I HC S PHM K THUT THNH PH H CH MINH

KHOA XY DNG V C HC NG DNG

B MN C HC T - NN MNG

THC TP
A CHT CNG TRNH

GV: ThS. L PHNG BNH

MC LC
Chng 1. I CNG V CNG TC KHO ST CCT ........................ 1
1.1. Li ni u ......................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Tng quan v cng tc kho st a cht cng trnh .......................................... 1
1.2.1.

Qui nh chung ...................................................................................... 1

1.2.2.

C s lp cng kho st a cht ............................................... 2

1.2.3.

Yu cu k thut i vi cng tc kho st a cht ............................. 2

1.3. Cng tc th nghim ngoi hin trng .............................................................. 3

1.3.1.

Th nghim xuyn tiu chun SPT ........................................................ 3

1.3.2.

Th nghim xuyn tnh .......................................................................... 4

1.3.3.

Th nghim ct cnh .............................................................................. 4

1.3.4.

Th nghim p nc trong h khoan: .................................................... 4

1.4. Cng tc th nghim trong phng th nghim .................................................... 4

Chng 2. KHOAN KHO ST A CHT CNG TRNH ........................... 5
2.1. Cc bc chnh ca cng tc khoan kho st a cht cng trnh...................... 5
2.2. Nghin cu lch s to thnh a cht khu vc .................................................. 5
2.3. Lp cng cho vic khoan kho st a cht................................................. 5
2.3.1.

B tr cc im kho st ........................................................................ 5

2.3.2.

Xc nh chiu su kho st .................................................................. 6

2.4. Phng php khoan kho st a cht cng trnh .............................................. 8

2.4.1.

Phng php khoan tay ......................................................................... 8

2.4.2.

Phng php khoan ra bng my........................................................ 9

2.5. Thit b khoan v nguyn tc hot ng ............................................................ 9

2.5.1.

Thit b khoan ....................................................................................... 9

2.5.1.1. My khoan XY-1 .................................................................. 10
2.5.1.2. Thp khoan ............................................................................ 10
2.5.1.3. Cn khoan ............................................................................. 11
2.5.1.4. Mi khoan ............................................................................. 11
2.5.1.5. Thit b ly mu .................................................................... 12
2.5.1.6. Dng c tho lp, nng h cn khoan ................................... 14

2.5..2

Nguyn tc hot ng ......................................................................... 15

2.6. Phng php ly mu v bo qun mu .......................................................... 16

2.6.1.

Phng php ly mu.......................................................................... 16

2.6.2.

Phng php bo qun mu ................................................................ 16

2.7. Cng tc ghi chp h khoan ............................................................................. 17

2.8. Tng kt qui trnh mt hip khoan ................................................................... 18

Chng 3. CNG TC TH NGHIM NGOI HIN TRNG .................. 19
3.1. Th nghim xuyn tiu chut SPT .................................................................... 19
3.1.1.

Thit b th nghim .............................................................................. 19

3.1.2.

Tin hnh th nghim .......................................................................... 20

3.1.3.

Chnh l kt qu .................................................................................. 21

3.1.4.

ng dng cc kt qu th nghim SPT ............................................... 21

3.2. Th nghim xuyn tnh ..................................................................................... 23

3.2.1.

Nhng vn chung ........................................................................... 23

3.2.2.

Nguyn l th nghim.......................................................................... 24

3.2.3.

Thit b th nghim .............................................................................. 24

3.2.4.

Tin hnh th nghim .......................................................................... 26

3.2.5.

X l v trnh by kt qu ................................................................... 26

Chng 4. CC PHNG PHP TH NGHIM TRONG PTN .................... 28

4.1. Xc nh dung trng ca t trong phng th nghim...................................... 28
4.2. Xc nh m ca t ................................................................................... 28
4.3. Xc nh gii hn Atterberg ca t ............................................................... 28
4.4. Xc nh thnh phn ht ca t ..................................................................... 28
4.5. Xc nh sc chng ct ca t ....................................................................... 28
4.6. Xc nh tnh nn ln ca t ........................................................................... 28
4.7. Xc nh cht tiu chun ca t................................................................. 28
TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................................... 29

