Trong Geodatabase, quy tc topology l mt s sp xp xc nh cch m cc i tng im, ng, vng cng chung mt hnh dng trng nhau.

V d, cc trc ng ph v cc ng ph ln cng chung mt hnh dng ph bin, cc vng tha t lin k cng chung ng bin gii. Topology xc nh v buc cc d liu tun theo nguyn tc ton vn (chng hn, khng c c khong trng gia cc vng). N h tr truy vn v nh hng cc mi quan h hnh hc (nh nh hng cc i tng lin k hoc cc i tng lin tip), h tr cc cng c chnh sa tinh vi, cho php xy dng cc i tng t nhng hnh dng khng c cu trc (chng hn, to vng t cc ng). Lu tr topology cn hn l vic cung cp mt b my lu tr d liu. Trong ArcGIS, topology gm 6 kha cnh di y: 1. Geodatabase gm m hnh d liu hnh hc topo s dng nh dng lu tr m cho cc i tng n gin (i.e-Id est: c ngha l cc FC ca im, ng v vng), cc quy tc topology, v c tch hp cc im to mt cch c quy tc gia cc i tng vi cng mt hnh dng. M hnh d liu bao hm kh nng nh ngha cc quy tc ton vn v kiu hot ng topo ca cc FC tham gia vo mt topology. 2. ArcGIS gm cc lp topology trong ArcMap s dng hin th cc mi quan h hnh hc topo, cc li v cc ngoi l (exception). ArcMap cng gm mt b cc cng c phong ph cho vic truy vn, chnh sa, hp l ho v hiu chnh cc li trong cc topology. 3. ArcToolbox bao gm mt b cng c x l ton din (Geoprocessing Tools) trong vic to, phn tch, qun l v hp l ho cc topology.

4. ArcGIS gm nguyn l phn mm tin tin trong vic phn tch v nghin cu cc i tng hnh hc topo trong cc FC im, ng, vng. N gm m tp hp cc cng c phong ph hp l ho, khm ph, nhn bit, chnh sa v gii quyt c biu hnh hc topo v cc to i tng. Nhng cng c ny c s dng hiu qu cho nhiu workflow v cc chc nng. 5. ArcMap gm s chnh sa phong ph v cc c cu t ng ho d liu s dng to, duy tr v hp l ho tnh ton vn hnh hc topo v thc hin cc hiu chnh cc i tng. 6. Nguyn l phn mm ArcGIS c sn trong Desktop, Engine v Server nh ho cc mi quan h hnh hc topo, lm vic vi cc i tng lin k, ni tip v khp t nhng thnh phn ny. Cc i tng ca mt geodatabase topology Trong mt geodatabase, cc tu chn di y c thit lp cho mi topology: Tn ca topology c to Dung sai (gp) s dng trong cc qu trnh x l hnh hc topo. Dung sai (gp) thng l mt thut ng ch ti 2 loi dung sai: dung sai x,y v dung sai z. Gi tr mc nh cho dung sai ny l 10 ln phn gii to . C th tham kho thm trong phn Cluster Processing hiu thm. Danh sch cc FC. iu quan trng nht l cn mt danh sch cc lp i tng ss tham gia vo topology. Tt c phi cng mt h to v c t chc trong cng mt Feature Dataset.

Rank v chnh xc lin quan ca cc to trong mt FC. Nu cc FC c chnh xc cao hn cc lp khc, bn s mun to mt rank to ln hn. iu ny s s dng trong vic hp l ho v thng nht theo hnh hc topo. Cc im to c chnh xc thp hn s c di chuyn ti cc v tr ca cc im c chnh xc cao hn khi chng nm trong khong gi tr dung sai ca mt lp khc. Cc i tng vi chnh xc cao nht s c gi tr l 1, cc lp i tng c chnh xc thp hn nhn gi tr 2, cc FC c chnh xc nh hn na nhn gi tr 3 vn vn. Danh sch cc quy tc topology tham gia vo topology.

chng ph mu trong cc polygon lin k v cc on thng ca 2 ng thng di y)

