I. Cc thng s c bn 1.

Tnh cht ha l SO2 : SO2 l cht kh khng mu, mi kch thch mnh, d ha lng, d ha tan trong nc ( iu kin bnh thng 1 th tch nc ha tan 40 th tch SO2) . Khi ho tan trong nc to thnh dung dch sunfur v tn ti 2 dng : ch yu l SO2.nH2O v phn nh l H2SO3 . SO2 c nhit nng chy 750 C v nhit si 100C . Nguyn t S trong phn t SO2 c cp electron ha tr t do linh ng v trng thi oxy ha trung gian (+4) nn SO2 c th tham gia phn ng theo nhiu kiu khc nhau: - Cng khng thay i s xy ha : SO2 + H2O -Thc hin phn ng kh : SO2 + 2CO 500 oC -Thc hin phn ng oxy ha : SO2 + O2 = SO3 SO2 + Cl2 + H2O = H2SO4 + HCl Trong mi trng khng kh , SO2 d b xy ha v bin thnh SO3 trong kh quyn . SO3 tc dng vi H2O trong mi trng m v bin thnh acid hoc mui sunfat . Chng s nhanh chng tch khi kh quyn v ri xung gy nhim mi trng t v mi trng nc . 2.Tc hi ca kh SO2 SO2 trong kh thi cng nghip l mt thnh phn gy nhim khng kh. Nng cho php kh SO2 c trong mi trng xung quanh chng ta l rt nh(<300mg/m3). N nh hng rt nhiu n sc khe, cc hot ng ca con ngi, cng nh ng vt, thc vt v bu kh quyn i vi con ngi v ng vt : khi ht phi kh SO2 c th gy ra cc bnh v ng h hp nh: vim ph qun, vim phi, gin phi, suy tim, hen xuyn . . . . Nu ht phi SO2 vi nng cao c th gy t vong. i vi vt liu v cng trnh xy dng :
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= H2SO3 2CO2 + S

+ Kh SO2 c kh nng bin thnh acid sunfuric, l cht phn ng mnh. Do chng lm h hng, lm thay i tnh nng vt l hay thay i mu sc cc vt liu xy dng nh vi, hoa, cm thch . . . cng nh ph hoi cc sn phm iu khc, cc tng i. + St , thp ,cc kim loi khc , cc cng trnh xy dng cng d dng b g , b n mn ha hc v in ha . i vi thc vt : + Kh SO2 xm nhp vo cc m ca cy v kt hp vi nc to thnh

acid sunfur gy tn thng mng t bo v lm gim kh nng quang hp ca cy . Cy chm ln , vng a v cht . + Kh SO2 lm cy ci chm ln, nhiu bnh tt, cht lng gim hiu qu thu hoch km . Ma acid : kh SO2 trong kh quyn khi gp cc cht oxy ha hay di tc ng ca nhit , nh sng chng chuyn thnh SO3 nh O2 c trong khng kh. Khi gp H2O, SO3 kt hp vi nc to thnh H2SO4. y chnh l nguyn nhn to ra cc cn ma acid m thit hi ca ma acid gy ra l rt ln. Ma acid lm tng tnh acid ca tri t, hy dit rng v ma mng , gy nguy hi i vi sinh vt nc, i vi ng vt v c con ngi. Ngoi ra, cn ph hy cc nh ca, cng trnh kin trc bng kim loi b n mn . . Nu H2SO4 c trong nc ma vi nng cao s lm bng da ngi hay lm mc nt o qun