Thc Tp a Cht Cng Trnh

ThS. L Phng Bnh

CHNG 1
I CNG V CNG TC KHO ST A CHT CNG TRNH
1.1. Li ni u:
Cng vi nhp tng trng ca kinh t c nc v s pht trin nhy vt
ca nn khoa hc k thut, cng tc xy dng c bn v ang ngy cng pht
trin mnh m c v s lng ln qui m cng trnh. Nhng cng trnh ln, hin i,
c xy dng khp mi ni, trn mi min t nc lm thay i ng k b
mt ca ngnh xy dng nc ta. T ho l th, xong bn cnh nhng nim t ho
cng tn ti khng t nhng au thng, mt mt do cc s c cng trnh gy ra,
gy thit hi ln v ngi v ca cho t nc ta.
Nguyn nhn ca cc s c ny mt phn ln l do chng ta cha c ci nhn
ng n v bn cht v nhng bin i c th din ra ca t nn di tc ng ca
cc cng trnh xy dng, c bit l nhng cng trnh c xy dng trn nn t
yu nh ti cc tnh min Ty Nam B.
gim thiu nhng s c ng tic c th xy ra, trnh nhng nhn nh
sai lm v bn cht ca t nn ni xy dng cng trnh, cng tc kho st hin
trng ngy cng c coi trng. Cc bo co v kt qu kho st hin trng ng
vai tr rt quan trng trong cng tc thit k v thi cng xy dng cng trnh.
1.2. Tng quan v cng tc kho st a cht cng trnh:
1.2.1. Qui nh chung:
Kho st a cht cng trnh ti a im xy dng l bc chun b rt cn
thit cho vic thit k v thi cng xy dng cng trnh. Khng mt cng trnh no
khng cn n cng tc kho st a cht d l cng trnh c qui m ln hay nh.
Ty theo qui m cng trnh v c im ti v tr xy dng nh: a hnh, a cht
th nhng, iu kin kh hu t nhin,..s c nhim v kho st tng ng.
Thng thng cng tc kho st a cht thng c trin khai v hon
thnh trc giai on thit k, thi cng xy dng cng trnh. Tuy nhin mt s
trng hp cng tc kho st c th c tin hnh song song vi giai on thi cng
xy dng cng trnh.
Nhim v kho st a cht (KSC) cho thit k, thi cng nn mng cng
trnh do nh thu t vn thit k lp, ch u t ph duyt. cng KSC c
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nh thu kho st son tho da trn nhim v kho st a cht v c ch u t

ph duyt.
Cng tc KSC cho nh cao tng c thc hin theo cc giai on tng
ng vi cc giai on thit k: KSC giai on trc thit k c s, KSC giai
on thit k c s, KSC giai on thit k k thut v KSC giai on thit k
bn v thi cng. Khi v tr xy dng c xc nh th c th b qua giai on
kho st trc thit k c s.
1.2.2. C s lp cng kho st a cht:
Cc ti liu lin quan n khu vc d kin xy dng: cu trc a cht, a
hnh, a mo, a cht thy vn, cc vn v ng lc hc cng trnh, tnh cht c
l ca t .
Nhim v kho st a cht, cc s liu lin quan n c im cng trnh
nh mt bng, kt cu, cng nng s dng.
1.2.3. Yu cu k thut i vi cng tc kho st a cht:
Kho st a cht giai on trc thit k c s:
Kt qu kho st giai on ny dng lm c s cho quy hoch v lp
phng n cho giai on kho st tip theo.
Trong giai on ny cn lm r cc vn sau:
nh gi s b cc yu t iu kin a cht cng trnh
Kh nng b tr mt cch hp l cc cng trnh xy dng
Cc loi mng c kh nng s dng cho cng trnh.
Phng php KSC giai on trc thit k c s:
Thu thp, phn tch, tng hp cc ti liu c lin quan n khu vc xy
dng.
Kho st a cht giai on thit k c s:
Mc tiu KSC ca giai on thit k c s l cung cp s liu v a tng,
cu trc a tng, tnh cht c l ca t , nc di t, lm c s cho vic lp
lun chng v kin ngh cc phng n mng thch hp.
Trong giai on ny cn lm r cc vn sau:
Xc nh s phn b ca cc lp t theo din v chiu su
Xc nh c tnh c l ca cc lp t, mc nc ngm v nh gi s
b v kh nng n mn ca nc i vi nn mng cng trnh.

Lu hnh ni b

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nh gi s b kh nng chu ti, tnh nn ln ca cc lp t .

nh gi s b cc hin tng a cht bt li nh hng n cng tc thi
cng h o su v kin ngh cc phng n chng .
Phng php KSC giai on thit k c s:
Khoan kt hp th nghim SPT, ly mu m t t v phn tng a
cht.
Th nghim xuyn tnh c tin hnh xen k gia cc h khoan nhm
xc nh s bin i tng qut b dy ca cc lp t v cng ca
chng.
Phn tch ha hc mt s mu nc c trng.
Kho st a cht giai on thit k k thut:
Mc ch KSC giai on thit k k thut l cung cp y v chi tit v
s liu cu trc a cht, cc ch tiu c l ca t , nc di t tnh ton
thit k nn mng cng trnh.
Trong giai on ny cn lm sng t cc vn sau:
Phn chia chi tit cc lp t .
c im ca a cht thy vn
Cc hin tng bt li ca a cht i vi vic xy dng cng trnh.
Phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca cc mu nc nh gi kh nng n
mn b tng v b tng ct thp.
Phng php KSC giai on thit k k thut::
Khoan kt hp th nghim SPT, ly mu m t t v phn tng a
cht.
Th nghim xuyn tnh cung cp s liu cho thit k mng cc.
Quan trc nc di t xc nh ch bin i ca mc nc tnh,
o p lc nc theo chiu su.
1.3. Cng tc th nghim ngoi hin trng:
1.3.1. Th nghim xuyn tiu chun SPT:
Th nghim xuyn tiu chun SPT l th nghim xuyn ng c thc hin
trong h khoan, c dng lm c s phn chia cc lp t , xc nh cht
ca t loi ct, trng thi ca t loi st, xc nh v tr lp t t mi cc, tnh
ton kh nng chu ti ca cc, cng nh thit k mng nng,