Chnh sa v hp l ho hnh hc topology trong ArcMap Trong ArcMap, c mt lp bn c th cho mt topology s dng hin th cc li vic chnh sa v hin th trng thi topology (khu vc c chnh sa s c thc thi gi l vng bn dirty areas) Cc quy tc topology Quy tc topology xc nh vic dng cc mi quan h khng gian gia cc i tng. Cc quy tc xc nh cho mt topology kim sot cc mi quan h gia cc i tng trong mt FC, gia cc i tng trong cc FC khc nhau hoc gia cc dng ph ca cc i tng. Chng hn, quy tc Must not overlap c s dng qun l tnh ton vn ca cc i tng trong cng mt FC. Nu 2 i tng chng ph ln nhau, phn hnh hc b chng ph c hin th bng mu (chng hn nh c hin th bi phn din tch

Quy tc topology cng c th c xc nh gia cc lp ph ca cc FC. V d, gi s rng c 2 lp ph ca cc i tng dng ng ph - ng ph thng thng (nhng ng ph ny c kt ni vi cc tuyn ph khc 2 im nt) v cc ng ph ct (cul-de-sac)- nhng ph ny ct ti mt im (dead-end: ng ct). Mt quy tc topology c th i hi cc i tng ng ph kt ni c vi cc tuyn ph khc ti c 2 im kt thc, tr trng hp cc ng ph thuc phm vi ng ph ct. X l gp (Cluster Processing) Vic to cc quan h hnh hc khng gian bao gm phn tch v tr cc im nh ca i tng gia cc i tng trong cng FC cng nh gia cc lp FC tham gia vo topology. Dung sai gp c s dng hp cc nh. Tt c cc nh trong khong dung sai gp c th dch chuyn nh nhng trong qu trnh hp l ho. Gi tr mc nh ca dung sai gp da trn chnh xc c xc nh cho Feature Dataset. Gi tr dung sai gp mc nh l 0.001 m trong h o lng th gii thc. N bng 10 ln khong cch ca phn gii x,y ( phn gii xc nh chnh xc s s dng lu tr to )

trnh gp (chp). Do , cc in c th c chp nu chng nm trong khong dung sai x,y trong chiu x hoc y. Xem biu di dy. Cc im c th di chuyn ti a c hin th bi ng cho (diagonal line) trong thi to thnh mt tam gic. Trong hnh hc v theo nh l (theorem) Pythagorean, khong cch lp nht gia cc im c gp bng cn bc 2 ca 2 ln dung sai x,y.

Hai dng dung sai: x,y tolerance v z- tolerance Trong ArcGIS, mt cp dung sai thng c s dng hp nht cc nh: Mt dung sai x,y tm cc im nm trong khong cch nm ngang ca mt i tng khc Mt dung sai z phn bit liu c hay khng cc cao z hay cao ca cc im nm trong khong dung sai ca mt i tng khc v s c gp.

Cc im to nh th no s c gp Dung sai x,y nn t nh n mc cc im nh rt gn nhau (trong khong dung sai ca cc im khc) c cho l cng v tr to . Trong trng hp n, dung sai x,y cng xc nh khong cch mt im c th di chuyn trn trc x hoc y (hoc c 2) trong sut qu

Gi tr mc nh ca dung sai x,y Gi tr mc nh ca dung sai x,y c t l 0.001m hoc n tng ng (equivalent) trong h o ca h to Dataset.

Chng hn, nu h to c t trong h feet th gi tr mt nh l 0.003281 feet, 0.03937 inches). Gi tr mc nh l 10 ln gi tr mc nh phn gii x,y v nn thit lp cho hu ht cc trng hp. Nu cc im trong h kinh v (longitude latitude), gi tr dung sai mc nh l 0.0000000556 .