CNG NGH X L KH SO2 SO2 l loi cht nhim bin nht trong sn xut cng nghip cng nh trong sinh hot ca con ngi. Ngun pht thi SO2 ch yu l t cc trung tm nhit in, cc loi l nung, l hi khi t nhin liu than, du kh t c cha S hay cc hp cht cha S. Ngoi ra mt s cng on sn xut trong cng nghip ho cht, luyn kim cng thi vo kh quyn lng kh SO2 ng k . Trn th gii hng nm tiu th gn 2 t tn than cc loi v gn 1 t tn du m. Khi thnh phn S trong nhin liu trung bnh chim 1% th lng kh SO2 thi vo kh quyn l 60 triu tn/nm. Vn nhim kh quyn bi kh SO2 t lu tr thnh mi him ho ca nhiu nc. Cng ngh x l SO2 trong cng nghip uc pht tin t rt lu. Ngoi tc dng lm sch kh quyn, bo v mi trng, cn c ngha kinh t l thu hi SO2 l ngun cung cp nhin liu cho sn xut H2SO4 v lu hunh nguyn cht. 1. Hp th kh SO2 bng nc Qu trnh x l SO2 bng nc din ra theo phn ng sau: SO2 + H2O H+ + HSO3-

S h thng hp th kh SO2 bao gm 2 giai on sau:

Hp th kh SO2 bng cch phun nc vo dng kh hoc cho kh SO2 i qua lp

vt liu m c ti nc.
Gii thot kh SO2 ra khi cht hp th thu hi SO2 v nc sch.

Mc ha tan ca kh SO2 trong nc gim khi nhit nc tng cao v ngc li gii thot kh SO2 ra khi nc th nhit ca nc phi cao. 100oC th SO2 bc ra hon ton v trong kh thot ra c ln hi nc. Bng phng php ngng t ngi ta thu hi c kh SO2 vi m c gn 100% sn xut acid sunfuric. gii hp th cn phi un nng mt lng nc rt ln, l mt kh khn. Ngoi ra, s dng li nc cho qu trnh hp th phi lm ngui nc xung gn 10oC, tc phi cn n ngun cp lnh. cng l vn khng n gin v tn km. V vy, phng php ny ch nn p dng khi: -Nng SO2 trong kh thi tng i cao
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-C sn ngun cp nhit (hi nc) vi gi r -C sn ngun nc lnh Trong trng hp kh thi giu SO2 nh trong cng on nu qung sunfua kim loi ca cng nghip luyn kim mu, nng SO2 trong kh thi c th t 212%, ngi ta c th x l kh SO2 bng nc kt hp vi nc to thnh acid sunfuric. Qu trnh cng c thc hin thnh 2 giai on: giai on th nht kh SO2 kt hp vi oxy nh s c mt ca cht xc tc Vanadi bin thnh anhirit sunfuric v giai on th hai l dng nc ti trong lp vt liu m anhirit sunfuric kt hp vi nc to thnh acid H2SO4. SO2 + O2 = SO3 SO3 + H2O H2SO4

Trong giai on th nht, phn ng oxy ho kh SO2 c to nhit v phn ng xy ra cng mnh nhit cng thp, do cn thc hin qu trnh ny qua nhiu tng xc tc, sau mi tng u c lm ngui.

Hnh 1 S hp th kh SO2 bng nc 1- Thp hp th 2 - Thp nh hp th kh SO 2 3- Thit b ngng t 4,5 - Thit b trao i nhit 6 -Bm
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2. X l SO2 bng vi (CaCO3) hoc vi nung (CaO) X l SO2 bng vi l phng php c p dng rt rng ri trong cng nghip v hiu qu x l rt cao, nguyn liu r tin v c sn mi ni. Cc phn ng: CaCO3 + SO2 = CaSO3 + CO2 CaO + SO2 = CaSO3 2CaSO3 + O2 = 2CaSO4 Khi thi sau khi c lc sch tro bi i vo scrub 1, trong xy ra qu trnh hp th kh SO2 bng dung dch sa vi ti trn lp m bng vt liu rng. Nc cha acid chy ra t scrub c cha nhiu sunfit v canxisunfat di dng tinh th CaSO3.0,5H2O, CaSO4.2H2O v mt t tro bi cn st li sau b lc tro bi, do cn tch cc tinh th ni trn bng b phn tch tinh th 2. Thit b 2 l mt bnh rng cho php dung dch lu li mt thi gian hnh thnh cc tinh th sunfit v sunfat canxi. Sau b phn tch tinh th 2, dung dch mt phn i vo ti cho scurb, phn cn li i qua bnh lc chn khng 3, cc tinh th c gi li di dng cn bn v c thi ra ngoi. vi c p vn v nghin thnh bt ri cho vo thng 6 pha trn vi dung dch long chy ra t b lc chn khng s 3 cng vi lng nc b sung hnh thnh dung dch sa vi mi. Cn bn t h thng x l thi ra c th s dng lm cht kt dnh trong xy dng khi chuyn sunfit thnh sunfat trong l nung