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Th nghim ny dng xc nh chiu su dng kho st, nh gi kh nng

ha lng ca t loi ct bo ha nc,
1.3.2. Th nghim xuyn tnh:
Th nghim xuyn tnh c th c thc hin lm r tnh ng nht ca
a tng, c tnh bin dng v sc chu ti ca t nn, d tnh sc chu ti ca cc
n,
Th nghim ny c thc hin trong lp t dnh v t ri khng cha cui
si. Mc ch ca th nghim ny l cung cp thm thng tin thit k v thi
cng cc phn ngm c su khng ln.
1.3.3. Th nghim ct cnh:
Th nghim ct cnh c thc hin trong cc lp t c trng thi t do
mm n chy trong h khoan xc nh sc khng ct khng thot nc ca t,
nhm cung cp thm cc thng tin phc v cho vic thit k v thi cng cc cng
trnh ngm c su khng ln.
1.3.4. Th nghim p nc trong h khoan:
Th nghim p nc trong h khoan dng xc nh tnh thm nc, kh
nng hp th nc ca gc nt n.
Bn cht ca phng php th nghim l cch ly tng on h khoan bng
cc nt chuyn dng, sau p nc vo cc on t c cch ly vi cc ch
p lc nh trc.
1.4. Cng tc th nghim trong phng th nghim:
Cc th nghim c tin hnh trong phng th nghim thng gm:
- Th nghim xc nh dung trng ca t bng phng php dao vng
- Th nghim xc nh m ca t.
- Th nghim xc nh gii hn nho ca t bng phng php Cassagrande.
- Th nghim xc nh gii hn do ca t bng phng php ln.
- Th nghim xc nh thnh phn ht ca t bng phng php ry kt hp vi
phng php t trng k.
- Th nghim xc nh sc chng ct ca t bng th nghim ct trc tip.
- Th nghim xc nh tnh nn ln ca t bng th nghim nn mt trc khng n
hng.
- Th nghim xc nh cht tiu chun ca t.

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CHNG 2
KHOAN KHO ST A CHT CNG TRNH
2.1. Cc bc chnh ca cng tc khoan kho st a cht cng trnh :
- Nghin cu lch s to thnh a cht khu vc.
- Tm hiu kinh nghim xy dng nn mng ti a im xy dng.
- Lp cng cho vic khoan kho st a cht cng trnh.
- Tin hnh khoan kho st theo cng ra.
- Thu thp s liu, lp bo co kt qu kho st.
- Kin ngh v ra phng n nn mng hp l.
2.2. Nghin cu lch s to thnh a cht khu vc:
Trc khi thit k xy dng cng trnh cn thit phi tm hiu, nghin cu lch s
to thnh a cht ti a im xy dng.
Thng qua bn a cht v bn a hnh khu vc c th bit c lch s to
thnh a cht ti a im s xy dng cng trnh. Cng c th tham kho ti liu kho
st a cht ca nhng cng trnh ln cn xy dng trc.
- Nu a im xy dng ng bng, th xem mnh t ny l bi tch hay trm
tch. Nu l bi tch th thng gp t yu. Nu l trm tch th kh nng gp t
tt nhiu hn.
- Nu a im xy dng trong thnh ph th cn tm hiu v s hnh thnh ca
mnh t ti khu vc s xy dng cng trnh. C th l t lp ao h hoc t lp
cc bi rc. Nh vy chc chc l t yu.
Nh vy vic tm hiu, nghin cu lch s to thnh a cht ti a im s xy
dng l rt cn thit cho vic lp cng kho st cho cng trnh.
2.3. Tm hiu kinh nghim xy dng nn mng ti a im xy dng :
Vic tm hiu kinh nghim thit k v thi cng nn mng ca cc cng trnh xy
dng xung quanh xy dng trc l rt cn thit.
Nu c c ti liu kho st a cht v ti liu thit k nn mng ca nhng cng
trnh c gn xy dng trc tham kho th rt tt.
Bit c s b tnh hnh a cht ti a im s xy dng cng trnh s gip cho
vic lp cng kho st c khoa hc, y v kinh t.

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2.4. Lp cng cho vic khoan kho st a cht cng trnh :

2.4.1. B tr cc im kho st:
Ty thuc vo qui m, tm quan trng ca cng trnh v iu kin a cht
khu vc m la chn khong cch hp l gia cc h khoan.
Cc im kho st c b tr theo chu vi mng v trong phm vi xy dng
cng trnh.
C th tham kho cch b tr cc im kho st nh hnh bn di:

Hnh 2.1. Mt bng b tr cc im kho st

H khoan thm d ch ly mu t xem, mu khng nguyn dng, ch
yu xc nh cu to a tng.
H khoan k thut mc ch ly mu nguyn dng lm th nghim xc
nh cc ch tiu c l ca t.
H xuyn c th dng xuyn tnh (CPT) hoc xuyn tiu chun (SPT)
xc nh sc khng u mi xuyn tnh qc , ma st thnh fc, v ch s
SPT ca t.
Theo ph lc C tiu chun 194 2006 (Nh Cao Tng Cng Tc Kho St
a K Thut) v b tr mng li thm d giai on kho st cho thit k k
thut.
i vi iu kin a cht phc tp, cng trnh quan trng v nhy cm vi
ln, ln lch th khong cch khoan thng thng t 20-30m.
i vi iu kin a cht trung bnh, cng trnh kh quan trng, kh nhy
cm vi ln khng u th khong cch khoan thng thng t 30-50m.

