Bi 3

Phn tch nh tnh (tt)

Cation nhm IV: Phn ng c trng ca Ni2+

Ni2+ + H2Dim Hp cht ni phc mu y l phn ng kh nhy, nhy tm c l 5x10-5ion g/l Kt ta ny b ph hy trong axit v c, kim. Do vy phn ng phi thc hin trong mi trng amoniac Ion cn tr: Fe(II) do vy phi thm H2O2 a Fe(II) ln Fe(III) sau kt ta di dang hydroxit, hoc che bng florua. Co2+ cng c phn ng, Mn2+ cng gy cn tr
3HC 3HC C C O N Ni N OH N OH C CH3 ON C CH3

Phn ng c trng ca Co2+ Co2+ + 4SCN[Co(SCN)4]2To thnh phc mu xanh km bn trong nc,trong dung mi hu c bn hn (dd cha 50% axetone, hoc hn hp amylic vi ete) s c mu xanh bn. Ion Cu2+, Fe3+ cn tr.

Phn ng c trng ca Cd2+ 1. Cd2+ + Na2S CdS + Na+ Ion Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+ gy nh hng. Che bng KCN nhy phn ng: 10-3 ion g/l CdS + H2SO4 CdSO4 + H2S 2. Ngoi ra Cd(II) cng tham gia phn ng vi dithizon to ra mu t. To phc vi CN- to Cd(CN)2 kt ta nhng sau tan ra do to phc [Cd(CN)4]2-

Phn ng c trng ca Hg2+

* Ty thuc vo gc axit m kt ta c thnh phn khc nhau HgCl2 +_NH3 HgNH2Cl + NH4+ + ClHg(NO3)2 + NH3 Hg2NH2ONO3 + NH4+ + Cl* Tc dng vi H2S to thnh kt ta mu trng, sau chuyn thnh vng cui cng l mu en HgCl2+ H2S 2HgS. HgCl2 + HCl 2HgS. HgCl2 + H2S HgS + HCl * Tc dng dung dch KI to ra kt ta HgI2, khi c thuc th d to ra HgI42-

Phn ng c trng ca Cu2+

1.Phn ng kim to hydroxyt. Trong dung dch kim mnh tan mt phn to CuO2-. 2.To phc vi NH3 to mu xanh m. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit khi nng khng qu b. Bc sng cc i 620nm. nhy 10-2 ion g/l. Ni2+, Co2+ cn tr. 3. Tc dng K4[Fe(CN)6] to ra Cu2[Fe(CN)6] mu nu

S phn tch nhm

DD nhm 4 + NH3, Na2S v un nng

CdS, CuS, NiS,CoS

+ HCl (1:1) +t0

HgS2Sau nhn bit Hg2+

Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+ Sau nhn bit bng thuc th c trng

CuS (CdS) Sau nhn bit bng thuc th c trng

Phn ng c trng ca Mg2+

Mg2+ + NH3 + HPO42MgNH4PO4 Kt ta mu trng, tinh th. Phn ng thc hi pH >7. Thm NH4Cl ngn s to kt ta Hydroxyt. un nng tinh th d to thnh Khi nng Mg2+ b th to ra dung dch qu bo ha. Ion Li+ v cc ion khc cn tr loi tr bng cch thm mui phosphat, sau thm Zn

Phn ng c trng ca Fe2+, Fe3+

1. Fe3++ 6 KSCN [Fe(SCN)6]3- mu mu + K+ Mi trng phn ng l axit, nhy 5.10-5 ion g/l. Ion Cl-, SO42- lm gim nhy, Khi c mt cc ion to phc vi SCN- thi phi cho d thuc th. Mt s ion to phc c 2. Tc dng vi K4[Fe(CN)6] to ra kt ta mu xanh ph. Phn ng pH<7. Nu thuc th d s to keo K4Fe[Fe(CN)6] . Cc cht oxy ha mnh s a [Fe(CN)6]4thnh [Fe(CN)6]33. Phn ng vi , piridin to phc mu vi Fe2+

+ FeCl2
N

Fe

Cl2

Phn ng c trng ca Mn2+

Mn2+ + PbO2 + HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + MnO4- + H2O

Phn ng to mu hng. nhy 5.10-5 ion g/l. Trong dung dch khng c c ion ClMt s ion c mu lm gim nhy phn ng.