Hnh 2 S h thng x l SO2 bng CaCO3, CaO. 1- Thp hp th 2- B phn tch tinh th 3- B lc chn khng 4,5- Bm , 6- Thng trn sa vi
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3. X l SO2 bng amoniac Amoniac v kh SO2 trong dung dch nc c phn ng vi nhau v to ra mui trung gian amoni sunfit, sau mui amoni sunfit li tc dng tip vi SO2 v H2O to ra mui amoni bisunfit theo phn ng sau: SO2 + 2NH3 + H2O = (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO3 + SO2 + H2O = 2NH4HSO3 Lng bisunfit tch t dn trong dung dch c th hon nguyn bng cch nung nng trong chn khng, kt qu thu c amoni sunfit v SO2. Amoni sunfit ny li c th s dng tip kh SO2 2NH4HSO3 (NH4)2SO3+SO2+H2

Ngoi ra trong dung dch cn c th xy ra s phn hy sunfit v bisunfit amoni thnh sunfat amoni v lu hunh n cht theo phn ng sau: 2NH4HSO3 + (NH4)2SO3 = 2(NH4)2SO4 + S + H2O Lu hunh n cht hnh thnh theo phn ng trn n lt ca mnh li tc dng vi amoni sunfit v to ra thiosunfat: (NH4)2SO3 + S = (NH4)2S2O3 Sau thiosunfat li kt hp vi amoni bisunfit v to ra lu hunh n cht nhiu gp 2 ln (NH4)2S2O3 + 2NH4HSO3 = 2(NH4)2SO4 + 2S + H2O Lu hunh n cht li tc dng vi sunfit. C nh vy tc phn ng phn hy dung dch lm vic tng dn v dung dch lm vic s hon ton bin thnh amoni sunfat v lu hunh n cht. H thng x l SO2 bng amoniac theo chu trnh S h thng x l SO2 bng amoniac theo chu trnh c th hin hnh 3. Khi thi t l sau khi c lc sch tro bi i vo scrub 1 v c ti nc tun hon. Khi c lm ngui n 30oC, cn bi cn c thi ra ngoi. Trong nc tun hon dng cho qu trnh lm ngui khi trong scrub 1 c cha bi, SO2 v H2SO4. Lng kh SO2 kh c trong scrub 1 chim khong 10% lng SO2 chung trong khi thi khi nng ban u ca SO2 trong khi l 0,3%. Nhit cui ca nc t gn 50oC. nc tun hon c trong h thng n
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phi c lm ngui xung khong 27oC trong thit b lm ngui (thit b trao i nhit) s 2. Thit b 2 c th l thp lm mt, lc khng kh i qua thp phi c thi cao thch hp phng s lan ta kh SO2 t nc thot ra trong qu trnh lm ngui nc. ngn chn s tch t bi qu mc trong nc tun hon cn phi c b lng, mt b phn nc sau khi lng cn s thi ra ngoi sau khi trung ha axit v nc sch c b sung vo. T scrub 1 kh c lm ngui i vo thp hp th s 3, ti qu trnh hp th SO2 c thc hin trn nhiu tng, mi tng hp th c ti dung dch theo chu trnh kn, trong khi mt phn dung dch t tng trn c a xung ti mt cch lin tc cho tng di. Tng hp th trn cng c ti bng nc sch vi mc ch ngn cn s tht thot kh NH3 i theo khi thi ra ngoi. Dung dch hon nguyn c cp vo tng hp th k vi tng trn cng.