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i vi iu kin a cht n gin, cng trnh loi bnh thng th khong

cch khoan thng thng t 50-75m.
2.4.2. Xc nh chiu su kho st:
Chiu su kho st ( chiu su h khoan, h xuyn,) phi ln hn vng
chu nn cc hn Ha di mng 2m. Vng chu nn cc hn kt thc khi c
z 0.2 bt

Trong :
z: ng sut nn do ti trng cng trnh gy nn
bt: ng sut nn do trng lng bn thn ca cc lp t gy nn
a. i vi mng nng (mng n, mng bng, mng b)
Chiu su h khoan v chiu su h xuyn c xc nh nh sau:
hk = hx = hm + H a + 2m

Hnh 2.2. Chiu su khoan kho st i vi mng nng

Trong :
hk: Chiu su h khoan
hx: Chiu su h xuyn
hm: Chiu su chn mng
Ha: Chiu su vng nn cc hn
i vi mng b, mng bng giao nhau th vng chu nn cc hn Ha c th c
xc nh nh sau:
o Nu nn t di mng l t st th Ha = 9m+0.15B
o Nu nn t di mng l t ct th Ha = 7m+0.15B
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Trong :
B l b rng ca mng b hoc chiu rng ca ton b din tch mng bng
giao nhau.
b. i vi mng su (mng cc p, cc ng, cc khoan nhi)
Chiu su h khoan v chiu su h xuyn c xc nh nh sau:
hk = hx = hm + Lc + H a + 2m

Trong :
hk: Chiu su h khoan
hx: Chiu su h xuyn
hm: Chiu su chn mng
Lc: Chiu di cc cm trong t
Ha: Chiu su vng nn cc hn

Hnh 2.3. Chiu su khoan kho st i vi mng cc

Nu kho st bng xuyn tiu chun SPT th chiu su kho st ch c kt thc
khi:
o N > 50 v kho st tip 7.5m na i vi nh 10 tng hoc thp hn
o N > 100 v kho st tip 7.5m na i vi nh cao hn 10 tng
Trong mi trng hp phi tm c tng t tt ta u cc, sau khi tm c
tng t tt ri cn phi kho st them 7.5m na ri mi c kt thc. C nh vy
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mi c th tnh c sc chu ti ca cc, tnh c ln ca cc v m bo cho

cng trnh n nh.
2.5. Phng php khoan kho st a cht cng trnh :
2.5.1. Phng php khoan tay:
Khoan tay l mt dng c lm vic bng tay n gin dng khoan vo
tng t mm ti su ln nht l 5m 6m.

Hnh 2.4: Dng c khoan tay

2.5.2. Phng php khoan ra bng my :
Khoan ra bng my c th p dng cho mi loi t v nhng su
khc nhau, do c p dng rng ri trong cng tc khoan kho st a cht cng
trnh.

Hnh 2.5. My khoan xoay XY-1

2.6. Thit b khoan v nguyn tc hot ng:
2.6.1. Thit b khoan:

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My khoan xoay .

Thp khoan .

Cn khoan .

Mi khoan .

Thit b ly mu .

Dng c tho lp, nng h cn khoan, mi khoan:

ThS. L Phng Bnh

2.6.1.1. My khoan XY-1:

o Kh nng khoan:
Chiu su khoan 100m
ng knh l khoan ln nht ban u 110mm
ng knh l khoan sau cng 75mm
ng knh ng khoan 42mm
Kch thc LxWxH):1640x1030x1440mm
Trng lng : 500kg
o Khp quay:
Tc trc quay (3 tc ): 142, 285, 570 vng/pht
Chiu di trc quay: 450mm
Lc khoan xung ti a: 15KN
Kh nng nng ln ti a: 25KN
Tc nng ln khng c ti trng: 3m/pht
o Kh nng ti ln
Kh nng nng ln ti a (mt tc , cp n): 10KN
o My bm nc
Kiu: hnh tr n nm ngang
ng c in: 77 lt/pht
ng c Diesel: 95 lt/pht
p sut ti a: 1,2Mpa
p sut lm vic: 0,7Mpa
o Cng sut
Cng sut ca ng c diesel: 8,8KW
Tc quay: 1800 vng/pht
Cng sut ca ng c in: 7,5KW

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Tc quay: 1440 vng/pht

2.6.1.2. Thp khoan:
Cu to gm 3 chn bng thp cao khong 7m - 8m, dng gi rng rc,
dy cp v ti dng nng h dng c .

Hnh 2.6. Thp khoan

2.6.1.3. Cn khoan:
Cn khoan l nhng ng thp rng, hai u c ren ni vo nhau v ni vo
mi khoan khi tho lp. Cn khoan c nhiu loi vi chiu di khc nhau.

Hnh 2.7. Cn khoan

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2.6.1.4. Mi khoan:
C nhiu loi mi khoan c s dng vo cc loi a cht khoan khc
nhau.