S phn tch nhm

Cc hydroxit KL +HNO3, Ly tm Mg2+, Fe3+ + NH3 2N

Dung dch nhm V + NaOH 2N + H2O2 Ly tm B t0C

MnO(OH)2

Nhn bit tng ion

Phn ng c trng ca Na+

Na+ + UO2(CH3COO)2. Zn(CH3COO)2 UO2(CH3COO)2.Zn(CH3COO)2.NaCH3COOH. 6 H2O ( kt ta mu vng nht) nhy 1.10-3 ion g/l. Ph thuc nh sang t ngoi. Nu axit qu cao th s tan kt ta Khi c cc cht to phc mnh vi Zn2+ th phi dng UO22+ Rt t ion c phn ng tng t

Phn ng c trng ca K+
K+ + Na3[Co(NO2)6] K2Na[Co(NO2)6] mu vng

K phn ng: Dung dch c mi trng axit yu Cc cht oxy ha mnh s tc dng ion NO2Khi c cht to phc vi Co3+ phi dng thuc th d Trong dung dch long phi ch lu mi c kt ta Cacs ion Sb2+, Bi3+, Sn4+, UO22+ cn tr v che bng EDTA

Phn ng c trng ca NH4+

NH4+ + Thuc th Nesle Kt ta mu da cam HgI42-+ 2NH3 HgNH3I2 +4I2HgNH3I2 Hg2NH2I2 + NH4- + I nhy 5.10-5 ion g/l Lu n cc ion kt ta trong mi trng kim. Cn th trc

Phn ng c trng cc anion

1. Ag+ + ClAgCl (trng) 2. Ba2+ + CO32- BaCO3 3. Pb2++ CrO42- PbCrO4 (vng) 4. Ion nitrat dng phn ng vi ion Fe2+ trong HNO3 v H2SO4 to mu nu vnh khuyn

3. Phn tch mt cht cha bit, nhn bit hn hp anion: (45 pht) Trng hp cht cha bit l dung dch v khng kt ta: Ta tin hnh cc bc sau y: Quan sat mu dung dch c th c nhn nh v cc ion c mu * Th mi trng ca dung dch. Nu mi trng axit th kt lun l cc ion cha gc axit mnh, mi trng kim hoc trung tnh th kt lun c ion kim loi kim, kim th... * Tin hnh phn tch cc anion * Tin hnh phn tch cc cation: trong trng hp ny chng ta c th da vo cc anion phn on cc nhm cation c th tn ti sau dung phn ng c trng tm ring bit

Trng hp cht cha bit l dung dch v c kt ta Li tm kt ta v th ha tan trong cc dung mi: * Ha tan trong nc c un nng th suy an c ion ch * Ha tan trong HCl 2N hoc HCl c c th kt lun mui cacbonat kim loi hoc phosphat * Ha tan trong NaOH 2M d an mui ch dng sunfat * Ha tan trong dung dch NH3 2N hoc c * Ha tan trong axit hoc bazo m c.

Phn tchmt cht rn cha bit: Trong trng hp ny chng ta ch quan tm n cht rn nguyn cht. Nn tin hnh cc bc nh sau: *Quan sat mu bn ngoi * Th mu ngn la * Ha tan mu * Phn tch c th

Bi tp
a. Cht X l cht kt ta mu xanh v rt nht. Ha tan trong nc. Dung dch c tnh axit. Khi phn tch cc anion thy rng khi dng HCl khng thy kh bay ra,ng thi khng thy kt ta. Cho dung dch phn tch tc dng BaCl2 c c kt ta mu trng khng tan trong axit ntic. Cho tc dng vi dung dich nitrat bac khng c kt ta. Kt qu phn tch cation thy c ion NH4+, St (II) v (III). Khng tm thy cation nhm II. Hy t lp li k hoch chi tit ca qu trnh phn tch?

b. Cht Z c mu trng, tan trong nc. Dung dch nc ca Z phn ng c HCl cho kt ta mu trng tan trong NH3 v khi axit ha dung dch to thnh bng HNO3 th li xut hin kt ta mu trng. Dung dch Z axit ha bng H2SO4 c tc dng vi Cu cho kh mu nu bay ra v c kt ta en tch ra. Cho bit Z l cht g?

c. Mt cht Y mu trng , tan trong nc cho phn ng axit yu. Dung dch Y, khng cho kt ta vi HCl, H2SO4, NaOH v NH3. Dung dch nc ca Y cho kt ta trng vi BaCl2,AgNO3 cc kt ta ny tan trong HNO3. Dung dch nc ca Y phn ng vi Molipdat amoni v HNO3 cho kt ta mu vng. Y cho ngn la mu tm. Cho bit tn hp cht Y