Hnh 3 S h thng x l SO2 bng amoniac 1.Thp hp th, 2,4.TB lm ngui, 3.thp hp th nhiu tng, 5.hon nguyn, 6.thp bc hi, 7.thng kt tinh, 8.my vt kh ly tm, 9.ni trng p. Dung dch i ra tng hp th di cng c cha nhiu amoni bisunfit (NH4)2SO3 c trch mt phn a vo thp hon nguyn 5, trong c cp nhit bng hi nc bo ha kh (i trong dn ng xon) un nng dung dch. y xy ra phn ng 2NH4HSO3 Nung nng Kh SO2 thot ra t thp hon nguyn 5 t nng khong 94-97% v c s dng iu ch acid sunfuric. Dung dch sau khi hon nguyn xong (cha amoni sunfit) c lm ngui trong thit b trao i nhit 4 v a vo chu trnh ti. Nh vy dung dch hp th c tun hon theo chu trnh kn v do ngi ta gi
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(NH4)2SO3 + SO2 + H2O

l phng php theo chu trnh. Mt lng amoniac NH3 c b sung vo chu trnh ti b li lng NH3 tiu hao to thnh amoni sunfit theo phn ng 2NH4HSO3 + (NH4)2SO3 = 2(NH4)2SO4 + S + H2O tch amoni sunfat hnh thnh trong qu trnh hp th ra khi dung dch, mt phn dung dch sau khi hon nguyn c a sang thit b 6, ti y ngi ta cp nhit cho nc bc hi, phn cn li c lm ngui v kt tinh trong thng 7. Cc tinh th sunfat c vt kh trong my quay ly tm 8 cn phn dung dch th quay v chu trnh ti. Ngoi amoni sunfat, trong dd ra khi thp hp th 3 cn c th c thiosunfat. Do mt phn dd ra khi thp hp th 3 c a sang x l ni chng p 9. y di p sut v nhit =140oC sunfit, bisunfit v thiosunfat amoni phn hy thnh amonisunfat v lu hynh n cht theo phn ng (NH4)2S2O3 + 2NH4HSO3 = 2(NH4)2SO4 + 2S + H2O Dung dch amoni sunfat c tch khi lu hynh bng phng php lng v i vo thp bc hi 6, cn lu hynh n cht c ra khun. 4.X l SO2 bng amoniac c chng p

Hnh 4 S h thng x l SO2 bng amoniac c chng p Kh thi sau khi c lc sch bi i vo thp hp th 1, dung dch hp th c ti theo chu trnh tun han. Nng mui amoni trong dd hp th t khang 45%. Ngi ta b sung vo dd ti mt lng dd nc amoniac m c (30%). Mt phn dd ti tng ng vi lng dd mi b sung vo lun lun c tch ra sau thp hp th a vo b lc p 2, sau i vo thung chng p 3. y ngi ta cho mt lng nh axit sunfuric vo dd v un nng n nhit 180oC vi
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p sut d 14 atm. Di iu kin nhit v p sut nu trn qu trnh oxy ha t ng xy ra to thnh amoni sunfat v lu hynh n cht. Sau khi han thnh phn ng oxyha, cc cht trong thng chng p ngui dn, p sut d gim xung n 3.5 atm, lu hunh n cht lng xung y ri a ra thnh khun. Phn dd ni bn trn c a sang thit b bc hi chn khng 4 ri i qua my lc ly tm 5 tch amoni sunfat. c im ca phng php x l SO2 bng amoni c chng p l sn phNm cui cng thu c ch yu gm amoni sunfat. 5.X l SO2 bng amoniac v vi Phng php ny c mt s hng cng nghip ca Php nghin cu v p dng ti trung tm cng nghip Saint Ouen gn th Pari ca Php. Hn hp hi nc v amoniac c phun trc tip vo khi thi trn ng ng dn vo h thng hai scrub lp ni tip 1 v 2. Kh SO2 trong khi thi kt hp vi amoniac to thnh sunfit v bisunfit amoni. Trong scrub 1 phn ln tro bi v cc sn phm sunfit, bisunfit c lai ra khi dng kh v theo dung dch ti chy xung thng cha 7. Ti y nhit kh cng h xung cn khang 60oC. Tip theo kh i vo scrub 2 v cc sn phNm to thnh t SO2 v amoniac cn st li tip tc b tch ra khi dng kh v theo dung dch chy xung thng cha 8. Mt phn dung dch ti t scrub 2 chy xung thng cha 8 c a sang ti cho scrub 1 v mt lng dung dch mi c b sung vo thng 8.

