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e-mail : lokrajya@dgipr.maharashtra.gov.in lokrajya2011@gmail.com
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e-mail : lokvitran@dgipr.maharashtra.gov.in lokrajyavitaran@gmail.com
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o$~wdmar 2013
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moX `. ZbmdS>o
w` gnmXH$ VWm hmgMmbH$ (m{hVr d OZgnH$ hmgMmbZmb`) gnH$ : 022-22041585/22027956
dg@dgipr.maharashtra.gov.in
o$~wdmar 2013
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o$~wdmar 2013
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^mfm ho Ho$di gdmXmM _m`_ ZgyZ Vo gH$Vs Am[U A{_VoM VrH$ AgVo. Amnbs _amR>s ^mfm hs Ho$di Amnbs am`^mfm Zmhs, Va Amnb gmH$[VH$ d^d Am[U _hmamQ>s` _mUgmMm _mZ[~Xy Amho. _amR>s ^mfo`m [dH$mgmVM `m am`mMm gdmJsU [dH$mg gm_mdbobm Amho, `m_wio _amR>s ^mfoMm [dH$mg hs Amn`m gdmMs O~m~Xmar Am[U gdm[YH$ mYm`mZo H$a`mMs JmoQ> Amho. Cnw`r A{OV ndma `mMo ZmoJV. VwH$mam_mM gm[h` dmMb Amho Am[U `m gm[h`mMm A`mg Ho$bm Amho, `mZm hm `yZJS> H$YsM òUma Zmhs. _amR>s ^mfoMm [dH$mg g`m [d[dY Vamda H$a`mMm emgZmMm `Z Amho. ^mfm [dH$mgm`m H$m`mbm [ZYs H$_s nSy> Zò `mMs XjVm Ko`mV Ambs Amho. _amR>s ^mfm dmT>dm`Ms Am[U g_ H$am`Ms Agob Va BW`m gm[h`, H$bm Am[U gmH$[VH$ jombm mogmhZ Xo`mMs JaO bjmV KoD$Z am` emgZmZ Zoh_sM `m jomZm gdVmonar _XV H$a`mMs ^y[_H$m KoVbs Amho. gm[h`, ZmQ>H$, [MnQ>, bmoH$H$bm`m [Z[_VsgmR>s H$moQ>dYs n`mM ârd AZwXmZ emgZmV\}$ Xo`mV òV Amho. H$bm Am[U H$bmdVmZm [d[dY _m`_mVyZ _XV Ho$bs OmV Amho. `mMm Cn`moJ [Z{MVM _amR>s ^mfo`m gdYZmgmR>s hmoV Amho. _amR>s ^mfm hs `dhmamMs Am[U kmZmMs ^mfm ~Z`m[edm` ^mfo`m [dH$mg[H$òbm JVs òUma Zmhs. OJâmV KS>Um`m [d[dY KS>m_moS>s, [dkmZ-VkmZm`m jomV doJmZ hmoUma gemoYZ, g_mOm`m [d[dY jomVb A`mdV kmZ VgoM `m ZdZdsZ jomV`m Vm[H$ eXmZm n`m`s _amR>s eX Aem AZoH$ JmoQ>s _amR>s ^mfoV VmVS>sZ CnbY Pm`m nm[hOoV. _m[hVs-VkmZmMm Cn`moJ _amR>s`m [dH$mgmgmR>s ^mdsnUo H$$Z KoVbm nm[hOo. BQ>aZoQ>dahs _amR>sMm dmna dmT>bm nm[hOo. `dhmamV Zgbobs dVy Oes hiyhiy ~mX hmoVo, VmoM [Z`_ ^mfobmhs bmJy nS>Vmo. `m_wio _amR>s ^mfm OJdm`Ms Am[U [VMm [dH$mg H$am`Mm Agob Va Amn`mnH$s òH$mZ XZ[XZ `dhmamV _amR>s ^mfoMm dmna Ho$bm nm[hOo. dmT>dbm nm[hOo. _amR>s AgU [H$dm _amR>s ^mfm ~mobU hs A[^_mZmMs JmoQ> Amho, ho AmnU gdmZs bjmV KoVb nm[hOo. _amR>sbm am`^mfoMm XOm `mnyduM [_imbm Amho. VmbwH$m Am[U [Ohm `m`mb`mM H$m_H$mO AmO _amR>sVyZ hmoV Amho. _amR>s gm[h`, ZmQ>H$ Am[U [MnQ> jomV ZdZdsZ `moJ hmoV AmhoV. Xadfu hOmamo nwVHo$ H$m[eV hmoV AmhoV. XoemV gdm[YH$ JWmbò _hmamQ>mV AmhoV. _amR>sbm kmZ^mfm Am[U `m``dhmamMs ^mfm ~Z[d`mg AmnU H$mhs Aes èds Pmbmo AmhmoV. _amR>s ^mfo`m [dH$mgmgmR>s emgZmZ _amR>s ^mfm [d^mJ WmnZ Ho$bm AgyZ `m`m _m`_mVyZ [d[dY CnH$_mMs A_b~OmdUs gw$ Amho. _amR>s ^mfo`m g_sMs hs KmoS>XmS> gw$ Agbs Var, Amn`mbm EdT>mdaM g_mYmZs amhyZ MmbUma Zmhs. _amR>sbm A[ÔmV ^mfoMm XOm [_idyZ XoU hm XoIsb `mM dmQ>MmbsVsb EH$ _hdnyU Q>nm R>aUma Amho. _amR>s ^mfoMm [dH$mg hm XZ[XZ `dhmamV _amR>sMm dmna dmT>[d`mZoM e` Amho, `m_wio AmnU gdmZs Amnbo XZ[XZ `dhma _amR>s ^mfoVM H$a`mMm XT> gH$n H$amdm, Ag _mP Amn`m gdmZm AmdmhZ Amho. eXmH$Z gO` XoewI Cnw``mMo OZgnH$ A{YH$mar gnH$ 9821368210 rr
o$~wdmar 2013
A[ÔmV _amR>s
_VmVohr nOm [OH$Um`m Am[U ^mfm_mOs ^mfm gmOar AgUm`m _amR>s ^mfobm A[ÔmV ^mfoMm XOm [_imdm `mgmR>s _hmamQ> emgZmV\}$ gd H$maMo `Z Ho$bo OmV AmhoV. `mgmR>s _w`_s ndsamO MhmU `mZs gw[g gm[h{`H$ m. aJZmW nR>mao `m`m A`jVoImbs EH$ A`mgJQ>
gdmAH$am H$moQ>r bmoH$mMr _amR>r hr OJmVrb Xhm`m H$_mH$mMr ^mfm Amho. gnZ kmZ^mfm AgUmar _amR>r _hmZw^dmMr Y_^mfmhr Amho. _amR>r hr amO^mfm AgUmao gmVdmhZ, amQ>Hw$Q> Am{U _amRo> ho am`H$V} ^maVâ am` H$aV hmoVo. AmO`m nm{H$VmZ, ~mJbmXoe Am{U A\$Jm{UVmZmdahr _amR>r gmoMr nVmH$m \$S>H$V hmoVr. hr ^mfm ~mobUmao bmoH$ AmO OJmVrb 72 XoemV ngabobo AmhoV. Vo ^maVm`m 35 amò Am{U Ho$em{gV XoemV _hdm`m nXmda H$m_ H$aV AmhoV. `m_wio hr \$$ EH$m mVmMr ^mfm ZgyZ, Vr _hdmMr amQ>r` ^mfm Amho.
1. High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500-2000 years. speakers.
m. har ZaHo$
WmnZ Ho$bm Amho. AmOda V_ri, VobJy, H$ZS> d gH$V `m Mma ^mfmZm H|$ emgZmZo hm XOm [Xbobm Amho. ^mfo`m A[ÔmVnUmg~YsMo H|$ gaH$maMo [ZH$f nwT>sb_mUo AmhoV.
- ^mfoMr _m[bH$Vm Am[U gbJVm

3. The literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community.
- ^mfoMr mMsZVm
2. A body of ancient literature / texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of
- ^m{fH$ Am[U dmL>_`sZ nanaoMo d`^ynU

4. The Classical language and literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the Classical language and its later forms of its offshoots.
