(VNMATH - Com) - Hoan Vi Chinh Hop To Hop Phan Van Danh

trung tm luyn thi i hc: tr c - 32/2 Ni Thnh nng T: 0905.100.499 - 0511.
624925
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hon v. chnh hp. t hp
1. Hon v
Pn = n! = 123 n (s cch xp xp th t n i tng khc nhau).
V d 1. Rt gn biu thc
A=
6!
(m + 1)!
.
m(m + 1) 4!(m 1)!
Gii.
4! 5 6 (m 1)!m(m + 1)
= 30.
m(m + 1)
4!(m 1)!
Ch . n! = (n k)!(n k + 1) n.
n
P
k k!.
V d 2. Rt gn An =
A=
k=1
Gii.

k k! = (k + 1) 1 k! = (k + 1)! k!
= An = (2! 1!) + (3! 2!) + + ((n + 1)! n!) = (n + 1)! 1.
V d 3. Chng minh
1
1
1
1
+ + + + < 2.
1! 2! 3!
n!
Gii.
1
=1
1!
1
1
=1
2!
2
1
1
1 1
=
=
3! 3 2 2 3
1
1
1 1
<
=
4! 3 4 3 4
............
1
1
1
1
<
=
.
n! (n 1)n n 1 n
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trung tm luyn thi i hc: tr c - 32/2 Ni Thnh nng T: 0905.100.499 - 0511.624925
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Cng v
1
1
1
1
+ + + < 2 < 2.
1! 2!
n!
n!
V d 4. Gii cc pt
a)
n! (n 1)! 1
= ,
(n + 1)!
6
b)
(n + 1)!
= 72 (2) ; n nguyn dng.
(n 1)!
(1)(n nguyn dng).
Gii.
a) Ta c
n(n 1)! (n 1)! 1

n1
1
=
=
(n + 1)n(n 1)!
6
(n + 1)n 6
"
n=2
n2 5n + 6 = 0
n = 3.
(1)
b) Ta c
(n + 1) n (n 1)!
= 72 n nguyn dng
(n 1)!
"
n = 9 (loi)
n2 + n 72 = 0
n = 8.
(2)
Chnh hp
E l mt tp hp gm n phn t.
r phn t phn bit, c k th t cc phn t ca tp E (1 r n)
c gi l mt chnh hp n chp r .
B
Ch .
(i) Th t.
(ii)
n = r = chnh hp hon v.
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Cng thc.
Arn = n(n 1) (n r + 1) =
n!
.
(n r)!
Ch .
Ann = Pn = n!
Ann = Arn Anr
nr , 1 r n.
A6n + A5n
, 6 < n R.
V d 5. Rt gn A =
A4n
Gii.
n(n 1) (n 5) + n(n 1) (n 4)
n(n 1) (n 3)
= (n 4)(n 5) (n 4) = (n 4)2.
A=
V d 6. Gii.
11
9
A12
A10
49 + A49
17 + A17
M=
A10
A817
49
49! 49! 17! 17!
+
+
37!
38!
7!
8! .
=
49!
17!
39!
9!
n+1
2
n
V d 7. Chng minh An+2
n+k + An+k = k An+k .
Gii.

1
k(n + k)!
k 2(n + k)!
(n + k)!
VT =
1+
=
=
= k 2Ann+k .
(k 2)!
k1
(k 1)(k 2)!
k!
V d 8. Tm n nguyn dng bit rng
a)
A3n = 20n.
b)
A5n = 18 A4n2.
Gii.
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a)
A3n = 20
n!
nZ
= 20n n2 3n 18 n = 6.
(n 3)!
b)
A5n = 18A4n2
(n 2)!
n!
= 18
(n 5)!
(n 6)!
"
n2 19n + 90 = 0
n=9
n = 10.
V d 9. Tm n nguyn dng bit Pn+3 = 720A5n Pn5.

S: n=7.
T hp E l mt tp gm n phn t. Mt tp con ca E gm r phn

(1 r n) c gi l mt t hp chp r ca n.
Cng thc.
Cnr =
n!
.
r!(n r)!
Ch .
(i)
(xp th t)
Tp hp
S
y
T hp
(tp con)
(ii) Quy c
(iii)
hon v
r=n
y
(xp th t)
chnh hp
0! = 1 = Cn0 = 1.
r1
r
Cnr = Cnnr , Cnr = Cn1
.
+ Cn1
V d 10. Rt gn biu thc

A=
Cn1
Cnn
Cn2
+ 2 1 + + n n1 .
Cn
Cn
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Gii.
Cn1 = n
n!
Cn2
2!(n 2)!
=n1
2 1 =2
n!
Cn
1!(n 1)!
1
Cnn
n n1 = n
= 1.
n!
Cn
(n 1)!1!
= A = n + (n 1) + + 1 =
n(n + 1)
.
2
V d 11. Chng minh vi cc s r, n nguyn, khng m sao cho 0 r n,

ta c
Cnr
Gii.
r1
nCn1
=
.
r
r1
nCn1
n (n 1)!
n!
=
=
= Cnr .
r
r r!(n r)! r!(n r)!
V d 12. Chng minh vi cc s r, n nguyn, khng m sao cho 0 r n,

ta c
nCnr = (r + 1)Cnr+1 + rCnr .

Gii.

n!
n!
= (n r) + r
r!(n r)!
r!(n r)!
n!
n!
= (n r)
+r
r!(n r)!
r!(n r)!
n!
n!
= (r + 1)
+r
(r + 1)!(n r 1)!
r!(n r)!
= (r + 1)Cnr+1 + rCnr .
nCnr = n
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a) Chng minh vi cc s r, n nguyn, khng m sao cho
V d 13.
r n, ta c
r1
r1
r1
Cnr = Cn1
+ Cn2
+ + Cr1
.
b) Chng minh vi
k, n N, 3 k n ta c
k
Cnk + 3Cnk1 + 3Cnk2 + Cnk3 = Cn+3
.
Gii.
a)
r1
n1
r
r
= Cnr = V T.
V P = (Cnr Cn1
) + + Cr1
) + (Cn1
Cn2
b)

V T = Cnk + Cnk1 +2 Cnk1 + Cnk2 + Cnk2 + Cnk3
{z
} |
{z
}
| {z }
|
k
.
= = Cn+3
V d 14. Chng minh vi 0 k n v k, n Z ta lun c
n 2
n
n
) .
(C2n
C2nk
C2n+k
Gii. C nh
n
n
n, xt dy uk = C2n+k
C2nk
, 0 k Z. Bt ng thc
cn chng minh c vit li:
uk u0, k Z, k 0.
Chng minh dy
(uk )k n iu gim. Tht vy
(2n + k + 1)! (2n k 1)!

(2n + k)! (2n k)!
<
n!(n + k + 1)! n!(n k 1)! n!(n + k)! n!(n k)!

2n + k + 1 2n k
<
n + 2nk > 0 : ng.
n+k+1
nk
uk+1 < uk
Suy ra
n
n
n 2
uk u0 vi 0 k Z C2n+k
C2nk
(C2n
) : pcm.
V d 15. Tm k N bit
k
k+2
k+1
C14
+ C14
= 2C14
.
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HD: iu kin
k N, k
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12. Phng trnh tr thnh
k 2 12k + 32 = 0 c hai nghim k = 4, k = 8.

V d 16. Tm cc s x Z+ tho m n phng trnh
Cx1 + 6Cx2 + 6Cx3 = 9x2 14x.
HD: iu kin
3 x N ()
()
V T = x3. Phng trnh tr thnh x3 9x2 + 14x = 0 x = 7.

V d 17. Tm k sao cho cc s C7k , C7k+1, C7k+2 theo th t lp thnh
cp s cng.
HD: iu kin
5 k N.
"
C7k + C7k+2 = 2C7k+1 k 2 5k + 4 = 0
k=1
k = 4.
Bi tp
1. Chng minh rng vi
k, n Z, 2 k n, ta c
k2
.
k(k 1)Cnk = n(n 1)Cn2
2. Chng minh rng vi
k, n Z, 4 k n, ta c
k
Cnk + 4Cnk1 + 6Cnk2 + 4Cnk3 + Cnk4 = Cn+4
.
3. Gii bt phng trnh

S:
3 x 4.
x, y Z+
(
x=8
S:
y = 3.
4. Tm
1 2
6
A2x A2x Cx3 + 10.
2
x
y
Cx+1
Cxy+1 Cxy1
=
=
.
6
5
2
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5. Tnh
S:
6. Tnh
S:
A25 A510
+
.
A=
P2 7P5
46.
S = P1A12 + P2A23 + P3A34 + P4A45 P1P2P3P4.

2750.

7. Tnh
C=
P5 P4 P3 P1
+
+
+
A45 A35 A25 A15
A25.
S: 42.
2A2x + 50 = a22x.
8. Gii phng trnh

S:
x = 5.
9. Tm
n sao cho
S:
10. Tm
S:
Pn+3 = 720 A5n Pn5.
n = 7.
n sao cho
1
A3n + 3A2n = Pn+1.
2
n = 4.
11. Gii cc phng trnh

a)
A2x = 2.
S:
b)
3Px = Ax3 .
S:
(*) c)
x = 1, x = 2.
Pn+5
= 240 Ak+3
n+3 .
Pnk
S:
d)
x = 2.
0 k 11, n = 11.
A2x Cxx1 = 48.

S:
x = 4.
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e)
f)
Px+2
= 210.
x4
Ax1 P3
S:
x = 5.
x = 2.
S:
x = 5.
S:
x = 4.
1
1
1
=
.
C4x C5x C6x
12. Gii cc phng trnh

a)
b)
24
A4x
=
.
A3x+1 Cxx4 23
7
Cx1 + Cx2 + Cx3 = x.
2
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Nh thc Newton v ng dng

I. Nh thc Newton
cng thc nh thc newton
Vi mi cp s
a, b v mi s nguyn n > 0, ta c:
(a + b)n = Cn0an + Cn1an1b + Cn2an2b2 + + Cnn1abn1 + Cnnbn

(1)
=
n
X
Cni anibi.
i=0
Cc nhn xt v cng thc khai trin

1. S cc s hng bn v phi ca cng thc (1) bng
n + 1, n l s m
ca nh thc v tri.
2. Tng cc s m ca
a v b trong mi s hng bng n.
3. Cc h s ca khai trin ln lt l
Cn0, Cn1, Cn2, . . . , Cnn1, Cnn

vi ch
Cnk = Cnnk , 0 k n.
4.
Cnk =
nk+1
Cnk1.
k
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Mt s dng c bit
3.1
Dng 1
Thay
a = 1 v b = x vo (1), ta c
(1 + x)n = Cn0 + Cn1x + Cn2x2 + + Cnn1xn1 + Cnnxn.