Hnh 5 S h thng x l SO2 bng amoniac v vi . 1,2.thp hp th, 3.thng phn ng, 4.lm ngui, 5.my lc ly tm, 6.thng pha ch sa vi, 7,8.thng cha dung dch ti

Dung dch bo ha thng cha 7 c a sang thng phn ng 3, ti sa vi v

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hi nc c cp vo kt hp vi sunfit v bisunfit amoni to thnh sunfit v sunnfat canxi theo cc phn ng sau: (NH4)2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O NH4HSO3 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO3 +NH3 + 2H2O (NH4)2SO3 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO3 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Amoniac v hi nc bc ln t thng phn ng 3 c ht v phun vo ng ng dn khi thi, cn bn nho lng y c a sang lm ngui trong thit b trao i nhit 4, sau cn c tch ra my lc ly tm 5 khng cha canxi bisunfit c tnh cht ha tan nn c th lai b hoc c s dng nh vt liu san lp, lm nn ng Hiu qu kh SO2 ca phng php amoniac vi c th t 95%, nng NH3 theo kh sch that ra khang 0.001%. u im ca phng php ny so vi phng php amoniac n thun l rt t tn amoniac v c th p dng kh SO2 trong khi thi c cha nhiu bi v nhit cao. H thng c th lm vic vi lu lng khi thi rt ln. Nhc im ch yu ca phng php ny l lng ph thi nhiu. 6.X l SO2 bng cc cht hp th hu c Qu trnh x l kh SO2 trong kh thi bng cc cht hp th hu c c p dng nhiu trong cng nghip luyn kim mu. Cht hp th kh SO2 c ph bin l cc amin thm nh anilin C6H5NH2, toluiin CH3C6H4NH2, xyliin (CH3)2C6H3NH2 v imetyl-anilin C6H5N(CH3)2 Thc t cho thy dung dch xyliin trong nc c nhiu u im khi s dng kh SO2 trong khi thi vi nng thp, cn khi nng SO2 trong khi thi tng i cao (trn 2%) th imetyl-anilin c u th hn. 7.Qu trnh sunfidin Qu trnh ny c cc hng cng nghip ha cht v luyn kim ca c nghin cu v p dng nh my Luyn Kim Hamburg kh kh SO2 trong khi thi ca l thi luyn ng. Nng kh SO2 trong khi thi dao ng trong phm vi 0,5-8%, trung bnh l 3,6%. Cht hp th c s dng l hn hp xyliin v nc t l = 1:1 Kh thi s b c lm ngui v lc sch bi trong thit b lc bng in, sau cho qua cc thp hp th 2 v 3 t ni tip nhau. Cc thp hp th c ti
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hn hp xyliin-nc theo s chuyn ng ngc chiu ca dng kh v dung dch hp th. Trong qu trnh hp th SO2 bng xiliin c ta ra mt lng nhit ng k, do cn lm ngui bng cc thit b trao i nhit 1. Kh sch i ra khi thp hp th c cha hi xyliin cn cho qua srcub 4 thu hi xyliin bng acid sunfuric long. Dung dch hp th bo ha t thp hp th u tin (s 2) i ra vi nng SO2 130-180g/l c a vo thp bc hi 5. Nhit phn di ca thp bc hi c gi mc 45-100oC bng cht mang nhit l hi nc i bn trong ng xon. Cc loi kh, hi (gm SO2, xyliin v hi nc) bc ln trong thp bc hi c ngng t thit b trao i nhit 1 ri i tip vp srcub 7 ti bng nc lm gim nng xyliin trong kh SO2. T y kh SO2 c s dng cho cc cng on ch bin acid sunfuric hoc lu hunh n cht. Dung dch long xyliin SO2 cng vi nc ngng t thit b ngng t 1 li quay ln ti vo thp bc hi 5. Dung dch hp th c hon nguyn phn di ca thp bc hi chy vo b lng 6, nc tha c thi i v hn hp xyliin-nc theo t l thch hp c bm qua thit b lm ngui ri ti cho thp hp th s 3.