- mMrZ ^mfm d [VMo AmYw[ZH$ $n `m`mV nSy> eH$Um`m IS>mgh OmoS>bobo / Agbobo ZmVo. `m Mmahs _wm`m AZwfJmZo [dMma H$aVm _amR>s ^mfm hs A[ÔmV ^mfm Amho ho g~i nwam`m[Zes [g H$aVm òVo. _amR>s ^mfm A[ÔmV R>a`mgmR>s H$mhs nydJh Am[U Imobda Obo`m Jag_OwVs `mMm AS>Wim Amho. _amR>s hs gH$VmoX^d ^mfm Amho Am[U [VMo d` 1 hOma dfmnojm H$_s Amho Aes bmoH$g_OyV H$$Z Xo`mV Ambs Amho. mMrZ _hma>r^mfm, _ah>r ^mfm, _hmamQ>r mH$V ^mfm, Anê _amR>r ^mfm kmZH$moeH$ma lrYa `H$Q>oe Ho$VH$a, amOmamemr ^mJdV, XwJm ^mJdV, dm. dm. {amer, S>m. H$. nm. Hw$bH$Uu, S>m. {d. {^. H$mobVo, S>m. e. Jmo. Vwinwio, b. am. nmJmaH$a, S>m. h. {Y. gmH${b`m Am{U BVa AZoH$ m`dam`m JWmMo nwamdo nmhVm amR>rMo d` gwmao 2500 df} Ag`mMo {g hmoVo.
o$~wdmar 2013
Am{U AmOMr _amR>r ^mfm Agm _amR>rMm dmg Pmbm Amho. `m doJdoJ`m ^mfm ZgyZ Vs _amR>s `m EH$mM ^mfoMs VsZ $no AmhoV, Ago b. am. nmJmaH$a `mZs gmoXmhaU XmIdyZ [Xbo Amho. brimM[a, kmZodar, {ddoH${gYy ho _amR>rVbo AmJW ZmhrV; Va Vo _amR>s J^ d ls_V Pm`mZVaMo loR> JW AmhoV. ho OmJ{VH$ VmoS>rMo JW AmR>eo dfmnydr `m ^mfoV {b{hbo Jobo, Vr `m`m AmYr ~mam-nYameo df} A`V g_ ^mfm hmoVr `mMo {ebmboI, Vm_nQ>, nmo`m Am{U hV{b{IV Jm{WH$ nwamdo AmO CnbY Pmbo AmhoV. _amR>rVbm AmO CnbY Agbobm n{hbm JW gw_mao 2 hOma df} OwZm AgyZ `mMo Zmd "JmWmgeVr' Ago Amho. gH$VdmUr Xodo Ho$bs _J mH$V H$m` MmoamnmgyZ Pmbs, Agm gV gdmb gV EH$ZmWmZs [dMmabm hmoVm. EH$ZmWmMs ^mfm AmOMs _amR>s ^mfm AgyZhs Vo [Vbm mH$V hUVmV `md$Zhs `m XmoZ doJ`m ^mfm ZmhsV hoM nQ> hmoVo. kmZodamZs _amR>sbm Xoes ^mfm hQ>bobo Amho. ho_MmMo "Xoes Zm__mbm' ho `m ^mfoMo `mH$aU [g Amho. nm[UZs`m g_H$mbsZ daMs (H$m`m`Z) `mZo [b[hbobm "mH$V H$me' hm `mH$aU JW `mVZm_ Amho. ^mS>maH$a m` [dm gemoYZ gWoH$So> gw_mao 30 hOma mMsZ nmo`m CnbY AgyZ `mVsb XrS> Vo XmoZ hOma df Ow`m Agbo`m gw_mao 80 JWm_ò _amR>s ^mfm `mV mw`mZo H$m{bXmgmMo emHw$Vb (4 Wo eVH$), ewH$mMo N>H$Q>rH$ (6 do eVH$), dagoZmMo goVw~Y (5 do eVH$), ^~mhMo Amd`H$ {Z`wVr (3 ao eVH$), {dbgwarMo nmM[a`m (1 bo Vo 3 ao eVH$) `mMm gmdoe Amho. am_mÙ, _hm^maVmVhs eoH$S>mo _amR>s eX gmnS>VmV. 2 hOma dfmnydu ~hH$Wm hm nemMs ^mfoVsb JW JwUmT> `m _amR>s boIH$mZo [b[hbobm Amho. "[dZ`[nQ>H$', "Xrnde', "_hmde' `m ~m JWm_ò nmbs d [ghbs ^mfoV _hmamQ>mMm CoI Ambobm Amho. _moJ{bnwmm{V` `mZo H$mhr "Woa' hUOo loR> Y_m}nXoeH$ {Za{Zam`m XoemZm nmR>{d`mMm CoI Amho. nH$r "_hma>' XoemV WoamohmYa{IVm `mg nmR>{dbo Ago `mV hQ>bo Amho, "apIVWoa dZdm{g `moZH$ YapIV Woa AnaH$V
amR>rV Xadfr gw_mao XmoZ hOma nwVHo$ H$m{eV hmoVmV, nmMeo {Xdmir AH$ {ZKVmV Am{U N>moQ>r - _moR>r gw_mao XmoZeo gm{h` g_obZo hmoVmV. A{Ib ^maVr` _amR>r gm{h` g_obZmbm bmImo a{gH$ Cn{WVr bmdVmV. Xadfr H$moQ>dYr n`mMr _amR>r nwVH$mMr {dH$r hmoV AgVo. Zm_dV ImgJr H$meZ gWm Am{U gaH$mar H$meZo `mMr dMm[aH$ Am{U b{bV nwVH$mMr dm{fH$ CbmT>mb drg Vo nMdrg H$moQ>r n`mn`V AgyZ nmR>nwVHo$, Ym{_H$ JW, nmH$H$Vr, `{$_d {dH$mg{df`H$ VgoM b{bV Am{U dMm[aH$ JW `mMr EH${V ~mOmanoR> gw_mao 250 H$moQ>r nòAmho. XoemVrb EHy$U JWmb`mnH$r 25 Q>o$ JWmbò EH$Q>m _hmamQ>mV AmhoV. _amR>rV OodTo> H$moe dmL>_` Amho VodTo> ^maVmVrb A` H$moU`mhr ^mfoV Zmhr. kmZoda, VwH$mam_md$Z eoH$S>mo Zmo~ob AmodmiyZ Q>mH$mdsV Ago OmJ[VH$ XOmMo loR> boIZ _amR>sV Pmbobo Amho. _amR>s ^mfoV AmOda gw_mao EH$ bmI JW H$m[eV Pmbo AgyZ `mVsb Ag` JW d{dH$XQ>m loR> R>amdoV Ago AmhoV. hmYa{IV Woa hma>.' bmoH$^mfoVyZ {Z{Vr _amR>s hs _w`V: _hmamQ>mMs ^mfm AgyZ doXnydH$mimnmgyZ MmbV Ambo`m bmoH$^mfm_YyZ Vs V`ma Pmbs Amho. AemM Xwg`m EH$m bmoH$^mfoVyZ gH$V O_mbm Ambobs Amho. AmOn`V _amR>sda Am`mMs ~mob^mfm, d[XH$, gH$V d [d[dY mH$V VgoM [dS>s ^mfm `mMm n[aUm_ Pmbm Amho. _amR>sV Vg_, VX^d d Xo` `mV VsZhs H$maMo eX AmT>iVmV. _hmamQ>s hUyZ Os mH$V ^mfoVsb [deof mT> d dmL>_`sZ ^mfm VsM _amR>s hmo`. _amR>r ^mfoVrb n{hbm {ebmboI 2220 dfmnydrMm Amho. Vmo ~mr {bnrVrb AgyZ Vmo nwUo {OmVrb OwZa Odi`m ZmUoKmQ>mVrb Amho. `m {ebmboImV "_hma{R>Zmo' bmoH$mMm nQ> CoI Amho. S>m. dm. {d. {_amer `mZr Amn`m "gmVdmhZ Am{U n{M_r jn `mMm B{Vhmg Am{U H$moard boI' `m JWmV hm {ebmboI H$m{eV Ho$bm Amho. (""...` _ha{R>Zmo A{J`Hw$bdYZg gJa{J[adb`m` nW{d` nW_drag dg... ` _hVmo _h.... '' AZwdmX""...._hmaR>r A{J` Hw$bmonZ {J[ag_wdb`m{H$V ndrdarb draloR>.... _hmZ Aem nwfmV loR> Aem...'') `m _hmaR>r ^mfoV hm {ebmboI {b{hbm Jobm Amho Vr `mAmYr {H$_mZ 200 Vo 300 df} A{VdmV Agbr nm[hOo. _hmamQ> `m XoeZm_mnojm _hmamQ>r ^mfm OwZr Amho. A_H$, Hw$Vb, AnamV, {dX^
o$~wdmar 2013