3.2
Dng 2
Thay
a = 1 v b = x vo (1), ta c
(2)
(1x)n = Cn0 Cn1x+Cn2x2 +(1)k Cnk xk + (1)nCnnxn. (3)

3.3
Mt s h thc gia cc h s nh thc
Thay
x = 1 vo (2) ta c:
Cn0 + Cn1 + Cn2 + + Cnn = 2n.
Thay
x = 1 vo (3) ta c:
Cn0 Cn1 + Cn2 + (1)nCnn = 0.
II. Cc v d m u
1. Thc hin
a. Khai trin
(1 + x)10.
b. So snh hai s
(1, 1)10 v 2.
Gii
a.
(1 + x)10 = 1 + 10x + 45x2 + 120x3 + 210x4 + 252x5 + 210x6 +

120x7 + 45x8 + 10x9 + x10.
b. Vi
x > 0, ta c (1 + x)10 > 1 + 10x. Do vi x = 0, 1 ta c

(1, 1)10 > 1 + 10 (0, 1) = 2.
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2. Thc hin khai trin
(3x 4)5.
Gii
(34x)5 =
5
X
C5i (3x)5i(4)i = 35C50x5434C51x4+ +(4)5C55.
i=0
C 6 s hng, do tnh cht ca t hp, ch cn tm

Ta c
C50, C51, C52.
C50 = 1, C51 = 5, C52 = 10. Vy
(3x 4)5 = 243x5 1620x4 + 4320x3 5760x2 + 3840x 1024.

3. Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau:
a.
S1 = C60 + C61 + C62 + + C66.
b.
S2 = C50 + 2C51 + 22C52 + + 25C55.
Gii
a. Ta c ngay
S1 = C60 + C61 + C62 + + C66 = 26 = 64.

b. Ta c
(1 + x)5 =
5
X
C5i xi.
(1)
i=0
Thay
x = 2 vo (1) ta c
S2 = C50 + 2C51 + 22C52 + + 25C55 = 35 = 243.
4. Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau:

a.
S1 = 2nCn0 + 2n2Cn2 + 2n4Cn4 + + Cnn.
b.
S2 = 2n1Cn1 + 2n3Cn3 + 2n5Cn5 + + Cnn.
Gii
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Ta c
n
(2 + 1) =
n
X
Cni 2ni
i=0
n
(2 1) =
n
X
n
X
Cni 2ni = 3n
i=0
n
X
Cni 2ni(1)i
i=0
(1)
Cni 2ni(1)i = 1.
(2)
3n + 1
.
=
2
(3)
i=0
Suy ra
(1)+(2) ta c
n
S1 = 2
Cn0
n2
+2
Cn2
n4
+2
Cn4
+ +
Cnn
(1)-(2) ta c
n1
S2 = 2
Cn1
n3
+2
Cn3
n5
+2
Cn5
+ +
Cnn
3n 1
=
. (4)
2
5. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc sau:

2001k
2001 0
k
2000
1
2001
0
C1 .
C2002
+ + C2002
+ + C2002
C2002
+ C2002
C2002
S = C2002
Gii
Ta xt
2002!
(2002 k)!
2002!
=
k!(2002 k)! (2001 k)! k!(2001 k)!
2002 2001!
k
.
=
= 2002C2001
k!(2001 k)!
2001k
k
=
C2002
C2002
S c vit li di dng
0
1
2001
S = 2002(C2001
+C2001
+ +C2001
) = 2002(1+1)2001 = 100122002.
6. (HBK 98). Khai trin
(3x 1)16. Chng minh rng
0
1
16
316C16
315C16
+ + C16
= 216.
7. (H khi D - 2002). Tm s nguyn dng
n sao cho
Cn0 + 2Cn1 + 4Cn2 + + 2nCnn = 240.

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8. (H Lt 99). Tnh h s ca
9. Vi
x25y 10 trong khai trin (x3 + xy)15.
n l s nguyn dng, chng minh rng

1 + 4Cn1 + 42Cn2 + + 4n1Cnn1 + 4nCnn = 5n.
Gii
Thay
x = 4 vo

10. Vi
Cn0 + Cn2 + = Cn1 + Cn3 + = 2n1,
0
nu m > n
m
vi gi thit Cn =
n!
nu m n.
m!(n m)!
Gii
Ta c
2n = Cn0 +Cn1 +Cn2 + +Cnn = Cn0 +Cn1 +Cn2 + +Cnn + (1)

0 = Cn0Cn1+Cn2 +(1)nCnn = Cn0Cn1+Cn2 +(1)nCnn
(2)
Suy ra
(1) + (2) ta c
2n = 2(Cn0 + Cn2 + ) Cn0 + Cn2 + = 2n1.
(3)
(1) (2) ta c
2n = 2(Cn1 + Cn3 + ) Cn1 + Cn3 + = 2n1.
11. Vi
a.
(4)

Cn0 2Cn1 + 22Cn2 + (1)n 2nCnn = (1)n.
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Cn1 2Cn2 + 3Cn3 + (1)k1kCnk + + (1)n1nCnn.
b.
Gii
Vi mi
x v vi n l s nguyn dng, ta c
(1x)n = Cn0 Cn1x+Cn2x2 +(1)k Cnk xk + +(1)nCnnxn.

(1)
a. Thay
x = 2 vo (1) ta c
(1)n = Cn0 2Cn1 + 22Cn2 + (1)n 2nCnn, pcm.

b. Ly o hm theo
x hai v ca (1), ta c
n(1 x)n1 = Cn1 + 2Cn2x + + n(1)nCnnxn1. (2)

Thay
x = 1 vo (2) ta c
0 = Cn1 + 2Cn2 + + n(1)nCnn

Cn1 2Cn2 + 3Cn3 + (1)n1nCnn = 0, pcm.
12. Vi
a. (HTCKT):
Cn1 + 2Cn2 + + (n 1)Cnn1 + nCnn = n 2n1.
b.
2 1Cn2 + 3 2Cn3 + + n(n 1)Cnn = n(n 1) 2n2.
c.
r
(1)r Crr Cnr + (1)r+1Cr+1
Cnr+1 + + (1)nCnr Cnn = 0 vi r
nguyn dng v r n.
Gii
Vi mi

Ly o hm theo
(1)
n(1+x)n1 = Cn1 +2Cn2x+ +(n1)Cnn1xn2 +nCnnxn1. (2)

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a. Thay
x=1
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vo (2), ta c
n 2n1 = Cn1 + 2Cn2 + + (n 1)Cnn1 + nCnn, pcm.

b. Ly o hm theo
n(n 1)(1 + x)n2 = 2 1Cn2 + 3 2Cn3x + + n(n 1)Cnnxn2.

(3)
Thay x = 1 vo (3), ta c
n(n 1) 2n2 = 2 1Cn2 + 3 2Cn3 + + n(n 1)Cnn, pcm.
c. Ly o hm cp
r theo x hai v ca (1), ta c
n(n1) (nr+1)(1+x)
nr
n
X
k(k1) (kr+1)Cnk xkr .
k=r
Chia hai v ca (4) cho
(4)
r!, ta c
n(n 1) (n r + 1)(1 + x)nr

r!
n
X k(k 1) (k r + 1)
Cnk xkr
=
r!
=
=
k=r
n
X
k=r
n
X
k!
Cnk xkr
r!(k r)!
Ckr Cnk xkr .
(5)
k=r
Thay
x = 1 vo (5), ta c
0=
n
X
k=r
13. Vi
Ckr Cnk (1)kr
n
X
Ckr Cnk (1)k = 0, pcm.
k=r

Cn2 + 2Cn3 + + (n 1)Cnn > (n 2)2n1.
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Gii
Vi mi

Thay
(1)
x = 1 vo (1), ta c
2n = Cn0 + Cn1 + Cn2 + + C n1n + Cnn.
Ly o hm theo
(2)
n(1+x)n1 = Cn1 +2Cn2x+ +(n1)Cnn1xn2 +nCnnxn1. (3)

Thay
x = 1 vo (3), ta c
n 2n1 = Cn1 + 2Cn2 + + (n 1)Cnn1 + nCnn.
(4)
(4) (3), ta c
Ly
n 2n1 2n = Cn0 + Cn2 + + (n 2)Cnn1 + (n 1)Cnn

Cn2 + 2Cn3 + + (n 1)Cnn = (n 2)2n1 + 1 > (n 2)2n1.
14. Vi
Cn1 + 4Cn2 + + n2n1 Cnn =

= 44n1Cn0 (n1)4n2Cn1 +(n2)4n3Cn2 + +(1)n1Cnn.
Gii
Ta c
n
(1 + x) =
n
X
Cni xi.
i=0
Ly o hm hai v ta c
n(1 + x)n1 = Cn1 + 2Cn2x + + (n 1)Cnn1xn2 + nCnnxn1.

Thay
x = 2 vo, ta c
n 3n1 = Cn1 + 4Cn2 + + n 2n1Cnn.
(*)
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Ngoi ra
(x 1)n = Cn0xn Cn1xn1 + + (1)nCnn.

Ly o hm hai v, ta c
n(x 1)n1 = n Cn0xn1 (n 1)Cn1xn2 + + (1)n1Cnn1.

Thay
x = 4 vo, ta c
n3n1 = n4n1Cn0(n1)4n2Cn1+(n2)4n3Cn2 +(1)n1Cnn1

(**)
So snh (*) v (**) ta c iu phi chng minh.
15. Vi
a. (HGTVT 2000):
Cn0
b. Cn0
Cn1
Cn2
Cnk
Cnn
2n+1 1
+
+
++
++
=
.
1+1 1+2
1+k
1+n
1+n
Cn2
Cnn
1
Cn1
n
+
+ (1)
=
.
1+1 1+2
1+n 1+n
Hng dn
Ta c
(1 + x)n =
n
X
Cnk xk .
k=0
Ly tch phn hai v, ta c
Zt
(1 + x)ndx =

n+1 t
(1 + x)
1+n
(1 + t)
n+1
n
X
k+1
Cnk
n+1

Cnk xk dx
k=0
Zt X
n
k=0
n
X k+1
k=0
x
k+1
#t
0
Cnk
t
.
k+1
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Thay
t = 1 ta c a.
Thay
t = 1 ta c b.
16. Vi
n, k l cc s nguyn dng v 1 k n, chng minh rng

k1
k2
0
Cn0Cnk Cn1Cn1
+ Cn2Cn2
+ (1)k Cnk Cnk
= 0.
Gii
Vi mi
x v k l s nguyn dng, ta c
(1 + x)k = Ck0 + Ck1x + Ck2x2 + + Ckk xk .