Hnh 6 S h thng x l SO2 theo qu trnh sunfiin 1.Thit b trao i nhit (lm ngui), 2.3. Thp hp th, 7. Scrub, 5. Thp bc hi, 6. B lng Trong qu trnh hp th, mt phn sunfit xyliin b oxy ha. hn ch s tch t sunfat xyliin trong dung dch hp th, ngi ta cho natri cacbonat (Na2CO3) vo dung dch ti thp hp th 3. Natri cacbonat tc dng vi sunfat
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xyliin to thnh natri sunfat (Na2SO4) v cacbonic. Kh CO2 cng vi kh thi c kh SO2 thot ra kh quyn, cn natri sunfat tng ng vi lng natri cacbonat s dng s c thi ra ngoi b lng 6 di dng dung dch trong nc thi. 8.X l SO2 bng cc cht hp ph th rn Cc qu trnh x l SO2 bng cc cht hp th theo phng php t c nhc im l nhit ca kh thi b h thp, m li tng cao gy hoen r cc loi my mc, h thng cng knh v chi ph u t ln. Vi nhng l do trn th x l kh thi bng phng php kh rt c trin vng, c bit trong cng nghip nng lng v luyn kim mu. Kinh ph u t cho vic xy dng lp t h thng x l kh thi theo phng php kh thp hn so vi phng php t, cn chi ph s dng vn hnh th theo phng php kh i lc li cao hn so vi phng php t. Do nhu cu hon nguyn vt liu hp ph v lm sch kh thi khi bi ca vt liu hp ph, vn kt hp gia qu trnh kh v t ngy cng tr nn thit thc. 9.Hp ph kh SO2 bng than hot tnh Trc y ngi ta cho rng x l kh SO2 theo phng php hp ph bng than hot tnh l t hiu qu. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta thy rng phng php ny c th p dng rt tt x l khi thi t cc nh my nhit in, nh my luyn kim v sn xut acid sunfuric vi hiu qu kinh t ng k. S dng than hot tnh hp ph kh SO2 c s h thng n gin c th p dng c cho mi qu trnh cng ngh c thi kh SO2 mt cch lin tc hay gin on. Ngoi ra, h thng x l cho php lm vic c vi kh thi c nhit cao, trn 100oC. Nhc im ca phng php ny ty thuc vo qu trnh hon nguyn c th l tiu hao nhiu vt liu hp ph hoc l sn phm thu hi c kh SO2 c nng thp, c ln nhiu acid sunfuric v tn dng kho khn, phi x l tip mi s dng c.

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Hnh 7 S h thng x l SO2 bng PP hp ph than hot tnh. 1.phu cha vt liu hp ph. 2.TB nh lng. 3.Thp hp ph nhiu tng. 4.Xiclon 5.Bunke 6.Thp gii hp ph 7.TB cp nhit 8.Qut 9.My sng