`m XoemV mH$V _hmamQ>r MmamV hmoVr. BVHo$M ZmhrVa gmVdmhZm`m amOdQ>rV (B.g.nyd 2 ao eVH$ Vo B.g.2 ao eVH$) `mMm am`{dVma Hw$jo, noemda BWn`V Pm`m_wio Vr ^maVm`m ~`mM _moR>m ^y^mJmV M{bV hmoVr. hUyZM "JmhmgmgB' D$\$ "JmWmgeVr' `m hmb gmVdmhZ amOmZo gH${bV Ho$bo`m JmWm`m VtMr hV{b{IVo Xoeâ AZoH$ {R>H$mUr gmnS>bobr AmhoV. _hmamQ>r ho _hma>r _hma>r-_ah>r-_hmQ>r-_amR>r Agm Cma^_mMm dmg "_hmamQ>r ho _hma>r'Mo Zm_H$aU gH$V ^mfoZo, {V`mV`m n{S>VmZr Ho$bo. gH$V ^mfobm gH$V ho Zmd {_i`mAmYr _hmamQ>r ^mfm A{VdmV hmoVr, EdTo>M Zmhr, Va Vr J^ Pmbobr hmoVr. hmb gmVdmhZmMr "gmgB' O`d^mMm "dOmbJ' hm gw^m{fV H$moe, dagoZ dmH$mQ>H$mMo "amdUdhmo' dmnVramOmMo "JD$S>dhmo' hr _hmH$mò ho _hmamQ>r mH$VmVrb _w` JW. nH$r gmgB d amdUdhmo {Z:ge` _hmamQ>mV {b{hbo Jobo. ""_hmamQ>ml`m ^mfm H$Q> mH$V {dXw:&'' Ago _hmH$dr XS>r hUVmo. hUyZM _hmamQ>r mH$V hm _hmamQ>r`mMm A{^_mZ{df` Amho. _ybV: hr ^mfm _hmamQ>mMrM, ho {Z:ge`. {edm` M{bV _amR>rer _hmamQ>rMo {ZH$Q>Mo ZmVo d gm` Amho ho AZoH$ CXmhaUmd$Z d `wn`md$Z {g hmoVo. _hmH$dr ~mU^> (gmV`m eVH$mMm W_mY) `mZo hfM[aVm`m mVm{dH$mV JmWm H$moemMm
CoI Ho$bm Amho. `mZVa JmWmgeVrMm _hdmMm CoI amOeoIamZo (B.g. 880 Vo 920) Ho$bobm Amho. gmVdmhZ amOmZo AZoH$ {R>H$mUmhyZ JmWm O_dyZ `mMm gJh Ho$bm. `m_wio bmoH$mMm AmZX gH$moM nmdbm Zmhr, CbQ> {dVma nmdbm. Ho$dT>r hr AmM`mMr nanam ! "JmWmgeVr'Vrb ^mJmo{bH$ WmZo, Zm gmao _hmamQ> XoemVrbM Amho. {JaUm, JmoXmdar, Vmnr, Z_Xm, _wim `m Zm `m JWmV m_w`mZo AmhoV. ~hwg` CoI `~Ho$da, JmoXmdar, nR>U `mMo AmhoV. JmWmgeVr ho _hmamQ>mMo Am bmoH$gm{h` Amho. `mV H$m`JV H${_Vm A{O~mV Zmhr. OrdZmMr H$U, XmU d X`neu Aer gd AJo gma`mM Hw$ebVoZo {V`mV aoImQ>bobr AmhoV. AnêmnmgyZ _amR>r AnêmnmgyZ _amR>r {ZKmbr ho S>m. {d. {^. H$mobVo `mZr dmL>_`rZ nwam`mZo {g Ho$bo Amho. kmZodarV _amR>r ^mfobm "_hmR>r' `m eXm~amo~aM "Xoer' hm eXhr dmnabobm Amho. {H$~hwZm _amR>rMo "Xoer' hoM Zmd A{YH$ $T> hmoVo. AnêJWmVyZ `mVrb ^mfobmM hQ>bo Amho. Anê ^mfoMo gm{h`mVJV Zmd "Xogr' AgoM Amho. Anê Zho. `m XogrMm {dH$mg hmoD$Z Or ^mfm {Z_mU Pmbr Vr Xoer {H$dm _amR>r. Vr Anêm`m "ZmJa' `m H$mamnmgyZ {ZKmbr. Xoes `mMm AW `m `m ^y_ses OmoS>bobo AgUo Agm hmoVmo. kmZodagwm "XmD$ dohi Xoes Zds' Ago AmH$_H$ hmoVmV Am[U ^Q>mo~mggma`m JmT>m n[S>Vmbmhs "Vw_Mm A_mV H$_mV _s ZoUo Jm : _O lsMH$Yao, [Z[nbs _hmQ>s : [V`m[M nwgm' Ago hUmdo bmJVo. B.g. 778 _ò {b{hbo`m CmoVZgwar `m`m "Hw$db`_mbm' `m JWmV AR>am Xoer ^mfmMm CoI Amho. JW Anê ^mfoVbm AR>am Xoer ^mfmnH$r EH$rMo Zmd
"_ah>' Ago Amho. _ah>mMo ^mfoMo dUZ òUo _mUoXT>_S>h gm_bJo g{hao A{h_mU H$bhgbo `& {XUbo J{ho C{dao VW _aho>&& (AW : Ya_wQ>, H$mimgmdim, ghZerb, A{^_mZr, H$bherb d "{XUbo J{ho' ~mobUmam _ah>m....) JmWm ggVs `m JWmVsb JmWm nm[h`m H$s, `m JmWm_Ysb g_mOOsdZ Am[U gm_m[OH$ n`mdaU _amR>s Ag`mMo, _hmamQ>s` Ag`mMo nQ>nUo [XgyZ òVo. _hmamQ>mMm mMrZV_, naVw A`j CoI n{h`m eVH$mV a{Mbo`m daMr`m mH$V `mH$aUmV {_iVmo. daMrZo "_hmam>r' ho `m XoemVrb mH$V ^mfoMo Zmd {Xbo Amho. hm JW nm{UZr`m H$mimVrb Amho. `mV `mZo emagoZr, _mJYr, nemMr, _hmamQ>rMo gJio {Z`_ gmJyZ Pm`mZVa gdmV _hdmMm {Z`_ gm{JVbm Amho H$r, eof _hmamQ>sdV ("~mH$r gd {Z`_ _amR>r_mUo AgVrb.') `md$Z _amR>r hr _wI ^mfm hmoVr ho {Z{ddmX Amho. Xoemd$Z ^mfobm Zmd nS>Vo ho bjmV KoVm `mZVaMm CoI eH$Zn{V lrYa d_m `m`m Mm`m eVH$mVrb (B. g. 365) EaU òWrb V^boImV gmnS>Vmo. `mV lrYa d_m `mMm goZmnVr g`ZmJ AmnUmg "_hmamQ>' hUOo _hmamQ>r` hU{dVmo. (''goZmn{V g`ZmJoZ... _wIoZ _hmamQ>oZ..""). nwTo> damh{_{hamZo "~hg{hVo'V _hmamQ>r`m{df`r "^mò ag{dH${`J: n`rH$`H$m _hmamQ>:' Ago hQ>bo Amho. (~hg{hVm 10.8) Eohmoio {ebmboImV (B.g. 634) gm`ml` nwbHo$er (Mmbw`) hm VrZhr _hmamQ>mMm gmd^m_ amOm Pm`mMm CoI AmT>iVmo. (E{n. B. 6.4). {g {MZr dmgr `wEZgJ (B. g. 629 Vo 645) _hmamQ>mg "_mohmobme' Ago g~moYyZ `m{df`r {dVmamZo {b{hVmo. dm`m`Z, daMr d XS>r `mZr Ho$bobo _hmamQ>mMo CoI {gM AmhoV. amOeoIa dV:bm _hmamQ> MwS>m_Us hUdyZ KoVmo. {ebmboI, VmnQ>, hV{b[IV nmo`m, H$m{eV JW, `m gm`m`m gemoYZmVyZ amR>r~m~V EH$ "mUH$ n[adVZ' (namS>mB {eQ>) hmoUma Amho. rr
10
o$~wdmar 2013
[ÔmVVm, dmL>_`mVsb dm H$boVsb hs EH$ Ho$di Eo[Vhm[gH$ [dMmagaUs AWdm Ho$di EH$ B[Vhmg[Zanoj VdUmbs _mZbs, Va `mMo `WmW d$n g_OUma Zmhs. A[ÔmVdmXmZo dmL>_`[df`H$ [d[eQ> ebs, [d[eQ> X{Q>H$moZ, [d[eQ>
_Zmodms, [d[eQ> oaUm, [d[eQ> H$mbIS> d [d[eQ> dmL>_`sZ _y`H$nZm `mnH$s EH$, AZoH$ qH$dm gdM JmoQ>s gwM[d`m OmVmV. `m_mJo nanam, bmoH$arVs, bmoH$dmL>_`, H$moard boI, _m[IH$ nanam, [b[IV gm[h` B`mXtMs nmd^y_s AgVo. _amR>s ^mfoVsb Am JWm`m
emoY mMsZdmMm
O_H$mimnmgyZ _moOUs Ho$bs, Va gwdmVsg "bsimM[a' Am[U "kmZodar' `mgma`m gd Q>sZs Anyd d Abm[H$H$ dmL>_`sZ H$VtMs [Z[_Vs Xod[JarH$a `mXd dem`m amOdQ>sV (B.g. 1185 Vo 1318) Pmbs. _hmZw^md nWmMo _wI d gWmnH$ ls MH$Ya `mZs Amnbm CnXoe _amR>sV Ho$`m_wio `m`m nWs`mZs _amR>sV JWaMZm Ho$bs. "bsimM[am'gmaIm AQ>nby _hm` AgUmam JW `m H$mbIS>m`m ma^sM Amho; [H$~hwZm `mZoM `m H$mbIS>mbm ma^ hmoVmo. kmZodargmaIo aZ, H$s `mMs ^m nwTo> XsKH$mi, [H$~hwZm [MaH$mb \$mH$V am[hbs Am[U amhsb, Vs `mM H$mimV [ZnObs. _amR>s gm[h`mVyZ kmZodar dOm Ho$bs Va ""_amR>s gm[h` kmZoda = ey`'' Ago [dZmo~m ^mdo hUV AgV. MH$Yadm_t`m `m gynmR>mda _hmZw^mds` dmL>_`mMo _[Xa Cô am[hbo, Vmo gynmR> `mM H$mimVsb hmo`. Za|gmaIm b[bV_Ywa Am[U [VVH$mM dm[^_mZs H$ds `mM H$mimZo _hmamQ>mbm-_amR>s ^mfobm [Xbm. _hmZw^mdm`m "gmVsJWm'gmaIs H$mò, Zm_Xodmgma`m`m X`s`m `Wm