Cnk (1 + x)k = Ck0Cnk + Ck1Cnk x + Ck2Cnk x2 + + Ckk Cnk xk .
(1)
Ta c
k!
k!
m!(k m)! n!(n k)!

n!
(n m)!
=
m!(n m)! (k m)!(n k)!

km
.
= Cnm Cnm
Ckm Cnk =
Do (1) c dng
0
k2 2
k1
xk . (1)
x+Cn2Cn2
x + +Cnk Cnk
Cnk (1+x)k = Cn0Cnk +Cn1Cn1
Thay
x = 1 vo (2), ta c
k1
k2
0
0 = Cn0Cnk Cn1Cn1
+ Cn2Cn2
+ (1)k Cnk Cnk
= 0, pcm.
17. Chng minh rng vi cc s
m, n, p nguyn dng sao cho p n v
p m, ta c
p
p
p1
1
0
Cn+m
= Cn0Cm
+ Cn1Cm
+ + Cnp1Cm
+ CnpCm
.
Gii
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Vi mi
x v vi m, n
20
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l cc s nguyn dng, ta c
(1 + x)m+n = (1 + x)n (1 + x)m.
(1)
Mt khc
(1 + x)
n+m
n+m
X
p
xp .
Cn+m
(2)
n+m
X
p
X

pk p
Cnk Cm
(
)x .
p=0
(1+x)n (1+x)m =
n
X
Cnk xk
k=0
m
X
k k
Cm
x =
p=0
k=0
k=0
(3)
Do (1) nn cc h s ca
x , p = 0, n + m trong cc khai trin (2) v
(3) bng nhau. Vy

p
Cn+m
p
X
pk
, pcm.
Cnk Cm
k=0
Nhn xt quan trng

(a) Vi
p = n = m, ta c
n
.
(Cn0)2 + (Cn1)2 + + (Cnn)2 = C2n
(b) Vi
p = r, N = n + m, ta c
1
r
0
r
r1
CNr = CN0 mCm
+ CN1 mCm
+ + CNr1
m Cm + CN m Cm .
(c) Bn c hy ly tng trong bi tp trn p dng vi khai trin
(1 x)n+m.
T chng minh rng
0 2
1 2
2n 2
n
(C2n
) (C2n
) + + (C2n
) = (1)n C2n
.
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18. Tnh tch phn
Z2
(1 x)ndx.
T chng minh rng
1
1
2Cn0 22 Cn1 + 23 Cn2 + +
2

(1)n n+1 n
1
n
2 Cn =
1 + (1) .
n+1
n+1
Gii
Z2
I =
(1 x)ndx =
Z2
(1 x)n+1
n
(1 x) d(1 x) =
n+1
1
(1)n + 1]
n+1
Vi mi x v vi n l s nguyn dng, ta c
n
X
(1 x)n =
(1)k Cnk xk .
=
2
0
(1)
(2)
k=0
#2
Z2 X
Z2
n
n
k+1
X
x
(1)k Cnk
(1 x)ndx =
(1)k Cnk xk dx =
k+1
Ly tch phn theo
k=0
n
k=0
(1)
1
1
= 2Cn0 22 Cn1 + 23 Cn2 +
2n+1 Cnn.
2
3
n+1
(3)
T (1) v (3) suy ra iu phi chng minh.
III. bi tp

1
1
1
3n Cn0 Cn1 + 2 Cn2 + + (1)n n Cnn = 2n.
3
3
3
1. (H M 97). Vi
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2. Vi
22
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l s nguyn dng, chng minh rng
4nCn04n1Cn1+4n2Cn2 +(1)nCnn = Cn0+2Cn1+22Cn2+ +2nCnn.

3. Vi

1 1
(Cn + 2Cn2 + 3Cn3 + + nCnn) < n!.
n
4. Vi

22 1 23 2
2n+1 n 3n+1 1
C =
.
+ Cn + Cn + +
2
3
n+1 n
n+1
2Cn0
5. (HQGTPHCM Khi A 97).Tnh tch phn
Z1
In =
(1 x2)ndx, vi n N.
T suy ra
Cn0
6. Vi
(1)nCnn
2 4 2n
Cn1 Cn2
+
+
=
.
3
5
2n + 1
3 5 (2n + 1)

Cn1 3n1 + 2Cn2 3n2 + + n Cnn = n 4n1.
7. Vi

1 0 1 1
(1)n n
1
Cn Cn + +
Cn =
.
2
4
2n + 2
2n + 1
8. Vi

2n1Cn1 + 2n1Cn2 + 3 2n1Cn3 + + n Cnn = n3n1.
9. Vi

1 0 1 1
1
2n+1 1
n
C + C + +
C =
.
3 n 6 n
3n + 3 n 3(n + 1)
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10. Vi
23
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l s nguyn dng, chng minh rng
1 + 2Cn1 + 22Cn2 + + 2nCnn = 3n.

11. Vi
n, k l cc s nguyn dng, k n. Chng minh rng

k
Cn+5
= C50Cnk + C51Cnk1 + + C55Cnk5.
12. Tnh
Z1
x(1 x2)dx.
Chng minh rng
1 0 1 1 1 2
(1)nCnn
1
Cn Cn + Cn +
=
.
2
4
6
2(n + 1)
2(n + 1)
13. Tnh
Z1
x2(1 x3)dx.
Chng minh rng
1 0 1 1
1
2n+1 1
n
C + C + +
C =
.
3 n 6 n
3n + 3 n 3(n + 1)
14. Chng minh rng
0
2
4
2n
1
3
5
2n1
C2n
+ C2n
+ C2n
+ + C2n
= C2n
+ C2n
+ C2n
+ + C2n
.
15. Chng minh rng

n
(Cn0)2 + (Cn1)2 + + (Cnn)2 = C2n
.
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III. H s v s hng trong khai trin nh thc

1. Cc h s cc hng t th 2, 3 v 4 trong khai trin
(a + b)n lp thnh
cp s cng. Tm cc s hng y.
Gii
Ta c
Cn1 + Cn3 = 2Cn2 n2 9n + 14 = 0 n = 7 n = 2.

(i) Nu n
= 7 : cc s hng th 2, 3 v 4 ln lt l 7a6b, 21a5b2, 35a4b3.
n = 2 : khng c s hng th t, c th xem l 0 nn cc s

hng th 2, 3, 4 l 2ab, b2 , 0.

n
1
2. Tm x sao cho trong khai trin
2x +
(n nguyn dng),
x1
2
(ii) Nu
cc s hng th 3 v th 5 c tng bng 135, cn cc h s ca ba s

hng cui ca khai trin c tng bng 22.
Gii
Ta c
2x +
n
1
2x1
n
X

k

1
nk
=
Cnk 2x
.
x1
2
k=0
T gi thit ta c:
"
Cnn1+Cnn2+Cnn = 22 n2+n42 = 0
Khi
n=6
n = 7 (loi).
n=6:
2
4

1
1
4
2
+ C64 2x
= 135
C62 2x
x1
2x1
2
x
"
2 =4
x=2
2 2x + 4 2x = 9 x 1
x = 1.
2 =
2
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3. Gi s trong khai trin nh thc
n
xlg x 3 , tng cc h s ca ba s
hng cui bng 22. S hng gia ca khai trin c gi tr bng -540000.
Tnh
x.
Gii
lg x
6
3 c
x > 0. T gi thit ta suy ra n = 6. Lc x

lg x 3 3
3
3 . Nh vy ta c phng trnh
s hng gia l C6 x
x = 10

lg x 3 3
3
3 = 540000
C6 x
1
x= .
10

m
5
x
vi cc gi thit hng t
2lg(103 ) + 2(x2) lg 3
4. Xt khai trin
iu kin
th 6 l 21, cc h s th 2, 3, 4 ca khai trin l cc s hng th nht,

ba, nm ca mt cp s cng. Tm
x8 .
Gii
T gi thit, ta c
"
3
1
2
, m 3 m29m+14 = 0
+Cm
= Cm
2Cm
Vi
m=7
m = 3 (loi).
m = 7, h s ca hng t th 6 l a6 = C75 = 21
x
C752(x2) lg 3+lg(103 ) = 21, 10 3x > 0

(x 2) lg 3 + lg(10 3x) = 0 lg 3x2(10 3x) = 0
3x2(10 3x) = 1 (3x)2 10(3x) + 9 = 0
"
"
x
3 =1
x=0
3x = 9
x = 2.

n
1
5. Trong khai trin x +
, h s s hng th ba ln hn h s s hng
x
th hai l 35. Tnh s hng khng cha x.
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Gii
Ta c
1
x+
x
n
=
n
X
k=0
k
1
xnk
.
x
T gi thit ta suy ra
"
Cn2
Vy
Cn1
= 35 n 3n 70 = 0
n = 10
n = 7 (loi).
k 102k
n = 10. S hng ak+1 = C10
x
khng ph thuc x khi
10 2k = 0 k = 5.
Vy s hng y l
6. Tnh cc h s
5
= 252.
C10
x3 v x2 trong khai trin (x + 1)5 + (x 2)7.
Gii
H s ca
x2 trong khai trin (1 + x)5 l C52 13 = C52.
H s ca
x3 trong khai trin (1 + x)5 l C53.
H s ca
x2 trong khai trin (x 2)7 l C72(2)5 = 32C72.
H s ca
x3 trong khai trin (x 2)7 l C73(2)4 = 16C73.
Vy h s ca x2 trong khai trin l (x + 1)5 + (x 2)7 l C52 32C72
662.
Vy h s ca x3 trong khai trin l (x + 1)5 + (x 2)7 l C53 + 16C73
570.
7. Khai trin v rt gn a thc
P (x) = (1 + x)6 + (1 + x)7 + (1 + x)8 + + (1 + x)10

c
P (x) = a10x10 + a9x9 + + a0. Tnh a8.