Theo s trn, khi thi i vo thp hp ph 3 gm nhiu tng, kh SO2 b gi li trong lp than hot tnh ca cc tng hp ph, sau kh i qua xiclon 4 lc sch tro, bi trc khi thi ra kh quyn. Than hot tnh sau khi c hon nguyn cng vi mt lng than mi b sung c chuyn ln phu cha 1 cp vo thp hp ph qua mt b phn khng ch liu lng 2. Than ri t tng trn xung tng di ca thp nh h thng co o. Sau khi bo ha kh SO2, than hot tnh t tng di cng ca thp chy xung bunke 5 i vo thit b gii hp ph (hon nguyn) 6. Ti y mt lng nhit c cp t bn ngoi nng nhit ca than ln 400- 450oC nh thit b cp nhit 7 v qut 8. thc y qu trnh hon nguyn ngi ta cn thi kh tr nng hoc hi nc vo thit b hon nguyn. Kh SO2 thot ra t qu trnh hon nguyn c nng 40-50% v t khong 96- 97% lng kh SO2 c trong khi thi trc khi i vo h thng lc. Sau khi hon nguyn, than hot tnh c sng chn li qua my sng 9 loi b phn than qu vn nt v b sung thm than mi a ln phu 1. 10. X l kh SO2 bng than hot tnh c ti nc qu trnh LURGI X l kh SO2 bng than hot tnh c ti thu acid sunfuric do cng ty Lurgi ca c ngin cu p dng. Theo phng php ny, kh thi c lm cho bo ha hi nc nhit di 100oC i qua lp than hot tnh c ti nc lm m trong thit b hp ph 3. Kh SO2 c gi li trong lp than hot tnh v oxy ha thnh SO3 nh c oxy trong kh thi. Tip theo SO3 kt hp vi H2O
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bin thnh acid sunfuric v theo nc chy vo thng cha 4. Acid sunfuric trong thng 4 vi nng 20-25% c trch mt phn lm ngui v lm Nm kh thi cn x l. Qu trnh ny c thc hin trong mt scrub Venturi 1, trong acid long c dng kh chuyn ng ri vi vn tc ln x nh thnh git mn, nhit ca kh gim xung nh c nc bc hi, cn acid long th tr nn m c hn. Sau srcub Venturi, tro bi v acid c tch ra khi dng kh trong xiclon 2 v chy xung b cha 4, cn kh i tip vo thit b hp ph. qu trnh x l c lin tc cn lp t t nht l hai bnh hp ph lun phin nhau hot ng, ci ny theo chu k hp ph, ci kia theo chu k hon nguyn. Vic s dng acid thu c t qu trnh ph thuc vo mc nhim bn tro bi v m c ca n khi x l kh thi c lc sch bi, nng acid thu c c th t 65-70%. Acid b nhim bn nng c th c phn gii theo cc phng php thng dng thu kh SO2 dng vo vic iu ch acid sunfuric sch hoc lu hunh n cht. H thng th nghim ban u vi lu lng khi thi 1000-1500m3/h. Nng ban u ca SO2 trong khi khi t nhin liu mazt l 0,1-0,15%. Hiu qu kh SO2 t 98-99%. Cht hp ph lm vic trong hn 3 nm lin tc m hot tnh khng b gim st.

Hnh 8 S h thng x l kh SO2 bng than hot tnh c ti nc (qu trnh LURGI) 1.Scrub venturi - 2.Xiclon - 3.Tb hp ph - 4.b cha axit sunfuric - 5.Bm - 6.Than hot tnh. 11.X l SO2 bng nhm oxit kim ha Qu trnh x l SO2 bng nhm oxit kim ha c da trn tnh cht hp ph
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ca hn hp Al2O3 v Na2O vi thnh phn natri oxit chim 20% khi lng ca hn hp. Trong qu trnh hp ph, kh SO2 b oxy ha, sau tc dng vi cc oxit kim loi bin thnh sunfat. Cht hp ph bo ha c hon nguyn bng kh tr nhit 600-650oC. Khi thi sau khi c s b lc sch bi trong xiclon 1 i vo thp hp ph 2 theo chiu t di ln trn.Cht hp ph dng ht c cp vo t nh thp v ri t do xung di. Trong qu trnh ri trong dng kh chuyn ng ngc chiu, cht hp ph kh kh SO2 trong khi thi. Bi v cc ht cht hp ph c kch thc b b dng kh mang theo s c tch ra trong xiclon 3 v kh sch c thi ra kh quyn. Mt phn cht hp ph sau khi ra khi thp 2 c tun hon tr li cho n khi t mc bo ha nht nh, phn cn li qua b phn khng ch liu lng 5 i qua thit b hon nguyn 6. Sau khi hon nguyn s c lm ngui ti bung lm ngui 7 v c cp vo phu np 4 cng vi mt lng cht hp ph mi b sung lp li chu trnh lm vic.