Hnh 2.8. Mi khoan

2.6.1.5. Thit b ly mu:
a. Dng c ly mu ba i :
Thng dng ly cc mu khng nguyn dng. Thng thng, dng c
ny c kch thc :di 457mm (18 in) v 610mm (24 in) vi ng knh trong thay
i t 38.1mm (1.5 in) n 89mm (3.5 in)

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Chiu di 457mm v 610mm

ng knh trong 38.1mm 89mm

Hnh 2.9. Dng c ly mu ba i

b. Dng c ly mu thnh mng (thin wall sampler):
Thng c dng ly mu nguyn dng. Kch thc dng c thng
dng : ng knh ngoi 76mm (3.071 in) v ng knh trong l 73mm (2.875 in)
c chiu di 900mm.
Loi dng c ny c ng knh ngoi thay i t 51mm n 76mm v
chiu di thay i t 700mm n 900mm (nh hnh di y). Xem chi tit
AASHTO T207 v ASTM D 1587.

Hnh 2.10. Dng c ly mu thnh mng

c. Dng c ly mu pittng (piston sampler):
Vi t st v bi bi tch rt yu c th dng dng c ly mu pittng,
gm c mt ng thnh mng trong c pittng

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Hnh 2.11. Dng c ly mu pittng

Dng c ly mu c gn vo u di ca mt cn khoan rng, mt cn
khoan bn trong i qua sut cn rng iu hnh pittng. Bt u bng vic h
dng c ly mu xung y l khoan vi pittng c cht v tr di
Pittng c m ngn nc v mnh vn khi chui vo ng. Khi pittng
c h p vo t ti y h, tin hnh tho cht v ng c ng vo t cho
chiu di hnh trnh ca pittng. Pittng by gi c cht li ti nh ng v ton
b c ko ln mt t, m ng mu v pittng c tho ra, ly t i bc kn.
2.6.1.6. Dng c tho lp, nng h cn khoan, mi khoan:
-

Km ui c (a)

Kp quay cn (b)

Km xch (c)

Cn (d)

Km bn l (e)

M lt rng (g)

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Hnh 2.12. Dng c tho lp

2.6.2. Nguyn tc hot ng:

Lu hnh ni b

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2.7. Phng php ly mu v bo qun mu:

2.7.1. Phng php ly mu:
a. Mu nguyn dng ( Undisturbed sample):
L mu c kt cu, m v trng thi ging nh t trng thi t
nhin. tin hnh ly mu nguyn dng ta s dng thit b ly mu thnh
mng.
Sau khi khoan n su cn ly mu th ta tin hnh theo cc bc
sau:
Lm sch y h khoan bng p lc nc.
Thay mi khoan bng thit b ly mu thnh mng.
H ng ly mu xung n y h khoan v tin hnh ly mu .
Nng ln v tho ng ly mu ra khi cn khoan.
Bo dng mu .
b. Mu khng nguyn dng (Disturbed sample):
L mu c kt cu v m ca t khng cn gi c trng thi nh
ban u. tin hnh ly mu khng nguyn dng ta c th s dng thit b
ly mu ba i hoc ly mu bng phng php chp mu

2.7.2. Bo qun mu t:

Lu hnh ni b

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Mu t nguyn dng sau khi c ly ln khi ming h khoan th cn s l

theo trnh t sau:
Dng que gt b mt phn t hai u ng ly mu mt on
khong 10mm.
parafin nng chy ln phn t gt b hai u ng gi
nguyn m ca mu t.
Mang mu t vo ni thong mt trnh nh nng trc tip t mt
tri.
Mu t nguyn dng cn a v phng th nghim cng sm cng tt
tin hnh cc th nghim xc nh cc ch tiu c l ca t.

Hnh 2.13. Cng tc bo qun mu

2.8. Cng tc ghi chp h khoan:
nm c chc chn tnh hnh a cht trong h khoan, vn theo di ghi chp
l rt quan trng. Cng vic ghi chp c th nh sau:
1. Tn cng trnh
2. S hiu mu t
3. su ly mu
4. M t mu t : Khi m t cn ch nhng iu sau:
-

V mu sc : cn nu mu sc ch yu c tnh cht i biu ln trc, tip

theo l cc mu ph ca t thng dng t (loang, vn, im, pht).
V d : loang vng, xm vn xanh, pht vng

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V vt xen ln : th hin r cc thnh phn ph khc vi thnh phn ch

yu : cht hu c, cht mc nt, ct, st, dm sn, cc khong vt d
phong ha

V trng thi : nn phn bit cng, na cng, do cng, do mm, do

chy v chy (t dnh) v kh, t m, m, bo ha (t ri).

5. Ch s SPT ca mu t.
2.9. Tng kt qui trnh mt hip khoan:
Qui trnh mt hip khoan bao gm 3 bc chnh nh sau:
Bc 1: Tin hnh khoan n v tr cn ly mu nguyn dng
Bc 2: Thay mi khoan bng thit b ly mu thnh mng v tin hnh ly mu.
Bc 3: Tin hnh ng SPT sau khi ly mu nguyn dng.