xc lu tr d liu c th kh gp trong qu trnh s ho v chuyn i qut. 6. Trong cc topology, c th thit lp cc mc (rank) chnh xc to ca mi FC. C th thit lp mc chnh xc nht ca cc i tng v to (nh cc i tng kho st) ti 1 v cc i tng c chnh xc km hn l 2, 3 vn vn trong s gim mc chnh xc. y l l do m cc to ca i tng khc vi s rank cao hn (tc l chnh xc to thp hn) s b chnh v cc i tng c chnh xc cao hn vi s rank thp hn. - Thng th c th kim sot cc FC Cc cp chnh xc ca to (Coordinate ranks) Cp chnh xc ca to thit lp cho cc lp i tng trong Geodatabase topology kim sot s dch chuyn ca cc nh trong qu trnh hp l ho (chun). Gi tr rank gip ta kim sot vic cc im nm trong khong dung sai gp ca mt im khc c dch chuyn nh th no. Cc im nm trong khong dung sai gp ca mt im khc c hiu l c v tr nh nhau v c cho l cng v tr (cng cc gi tr to c gn cho cc im nm trong khong dung sai gp). Khi cc lp i tng khc nhau c chnh xc to khc nhau, chng hn nh khi mt lp i tng c thu thp bng cch o c hoc nh v bng DGPS (GPS phn sai) v mt lp khc c s ho t mt ngun c chnh xc thp hn, cp chnh xc ca to coordinate rank) cho php cho php chc chn rng cc nh t v tr tin cy l nhng v tr c c nh, nhng nh c tin cy thp hn c dch chuyn. V tr ca nhng im c cng gi tr rank c ly

Mo nh: 1. Ni chung, c th s dng dung sai x,y bng 10 ln phn gii x,y v mang li mt kt qa rt tt. 2. Dung sai x,y c th cho php ln nht thng nh hn chnh xc thc ca vic lu tr d liu. Chng hn, trong khi cc to ca i tng c th t ti 2m th dung sai x,y mc nh l 0.001m. 3. gi cc di chuyn nh, gi dung sai x,y nh. Tuy nhin, dung sai x,y qu nh (chng hn bng 2 ln phn gii hoc nh hn) c th khng thch hp chp cc ng ranh gii ca c quan trng nhau. 4. Ngc li (conversely), nu dung sai x,y qu ln, cc to ca i tng c th b sang mt i tng khc. iu ny c th ph v chnh xc khi hin th ranh gii i tng. 5. Dung sai x,y c th khng bao gi tin gn ti chnh xc lu tr d liu (i lc c cho l chnh xc tiu chun). Chng hn, t l bn 1:12000, mt inch bng 1000 feet v 1/50 ca mt inch cng ch bng 20feet trn mt t chnh

trung bnh v phng din hnh hc khi chng nm trong khong dung sai gp ca mt im khc. Hy chc chn rng gn cc cp theo ng trnh t. Cc i tng vi chnh xc cao nht nhn gi tr rank = 1, chnh xc thp hn nhn gi tr rank = 2, v vn vn.

c thu thp bng phng php o nh, bn c th lo lng v vic duy tr cao tng i ca mi kt cu xy dng trong sut qu trnh thc thi ho. Bng vic thit lp gi tr dung sai gp bng 0, bn c th ngn chn cc gi tr z gp khi thc thi ho.

Locational accuracy of coordinates Most accurate Moderately accurate Low accuracy Lowest And so on
Dung sai gp Z v cc hng

Rank 1 2 3 4

Cc FC m hnh ho a hnh hoc cc cng trnh dng 3 chiu c gi tr z biu th cao cho mi nh. Ging nh kim sot cch cc i tng c bt dnh 2 chiu vi dung sai gp v cc hng (rank) x,y, nu topology c cc FC l m hnh cao, bn c th kim sot cch cc im (nh) trng nhau c bt dnh theo chiu thng ng vi cc hng v dung sai gp z. Gi tr dung sai gp xc nh hiu cao hoc gi tr z nh nht gia cc im (nh) trng nhau. Cc nh vi cc gi tr z nm trong dung sai gp z s c bt dnh vo nhau trong qu trnh Validate Topology. Nu bn m hnh ho cc to nh thnh ph, 2 to nh c th nm cnh mt to nh khc v xut hin vi mt cnh chung trong vng x,y. Nu cc gi tr cao cc gc ca to nh