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Gii.
a8 l h s ca s hng cha x8. Ta c

H s ca x8 trong (1 + x)8 l C88.
H s ca x8 trong (1 + x)9 l C98.
8
H s ca x8 trong (1 + x)10 l C10
.
Vy a8
8
= C88 + C98 + C10
= 55.
8. Cho
P (x) = (1+x)+2(1+x)2+ +20(1+x)20 = a0+a1x+a2x2+ +a20x20.

Tnh a15 .
Gii.
H s ca
x15 trong (1 + x)15, (1 + x)16, . . . , (1 + x)20 ln lt l

15
15
15
15
15
15
.
, C20
, C19
, C18
, C17
, C16
C15
Suy ra
15
15
15
15
15
15
= 400995.
+ 20C20
+ 19C19
+ 18C18
+ 17C17
+ 16C16
a15 = 15C15
x trong khai trin

17
1
4
+ x3
, x 6= 0.
3 2
x
9. Tm s hng khng cha
Gii.
Ta c
17
17
X
2 17k
3 k
1
4
k
3
3
4
+
C
x
, 0 k 17, k Z
x
=
x
17
3 2
x
k=0
=
17
X
17k
34
x 12 3 .
k=0
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Ta cn c
8
C17
.
17k 34
= 0 k = 8. Vy s hng khng cha x l

12
3
28 n
x ca khai trin x 3 x + x 15 , x 6= 0
bit rng Cnn + Cnn1 + Cnn2 = 79.
10. Tm s hng khng ph thuc
Gii.
T gi thit ta suy ra
"
n2 + n 156 = 0
Vi
n = 12
n = 13 (loi).
n = 12 ta c
x x+x
28 12
15
12
X
48k
k 16 15
x
C12
.
k=0
48k
= 0 k = 5.
15
11. Khai trin P (x) = (1 + 2x)12 thnh dng
Ta cn c
16
a0 + a1x + a2x2 + + a12x12.

Tm
max{a1, a2, . . . , a12}.
Gii.
Ta c ak
k
= C12
2k , lc
ak < ak+1, 0 k 11
k
k+1
2k+1
C12
2k < C12
1
2
2
<
0 k 7 + .
12 k k + 1
3
Nh vy
a0 < a 1 < a 2 < < a 8

a8 > a9 > a10 > > a12.
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Suy ra
max{a1, a2, . . . , a12} = a8 = 126720.

Bi tp.
(a) Tm
5
x trong khai trin x + xln x , x > 0 bit s hng th ba bng
10e5.
(b) Tm x s hng th su trong khai trin
lg
10
9x +7
15 lg(3x +1)
+ 10
7
bng 84.

12. Tm s hng khng cha
x, y trong
x y
+
y x
12
.
Gii.
Ta c
x y
+
y x
12
=
12
X
k=0
k
C12
12
x 12k y k X k x 122k
=
.
C12
y
x
y
k=0
12 2k = 0 k = 6. Vy s hng khng cha x, y l

6
C12
= 924.
Ta cn c
13. Tm a, b, c, d sao cho (2x1)2000 (ax+b)2000
= (x+cx+d)1000, x
R.
Gii.
1
x = , ta c
2
(
1000
a
2000 1 c
a = 2b
= 0 =
+
+b
+ +d
2
4 2
2c + 4d = 1.
Vi
Khi
(2x 1)2000 = (2bx + b)2000 + (x2 + cx + d)1000, x R. (1)

x2000 tho mn phng trnh
p
1 2000
2000
= (2b)
+ 1 = b =
22000 1.
2
Suy ra h s ca
22000
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Lc
(1) (2x 1)2000(1 b2000) = (x2 + cx + d)1000

1
(2x 1)2000 2000 = (x2 + cx + d)1000
2
2

c = 1
1
= |x2 + cx + d|
x
1
d = .
2
4
p
2000
a=
22000 1
b = 1 2000 22000 1
2
Vy
c = 1
d = 1.
4
14. Tm s hng th nm trong khai trin
2
x
+
y2
r
3
y
x2
!n
, x, y 6= 0, n N
bit tng cc h s bng 32768.

Gii.
Theo gi thit ta c
n
X
Cnk = 2n 2n = 32768 n = 15.
k=0
4
Vy s hng th nm l C15
x
y2
11r
3
y2
x2
4
=
4
C15
x 583
x 583
= 1365
.
y
y
n trong khai trin nh thc (x2 + 1)n(x + 2)n, h s ca s hng

cha x3n3 bng 26n.
15. Tm
Gii.
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Ta c
n
n
2
1
(x2 + 1)n(x + 2)n = x3n 1 + 2
1+
x
x
k
X
i X
n
n
2
1
Cnk
= x3n
Cni 2
x
x
i=0
k=0
X

n
n
X
= x3n
Cni x2i
Cnk 2k xk .

i=0
k=0
Lu tha ca x"l 3n 3 khi 2i k = 3 hay 2i + k = 3, tc l

"
i=0
i=1
hoc
Vy h s ca x3n3 l a3n3 = Cn0 Cn3 23 +
k=3
k = 1.
Cn1Cn12. Do
n=5
2n(2n2 3n + 4)
= 26n
a3n3 = 26n
7
3
n = (loi).
2
16. Tm h s ca
x5 trong khai trin ca biu thc sau thnh a thc
f (x) = (2x + 1)4 + (2x + 1)5 + (2x + 1)6 + (2x + 1)7.

Gii.
Ta c
(2x + 1)n = Cn0(2x)n + Cn1(2x)n1 + + Cnn.

ak+1 = Cnk (2x)nk = 2nk Cnk xnk . Ta cn
n k = 5, tc l k = n 5.
S hng tng qut l
Nh vy trong khai trin

H s
(2x + 1)4 khng c x5.
x5 trong khai trin ca
nh thc (2x + 1)5 ng vi k = 5 5 = 0 l 25C50 = 25,

nh thc (2x + 1)6 ng vi k = 6 5 = 1 l 25C61 = 6 25,
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nh thc (2x + 1)7 ng vi k = 7 5 = 2 l 25C72 = 21 25. Vy

h s cn tm l 25 + 6 25 + 21 25 = 28 25 = 896.
5

2
17. Trong khai trin ca 3x3 2 , tm h s ca s hng cha x10 .
x
Gii.
Ta c
2
3x3 2
x
5
=
5
X
C5k (3x3)5k
k0
2
2
x
k
.
ak+1 = (1)k C5k 35k 2k x155k . Ta cn c

15 5k = 10, tc l k = 1. Vy h s ca x10 l C513421 = 810.
S hng tng qut l
18. Tnh h s ca
x25y 10 trong khai trin (x3 + xy)15.
Gii.
S hng tng qut ca khai trin
(x3 + xy)15 l
k 452k
k
x
y k , k 15.
(x3)15k (xy)k = C15
ak+1 = C15
(
45 2k = 25
k = 10.
Ta cn c
k = 10
Vy h s cn tm l
10
C15
= 3003.
a, b dng v n l s nguyn dng. Xc nh hng t c h s ln

nht trong khai trin nh thc (a + b)n .
19. Cho
Gii.
Ta c ba s hng tng qut lin tip l:
Tk = Cnk1ank+1bk1, Tk+1 = Cnk ank bk , Tk+2 = Cnk+1ank1bk+1.

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(
(Tk+1 ln nht )
Cnk Cnk1
Cnk Cnk+1
n!
n!
k!(n k)! (k 1)!(n k + 1)!
n!
n!
k!(n k)! (k + 1)!(n k 1)!

(
nk+1k
n+1
n1
k
2
2
k+1nk
(*)
n chn, tc l n = 2m, m N v m 1, ta c
1
1
() m k m + = k = m.
2
2
n
m m m
a b vi m = .
Vy hng t phi tm l C2m
2
Nu n l, tc l n = 2m+1, ta c () m k m+1. Nh vy
m+1 m m+1
m
am+1bm v C2m+1
c hai hng t tho iu kin ny l C2m+1
a b
n1
vi m =
.
2
Vy trong khai trin (a + b)n vi a > 0, b > 0, hng t c h s ln nht
l
(
Cnmambm
nu n = 2m
Nu
Cnmam+1bm hoc Cnm+1ambm+1
nu n = 2m + 1.
p dng. T 25 hc sinh ca mt lp, mun lp nhng nhm gm p

hc sinh. Tm gi tr ca p c s nhm l ln nht. Tm s nhm .
Gii.
C 25 hc sinh, chn
Theo trn, ta c
p
.
p em, s nhm c th thnh lp l C25
n = 25 l vi k = 12.
p
(C25
ln nht ) p = k + 1 = 13.
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25!
13
=
p = 13, tc l s nhm ti a c th lp c l C25
=
13!12!
5200300.
Vy
20. Bit tng tt c cc h s ca khai trin nh thc

h y tm h s ca s hng cha
(x2 + 1)n bng 1024,
x12.
Gii.
Ta c
(x2 + 1)n =
n
X
Cnk x2(nk).
k=0
Cho
l
x = 1 ta c
n = 10.
n
P
Cnk = 2n. T gi thit ta suy ra 2n = 1024, tc
k=0
k 202k
x
.
ak+1 = Cnk x2n2k = C10
Ta cn c 20 2k = 12, tc l k = 4.
10!
4
=
Vy h s ca s hng cha x12 l C10
= 210.
4!6!

20 n
15
3
21. Trong khai trin x x+
, h y tm s hng khng ph thuc x bit
S hng tng qut ca khai trin l
rng
Cnn + Cnn1 + Cnn2 = 79.
Gii.
iu kin
n 2. Ta c
"
n = 12
n = 13.