Hnh 2.14. Qui trnh mt hip khoan

Lu hnh ni b

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CHNG 3
CNG TC TH NGHIM NGOI HIN TRNG
3.1. Th nghim xuyn tiu chun SPT (Standard Penetration Test):
Sc khng xuyn SPT l s ba cn thit ng mi xuyn vo trong t nguyn
trng mt on 30cm. Th nghim SPT c th s dng :
- Ly mu khng nguyn dng.
- Phn chia a tng, pht hin cc lp kp, cc thu knh t ht ri.
- Xc nh c mt s ch tiu c l nh cht, st, mun bin dng, sc
khng xuyn tnh v tnh ton c sc chu tai ca mt s mng.
3.1.1. Thit b th nghim:
a. Thit b khoan to l:
C th dng bt c my v phng php khoan no min l h khoan t
c cc yu cu v ng knh, thnh h khoan n nh, t n su cn thit.
ng knh h khoan phi trong khong 55mm n 163mm. Cn khoan thch hp
nht cho th nghim l cn c ng knh ngoi 42mm, trng lng cn 5.7kg/m.
b. u xuyn:
u xuyn l ng thp di 810mm, ng knh ngoi N = 51 1.5cm ,
ng knh trong T = 38 1.5cm gm 3 phn : Phn mi, phn thn, phn u ni.

Hnh 3.1. u xuyn

Phn mi : L phn di cng ca u xuyn dng ct khi xuyn v t.
Mi xuyn c chiu di thay i t 25mm- 75mm, ng knh trong

T = 35 0.15mm , b dy li ct t = 2.5 0.25mm , gc vt li ct = 160 23o

Lu hnh ni b

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Phn thn: Phn thn ca u xuyn di 450mm- 750mm dng cha mu

t khi xuyn vo t.Phn thn gm 2 phn ghp li c th tho m d dng, hai
u ca phn thn c ren lp ghp vi phn mi v phn ni.

Phn u ni: dng ni vi cn khoan, c chiu di 175mm. Trong phn

ny c b tr van mt chiu v hai l thot ng knh 3/8in gi chn khng bn
trong u xuyn, hn ch ri mu trong qu trnh nng h mi xuyn v thot
nc trong qu trnh xuyn.

c. Ba ng:
B ba ng dng to nng lng ng mi xuyn vo t. Bao gm :qu
ba, b gp ba v cn dn ba.

Qu ba: Hnh tr trn xoay, nng 63.5 1kg , c l gia chnh tm ba c

th trt t do theo cn dn.

B gp ba: dng nng h ba mt cch t ng, nhm gip ba ri t do

t cao cn thit.

Cn dn ba : nh hng ri ca ba
3.1.2. Tin hnh th nghim:
Th nghim SPT c tin hnh trong h khoan ngay sau khi tin hnh ly
mu. Trnh t tin hnh nh sau:

Hnh 3.2. Th nghim xuyn tiu chun SPT

Lu hnh ni b

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- Lp t thit b th nghim, h u xuyn n su th nghim. nh du trn

cn khoan 3 on mi on 15cm.
- ng ba, ba phi ri t do ti cao 76mm. m s ba ng c sau khi
xuyn ngp mi on 15cm. S ba ca hai on sau c gi l sc khng
xuyn tiu chun (gi tr N).
- Dng xuyn, ly mi xuyn ln khi mt t, tho mi xuyn ra v quan st
m t t bn trong mi xuyn.

Lu : Th nghim SPT s c dng li khi 1 trong cc iu sau y xy ra:

Tng s ba ng trong mt on ln hn 50 ba.
ng c 100 ba.
ng mu khng dch chuyn sau khi ng 10 ba lin tc.
ng mu xuyn 45 cm v khng vi phm cc iu trn.

3.1.3. Chnh l kt qu:

Kt qu th nghim thu t hin trng c chnh l theo tng h khoan. Ti
mi su th nghim tnh sc khng xuyn SPT, gi tr N l tng s ba ca hai
on xuyn sau cng.
Cc nhn t c th nh hng n kt qu th nghim SPT :

o L khoan cha c lm sch hon ton, cc mn khoan c th b gi trong

ng mu v b nn khi ng mu lm tng s ba.

o Kt cu t nhin ca t b ph hy do p lc ng k ca ct nc trong
h khoan hoc s dng bm dung dch qu mnh.

o Ba khng ri t do hoc khng s dng cn dn ba.

o S dng u mi xuyn khng ng tiu chun, cn khoan nng hn qui
nh hoc cn khoan qu di.

o Khi xuyn vo cc lp ct mn hay ct bi bo ha nc, p lc nc l

rng ln cn ng xuyn b gim gy s tng tc thi ca ng sut hu
hiu.
Theo Peck v Terzaghi ngh hiu chnh gi tr N theo biu thc:

o N = N

Nu N <15 ba/30cm

o N = 15 + 0.5*(N-15)

Nu N > 15 ba/30cm

3.1.4. ng dng cc kt qu th nghim SPT :

a. Xc nh mt s ch tiu c l ca t:

Lu hnh ni b

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i vi t ri:
Khi lng th

Gi tr N

tch (g/cm3)

