogy with a DC machine except
Unlike a DC machine, field-rotating and armature stationary. Unlike a mechanical position sensitive inverter, we have an electronic converter controlled by absolute position encoder. fluxes and phasor diagram are rotating at synchronous speed .
Stator winding of the machine fed by an inverter that generates a variablefrequency variable voltage sinusoidal supply. Here, variable frequency converter control pulses are derived from an absolute rotor position . Instead of controlling the inverter frequency independently, the frequency and phase of the output wave controlled by an absolute position sensor mounted on machine shaft. Stator supply frequency varied so that the synchronous speed same as rotor speed. Rotor runs at synchronous speed for all operating points. Consequently rotor cannot pull out of step and hunting oscillations eliminated.
Employs 2 converters termed as source side converter and load side converter. When firing angles changed such that 0 s 90, 90 l 180
the source side converter works as a rectifier load side converter works as a inverter power flow from ac source to the motor giving motoring operation.
For self control mode operation ,rotating field speed should be same as that of rotor speed.
Realized by making the frequency of the load side converter output voltage equal to the frequency of the voltage induced in the armature.
wm*
Outer speed loop control-inner current control loop with a limiter Voltage sensor generates reference pulses same frequency as the machine induced voltages Phase delay circuit-phase delay-to obtain suitable constant commutation lead angle. Depending on sign of speed error- lc set for motoring or braking operation. Positive speed error- lc set for motoring Speed controller and current limiter-set the dc link current reference-set at max. permissible value-machine accelerates fast-desired speed obtained Negative speed error- lc set for regenerative brakingdecelerates.
VECTOR CONTROL
Separately
excited DC drives simple in control because they independently control flux and torque. Independent control of flux and torque is possible in a.c drives by the use of vector control.
To explain the principle of vector control, an assumption is made that the position of rotor flux linkage (r ) is known and concentrated along d-axis and zero flux along q-axis. The stator current is resolved into idsr (if ) and iqsr (iT ) . The current phasor is produces the rotor flux r and torque Te . Component of current producing rotor flux is in phase with r -if . Perpendicular component iT torque producing component.
Synthesize these currents by using an inverter. When they are fed to the PMSM ,the required flux and torque can be produced.
TORQUE EXPRESSION
IB = Lm Ifr /(Lq Ld )
Consider for example, Te(pu) =1.0 locus in the second quadrant. Any radial distance on the locus from the origin represents the stator current magnitude Point A on the locus represents minimum stator current For higher Te(pu) ,the corresponding optimum points are B,C,D etc. For positive torque , the polarity of iqs positive. wheras the polarity of ids is negative. Polarity of torque reversed by reversing iqs current.
Speed control loop generates the torque command Te*. From Te* signals, command currents ids* and iqs* generated with the help of function generators FG1 and FG2 respectively. Polarity of ids* negative irrespective of torque polarity. Polarity of iqs* dictated by Te * . The absolute position signal e converts the rotating frame signals ids* and iqs* into stationary frame phase current commands ia* , ib* and ic* .
SENSORLESS CONTROL
Unlike trapezoidal SPM machine ,the sensorless control of sinusoidal SPM machine difficult because
Three devices in the inverter conduct at any instant Continuous position signal of the rotor required for the control.
SENSORLESS CONTROL
Simplest method . unit vectors derived from machine terminal voltages and currents.
.(1)
Cos(r + ) and sin (r + ) are unit vector signals The estimated speed can be calculated using (3) .
The error between reference speed (r*) and the estimated speed (r) fed to a function generator to generate the corresponding command signals Is and Im . These fed to a vector rotator(VR) and transformed into a three phase stator current command.
SALIENT FEATURES
Potentiometer R14 selects the desired speed (Reference Speed). Rotor position is detected using Hall effectsensors connected to pins RB3, RB4 and RB5. The current is sensed using a 0.1 ohm resistor(R26).
OVERVIEW
When the motor is running, Measured Speed is subtracted from Reference Speed (desired speed) and the resulting error is processed by the PID controller to generate the amplitude of the sine wave. The Reference Speed is set by an external potentiometer, Measured speed is derived from a Hall effect sensor. Once Amplitude is known, two additional parameters are needed for sine generation. One parameter is the period of the sine wave, which is taken from one of the Hall effect sensors. The other parameter is the Phase, which is calculated using Phase Advance, depending on speed range requirements and the rotor position from the Hall effect sensors. The Amplitude variable sets the amount of motor current and the resulting torque. An increase in torque corresponds to an increase in speed. The speed ontrol loop only controls Amplitude. The value of Phase from the Phase Advance block is derived . Main State machine, interacts with all the other software blocks using global variables
TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
FLUX-SPEED RELATION
where
REGIONS OF OPERATION
constant torque region constant power or field weakening region. Boundary between two regions of operation depends upon the dc input (or battery) voltage Vd . With higher Vd, the limit of phase voltage Vs increases proprtionally.