Nu bn ang m hnh ho a hnh, c th cc b d liu (datasets) thu thp cc mc chnh xc v x,y,z khc nhau. Trong trng hp ny, bn c th mun thit lp mt gi tr dung sai gp z ln hn 0 nhm cho php bt dnh. trnh cc gi tr z c thu thp vi mc chnh xc cao hn bt dnh vo gi tr z c chnh xc thp hn, bn c th gn cho mi mt FC mt cp (hng). Cc gi tr z c cp thp hn s bt dnh vo cao ca cc im c cp (hng) cao hn nu chng nm trong khong dung sai gp. cc gi tr Z ca cc nh thuc v cc FC ca cng mt cp l gi tr trung bnh nu chng nm trong khong dung sai gp.

Trong v d di y, cc nh trng nhau c cc hng khc nhau v dung sai gp l 5. Cc gi tr z tnh trung bnh v bt dnh vo 3 nhm, l 22.5, 7.5 v 1.25.

Vertex z0 (rank = 1) z1 (rank = 1) z2 (rank = 1) z3 (rank = 2) z4 (rank = 2)

Qu trnh thc thi topology l qu trnh tnh ton trung bnh v bt dnh cc gi tr z theo mt cch m mi gi tr z hiu chnh bi mt tng cc gi tr khng ln hn dung sai gp z. y l nguyn nhn gi tr z ca cc im vi cng x,y s tin ti trung bnh hoc bt dnh thnh nhm. Chng hn, nu gi tr dung sai z l 5, gi tr z ca trung bnh 6 im (nh) trng nhau trong 2 nhm l 11.25 v 3.5:

Before validate 25 20 7.5 5 2.5 0

After validate 22.5 22.5 7.5 7.5 1.25 1.25

z5 (rank = 2)

Vertex

Before validate After validate 11.25 11.25 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5

z0 (rank = 1) 12.5 z1 (rank = 1) 10 z2 (rank = 1) 7.5 z3 (rank = 1) 5 z4 (rank = 1) 2.5 z5 (rank = 1) 0

Cc gi tr dung sai gp z c th nm trong khong t 0 n vng gi tr lm vic (z domain) (gi tr z ln nht gi tr z nh nht). Cc hng (rank) l chnh xc ca mt tr o tng i. S khc nhau trong hng ca 2 lp i tng l khng thch hp, do vic thit lp hng cho chng l 1 v 2 l ging nh vic thit lp hng cho chng l 1 v 3 hay 1 v 10. Nu Geodatabase ca bn l phin bn 8.3 hoc thp hn, dung sai gp z cha c. Nng cp geodatabase c th s dng dung sai gp z. Cc trng hp c bit, li v hp l ho Topology Khi to mt topology mi hoc thc hin cc chnh sa mt i tng tham gia vo mt topology, bc tip theo l hp l

ho validate topology. Vic hp l ho topology bao gm 4 qu trnh x l di y: 1. B v gp cc nh ca i tng tm cc i tng trng nhau v v tr (c chung cc to ). 2. Chn thm cc im to chung vo cc i tng trng nhau v hnh hc. 3. Chy mt tp hp cc kim tra tnh ton vn nhn ra bt k s khng hp l no ca cc quy tc c nh ngha cho topology. 4. To mt nht k li ca cc li hnh hc c th c trong feature dataset. Trong ArcMap, trong qu trnh chnh sa, bn c th hp l ho trong ton b topology, khu vc hin th ca bn hoc khu vc c chn. Bn cng c th hp l ho ton b topology trong ArcCatalog v trong geoprocessing. Khi bn chnh sa hoc thay i d liu, ArcGIS s tm cc khu vc b thy i v nh du chng nh vng bn. Hp l ho s ch c chy loi b vng bn trong topology. Nu khng c chnh sa no hoc cc cp nht c thc hin t trc khi hp l ho s khng c g c kim tra. Cc li v cc trng hp c bit

Cc li khng tun theo quy tc topology c lu tr lc u l cc li trong topology. Cc i tng li ghi li cho m li topology c pht hin trong qu trnh hp l ho. Cc chc nng ca Topology Tools