20 12
15
3
Nh vy n = 12. S hng tng qut ca khai trin x x+
l
12k 20 k
4(12k) 20k
4 12k
k
20k
k
k
3
15
3
15
ak+1 = C12 x x
x
= C12 x
x
= C12x 3 15 .
Cnn + Cnn1 + Cnn2 = 79
S hng khng ph thuc
x ng vi
4(12 k) 20k
= 0 20(12 k) 20k = 0 k = 6.
3
15
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Vy s hng khng ph thuc
22. Tm h s ca
24. Khai trin
120
x31 trong khai trin ca

40
1
f (x) = x + 2
.
x
23. Tm h s ca s hng cha
46
6
6
x l a7 = C12
x 3 15 = C12
.
1 2
+ x
3 3
x4 trong khai trin

12

x 3
.
3 x
10
. H y tm h s ak ln nht.
n2
n1
= 55. H y tm
+
C
n l s nguyn dng tho iu kin
C
n
n
n
7
3
s hng l s nguyn trong khai trin
8+ 5 .
25. Cho
Gii.
Vi
n 2 ta c
Cnn1 + Cnn2 = 55 n +
k
8
ak+1 = C10
10k
7
53 .
..
10
.7
(10
k)
Z

7
l s nguyn
k ... 3
k Z
k 10
(3
(
k = 3m
m=1
(10 3m) ... 7

k = 3.
S hng tng qut ca khai trin l
ak+1
(n 1)n
= 55 n = 10.
2
Vy s hng nguyn trong khai trin l

26. Xc nh h s ca
3
3
a4 = C10
85 = 40C10
= 4800.
x3 trong khai trin (1 + 2x + 3x2)10.
Gii.
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Ta c
0
1
2 2
(1 + 2x + 3x2)10 = C10
+ C10
x(2 + 3x) + C10
x (2 + 3x)2+
3 3
10 10
+ C10
x (2 + 3x)3 + + C10
x (2 + 3x)10.
S hng cha x3 ch c th xut hin trong
2 2
2
C10
x (2 + 3x)2 l C10
C212
3 3
3
3 x3 v C10
x (2 + 3x)3 l C10
C3023 x3.
Vy h s ca
2
3
x3 phi tm l 6C10
C21 + 8C10
C30 = 1500.
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Thc hin cc bi ton m.
V d 1. Gi s rng mt thng nhn nh i bn hng ti tm thnh ph.

Ch ta bt u cuc hnh trnh ca mnh ti mt thnh ph no , nhng c
th n by thnh ph kia theo bt k th t no m ch ta mun. Hi ch ta
c th i qua tt c cc thnh ph ny theo bao nhiu l trnh khc nhau ?
Gii
S l trnh c th gia cc thnh ph bng s hon v ca by phn t, v
thnh ph u tin c xc nh, nhng by thnh ph cn li c th c
th t ty . Do c:
7! = 5040 cch ngi bn hng chn hnh trnh ca mnh

Ch : Nu mun tm l trnh ngn nht th ch ta phi tnh tng khong
cch cho mi hnh trnh c th, tc l tng cng phi tnh cho 5040 hnh tnh.
V d 2. Cho tp E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
a) C bao nhiu s gm 7 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp E?
b) C bao nhiu s gm 7 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp E, trong
cc ch s 3, 4, 5 ng cnh nhau ?
c) C bao nhiu s gm 7 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp E, bt u
bng 123?
Gii
a) Mi s gm 7 ch s phn bit hnh thnh t tp E ng vi ch mt hon
v ca
7 phn t ca tp E, v ngc li.
Vy s cc s phi tm bng
P7 = 7! = 5040 s
b) Xt hai trng hp
Trng hp 1: Cc s 3, 4, 5 ng cnh nhau theo th t .

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Gi s
= (3, 4, 5)
38
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l b ba ch s 3, 4, 5 ng cnh nhau theo th t
7 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp E, trong cc ch s

3, 4, 5 ng cnh nhau (theo th t ) ng vi ch mt hon v ca 5 phn t
ca tp F = {1, 2, , 6, 7}, v ngc li.
Mi s gm
Vy cc s phi tm bng:
P5 = 5! = 120 s
Trng hp 2: Cc s 3, 4, 5 ng cnh nhau theo th t bt k.
Ta bit rng c 3! cch chn cc b 3 ch s (3, 4, 5) ng cnh nhau v
theo th t bt k.
Vy cc s phi tm bng:
3!.P5 = 720 s
c) Mi s gm 7 ch s phana bit, hnh thnh t tp E, bt u bng 123,
ng vi ch mt hon v ca
4 ch s (4, 5, 6, 7).
Vy cc s phi tm bng:
P4 = 4! = 24 s
V d 3.
4 ngi ngi quanh mt bn hnh ch U ?
b) C bao nhiu cch sp xp 4 ngi ngi quanh mt bn hnh trn ?
a) C bao nhiu cch sp xp
Gii
t E = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 } l tp hp 4 ngi.
a) Vi bn hnh ch U, c th phn bit v tr ch ngi bng cch nh s
th t. Khi mi cch sp xp ng vi ch mt b 4 phn t ca tp E.
Vy s cch sp xp bng:
P4 = 4! = 24 cch
b) Vi mt bn trn, ngi ta khng phn bit v tr ch ngi, c ngha l
cc kt qu ch do i ch vng trn, s khng coi l khc nhau. V d 4 cch
sp xp sau y c coi l mt cch sp xp:
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Thc hin bi ton m

V d 1. C bao nhiu cch chn bn cu th khc nhau trong mi cu
th ca i bng qun vt chi bn trn u n, cc trn u l c th t
?
Gii
Mi cch chn c th t bn cu th ca i bng l mt chnh hp chp
bn ca mi phn t. Ta c:
A410 = 5040 cch chn

V d 2. Gi s rng c tm vn ng vin chy thi. Ngi thng s nhn
c huy chng vng, ngi v th hai s nhn c huy chng bc, ngi
v th ba s nhn c huy chng ng. C bao nhiu cch trao cc huy
chng ny nu tt c cc kt cc ca cuc thi u c th xy ra ?
bf Gii
S cch trao huy chng chnh l s chnh hp chp ba ca tp hp tm
phn t.
V th c
P (8, 3) = 8.7.6 = 336 cch trao huy chng

V d 3. C bao nhiu cch tuyn 5 trong 10 cu th ca mt i bng
qun vt i thi u ti mt trng khc ?
Gii
chnh l s t hp chp
5 ca 10 phn t, do ta c
5
C10
= 252 cch
V d 4. Cho 7 im trn mt phng sao cho khng c ba im no thng

hng.
a) C bao nhiu ng thng m mi ng thng i qua
2 trong 7 im
ni trn ?
b) C bao nhiu tam gic vi cc nh l
3 trong 7 im ni trn ?
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Gii
a) Mi cp im khng k th t, trong
7 im cho xc nh mt ng
thng v ngc li.

Vy s ng thng i qua
C72 =
2 trong 7 im ni trn bng:
5.6.7
7!
=
= 35 tam gic
2!(7 2)! 1.2.3
V d 5.
a) C bao nhiu ng cho trong mt a gic li
n cnh ?
b) Mt a gic li c bao nhiu cnh s ng cho bng
35?
Gii
a) Ta c:
n cnh th c n nh.
- Mi on thng ni 2 nh bt k, khng k th t, th hoc l mt cnh,
- Mi a gic li
hoc l mt ng cho ca a gic .

Vy s ng cho (k hiu l
Cn) ca a gic n cnh bng:
Cn = Cn2 n
b) Vi
Cn = 35, ta c
Cn2
nN+
n = 35 n 3n 70 = 0 n = 10.
Vy a gic li
n3
10 cnh s c 35 ng cho.
bi ton m
m s cc ch s tha mn tnh cht k hnh thnh t mt tp

1. Phng php
S dng:
* M phng s trong tp hp s.
* Cc nh ngha hon v, chnh hp, t hp.
* Cc qui tc m c bn.
2. V d minh ha
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{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Tm s cc s t nhin gm
V d 1. Cho tp E =
ch s ly t 7 s trn sao cho:
41
a) Cc ch s u khc nhau.
b) Ch s u tin l ch s 3.
c) Khng tn cng bng ch s
4.
Gii
Mt s
5 ch s c k hiu:
= a1a2a3a4a5, vi a1 E v i = 1, 5
a) C th tip cn theo mt trong hai cch:
Cch 1: Thc hin vic la chn dn:

* a1 c chn t tp E c 7 phn t
= 7 cch chn
* a2 c chn t tp E \{a1 } c 6 phn t
= 6 cch chn
* a3 c chn t tp E \{a1 , a2 } c 5 phn t
= 5 cch chn
* a4 c chn t tp E \{a1 , a2 , a3 } c 4 phn t
= 4 cch chn
* a5 c chn t tp E \{a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 } c 3 phn t
= 3 cch chn
Theo qui tc nhn, s cc s gm 5 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp E,
bng:
77.6.5.4.3 = 2520 s .
Cch 2: S dng nh ngha chnh hp
S cc s t nhin gm 5 ch s phn bit hnh thnh t E bng
A57 = 2520
b) Ta c:
* a1 = 3 = c mt cch chn.
* a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 c chn t E do mi phn t c
7 cch chn.
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Vy, s cc s t nhin gm 5 ch s bt u bng ch s
42
3 hnh thnh t
E bng
1.7.7.7.7 = 2402.
c) Ta c:
* a5 E \ {4} = c 6 cch chn.
* a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 c chn t E do mi phn t c
7 cch chn.
Vy s cc s t nhin gm 5 ch s bt u bng ch s 3 hnh thnh t
E bng
6.7.7.7.7 = 14406 s
V d 2. Vi 4 ch s 1, 2, 3, 4 c th lp c bao nhiu s c cc ch
s phn bit.
Gii
t E = {1, 2, 3, 4}.
* Gi A l tp cc s c cc ch s khc nhau, hnh thnh t E.
* Gi Ak , k = 1, 4 l tp cc s c k ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp
E. Ta c ngay:
A1 A&|A1| = A14
A2 A&|A2| = A24
A3 A&|A3| = A34
A4 A&|A4| = A44
A = A1 A 2 A 3 A 4
v cc tp A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 i mt khng giao nhau.
Theo qui tc cng:
|A| = |A1| + |A2| + |A3| + |A4| = A14 + A24 + A34 + A44 = 64 s

V d 3. Vi 5 ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c th bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s phn
bit v l
a) S l.
b) S chn.
Gii
t E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
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mt s
43
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ch s c k hiu:
= a1a2a3a4a5, vi a1 E v i = 1, 5
l, ta c th theo mt trong hai cch trnh by sau:
* a5 c chn t tp F = 1, 3, 5
= c 3 cch chn
= c 4 cch chn
= c 3 cch chn
= c 2 cch chn
= c 1 cch chn
Theo qui tc nhn, s cc s l gm 5 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp
E, bng:
3.4.3.2.1 = 72 s .
a) S
Cch 2: S kin thc v hon v