Gc ma st

cht tng

Trng thi

i Dr %

0-10

1.2-1.6

25-30

5-30

Xp

10-30

1.4-1.8

30-32

30-60

Cht va

30-50

1.6-2.0

32-40

60-80

Cht

>50

1.8-2.3

40-45

>80

Rt cht

Theo K. Terzaghi, Peck, Meyerhof, Duhem v mt s tc gi khc tng

quan gia gc ma st trong v sc khng xuyn tiu chun c th c xc nh
theo cng thc sau: = 12N + a vi a = 15 25
Vin thit k mng ca Lin X cng a ra bng xc nh gc ma st trong
ca ct cn c vo gi tr N
Gi tr N

10

16

22

30

40

60

Gc ma st trong

30

32

34

36

38

40

i vi t dnh:
Gi tr N

st

qu(kG/cm2)

<2

Chy

<0.25

2-4

Do chy

0.25-0.5

4-8

Do

0.5-1.0

8-10

Cng

1.0-2.0

15-30

Rt cng

2.0-4.0

>30

Rn

>4.0

Trong : qu- sc chu nn n

b. Xc nh mun tng bin dng E:

Vin thit k mng Lin X a ra cng thc xc nh E nh sau:
E = ( 350 500 ) lg N (xem thm ti liu Th nghim hin trng)

c. Tnh sc chu ti cho php:

i vi mng nng:
Teng (1962) a ra cng thc xc nh sc chu ti ca t theo s liu
SPT.

Lu hnh ni b

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0.305B + 1
2
, kN / m
0.7 B

qna = 34.5 ( N 3)
Trong :

qna : Sc chu ti cho php ca t nn

B

: b rng y mng (m)

Phng trnh ny gn ng vi tng quan gia sc chu ti cho php ca t v

gi tr SPT do Terzaghi v Peck thnh lp.
Meyerhof (1956) a ra cng thc xc nh sc chu ti ca t theo kt
qu SPT nh sau:

qna = 12 N , kN / m 2

khi B 1.22m
2

0.305 B + 1
qna = 8 N
, kN / m2
1
0.305 B

khi B > 1.22m

i vi mng cc:
Theo ngh ca B Xy Dng Nht Bn c th xc nh sc chu ti cho php
ca mng cc Qa theo kt qu SPT da vo cng thc sau:
1
Qa = N Ap + ( 0.2 N s Ls + cLc ) D , n v l (tn)
3

Trong :
Ap

: Tit din cc, m

: ng knh cc, m

Ls, Lc: Chiu di on cc nm trong t ct v st

N

: Gi tr SPT di mi cc

Ns

: Gi tr SPT ca t ct bn thn cc

: H s ph thuc vo phng php thi cng, =30 vi cc BTCT

ng hoc khoan dn hoc khoan dn c bm xi mng thnh v y, =15

i vi cc khoan nhi.

3.2. Th nghim xuyn tnh (Cone Penetration Text)

3.2.1. Nhng vn chung:
Th nghim xuyn tnh c tin hnh bng cch n ngp h thng cn v mi
xuyn c kch thc tiu chun vo trong t vi tc quy nh nh lc tnh, ng
thi o sc khng xuyn u mi qc, ma st thnh fc v sc khng xuyn tng QT

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Th nghim xuyn tnh cho php xc nh cu trc a cht, tnh khng ng

nht ca t , cc c trng c l, tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc v sc chu ti
ca cc lp t m ta ang kho st, xc nh chiu su mt gc, cc tng sn,
si, tng ln.
Thun li ca phng php xuyn tnh l cho php thu nhn cc dng thng tin
lin tc v c tnh ca t , cc thng s o c trong iu kin ng sut t
nhin nn cho kt qu chnh xc hn so vi cc phng php khc, th nghim
nhanh v gi thnh r.
Phm vi ng dng ca phng php xuyn tnh l c th dng cho hu ht cc
loi t, tr cng, hn ln v t ln dm sn hm lng trn 25%. Tuy nhin,
xc nh tnh cht c l ca t th hm lng dm sn khng c qu 1-2%,
nu hm lng ny tng ln s dn n cc sai s ln.

3.2.2. Nguyn l th nghim:

L o sc khng ca t khi n mt mi cn c hnh dng v kch thc quy
nh vo trong t. Nu P l phn lc ca t v B l ng knh mi cn th sc
khng ca mi cn c th hin qua biu thc: qc =

4P
B2

Vic n mi cn xung t thng c tin hnh lin tc qua h thng cn t,

chu tc ng ca ngun to lc, v c cc thit b dng o lc n .