1. C th tch ion Pb2+ v Ag+ theo mt trong cc cch sau: a. Kt ta 2 ion di dng XCln, sau un trong nc nng. b. Kt ta 2 ion di dng XCln, sau cho kt ta vo kim d. c. C a v b u ng. d. Khng cu no ng. 2. Trong cc pht biu sau, pht biu no khng ng: a.Tt c cc mui bc t tan trong nc u tan trong dung dch amoniac. b. Cc mui Pb2+ tan nhiu trong kim d (to thnh plombit PbO22+) c. Cc mui bc tan nhiu trong kim d d. Cc mui Pb2+ khng tan trong dung dch amoniac

3. Chn cu pht biu ng: a. AgCl khng tan trong cc axit v kim nhng tan trong NH4OH, (NH4)2CO3, KCN, Na2S2O3. b. AgBr khng tan trong cc axit, (NH4)2CO3 nhng tan trong NH4OH, KCN, Na2S2O3. c. AgI ch tan trong KCN v Na2S2O3, khng tan trong axit v NH4OH c. d. C a, b, c u ng

4. Chn cu sai: a.PbI2 tan nhiu trong nc nng b.PbSO4 khng tan trong axit long nhng tan trong H2SO4 v HCl c. c. PbSO4 khng tan trong dung dch NaOH c. d. PbSO4 tan trong cc mui amoni ca axit hu c.

5. Cc ion Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+ to kt ta vi CO32-. Chn pht biu sai:

a.Cc kt ta ny t tan trong nc, nhng tan trong cc HCl, HNO3 v CH3COOH. b. Cc kt ta ny c tan trong nc xp x nhau. c. C th dng phn ng ny tch cc ion Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+ ra khi cc cation khc. d. Khng pht biu no sai.

6. Khi kt ta BaCrO4 phi kt ta trong mi trng: a.Trung tnh b. Axit c. Baz d. Mi trng khng nh hng n phn ng kt ta. 7. C th tch ion Ca2+ ra khi hn hp cc cation

Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+ bng phn ng ca cc ion vi:

a. Amoni oxalat b. Amoni cacbonat c. Amoni sunfat d. Phn ng khc 8. Chn pht biu ng: a.C th tch cc ion Al3+, Cr3+, Zn2+ ra khi hn hp bng phn ng ca chng vi OH-. b. C th tch Al3+ v Zn2+ khi cho chng tc dng vi dung dch NH4OH d. c. Al(OH)3 tan nhiu trong dung dch NH4OH. d. Zn(OH)2 khng tan trong dung dch NH4OH

9. Chn cu sai: a.Kt ta Cu(OH)2 d tan trong axit long, NH3 v 1 phn trong dung dch kim c to thnh cuprit mu xanh xm. b. Kt ta Ni(OH)2 tan trong cc axit v c, mui amoni v amoniac nhng khng tan trong kim d c. Co(OH)2 khng tan trong dung dch amoniac 10. Nu cho tc dng vi lng va , NH4OH to vi Hg2+ mt kt ta trng (NH2HgCl) Trong cc kt ta sau: CuS, CoS, NiS, HgS, kt ta no c th tan trong dung dch H2SO4 2N khi un nng? a. CuS b. CdS c. NiS d. HgS

11. C mt dung dch cha cc ion sau: Cu2+, Co2+ v Ni2+. Chn cu pht biu sai: a. Pht hin Cu2+ bng phn ng vi amoniac hoc K4[Fe(CN)6] b. Pht hin Ni2+ bng phn ng vi dimetylglioxim trong mi trng amoniac c. Pht hin Co2+ bng phn ng vi thyoxianat d. Khng th pht hin c cc ion khi chng cng nm trong mt dung dch 12. C th pht hin s c mt ca K+, Na+, NH4+ trong dung dch bng cch: a. Th mu ngn la b. Cho dung dch phn ng vi thuc th Nestle c. Cho dung dch phn ng vi Na[B(C6H5)4] trong NaOH d. Cho phn ng vi thuc th uranyl axtat

13. Ngi ta pht hin kh H2S thot ra khi thm HCl vo dung dch. Nhn bit H2S bng cch: a. Bng mi b. Bng giy lc tm Na2PbO2 c. a v b u ng d. a v b u sai 14. C th pht hin ra trong dung dch c cha ion SCN- bng phn ng ca n vi Fe3+ nu: a. Trong dung dch khng c Ib. Trong dung dch c Ic. I- khng gy nh hng n phn ng d. Khng cu no ng 15. Pht hin CH3COO- bng phn ng ca n vi FeCl3, cc ion no gy nh hng n kt qu phn ng: a. Ib. SCNc. C a v b d. I- v SCN- khng gy nh hng