S>m. gw. a. XoenmS>o

gmJUm`m JmWm, hs gd [Z[_Vs `m H$mimV Pmbs. "W_d`gmH$mis' H$Q> Pmbobs _amR>s ^mfo`m bmd`mMs hs "Zhmis' IamoIaM Anyd hQ>bs nm[hOo. _wHw$XamOmMo "[ddoH$[gYw' d "na_m_V' Am[U kmZXodmMs "^mdmWXs[nH$m' Zm_H$ JsVodarb Q>sH$m ho `m H$miMo doXmV[df`H$ _amR>s JW gw[g AmhoV. _amR>s ^mfo`m B[VhmgmV ma^sM BVH$s A[ÔmV g_ JWaMZm Pm`mMo ho H$Xm[MV EH$_od CXmhaU Agob! [deof hUOo gwdmVsMo ho JW nwT>sb [nT>sbm AIS> \y$Vu XoV Ambo AmhoV. ma^s`m dmL>_`mMm [dMma H$aVmZm n[hbs JmoQ> bjmV òVo Vs hs H$s, ho A[ÔmV dmL>_` EH$m ZdsZ ^mfoV H$Q> hmoV hmoVo. Vgo nm[h`mg `m H$mimn`V hUOo 12 `m - 13 `m eVH$mn`V _amR>s ^mfoMm O_ Pm`mg [H$_mZ Mma-nmMeo df} [Z{MVnUo bmoQ>bs AgUma; nU m H$mbmdYsV [VZo dmL>_`m`m [XeoZo H$mhs dmQ>Mmb Ho$bobs hmoVs H$m? Vg~Ys R>mog
o$~wdmar 2013
11
nwamdm [_iV Zmhs. `mMm AW `m Mma-nmMeo dfmV _amR>s ^mfoV H$mhsM [Z_mU Pmbo Zmhs, Ago Zho. bmoH$JsVo, bmoH$H$Wm, Amo`m-A^J, `mo[VfdH$mMs ~mSo> `mgmaIs [Z[_Vs PmbsM AgUma. hUOo _amR>s dmL>_`mMm ma^ bsimM[a [H$dm kmZodar `mnmgyZ Z hmoVm, Vmo `mnydu H$mhs eVH$mnmgyZ Pmbobm AgUma, ho [Z[ddmX hmo`. _amR>s ^mfm Mmaeo dfo "kmZodar"nydu A{VdmV hmoVs, Ago S>m. J. dm. VJma|gmaIo A`mgH$ hUVmV. [Vbm amQ>Hy$Q>H$mbsZ _amR>s g~mo[YVmV. nU `mXdH$mbmnydu amQ>Hw$Q>m`m, [ebmhmam`m, Mmbw`m`m amOdQ>sV H$mhs _amR>s JW [Z_mU PmboM AgVsb. kmZodargmaIm A[ÔmV A[Vs` JW H$mhs EH$X_ [ZnObm ZgUma! nU Am[n `mXdnyd XsK H$mi H$mhs [ebmboI gmoS>`mg nyUnUo AYmamV Amho. "bsimM[a' [H$dm "kmZodar' [Z_mU hmo`mnydu Os Mmaeo df} JhsV Yabs OmVmV, `m XsK H$mimV Ago [H$VsVar dmL>_` bmoH$m`m Vm|Sy>Z C\y$VnUo [Z_mU Pmbo Agmdo; naVw Vo boIZ[dQ> Z Pm`mZo Vo Ogo [Z_mU Pmbo Vgo [Z_mbohs Agob. Aem H$ma`m dmL>_`mMs, `mbm AmO AmnU bmoH$dmL>_` `m ZmdmZo Jma[dVmo, `mMs WmoS>s Mmhyb bsimM[agma`m EImm AndmXm_H$ JWmV bmJVo. bmoH$dmL>_`mMo [deof WmZ _amR>s ^mfoV bmoH$dmL>_`mbm [deof WmZ Amho. AbsH$S>`m H$mimV bmoH$mZs [b[hbobo Zho, Va ~mobbobo dmL>_` CXm.
$T> AgUm`m nman[aH$ H$Wm, H$hm`m, JmUs, hUs, CImUonmImUo, AmOs~mB`m JmoQ>s, AJmBJsVo, Om`mdarb Amo`m, nwamUH$Wm B`mXs. am. [M. To>ao hUVmV, ""`m H$mimV ldU hoM ~hwOZm`m kmZgmYZoMo _m`_ hmoVo, `m H$mimV nwamUH$Wm ho gm_m` g_mOmMo Iwbo> [dmnsR> (AmonZ `w[Zh[gQ>s) hmoVo.'' `m [gmVmbm bsimM[amV nwamdm gmnS>Vmo. Amo`m, Ama`m, nXo `m_mUo Jm|Yis JsVohs _hmamQ>mV \$ma mMsZ H$mimnmgyZ aMbs OmV AgmdsV. B.g. 1240 _ò [b[hbo`m OmÙm`m "ZàZmdbs' JWmV Agm CoI Amho H$s, ""H$`mUsMm amOm VVs` gmo_oda `mZo H$`mUs_ò ^yV_mV_hmogdm`m [Z[_mmZo Jm|S>bs Z` H$a[dbo hmoVo.'' _hmamQ>mV Vo "Jm|S>bm' `m ZmdmZo [g hmoVo d gmo_odamZo `mV gwYmaUm H$$Z `mbm "[MJm|S>bs' ho Zmd [Xbo. ho Jm|S>bs Z` hUOoM AmO`m Jm|YimMo mMsZ $n hmo`, Ago To>ao hUVmV. Amods hm _amR>s bmoH$gm[h`mMm mMsZV_ H$ma AgUma. _amR>sVsb Amods hs OmZnX d$nmMs Amho d Vs _wimV Jo` Amho. AmodsMs hs d[eQ>o [Vg`m gmo_oda [b[IV "_mZgmomg' [H$dm "A[^b[fVmW
[MVm_Ur' `m [ddH$moege JWmV gy[MV Pmbs AgyZ _hmamQ>mVsb {`m XiUH$mS>U H$aVmZm Amo`m JmV Aem AWmMm nQ> CoI `mV [_iVmo. hmB^Q>H$V "Jmo[dX^yM[am'V H$mS>VmZm Jm`bo`m bsboMm CoI Amho. Vmn`,
AmodsgmaIs bmoH$JsVo \$ma nydunmgyZ $T> AgmdsV, ho "_mZgmomg' [H$dm "bsimM[a' `m JWmd$Z nQ> hmoVo. Aem H$mao ZmZm H$maMo bmoH$mMma, B`mXs AZoH$ dmhmZm Amn`m nmoQ>mV KoD$Z hs bmoH$dmL>_`mMs JJm dmhV AgVo. bmoH$dmL>_` hm eX gwgH$VmZs ~Z[dbobm Agbm, Var `j ho dmL>_` _w`doH$$Z gm_m` bmoH$m`m Vm|S>mVyZ O_mbm Ambobo AgVo. g_mOm`m AZoH$ WamVyZ hs bmoH$dmL>_`mMs JJm dmhV Ag`mZo Vs [demb g_mOmMo [V[Z[Yd
[d_mZ _amR>s AmYs _hmamQ>s Anê d `mhs AmYs _hmamQ>s mH$V `m ^mfm MmamV hmo`m. _hmamQ>s mH$V hs ^maVmVsb gd mH$V ^mfm_ò gdm[YH$ _hdmMs _mZbs OmV hmoVs. daMsZo m_w`mZo [VMoM `mH$aU aMbo Amho. `m H$mis boIH$ H$moU`mhs XoemVbm Agbm, Var b[bV boIZmgmR>s _hmamQ>s mH$VmMmM dsH$ma Ho$bm OmV Ago. gmh[OH$M mH$VmMs jo_`mXm Ho$di _hmamQ> hs ZhVs, Va `mhyZ `mnH$ XoemV [VMm gMma hmoVm. mMsZ _hmamQ>mVsb gm[h`gQ>sH$So> ZOa Q>mH$`mg EH$m _moR>m nanaoMo XeZ KS>Vo. _amR>s ^mfoV Cm_ VsMo dmL>_` Voam`m eVH$mV [Z_mU Pmbo; nU `mnydu `m ^y^mJmV amhUm`m AZoH$mZs gH$V-mH$V-Anê ^mfmV dmL>_` [Z[_Vs Ho$bs. `mMo Cm_ CXmhaU hUOo H$[dHw$bJw$ H$m[bXmg hmo`. `mZo _oKXyVmMs [Z[_Vs am_[Jar òWo Ho$bs. _N>H$[Q>H$mMm H$Vm ewH$ hm _hmamQ>s` hmoVm. "XeHw$_maM[aV'H$Vm XS>s hmhs _yiMm _hmamQ>s` _mZbm OmVmo. [g `mo[Vfs d J[UVs ^mH$amMm` hmhs _hmamQ>s` hmoVm. `mMm AW Agm H$s, `j _amR>s ^mfoV mT> d$nmMs JWaMZm gw$ hmo`mnydu _hmamQ>mVsb nydH$dtZs _moR>m _mUmV JW[Z[_Vs H$$Z bm[H$H$ [_i[dbm hmoVm. nydgwat`m `m JWmMm H$mhs EH$ n[aUm_ `mXdH$mbsZ _amR>s boIH$mda [Z{MVnUo Pmbm Agbm nm[hOo; _hmZw^md d dmaH$ar nWmVsb H$dtZs JmR>bo`m dmL>_`sZ CMsbm `mAmYsMs Mma-nmMeo dfmMs nanam H$maUs^yV R>abs.