Hnh 9 S h thng x l kh SO2 bng nhm oxt kim ha 1,3.xiclon 2.Thp hp th 4.phu np than 5.Tb nh lng 6.Tb gii hp ph 7.bung lm ngui 8.b mt trao i nhit Lng cht hp ph lu thng trong h thng khong 48-50kg cho 1000m3 kh thi cn x l vi nng ban u ca SO2 l 0,3%. Vn tc chuyn ng ca kh trong thp hp ph l 2-2,5m/s. Hiu qu kh SO2 trong kh thi t trn 90%.
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12.X l SO2 bng vi v dolomit trn vo than nghin T lu ngi ta bit cc kim loi kim c phn ng vi SO2 to ra cc mui sunfat. Tuy nhin qu trnh t nhin liu than nghin c trn bt vi v olomit kh kh SO2 th mi c p dng trong nhng nm gn y v hin nay vn ang c tip tc nghin cu hon thin. Phn ng gia vi CaO v dolomit CaCO3.MgCO3 vi SO2 : 2CaO + 2SO2 + O2 =2CaSO4 2CaCO3.MgCO3 + 2SO2 + O2 = 2CaSO4 + 2MgO + 4CO2 Phn ng gia vi v SO2 xy ra mnh nht nhit 760-1040oC, cn phn ng gia dolomit v SO2 nhit 600-1200oC. C th ni phng php ny l s kt hp gia qu trnh chy vi qu trnh kh kh SO2 thnh mt qu trnh thng nht trong bung t ca l m khng i hi phi lp t thm nhiu thit b ph tr khc. Than nghin vi c ht kch thc trn 6mm c trn cng vi bt kch thc 1,6-6mm thnh lp dy bn trn a phn phi kh 1. Khng kh c thi t di ln vi vn tc 0,6-4,6m/s. Khng kh xuyn qua lp than chy nhit 7601040oC lm cho cc ht nhin liu v vi chuyn ng, nhng ht to v nng bc ln ri ri xung, cn cc ht mn bay theo sn phm chy. Lp than trong bung t si ng v do ngi ta gi l qu trnh t than gi ha lng hoc gi si. Bung t c bao quanh bng cc vch ng 2 hp thu nhit bc x, trong lu thng nc v hi. Ngoi ra, trong lp than gi ha lng cn c th b tr cc dy ng xon 3 nhn nhit trc tip t lp than chy. Bn trn lp than cn c bt tr dy ng nm ngang 4 va nhn nhit, va cn tr khng cho cc ht than bc ln cao v theo khi ra ngoi. Trn ng khi c b tr cc dn ng nhn nhit i lu 5 v dn ng 6 tn dng nhit trong khi thi hm nng nc trc khi cp vo dn ng chnh. Khi thi i ra khi l c cha tro, cc ht vi hoc olomit v than c lc bi cp th trong xiclon 7 thu hi than cha chy ht, tip theo c lc tinh b lc 8 ri thi ra kh quyn. Lp than ni bn trn phn ln l tro, cc cht tr, vi v sunfat c ln mt t than cha chy ht s c thi ra ngoi v nhin liu cng cht hp ph SO2 uc b sung vo bung t qua a phn phi kh hoc qua ca cp than trn vch l.

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TI LIU THAM KHO 1.inh Xun Thng, Nhim Khng Kh, Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia TP HCM, 2003. 2.inh Xun Thng v cng s, K Thut Mi Trng i Cng, Nh xut bn Gio Dc, 2000. 3.Hendrik Harssema, Nguyn nh Tun, Phm Th Anh, Gim st v m hnh ha cht lng khng kh, Centerma center. 4.Trn Ngc Chn, Nhim Khng Kh V X L Kh Thi, Nh xut bn Khoa Hc V K Thut,2004. 5.Bi vit ca tc gi L Hong Vit v L Hoa. 6.Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental chemistry, Lewis publis

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