* a5 c chn t tp E = {1, 3, 5}
= c 3 cch chn
* a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 l mt b phn bit th t c chn t E = {a5 } do
n l mt hon v ca 4 phn t
= 4 cch chn.
Theo qui tc nhn, s cc l s gm 5 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp
E, bng:
3.P4 = 3.4! = 72 s .
48 s.
V d 4. Vi tp E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} c th lp c bao nhiu s
gm 5 ch s phn bit v
b) Tng t cu a), ta c kt qu bng
a) L s chn.
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b) Trong c ch s
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v ch s hng ngn lun l ch s
44
1.
Gii
Mt s
5 ch s c k hiu
= a1a2a3a4a5, vi a1 E v i = 1, 5
chn, ta c th theo mt trong hai cch trnh by sau:

* a5 c chn t tp F = 2, 4, 6
= c 3 cch chn
= c 6 cch chn
= c 5 cch chn
= c 4 cch chn
= c 3 cch chn
Theo qui tc nhn, s cc s chn gm 5 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t
tp E, bng:
3.6.5.4.3 = 72 s .
a) S
Cch 2: S kin thc v hon v

* a5 c chn t tp F = {2, 4, 6}
= c 3 cch chn
* a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 l mt b phn bit th t c chn t E = {a5 } do
n l mt chnh hp chp 4
= c A46 cch chn.
Theo qui tc nhn, s cc chn s gm 5 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t
tp E, bng:
3.A46 = 1080 s .
c ch s 7, ta c th tin hnh theo hai bc sau:
Bc 1: Chn mt v tr trong 5 v tr ca cc ch s, t ch s 7
b) Mun s
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= c 5
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cch chn.
Bc 2: Bn v tr cn li nhn gi tr l b mt phn bit th t c chn

t E \ {7} do n l mt chnh hp 6 chp 4
= c A46 cch chn.
Vy, s cc s gm 5 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp E, trong c
ch s 7 bng:
5.A46 = 1800 s .
c) Mun s
c ch s 7 v hc s hng ngn l ch s 1, ta c th tin
hnh theo hai bc sau:
Bc 1: Gn a1 = 1 = c 1 cch chn.
Bc 2: Chn 1 v tr trong 4 v tr ca cc ch s, t ch s 7
= c 4 cch chn.
Bc 3: Ba v tr cn li nhn gi tr l mt b phn bit th t c chn
t E \ {7, 1} do n l mt chnh hp 5 chp 3
= c A35 cch chn.
Vy, s cc s gm 5 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp E, trong c
ch s 7 v ch s hng ngn l ch s 1,bng:
1.4.A35 = 240 s .
V d 5. (HQG TPHCM Khi A99): Vi 5 ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. C th lp
c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s:
a) Phn bit.
b) Khng bt u bng ch s
c) Khng bt u bng
1.
123
Gii
t E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
a) Gi A l tp cc s gm 5 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t E
Ta c ngay, mi s thuc A ung vi ch mt hon v 5 ch s ca tp E
v ngc li, v vy
|A| = P5 = 5! = 120 s
b) Vi tp
A nh cu a).
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Gi A1 l tp cc s gm 5 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t
bng ch s 1, suy ra:
46
E, v bt u
A1 A.
* |A1 | = P4 = 4! = 24 s.
Gi A2 l tp cc s gm 5 ch s phn bit hnh thnh t E, v khng
bt u bng ch s 1, suy ra:
* A1 2 A.
* A = A1 A2 v A1 A2 = .
*
Theo qui tc cng
|A| = |A1| + |A2| |A2| = |A| |A1| = 120 24 = 96 s

c) Vi tp
A nh cu a)
B1 l tp cc s gm 5 ch s phn bit hnh thnh t E, v khng

bt u bng ch s 123, suy ra:
* B1 A.
* A = B1 B2 v B1 B2 = .
Gi
Theo qui tc cng:
|A| = |B1| + |B2| |B2| = |A| |B1| = 120 2 = 118 s

V d 6. Vi 5 ch s 1, 2, 5, 7, 8. C th lp c bao nhiu s gm 3
ch s phn bit v tha mn iu kin:
a) L mt s hcn.
b) L mt s nh hn hoc bng
278
c) L mt s chn v nh hn hoc bng
278
Gii
t E = {1, 2, 5, 7, 8}.
Mt s 3 ch s c k hiu
= a1a2a3, vi a1 E v i = 1, 3
a) S
chn, ta c
* a3 c chn t tp F = 2, 8
= c 2 cch chn
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* a1 , a2 l mt b phn bit th t c chn t
chnh hp 4 chp 2
47
E \ {a3} do n l mt
= c A24 cch chn

Theo qui tc nhn, s cc chn s gm
tp
3 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t
E, bng:
2.A34 = 24 s .
b) S
nh hn hoc bng 278, ta c a1 {1, 2}
Ta c th la chn mt trong hai cch trnh by sau:
Cch 1: Ta xt hai trng hp:

Trng hp 1: * Nu a1 = 1
= c 1 cch chn.
* a2 , a3 l mt b phn bit th t c chn t E \ {1} do n l mt
chnh hp 4 chp 2
Vy, trong trng hp ny ta nhn c:
1.A24 = 12 s
Trng hp 2: Nu a1 = 2.
= c 1 cch chn.
* a2 chn t tp F = E \ {2, 8}
= c 3 cch chn.
* a3 chn t tp F = E \ {2, a2 }
= c 3 cch chn.
Vy, trong trng hp ny ta nhn c:
1.3.3 = 9 s
Vy, s cc s gm
3 ch s phn bit nh hn 278, hnh thnh t tp E,
bng:
12 + 9 = 21 s
Cch 2: Ta c:
* Gi B1 l tp cc s gm 3 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t E, v nh
hn hoc bng ch 278.
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* Gi B2 l tp cc s gm 3 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t
hn hoc bng ch s 1, suy ra
E, v nh
B1 B&|B1| = A24 = 12
B l tp cc s gm 3 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t E, v nh
hn hoc bng ch s 2, suy ra
* Gi
B2 B&|B2| = A24 = 12
* Gi B l tp cc s gm 3 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t E, v nh hn
hoc bng
28, suy ra B3 B2& cc phn t thuc B3 l 281, 285, 287.
Ta c
B = B1 (B2 \ B3)&B1 (B2 \ B3) = .

Theo qui tc cng:
|B| = |B1| + |B2 \ B3| = |B1| + |B2| |B3| = 21s

c) S
l s chn nh hn hoc bng 278, ta c a1 {1, 2}&a3
{2, 8}. Ta c th la chn mt trong hai cch trnh by sau:

Cch 1: Ta xt hai trng hp:
Trng hp 1: Nu a1 = 1
= c 1 cch chn.
* a3 c chn t tp F = {2, 8}
= c 2 cch chn.
* a2 c chn t tp G = E \ {1, a3 }
= c 3 cch chn.
Vy trong trng hp ny ta nhn c
1.2.3 = 6 s
= c 1 cch chn.
* a2 = 8 c 1 cch chn
* a3 c chn t tp F = {2, 8}
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= c 3
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cch chn.
Vy trong trng hp ny ta nhn c
1.1.3 = 3 s
Vy, s cc s gm
3 ch s phn bit nh hn 278, hnh thnh t tp E,
bng
6 + 3 = 9 s
Cch 2: Ta c
* Gi C l tp cc s chn gm 3 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t E, v
nh hn hoc bng 278.
* Gi C1,2 l tp cc s chn gm 3 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t E, v
bt u bng ch s 1, v tn cng bng ch s 2, suy ra
C1,2 C&|C1,2| = 3.
C1,2 l tp cc s chn gm 3 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t E, v
* Gi
C1,8 C&|C1,8| = 3.
C2,8 l tp cc s chn gm 3 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t E, v
* Gi
C2,8 C&|C2,8| = 3.
Ta c
C = C1,2 C1,8 C2,8 v C1,2, C1,8, C28 i mt khng giao nhau.

Theo qui tc cng:
|C| = |C1,2 + |B1,8| + |C2,8| = 9 s

Ch : Chng ta u bit rng mt s:
= a1a2...,
ch c ngha khi a1
6= 0.
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Do trong trng hp 0 E chng ta cn xt cc trng hp ring.
V d 7. Vi 10 ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 c th lp c bao nhiu
s c 5 ch s phn bit.
Gii
t E = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
Ta c th la chn mt trong hai cch trnh by sau:
Cch 1. Mt s 5 ch s c k hiu:
= a1a2a3a4a5, vi a1 E, i = 1, 5 v a1 6= 0
Ta c:
* a1 c chn t tp E \{0}
= C 9 cch chn.
* a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 l mt b phn bit th t c chn t
l mt chnh hp 9 chp 4
E \{a1} do n
= C A49 cch chn.

Vy, s cc s gm 5 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp E, bng:
9.A49 = 27216 s
Cch 2: Ta c
* Gi A l tp cc s c 5 ch s khc nhau, hnh thnh t tp E, suy ra:
|A| = A510.
A1 l tp cc s c 5 ch s khc nhau, hnh thnh t tp E, bt
u bng ch s 0,suy ra:
* Gi
A1 A&|A1| = A49
* Gi
A = A1 A2&A1 A2 =
Theo qui tc cng:
|A| = |A1| + |A2| = |A2| = |A| |A1| = A510 A49 = 27216 s

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V d 8.
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C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 5 ch s trong hai ch s k
nhau phi khc nhau.
Gii.
t E = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
Mt s 5 ch s c k hiu:
= a1a2a3a4a5, vi a1 E, i = 1, 5 v a1 6= 0
Ta c:
E \{0} = C 9 cch chn.