12
o$~wdmar 2013
H$aVo Am[U `m g_mOmMs [d[dY OsdZmJo VsV ghO [V[~[~V hmoVmV. em d H$bm Aem Xmohs Q>tZs `m dmL>_`mg _hd Amho. H$bmQ>m Va Vo AOa, A_a hmoD$Z ~gVo. AZoH$ amOdQ>s òVmV Am[U H$mbmKmV Zmhsem hmoVmV; nU bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$JsVo, $T>snanam `m [ZaVa AgVmV; H$maU gmadVmMs gd AJo `mV Ag`mZo `m bmoH$dmL>_`mg bmoH$[`Vmhs bm^Vo. `mMo Cm_ CXmhaU hUOo "nMV' hmo`. bmoH$$T> g_OwVtMm Cn`moJ H$$Z AZoH$ H$dtZs H$m`[Z[_Vs Ho$`mMs H$mhs CXmhaUo EH$ZmWm`m ^mS>mV [_iVmV. nmodmSo> d bmd`m aMUm`m em[hamZs bmoH$dmL>_`mMm Cn`moJ Amnmn`m H$dZm`m aMZoV H$me`mZo H$$Z KoVbm Amho. _mZdem, g_mOem, ^mfmem `mgma`m emmZm bmoH$gm[h`mMm AmYma CnH$maH$ R>aVmo. CbQ> Vs emo `m dmL>_`m`m A`mgmVyZ gmH$ma hmoVmV. bmoH$gm[h`mMo Am[dH$ma [^Z AmhoV. H$Ys Vo EImm bmoH$H$WoMo $n KoVo, Va H$Ys bmoH$JsVm`m $nmZo H$Q> hmoVo. H$YsH$Ys Vo dmMmamVyZ [H$dm g_mOm`m MmbarVtVyZ OmUdVo. H$Ys Vo Jm[WH$ dmL>_`mbm ~sO^yV R>aVo. mVyZ JWmMs [Z[_Vs hmoVo. Agm hm bmoH$gm[h` Am[U Jm[WH$ dmL>_` `mMm nmR>[edUsMm Ioi Amho. WmoS>`mV, ma^s`m H$mimVsb [deofV: H$Wm_H$ gm[h`mMs [Z[_Vs _moR>m
[eamo_mm AmT>iVmV. _mUmda bmoH$m`m B[VhmgmMm` [d. H$m. `m BVa $[MV ldUe$sVyZ Pmbs XQ>monmsg òVmV. Agmds. _wInanaoZo amOdmS>mZs [dgm`m eVH$m`m n[h`m Xw g `m XeH$m V gw _ mao `mM eVH$mVsb _amR>s ^mfm [OdV AmUIs EH$ boI Ag`mMs AZoH$ 52 Vm_nQ> - [ebmboImMo dmMZ Am~oOmoJmBOdi CXmhaUo AmT>iVmV. Ho$bo Am[U W_M H$mhs [ebmbo I H$m[eV Ho $ bo . `m M m MZB Zm_H$ Jmds `md$Z CnbY Pmbm AgyZ b m o H $ d m L > _ ` m V hoVy _amR>sMo mMsZd emoYUo Am[U `mH$aUQ>m `mMm N>S>m Vmo H$bMwar AmT>iUmar ^mfm [gKUXodmMm Amho. hm [b[IV ^mfonydu bmdUo hm hmoVm. eHo$ 1102 XmZboI eHo$ 1002 AZoH$ eVHo$ Var hUOo Bgds gZ 1180 _Ysb nai ò W sb [ebmbo I mnmgy Z (B.g. 1080) MmamV Agbs eHo$ 602 hUOo B.g. 680 _Ysb Amho. ho gd nm[hOo. _Ysb [dH$_m[X` Mmbw`m`m [ebmboI nydu `mMm _amR>s ^mfoMm Vm_ n Q>mn` V _amR>s eXm M s Am [ebmboI CJ_H$mb hUyZ CoI H$arV _amR>s ^mfoMm nanam A[dN>Z AmT>iVo Ago hmoVo, `m CJ_H$mb d amOdmSo> `mMo AZw_mZ Amho. ldU~oiJmoi CJ_H$mbsZ d$n AmhoV; H$maU OmUyZ `md`mMo Agob, Va mMsZ [ebmboImnyduMo [ebmboImMm d Vm_nQ>mMm [dMma A[Zdm` ldU~oiJmoio hm eHo$ 1038-39 R>aVmo; H$maU H$moard boImMo _hd (B.g.1116-17) _Ysb AgyZ Vmo AZ`gmYmaU Amho. `m`m AmYmao _amR>s _amR>sVsb n[hbm hUyZ g_Obm Jobm ^mfoMm _mJ nwH$i _mJo OmD$Z H$mT>Vm hmoVm; H$maU hwQ>P `mZs Vmo eHo$ 905 òVmo. [H$~hwZm ho Vm_[ebmboI ho hUOo B.g. 983 Mm R>a[dbm hmoVm. naVw bmoH$dmL>_`mZo $T> Ho$bo`m ^mfoMm H$Q> ZVa`m gemoYH$mZs [deofV: byB amBg, X. Am[dH$ma hmoV. B[VhmgmMo ho EH$ dm. nmoVXma, Za[ghmMma ^[VZs g__mU [ddgZs` gmYZ A_mob Amho, `mV eH$mM `mMm H$mb R>a[dbm Amho; VWm[n H$ZS> Zmhs. Am _amR>s H$moard boI H$moUVm, hm XoemV (H$ZmQ>H$) Vmo XmoZ AmoitMm _amR>s EH$ dmXmMm [df` Amho; VWm[n AmO[_Vsg _OHy$a AmT>i`mZo `mMo _hd CoIZs` A[^boIVkm`m _Vo "Ajs [ebmboI' Amho. `md$Z _amR>s `m ^mJmV Hw$Ro>Var (VmbwH$m A[b~mJ, [Ohm am`JS>) hmM MmamV Agbs nm[hOo, ho [Z{MV. AH$am`m eVH$mVsb Vm_[ebmAm _amR>s boI hUVm òBb. Vmo eHo$ 934 hUOo B.g. 1012 _Ysb AgyZ emgZmd$Z VgoM A` H$mhs nydu`m Ho$[eXod `m [ebmhma amOm`m H$maH$rXuVsb gH$V-mH$V-H$mZS>s [ebmboImVyZ (CXm. Amho. `m`mM H$ma[H$XuVsb AmUIs EH$ [gXJmodZ `m`m ZmamÙJmd Vm_nQ>mV) "R>mUo Vm_nQ>' CnbY AgyZ `mMm H$mi IS>H$, qMMdj, Jmohdmar (Jdma^mOs), eHo$ 939 hUOo B.g. 1017 Amho. Vohm V[UH$m (gH$V VU) Ago _amR>s eX H$mb[df`H$ Vnesb Am[U VH$mbsZ AmT>iVmV; Va eHo$ 671 (B.g. 749) `m H$maH$sX `mMm _oi ~gVmo, `md$Z `mMs _mZmoa Vm_nQ>mV "gmoZma' hm eX Amho. Vmo mMsZVm [Z{MV hmoVo. Xwgam Hw$S>b nyU _amR>s eX Amho. AWmV ho gd gwQo> eX [ebmboI (gmobmnya [Ohm) hm Ho$di AmhoV. Hw$S>b`m boImV EH$ gnyU dm` VsZ AmoitMm AgyZ `mMm H$mb eHo$ _amR>sV Amho. H$moH$UmVrb 27 H$moard boI 940 (B.g. 1081) Amho; Va [Xdo_amR>sVsb gw_mao nmD$Ueo boImnH$s 27 AmJa Vm_nQ> eHo$ 982 (B.g. 1060) hm gnyU _amR>s ^mfoV AgyZ Vmo Agb Amho, hUOo gw_mao EH$ VVs`me boI H$moH$UmVsb Ago VkmMo _V Amho. H$moH$UmV [_imbo`m AmhoV. hs JmoQ> H$moH$Udmgr`mZm [Z{MVM `m Vm_nQ>mV Kgmg d Xodb hs Hw$bZm_o ^yfUmnX dmQo>b; _m ho gd boI _amR>sV CoIZs` AgyZ boIZmV nR>_mm d AmhoV. `mnH$s EH$hs H$moH$Us ^mfoV Zmhs.