3.2.3. Thit b th nghim:

Hin nay nc ta thng dng loi thit b xuyn tnh hnh cn kiu GOUDA (H
Lan) chy bng ng c (xuyn my) hay quay tay (xuyn th cng).
Tit din mi cn: 10cm
Gc nhn mi cn: 60
Tit din mng sng o ma st: 150cm
ng knh cn xuyn 35.7mm
ng knh l trong cn: 16mm
ng knh ty xuyn: 14mm
Chiu di cn v ty xuyn: 1000mm
Tit din Piston u o:

Xuyn my: 20cm

Xuyn tay: 10cm

ng h o p lc
Lu hnh ni b

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+ t yu dng loi: 0 16 kG/cm

+ t bn, cht TB: 0 120 kG/cm
+ t kh bn, cht: 0 600 kG/cm

Hnh 3.3. Thit b xuyn Gouda(H Lan)

Cu trc ca thit b xuyn ch yu gm cc b phn sau:

Chy xuyn: l thit b c gn u cn xuyn gm cc chi tit xc nh

sc khng xuyn u mi v lc ma st thnh, thng chy xuyn c gc nh
=60, ng knh mi cn 35.7mm, tit din mi cn F=10cm. Cn c vo cc
c tnh ca cn, chy xuyn c phn ra thnh 2 loi :

Chy xuyn c cn c nh: cn ca loi ny c dch chuyn rt t so

vi cc chi tit khc

Chy xuyn c cn di ng: cn ca loi ny c th di chuyn t do so vi

cc chi tit khc.

Mng sng ma st: l mt phn ca chy xuyn trn c th o c ma st

thnh. Mng sng ma st c din tch chun l 150cm

Cn xuyn: l mt ng hnh tr dy, ng knh ngoi =35.7mm c ni t

my n chy xuyn. Ty theo loi o m ng c th cha cn bn trong (=14mm)

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truyn lc n xung t hoc l nhng dy in truyn tn hiu t cc b phn

o t chy xuyn.

H thng truyn lc gm: Cc my thy lc, vt xon c hc, bnh rng v

thanh rng.

H thng o sc khng: ng h p lc, vng ng bin hay b phn cm

bin in c.

H thng tip nhn phn lc: Cc cc neo hoc i ti.

B phn t ghi v v cc th sc khng xuyn (nu c)
3.2.4. Tin hnh th nghim:
Thng thng tin hnh bng cch o gin on v dng mi xuyn c mng
sng o ma st. Hnh trnh th nghim tng khong su 20cm. o sc khng
mi xuyn (qc) v ma st thnh n v (fs).
Tip tc tin hnh o qc v fs mi su cch nhau 20cm cho n ht su
th nghim.
Tc xuyn tnh phi gi n nh l 2 cm/s.
Ghi chp kt qu th nghim:
Ct 1: ghi su h (m) tng khong 20cm
Ct 2: ghi s c sc khng xuyn di mi cn X (kG/cm)
Ct 3: ghi s c sc khng xuyn tng (c mi cn v ma st), Y (kG/cm)

3.2.5. X l v trnh by kt qu:

Trn c s cc s liu th nghim ti hin trng, tin hnh tnh ton qc v fs tng
su th nghim:

Sc khng mi xuyn qc:

i vi xuyn my: qc =

20 X
kG/cm
10

i vi xuyn th cng: qc =

10 X
kG/cm
10

Ma st thnh n v fs:
i vi xuyn my: f s =

20 (Y X )
150

i vi xuyn th cng: f s =

Lu hnh ni b

kG/cm

10 (Y X )
150

kG/cm

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Trnh by kt qu th nghim:

Hnh 3.4. Trnh by kt qu th nghim xuyn tnh CPT

Tiu chun hng dn th nghim : TCXD 174 -1989

Lu hnh ni b

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CHNG 4
CC PHNG PHP TH NGHIM TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM
(xem bi ging mn hc Th Nghim C Hc t)
4.1. Xc nh dung trng ca t trong phng th nghim:
p dng theo TCVN 4195-1995 " t xy dng Phng php xc nh khi
lng ring trong phng th nghim ".
4.2. Xc nh m ca t:
p dng theo TCVN 4196-1995 " t xy dng Phng php xc nh m v
ht m trong phng th nghim ".
4.3. Xc nh gii hn Atterberg ca t:
p dng theo TCVN 4197-1995 " t xy dng Phng php xc nh gii hn
do v gii hn chy trong phng th nghim ".
4.4. Xc nh thnh phn ht ca t:
p dng theo TCVN 4198-1995 " t xy dng Cc phng php xc nh thnh
phn ht trong phng th nghim ".
4.5. Xc nh sc chng ct ca t:
p dng theo TCVN 4199-1995 " t xy dng Phng php xc nh sc chng
ct trong phng th nghim my ct phng ".
4.6. Xc nh tnh nn ln ca t:
p dng theo TCVN 4200-1995 " t xy dng Phng php xc nh tnh nn
ln phng th nghim ".
4.7. Xc nh cht tiu chun ca t:
p dng theo TCVN 4201-1995 " t xy dng Phng php xc nh cht
tiu chun trong phng th nghim ".

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Nguyn Th Kim Thch, "Thc Tp a Cht", Nh Xut Bn i hc Quc gia
Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, 2003.
[2]. Nguyn Uyn, "Thc Tp & Bi Tp a Cht Cng Trnh", Nh Xut Bn Xy
Dng, 2011.
[3]. Nguyn Mnh Thy, Nguyn Vit K, u Vn Ng," Cc Phng Php Th
Nghim Hin Trng Trong a K Thut ", Nh Xut Bn i hc Quc gia Thnh
Ph H Ch Minh, 2003.
[4]. TCXDVN 194-2006, "Nh Cao Tng Cng Tc Kho St a K Thut ".

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