E \{a1} = C 9 cch chn.
* a3 c chn t tp E \{a2 } = C 9 cch chn.
* a1 c chn t tp
* a2 c chn t tp
Vy, s cc s tha mn iu kin u bi, bng:
9.9.9.9.9 = 59049 s
V d 9. Vi cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ta c th lp c bao nhiu s
gm 8 ch s 1 c mt 3 ln, cn mi s khc nhau c mt ng mt ln.
Gii
B (0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) s to ra c cc s c 8 ch s dng:
= a1a2a3a4a5a6a7a8, vi a1 6= 0
t suy ra:
* a1 c 7 cch chn.
* a2 , ..., a8 l mt b phn bit th t c chn t
7 ch s cn li do
n l mt hon v ca 7 phn t, nhng v c 3 s 1 nn s b lp li 3! ln
7!
= C cch chn.
3!
Vy, s cc s tha mn iu kin u bi, bng:
7!
= 5880 s
3!
V d 10. Vi tp E = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} c th lp c bao nhiu
7.
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a) S gm
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ch s phn bit.
b) S chn gm
c) S gm
52
5 ch s phn bit.
5 ch s phn bit, trong c ch s 0.
Gii
Mt s
5 ch s c k hiu:
= a1a2a3a4a5, vi a1 E, i = 1, 5 v a1 6= 0
a) Ta c:
* a1 c chn t tp E \{0}
= C 5 cch chn.
a2, a3, a4, a5 l b phn bit th t c chn t E \{a1} do n l

mt chnh hp 5 chp 4
= C A45 cch chn.
Vy, s cc s gm 5 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp E, bng:
*
5.A45 = 600 s
b) Ta xt hai trng hp:
= C 1 cch chn.
Khi , a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 l mt b phn bit th t c chn t E \{0} do
n l mt chnh hp 5 chp 5
= C A45 cch chn.
Vy, trong trng hp ny chng ta nhn c:
1.A45 = 120 s
Trng hp 2: Nu a5 c chn t tp {2, 4}
= C 2 cch chn.
* a1 c chn t tp E \{0, a5 }
= C 4 cch chn.
* a1 , a3 , a4 l mt b phn th t c chn t E \{a1 , a5 } do n l
mt chnh hp 4 chp 3
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= C A34 cch chn.

Vy trong trng hp ny chng ta nhn c:
2.4.A34 = 192 s
Vy, s cc s chn gm
5 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp E, bng
120 + 192 = 312 s

c) Ta c lp lun:
* Gi
B l tp cc s gm 5 ch s phn bit hnh thnh t tp E. Theo
a) ta c:
|B| = 600
B1 l tp cc s gm 5 ch s phn bit hnh thnh t tp E, trong
khng c ch s 0, suy ra
* Gi
B1 B&|B1| = P5 = 5! = 120 s
B1 = B \ B1 l tp cc s gm 5 ch s khc nhau, hnh thnh t
tp E, trong c ch s 0. Ta c:
Khi
|B1| = |B \ B1| = |B| |B1| = 480 s.

V d 11. Cho tp hp E = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} c th lp c bao
nhiu s gm 5 ch s khc nhau i mt ly t E trong mi trng hp sau:
a) L s chn.
b) Mt trong 3 ch s u tin phi bng
1.
Gii
Mt s
5 ch s c k hiu
= a1a2a3a4a5, vi a1 E, i = 1, 5 v a1 6= 0
a) Ta xt hai trng hp
= C 1 cch chn.
* a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 l b phn bit th t c chn t E\{0} do n l mt
chnh hp 7 chp 4
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= C A47 cch chn.

Vy, trong trng hp ny chng ta nhn c
1.A47 = 840 s
Trng hp 2: Nu a5 c chn t tp {2, 4, 6}
= C 3 cch chn.
* a1 c chn t tp E \{0, a5 }
= C 6 cch chn.
* a2 , a3 , a4 l mt b phn th t c chn t E \{a1 , a5 } o n l
mt chnh hp 6 chp 3
= C A36 cch chn.
3.6.A36 = 2160 s
Vy, s cc s chn gm
5 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp E, bng
840 + 2160 = 3000 s

b) Ta xt hai trng hp
= C 1 cch chn.
chnh hp 7 chp 4
= C A47 cch chn.
1.A47 = 840 s
Trng hp 2: Nu a2 = 1 hoc a3 = 1
= C 2 cch chn.
* a1 c chn t tp E \{0, 1}
= C 6 cch chn.
* a3 , a4 , a5 (hoc a1 , a4 , a5 ) l mt b phn th t phn bit c chn t
E \{a1, a2} do n l mt chnh hp 6 chp 3
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= C A36 cch chn.

2.6.A36 = 1440 s
Vy, s cc s tha mn u bi, bng
840 + 1440 = 2280 s

V d 12. T su ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm
4 ch s khc nhau, trong c bao nhiu s chia ht cho 5.
Gii
t E = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
Mt s 4 ch s c k hiu
= a1a2a3a4, vi a1 E, i = 1, 4 v a1 6= 0
Ta xt hai trng hp
Trng hp 1: Nu a5 = 0 = C 1 cch chn.

chnh hp 5 chp 4
= C A45 cch chn.
1.A45 = 120 s
* a1 c chn t tp E \{0, 5}
= C 4 cch chn.
* a2 , a3 , a4 l mt b phn th t c chn t E\{5, a1 } o n l mt
chnh hp 4 chp 3
= C A34 cch chn.
1.4.A34 = 96 s
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Vy, s cc s tha mn iu kin u bi hnh thnh t
56
E bng:
120 + 96 = 216 s
V d 13. Cho tp cc ch s E = {1, 2, ..., n}. C th lp c bao
nhiu s gm n ch s phn bit sao cho cc ch s 1 v 2 khng ng cnh
nhau ?
Gii
Ta c lp lun:
* Gi
A l tp cc s gm n ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp E, suy ra

|A| = Pn = n!
B l tp cc s gm n ch s phn bit sao cho cc ch s 1 v 2

ng cnh nhau. tnh |B| ta tin hnh theo hai bc sau:
* Bc 1: Chn mt b n 1 phn t t tp F = {, 3, 4, ..., n}, trong
= (1, 2)
= C Pn1 cch chn.
* Bc 2: Chn mt hon v cc phn t ca
= C P2 cch chn.
* Gi
Vy,
|B| = Pn1.P2 = 2.(n 1)!

Ta c
B = A\B l tp cc s gm n ch s phn bit sao cho cc ch s 1 v

2 ng cnh nhau. Ta c:
|B| = |A\B| = |A| |B| = n! 2, (n 1)! = (n 2).(n 1)! cch
V d 14. Vi 5 ch s , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. C th lp c bao nhiu s gm
5 ch s phn bit v tha mn iu kin:
a) Mi s nh hn 40000
b) Mi s nh hn 45000.
Gii
t E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
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Mt s
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ch s c k hiu
= a1a2a3a4a5, vi a1 E, i = 1, 5 v a1 6= 0
a) Ta c th la chn hai cch trnh by sau:
Cch 1: Ta c:
* V nh hn 40000 nn a1 {1, 2, }
= C 3 cch chn.
* a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 l mt b phn bit th t c chn t E \{a1 } do n
l mt hon v ca 4 phn t
= C P4 cch chn.
Vy,cc s gm 5 ch s phn bit nh hn 40000, hnh thnh t tp E,
bng:
3.P4 = 360 s
Cch 2: Gi A l tp cc s gm 5 ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t E v
mi s nh hn 40000
* Gi A1 l tp cc s c 5 ch s khc nhau, hnh thnh t tp E, v bt
u bng ch s 1, suy ra:
A1 A&|A1| = P4 = 24.
* Gi
A2 A&|A2| = P4 = 24
* Gi
A3 A&|A3| = P4 = 24
Ta c:
A = A1 A2 A3&A1, A2, A3 i mt khng giao nhau

Theo qui tc cng
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|A| = |A1| + |A2| + |A3| = 3.24 = 72 s

b) V
nh hn 45000 nn a1 {1, 2, 3, 4}
Xt hai trng hp:
Trng hp 1: Nu a1 {1, 2, 3}
= C 3 cch chn.
* a2 , a3 , a4 l b phn bit th t c chn t E \{a1 } do n l mt
hon v ca 4 phn t
= C P4 cch chn.
3.P4 = 72 s
* a2 {1, 2, 2} = C 3 cch chn.
* a3 , a4 , a5 l mt b phn th t c chn t E \{a1 , a2 } o n l
mt hon v ca 3 phn t
= C P3 cch chn.
1.3.6.P3 = 18 s
Vy, s cc s chn gm
tp
5 ch s phn bit nh hn 45000, hnh thnh t
E, bng
72 + 18 = 90 s
V d 15. C bao nhiu s nguyn, dng vi cc ch s phn bit, nh

hn 10000?
Gii
t E = {0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 9}
Gi A l tp cc s gm cc ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp E, nh
hn 10000.
Gi Ak , k = 1, 4 l tp cc s c k ch s phn bit, hnh thnh t tp E.
Ta c
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*
Ak A.
Ak , k = 1, 4 ng vi mt chnh hp 10 chp k cc phn t

ca E, trong ch s ng u khc 0, suy ra:
* Mi s thuc
|Ak | = Ak10 A9k1 =
9(10 1)!
(10 k)!
|A1| = 9,
|A2| = 81,
A3| = 648,
A4| = 4536.
Ta c:
A = Y Ak (k = 1, 4)&Ak , k = 1, 4 i mt khng giao nhau

Theo qui tc cng:
|A| = |A1| + |A2| + |A3| + |A4| = 5274 s

Ch : Trong li gii trn ta s dng cng thc tnh:
Akn Ak1
n1 =
n!
(n 1)! (n 1)(n 1)!
=
(n k)! (n k)!
(n k)!
Tt nhin, chng ta c th khng cn s dng ti cng thc trn.
II. m s phng n.
1. Phng php
S dng phng php m hnh ha cng cc qui tc m c bn.
2. V d minh ha
V d 1. C 5 tem th khc nhau v 6 b th cng khc nhau. Ngi ta
mun chn t ra 3 tem th, 3 b th v dn 3 tem y ln 3 b th chn.
Mt b th ch dn 1 tem th. Hi c bao nhiu cch lm nh vy ?
Gii
Ta c ngay:
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C53 cch chn tem th.