o$~wdmar 2013
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[H$~hwZm, _hmamQ>â [dIwabo`m `m _amR>s ^m[fH$ nmD$Ueo boImV _amR>s`m mXo[eH$ ~mobsMs Mmhyb [deof Aes Hw$Ro>M AmT>iV Zmhs. VgoM H$mhs [H$aH$moi AndmX dJi`mg mMsZ _amR>s H$moard boImMo d$n ^mfmQ>m g[_l Amho; H$maU `mV gH$V d _amR>s Aem Xmohs ^mfmMs `moOZm H$_sOmV _mUmV Ho$bobs [XgyZ òVo. gH$VMm nehs Z Pmbobo ew _amR>s boI VwbZm_H$Q>m \$ma WmoSo> AmhoV; _m `m H$moard boImVsb _amR>sMo d$n VH$mbsZ Jm[WH$ ^mfoes nwH$igo [_iVoOwiVo Amho. EH$ ImQo>Jm_ Vm_nQ> gmoS>Vm gd boI XodZmJar [bnsV AmhoV; _m hm boI _amR>s ^mfoV nU H$mZS>s [bnsV Amho. nwTo> H$mhs boImVyZ _moS>s [bns Q>monmsg òVo, nU Vo gd boI CmaH$mbsZ hUOo `mXd H$mimZVaMo AmhoV. boIZQ>m AmUIs EH$ [deof hUOo `m boImVyZ Cn`moObobs gjon [Mho hs hmoV. `m gjon [MhmMm Cn`moJ _m gyMH$ Amho. mMsZ _amR>s H$moard boImV Ago gw_mao nZmg EH$ [Za[Zamio gjon dmnabobo AmhoV. boI H$moard Ag`m_wio `mZm eX _`mXoMo ~YZ VXdVM _`m[XV OmJm (nog) Ag`m_wio gjon [MhmMs Amd`H$Vm [deof dmQ>V Agmds ho CKS> Amho. dmH$Q>H$mMm dm[e_ Vm_nQ> ghm`m
eVH$mVsb AgyZ `m boImMs ^mfm gH$VmH$V Aes g[_l Ag`mZo `mV "[OdOmo[g', "gOmogs' `mgmaIs MVw`V nw{Js [deofZm_o, Am[U "Omo', "Amhohs', "AmnyUo' d "MCW' `mgmaIs _amR>sbm \$ma Odi AgUmar eX$no gmnS>VmV. `md$Z B[VhmgmMm` [d. H$m. amOdmS>m`m darb [dYmZmg nwQ>sM [_iVo. _amR>s diUmMs `{$Zm_o Va AZoH$ boImVyZ JmoMa hmoVmV. ~hwVoH$ gd H$moard boImMo boIZ WmoS>m\$ma _mUmV Aew AgVoM! H$maU ImoXH$m_ H$aUmam H$moa`m boIH$m_mUo OmUVm ZgyZ gm_m`nUo AS>mUsM AgVmo. `m_wio gmh[OH$M `m`m hmVyZ AZoH$ H$maMs Aewo boImV [eaVmV; VWm[n EH$ [Z{MV H$s, `m _amR>s ^m[fH$ [ebmVm_emgZmnydu _amR>s ^mfm [b[IV d$nmV Z$sM Agmds, [H$~hwZm
""nyd Mmbw` (~mXm_s), amQ>Hy$Q>, Cma Mmbw` (H$`mUs) d `mXd `m`m H$ma[H$Xv_ò _hmamQ>mV _amR>s ^mfm MmamV hmoVs. `m gw_mamg hmb gmVdmhZ dJa|Ms _amR>s ^mfm gm_m` bmoH$m`m ~mob`mVyZ ~hwVoH$ Jobs hmoVs. `m [ebmVm_emgZmVsb gHw$, gdVw, D$ga, dmda, WonmQ>s hs $no [Z:ge` _amR>s AmhoV. _hmamQ>s mH$V ZmhsV. `m gH$V [ebmVm_emgZmV ho _amR>s eX òVmV; H$maU Ajao H$moaUmao H$mamJsa Am[U boImMm _gwXm V`ma H$aUmao A[YH$mar `m`m ~mob`mV bmoH$^mfoVsb eX Zoh_s òV AgVmV. ho bmoH$ JmTo> gH$V Vk ZgV. ho `mMo AkmZ ^mfmemmbm \$ma Cn`moJmMo Pmbo Amho. [ebmboI ImoXUm`m gm_m` H$mam[JamZm gH$V ^mfoMo VmoS>Ho$ kmZ Ago. `m_wio Vo VH$mbsZ kmV ~mobs^mfoMmM A[YH$Va dmna H$arV.'' nwTo> amOdmSo> hUVmV, ""BVHo$ _m [Z{MV Amho H$s eHo$ 602 `m gw_mamg hmb gmVdmhZ dJa|Ms _hmamQ>s ^mfm gm_m` bmoH$m`m ~mob`mVyZ ~hwVoH$ Jobs hmoVs Am[U [V`mEodOs _amR>s ^mfm gw$ Pmbs hmoVs.''
Vs MmamV Ag`m[edm` [ebmboImV eX~ H$es hmoBb? _amR>s dmL>_`mMo dH$m[gH$ $n B.g. 7 `m eVH$mnmgyZ 12 `m eVH$mn`V`m mMsZ [ebmVm_emgZmV Ogo AmT>iVo, VXdVM `mMo CJ_WmZ EH$M hUOo bmoH$gm[h` hmo`; nU `mMo Am[dH$ma [^Z AmhoV. H$Ys Vo EImm bmoH$H$WoMo $n KoVo, Va H$Ys bmoH$JsVm`m $nmZo H$Q> hmoVo; H$Ys dmMmamVyZ Va H$Ys g_mOm`m nman[aH$ Mmbs[aVtVyZ OmUdVo Am[U Jm[WH$ dmL>_`mbm ~sO^yV hmoVo, Agm hm bmoH$gm[h` Am[U Jm[WH$ dmL>_` `mMm nmR>[edUsMm Ioi Amho d Vmo Jobs ~mamVoameo df} gmV`mZo Mmby Amho. `mMm AWM _wis hm Amho H$s, _amR>s ^mfm amOdmSo> hUVmV `m_mUo Bgds gZm`m gmV`mAmR>`m eVH$mV MmamV hmoVs d ~mobbs OmV Agmds, [Vbm A[ÔmV d$n B.g. 10 `m - 11 `m eVH$mV m Pmbo Agmdo; H$maU VH$mbsZ [ebmVm_emgZmV AmT>iUmar ^mfm [H$aH$moi Aew d `mH$aU Xmof gmoS>Vm J^ Amho. gX^ : 1. e. ~m. Omoes, _hmQ>s gH$Vs, 1980 2. am. qM. To>ao, bmoH$gH$VsMs [j[VOo, nwUo, 1971 3. e.Jmo. Vwinwio, gnm. _amR>s dmL>_`mMm B[Vhmg, IS> n[hbm, nwUo 1984. 4. gw.a. XoenmSo>, B[VhmgmMm` [d. H$m. amOdmSo>, nwUo, 2010 5. [d. b. ^mdo, _hmamQ> gmadV (6 ds Amdms), IS> 2, nwadUs, e.Jmo. Vwinwio, _w~B, 1983 6. ~miH$U AZV [^So>, _amR>s ^mfoMm d dmL>_`mMm B[Vhmg (_mZ^md AIoa), nwUo, 1933 7. g.J. _mbeo, gnm. _amR>s dmL>_`mMm B[Vhmg, IS> 2, ^mJ n[hbm, nwUo, 1980 8. _w.~. emh, gnm. B[VhmgmMm` [d. H$m. amOdmSo> g_J gm[h`, IS> 1 Vo 13, Ywio, 1995-1998. gnH$ 9623185140 rr
14
o$~wdmar 2013
gm{h{`H$ èdVamd
èdVamdmZs amOH$maUmMm, g_mOH$maUmMm `mn gm^miyZhs ânya boIZ Ho$bo. Ago AgVmZm _amR>s gmadVmZs `m`m boIZmMs \$maes XIb KoVbs Zmhs. gm[h` g_obZmMo A`jnX `mZm H$Ys [_imbo Zmhs. [H$~hwZm èdVamd MhmU amOH$maUs hUyZ `mZm gm[h`m`m mVmV hmVm`m AVamda Ro>d`mV Ambo. èdVamdmMo gm[h` `mZs [b[hbobs JWgnXm hUOo _amR>s gm[h`mVsb Aja dmL>_` hmo`. gd [dmnsR>mV A`mgH$_mV èdVamdmMs nwVHo$ VU [nT>sbm dmMm`bm, _hm[dmb`mVyZ A`mgm`bm [Xbs nm[hOoV. g_mOgodm hUOo H$m`? amOH$maU hUOo H$m`? ho `m ZdVU [nT>sbm H$im`bm hdo. `mgmR>s èdVamdmMo `{$_d emim-_hm[dmb`mVyZ [dm`m`m A`mgH$_mV `m`bm hdo.. VaM òUm`m H$mimV H$mhs gH$ma KoD$Z, XoegodoMo ~sX KoD$Z MmJbo ZoVd V`ma hmoD$ eH$Vo. edVamdmMm qnS> hm gm[h{`H$mMm qnS> hmoVm. amOH$maUmV amhyZhs gm[h`mes `mMs ~m[YbH$s am[hbs. MS> dmMZ, [MVZ `mda èdVamdmMm qnS> nmogbm hmoVm. emioV [eH$V AgVmZmM XoemgmR>s H$mhs Ho$bo nm[hOo hUyZ Midis gw$ Pm`m. [~[Q>emZs gmoim dfm`m èdVmbm AR>am _[h`mMs [ejm gwZmdbs. `m H$XoV Wmoam_moR>m`m gm{Z`mV dmMZ, [MVZ, J^Vm dmT>sg bmJbs. dmV` [_im`mZVa XodamQ>_Ysb EH$m gm_m` eoVH$`mMm _wbJm XoemMm gajU_s hmoVmo, CnnVYmZ hmoVmo, AW_s hmoVmo, hs èdVamdmMs Pon AmM`M[H$V H$aUmar Amho. AmMÒZH$ èdVamdmMs JVsMs Pon, hs `m`m AJ^yV JwUmZs gmH$mabs Amho. J[a~sVhs Vo dmT>bo, nmogbo Jobo MmJ`m gH$mamV. AmBMo gH$ma Imobda C_Q>bobo. `m gH$mamZs `mZm AmMaU [Xb. _ZmMm gm\$gwWaonUm [Xbm. _ZmMs ls_Vs [Xbs.
m. ZdZsV Xoe_wI
AmB`m gH$mamM ho F$U `mZs Amn`m [bImUmVyZhs AZoH$Xm _m` Ho$b Amho. "`m_Ms AmB' `m JWmM hV[b[IV `mZm dmMm`bm [_imb. gmZo JwOtM hVmja, `m`m [dMmamVsb g[hUwVm, Z{VH$Vm, d[dH$Vm ho gma `mZm `j AZw^dVm Amb. JWmMo _mJ MmoImiVmZm `mMs dV:Ms XQ>s `mnH$ Pmbs. èdVamdmMm, `m`m gm[h`mMm A`mg H$aVmZm _m`m _Zmg_moa Z C^m am[hbm.. èdVamd amOH$maUs hUyZ _moRo> H$s gm[h{`H$ hUyZ _moRo>? b_Uems Omoes, J. [X. _mS>JyiH$a `m`mgmaIo Wmoa gm[h{`H$ èdVamdm`m gm[h`mbm _mZmMs nmdVs OmoS>VmV, _J C`m _hmamQ>mZo gm[h{`H$ èdVamd `mMm gm[h{`H$ hUyZ Jmad H$m Ho$bm Zmhs? EH$m gm[h` g_obZmMo Ò_mZnX èdVamdmZs gm^mibo, `mdois `mgnsR>mda`m gm[h{`H$mZs hQ>bo H$s, èdVamd Oa `mgnsR>mda Ambo
o$~wdmar 2013
15
Va Amhs `mgnsR>mda Wm~Uma Zmhs. èdVamdmZm gm[h{`H$ _S>isMm amoI bjmV Ambm. g_obZmMs gJis `dWm Vo OmVsZo ~KV hmoVo. Xwg`m [Xdes gm[h{`H$ _S>it`m OodUmMm ~oV èdVamdmZs eoVmda Am`mo[OV Ho$bm hmoVm. `m gm[h{`H$mOdi Z_nUo òD$Z èdVamd hUmbo, ""_s Oar Amn`mbm MmbV Zgbmo Var _bm AmnU MmbVm. hUyZ eoVmda OodUmMm ~oV AmIbm Amho, AmnU gm`mZs `mMm AmdmX `mdm.'' `mdois èdVamdmZs gm[h{`H$mZm Amn`m _moR>m _ZmMm n[aM` [Xbm. èdVamd loR> XOmMo gm[h{`H$ hmoVo. `mgX^mV VH$VsW b_Uems Omoes [b[hVmV, ""[dXoe _snX dsH$ma`mda `mZs n{M_oH$S>sb Am[U nyd}H$S>sb amQ>m`m `mm Ho$`m. EH$ VhoMs g~Y ndsX[jUm KS>bs. _hmZm`m H$mR>Ms Am[U gmJa [H$Zm`mdaMs ehao nm[hbs. Zm, gamodao, OJbo, CmZo `m`mV [dhma Ho$bm. [Za[Zam`m amQ>m`m [dH$mgmMo H$m`H$_ A_bmV Ambobo `j Adbmo[H$bo. `m gdmMo _moRo> a[gH$VoZo _m[_H$ dUZ `mZs Amn`m [d[dY boIgJhmVyZ Ho$bo Amho. Vo `j emgZm`m `mnmV ZgVo, Va _amR>sVsb dmgdUZm`m gm[h`mV `mZs A[ÔmV `mmdUZmMs â KmVbs AgVs. `m`m `m `mmdUZmd$Z `mMo _amR>s eXH$bodarb ^wd ``mg òVo. `j AZw^d Am[U `mZm Vm{dH$ [MVZmMs OmoS>