* C63 cch chn b th.
* 3! cch dn tem. do , s cch lm bng
*
C53.C63.3!
V d 2. Mt ban chp hnh thanh nin c 11 ngi, trong c 7 nam
v 4 n. Ngi ta mun chn mt ban thng trc 3 ngi, trong phi c
t nht mt n. C bao nhiu cch chn ban thng trc ?
Gii
* Gi
A l tp cc cch chn ban thng trc, suy ra

3
|A| = C11
.
* Gi
B l tp cc cch chn ban thng trc khng c n, suy ra

|B| = C73
Ta c
B = A\B l tp cc cch thnh ban thng trc 3 ngi, trong
phi c t nht mt n. Ta c:
|B| = |A\B| = |A| |B| = 130 cch

V d 3. Trong 100 v s c 2 v trng thng. Nu mua 12 v s th c
bao nhiu trng hp:
a) Khng v no trng thng ?
b) C t nht
c) C ng
1 v trng thng ?
1 v trng thng ?
Gii
100 v s c 2 v trng thng cn 98 v khng trng thng.
Gi A l tp cc b 12 v s trong b 12 v s trong b 100 chic, suy ra
Trong
12
|A| = C100
b) Ta c a1
= A\A1 l tp cc b v trng htng. Ta c:

12
12
|A1| = |A\A1| = |A| |A1| = C100
C98
.
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c) S cc b
12
61
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v, c ng mt v trng thng bng:
11
.
C21.C98
V d 4. Ngi ta mun thnh lp mt t cng tc gm 3 n v 4 nam, 3

n c th chn trong 10 n, cn 4 nam c th chn trong 7 nam, trong c
anh Bnh v ch An.
a) C bao nhiu cch lp t ?
b) C bao nhiu cch lp t m anh Bnh v ch An khng trong cng
mt t?
Gii
a) Mun thnh lp t cng tc, c th tin hnh theo hai bc sau:
Bc 1: Chn 3 n trong 10 n
3
cch chn.
= C C10
Bc 2: Chn 3 nam trong 7 nam
= C C74 cch chn.
Vy s cch chn t bng
3
.C74 = 4200 cch
C10
b) Gi
A l s cch thnh lp t, ta c:
|A| = 42000
B l tp cc cch thnh lp t m nah Bnh v ch An cng mt t,

suy ra B A. Mun tnh |B| ta tin hnh theo hai bc sau:
Bc 1: Chn 2 n trong 9 n (v c ch An)
= C C92 cch chn.
Bc 2: Chn 3 nam trong 6 nam (v c anh Bnh)
= C C63 cch chn.
Gi
Vy
|B| = C92.C63 = 720 cch

Ta c B
= A\B l tp cc cch thnh lp t m anh Bnh v ch An khng
cng mt t. Ta c
|B| = |A\B| = |A| |B| = 3480 cch

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Trong mt hp cha 100 sn phm c
V d 5.
90 sn phn t yu cu
v 10 sn phm cha t yu cu. Hy ly ngu nhin t hp ra 10 sn phm.
a) C bao nhiu kt qu khc nhau ?
b) C bao nhiu b
10 sn phm trong c 8 sn phm t yu cu ?
Gii
a) S b
10 sn phm khc nhau l

10
C100
b) S b
10 sn phm trong c 8 sn phm t yu cu l

8
2
C90
.C10
.
V d 6. Ngi ta mun phn loi mt th h thanh nin theo gii tnh

(nam hoc n), theo tnh trng hn nhn ( lp gia nh hoc cha lp gia
nh), v theo ngh nghip (17 ngh nghip trong x hi). C bao nhiu cch
phn loi khc nhau ?
Gii
(x,yj , zk ), trong :
* xi l phn t ca tp E = { nam v n }
* yj l phn t ca tp F = { lp gia nh, cha lp gia nh}
* zk l phn t ca tp K, gm 17 phn t v ngh nghip trong x hi.
Vy, mi b (xi , yj , zk ) l phn t ca tch cc E F K.
Mi cch phn loi ng vi b ba pn t
Vy s cch phn loi bng:
|E F K| = |E| |F | |K| = 2.2.17 = 68 cch

V d 7. Gieo mt con xc xc 6 mt k ln
a) C bao nhiu kt qu khc nhau ?
b) C bao nhiu kt qu, trong
1 im khng ln no xut hin ?
Gii
t E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} l tp cc s im trn 6 mt xc xc.
a) Mt kt qu ca k ln giao con xc xc ng vi mt b (1 , 2 , ..., k )
c k phn t, trong i E, i = 1, k, i ch s im trn mt xc xc
ln gieo th i.
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Vy, mi b (1 , 2 , ..., k ) c k l phn t ca tch cc E142...43 E
|
E
{z
n ln
(k)
Vy s cch phn loi bng:
|E (k)| = |E|k = 6k cch

k ln gieo con xc xc, trong mt 1 im khng
ln no xut hin, ng vi mt b (1 , 2 , ..., k ) c k phn t, trong
i E1 = E \ {1}, i = 1, k, i ch s im trn mt xc xc ln gieo
th i.
Vy mi b (1 , 2 , ..., k ) l phn t ca tch cc E142...43 E1 =
| {z }
b) Mt kt qu ca
n ln
E (k) =
(k)
E1
Vy s cch phn loi bng

(k)
|E1 | = |E1|k = 5k cch

3. Cc bi ton chn lc
Bi 1 (H Thi Nguyn 99). C 12 chic bnh ngt khc nhau. Hi c bao
nhiu cch sp xp chng vo 6 chic hp ging nhau. , mi chic hp c 2
chic bnh.
Kt qu:
2
= 66
C12
6
= 9085768.
C66
Bi 2 (HSP Vinh 99). Mt sinh vin c 20 em trong c 8 em ch

bit ting Anh, 7 em ch bit ting Php, 5 em ch bit ting c. Cn lp mt
nhm i thc t gm 3 em bit ting Anh, 4 em bit ting Php, 2 em bit
ting c. Hi c bao nhiu cch lp nhm.
Kt qu:
C83.C74.C52 = 19600 cch.
Bi 3 (HYK 98). Mt chi on c 20 on vin trong 10 n. Tt cng

tc c 5 ngi. C bao nhiu cch chn nu t cn t nht 1 n.
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trung tm luyn thi i hc: tr c - 32/2 Ni Thnh nng T: 0905.100.499 - 0511.

hon v. chnh hp. t hp

trung tm luyn thi i hc: tr c - 32/2 Ni Thnh nng T: 0905.100.499 - 0511.624925

(1)(n nguyn dng).

n(n 1)! (n 1)! 1

trung tm luyn thi i hc: tr c - 32/2 Ni Thnh nng T: 0905.100.499 - 0511.624925

trung tm luyn thi i hc: tr c - 32/2 Ni Thnh nng T: 0905.100.499 - 0511.624925

V d 9. Tm n nguyn dng bit Pn+3 = 720A5n Pn5.

T hp E l mt tp gm n phn t. Mt tp con ca E gm r phn

V d 10. Rt gn biu thc

trung tm luyn thi i hc: tr c - 32/2 Ni Thnh nng T: 0905.100.499 - 0511.624925

V d 11. Chng minh vi cc s r, n nguyn, khng m sao cho 0 r n,

V d 12. Chng minh vi cc s r, n nguyn, khng m sao cho 0 r n,

nCnr = (r + 1)Cnr+1 + rCnr .

Bin son: GVC - Th.S Phan Vn Danh

trung tm luyn thi i hc: tr c - 32/2 Ni Thnh nng T: 0905.100.499 - 0511.624925

cn chng minh c vit li:

(uk )k n iu gim. Tht vy

(2n + k + 1)! (2n k 1)!

n!(n + k + 1)! n!(n k 1)! n!(n + k)! n!(n k)!

trung tm luyn thi i hc: tr c - 32/2 Ni Thnh nng T: 0905.100.499 - 0511.624925

k 2 12k + 32 = 0 c hai nghim k = 4, k = 8.

V T = x3. Phng trnh tr thnh x3 9x2 + 14x = 0 x = 7.

C7k + C7k+2 = 2C7k+1 k 2 5k + 4 = 0

2. Chng minh rng vi

3. Gii bt phng trnh

Bin son: GVC - Th.S Phan Vn Danh

trung tm luyn thi i hc: tr c - 32/2 Ni Thnh nng T: 0905.100.499 - 0511.624925

S = P1A12 + P2A23 + P3A34 + P4A45 P1P2P3P4.

8. Gii phng trnh

Pn+3 = 720 A5n Pn5.

11. Gii cc phng trnh

A2x Cxx1 = 48.

Bin son: GVC - Th.S Phan Vn Danh

trung tm luyn thi i hc: tr c - 32/2 Ni Thnh nng T: 0905.100.499 - 0511.624925

12. Gii cc phng trnh

Bin son: GVC - Th.S Phan Vn Danh

trung tm luyn thi i hc: tr c - 32/2 Ni Thnh nng T: 0905.100.499 - 0511.624925

Nh thc Newton v ng dng

cng thc nh thc newton

(a + b)n = Cn0an + Cn1an1b + Cn2an2b2 + + Cnn1abn1 + Cnnbn

Cc nhn xt v cng thc khai trin

a v b trong mi s hng bng n.

Cn0, Cn1, Cn2, . . . , Cnn1, Cnn

trung tm luyn thi i hc: tr c - 32/2 Ni Thnh nng T: 0905.100.499 - 0511.624925

(1 + x)n = Cn0 + Cn1x + Cn2x2 + + Cnn1xn1 + Cnnxn.

(1x)n = Cn0 Cn1x+Cn2x2 +(1)k Cnk xk + (1)nCnnxn. (3)

Mt s h thc gia cc h s nh thc

(1 + x)10 = 1 + 10x + 45x2 + 120x3 + 210x4 + 252x5 + 210x6 +

x > 0, ta c (1 + x)10 > 1 + 10x. Do vi x = 0, 1 ta c

trung tm luyn thi i hc: tr c - 32/2 Ni Thnh nng T: 0905.100.499 - 0511.624925

C5i (3x)5i(4)i = 35C50x5434C51x4+ +(4)5C55.

C 6 s hng, do tnh cht ca t hp, ch cn tm

C50, C51, C52.

C50 = 1, C51 = 5, C52 = 10. Vy

(3x 4)5 = 243x5 1620x4 + 4320x3 5760x2 + 3840x 1024.

S1 = C60 + C61 + C62 + + C66.

S2 = C50 + 2C51 + 22C52 + + 25C55.

S1 = C60 + C61 + C62 + + C66 = 26 = 64.

4. Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau:

S1 = 2nCn0 + 2n2Cn2 + 2n4Cn4 + + Cnn.

S2 = 2n1Cn1 + 2n3Cn3 + 2n5Cn5 + + Cnn.

trung tm luyn thi i hc: tr c - 32/2 Ni Thnh nng T: 0905.100.499 - 0511.624925