Aem VhoMo gw^J boIZ H$a`mV èdVamdmMm hmVIS>m hmoVm.'' gm[h[`H$ hUyZ èdVamdmMo `mo` _y`_mnZ Pmbo Zmhs. hs IV ~hwYm `mZmhs Agmds. "`wJYa ZoVo èdVamd MhmU' `m JWmV "gm[h{`H$ èdVamd' hm ^m. b. ^moio `mMm boI Amho. `m boImV gwdmVsbmM "F$UmZw~Y' `m èdVamdm`m JWmVsb EH$ CVmam ^m. b. ^moio `mZs KoVbm Amho, Vmo CVmam Agm ""nU `mMo _y`_mnZ _m `m`m amOH$s` OsdZm`m AZwfJmZo Pmbo Amho. `m_wioM `m`mda H$mhsgm A`m` Pmbm Amho. amOH$maUmVsb Amdoe, A[^[Zdoe, nydJh, `m `m H$miMo dmVmdaU `m gdm_wio amOH$s` `$sMo _y`_mnZ dVw{Z>> d gmjons ZgVo. nydJhm`m XmQ> N>mòZo amOH$s` _hmnwfmMo AZoH$ gX>JwU PmH$bo OmVmV qH$dm `mMo Yyga XeZ hmoVo. AZoH$Xm amOH$s` nwf `m`m H$_s _hdm`m JwUmZs {g nmdVmV. hUyZ amOH$s` _mnmZo Aem AQ>nby `$sMo _y`_mnZ H$aUo VH$XwQ> d Aemr` Amho.'' (F$UmZw~Y 235-6) Vm`mgmho~ Ho$iH$a O_eVmXs [Z[_mmZo "èdVamd MhmUmZs Ho$bobo ho ^mfU hmo`'. AmO hoM èdVamdmMo [dMma `m`m gX^mVhr bmJy hmoVmV. ^m. b. ^moio èdVamdm`m gm[hp`H$ JwUm~b ~mobVmZm [b[hVmV, ""dmL>`rZ gH$mamMo nmWo` O_â H$VkVmnydH$ [_adUmao, CH$Q>VoZo AZw^d KoD$Z [VV`mM
``H$mar ebsV Vo eX~ H$aUmao, ^mfoda _ZmnmgyZ o_ H$aUmao Am[U gm[h`m[df`s MmoIXi OmUH$mar ~miJUmao èdVamd amOH$s` nydJhm_wio dm _VôXm_wio Xwb[jbo OmVm H$m_m ZòV. AZoH$ amOH$maUr YwaYamnojm èdVamdmMo doJionU ho H$s, `mMm Amn`m _m`~mobsda Iyn Osd hmoVm. Vo dV: EH$ gOZesb H$bmdV d Cm_ g_sjH$ hmoVo. èdVamdm`m Vmb_sV V`ma Pmbo`m Zo`mZshs èdVamdmMo gm[h{`H$ hUyZ doJionU dsH$mabo Zmhs. nwTo> gm[h`m`m [deofV: g_sjo`m nwVH$m`m aMZoVhs èdVamdm`m gm[h`mda nwaogm H$me Hw$`m gm[h{`H$mZo Q>mH$bobm Zmhs. b_s~mB [Q>iH$m`m "_[V[Mo' `m Am_M[amMm OodT>m ~mob~mbm `m H$mimV Pmbm [H$dm hgm dmS>H$a `m`m "gmJò EoH$m'Mm ~mob~mbm Pmbm, H$hoM nmUs, (. Ho$. Ao), _mP OsdZ EH$ H$mX~ar (Zm. gs. \$S>Ho$) hs Am_M[ao JmOV hmoVs. boIH$, g_sjH$, nH$ma doJdoJ`m Am`m_mZs `m JWmda boIZ H$arV hmoVo; `m _mUmV "H$UmH$mR>' gm[h{`H$mZs nm[hOo Vgo [H$dm "H$UmH$mR>'Ms Os dmL>_`sZ XIb `m`bm hds hmoVs Ves KoVbr Jobs Zmhs. èdVamdmZs Am_M[amMs VsZ IS>mV [d^mJUs Ho$bs hmoVs. H$UmH$mR>, (~mbnUmnmgyZ Vm`m`m C~aR>mdaMm H$mbIS>), gmJaVsa (_w`_s Pm`mZVaMm _w~BMm H$mbIS>) Am[U
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`_wZmH$mR> ([Xs òWo gajU_s Pm`mZVaMm H$mbIS>) H$UmH$mR> hm n[hbm IS>M Vo [bhy eH$bo. H$Vs AdmWm_wio nwT>Mo [bImU Wm~bo. gm[h`mVsb dmL>_`sZ dmhmMo èdVamdmZm Cm_ kmZ hmoVo. Am_M[a [b[h`mAmYs BVa boIH$mZs [b[hbo`m Am_M[amMo `mZs dmMZ Ho$bo hmoVo. Am_M[amg~YsMs d[eQ>o gmJVmZm Vo hUVmV.. Am_M[ao dmMVmZm dmMH$mZs Z[VH$ `m`mYsemMs ^y[_H$m Z KoUo ~ao, [H$dm ""boIH$m`m ImOJs OsdZm[df`s AH$maU [Okmgmhs ~miJy Zò'' ([H$mm 219) Agm gmhs Vo XoVmV. Am_M[am[df`s `mMr dV:Mr _Vo V`ma Pmbr hmoVr. Am`w`mV KS>bo`m KQ>ZmMo gy_ [dbofU H$aVm òUo `mZm d`[deofUmMs d Am[dH$mamMs gd` Amho Aem H$bmdVmbmM e` hmoVo. dV:`m OsdZmV KS>bo`m KQ>Zm gJmH$So> `WnUo nmh`mMs Q>s Am_M[aH$mambm hds AgVo. "H$UmH$mR>' `m èdVamdm`m Am_M[amV Am_M[amMo gJio [ZH$f ^mdsnUo H$Q> hmoVmZm [XgVmV. H$UmH$mR> (W_mdms 7 \o$~wdmar 1984 n. 53) èdVamd [b[hVmV.. nwTo> nwTo> _s nT>anyabm OmD$Z [d>bmMo XeZ KoVmo, `m_Yo loMm ^mJ [H$Vs, Ago bmoH$ _bm [dMmarV. _s `mZm Zoh_s gmJV Ambmo H$s, ""_s Hw$R>`m EH$m XJS>m`m _yVuV Bda Amho, Ago H$Ys _mZV Zmhs. na_oda hUyZ Hw$Us EH$ `$s Hw$Ro> ~gyZ Amho Am[U gd OJ Mmb[dVo Amho, Ago _mPo _V Zmhs. naVw Amn`mbm Z g_OUmar Aes EH$ O~aXV e$s Amho d [VMo A{Vd _mZUo Amd`H$ Amho, `m[edm` AZoH$ JmoQ>tMm CbJS>mM hmoV Zmhs.'' Amn`m `m [dYmZmMo nQ>sH$aU H$aVmZm èdVamd nwTo> [b[hVmV, ~w{dmXmZo, Bda Amho, ho [g H$aVm òV Zmhs, VgoM Vmo Zmhs, hohs [g H$aVm òV Zmhs. hUyZ `m [R>H$mUs eoH$S>mo df} g_mO nwf ZV_VH$ hmoV Ambm, VoWo ZV_VH$ hmoUo _s lo`H$a _mZVmo, _[XamV Om`m`m nmR>s_mJMs _mPs ^mdZm hsM Amho. `mM ^mdZoZo VwiOmnyabm OmVmo, VmnJS>bm OmVmo. `m_Yo Xod^moionUmMm ^mJ ZgVmo. naVw ho H$a`mZo _m`m _Zmbm EH$ H$maMo AmV[aH$ g_mYmZ bm^Vo, hs JmoQ> _s H$~yb Ho$bs nm[hOo.''
A[Ve` mOi [ZdoXZmVyZ Hw$R>`mhs gdoXZesb ^mdZobm Y$m bmJy Zò hs KoVbobs XjVm "H$UmH$mR>' `m Am_M[amMo d[eQ> hmo`. gmao Am_M[a `m Aem mOi [ZdoXZmZo Am[U gai _mZ[gH$VoZo AmoW~yZ dmhVmZm [XgVo. gmsMo dmao Am[U `wJmVa èdVamdm`m [ZdS>H$ `m`mZmMs hs XmoZ nwVHo$ hmoV. 1957 Vo 1961 `m H$mimV èdVamdmZs Os ^mfUo [Xbs Vs "gmsMo dmao' `m_Yo g_m[dQ> H$a`mV Ambs AmhoV. _hmamQ> emgZmZo 26 OmZodmar 1962 amoOr ho nwVH$ H$m[eV Ho$bo. èdVamd MhmU EH$ Qo> gm[h{`H$, [dMmadV Am[U g_sjH$ hUyZ `m ^mfUmVyZ g_moa òVmV. èdVamdmMs hs ^mfUo hUOo `m`m ns.E.Zr [b[hbobs ^mfUo ZhoV [H$dm emgH$s` godoVsb EImm A[YH$m`mZo nS>mAmS> [b[hbobs ^mfUo ZhoV. `mVsb òH$ ^mfUmVyZ èdVamd S>moH$mdVmV. _hmamQ> KS>[dVmZm `mZm Ano[jV Aes g_mO`dWm, `mMs XyaQ>s, `mMs H$nH$Vm EdTo>M ZhoVa [dH$mgmH$So> _hmamQ>mbm ZoVmZm bmJUmar _ybJm_s Cnm``moOZmhs Vo gwMdVmV. ZdnXdsYamH$Sy>Z Anojm, _hmamQ>m`m ^[dV`mMs g\$a, [d[dYVoVsb EH$Vm `mgma`m boIm_YyZ èdVamdmMs `mnH$ XQ>s, gH$mam_H$ [MVZesbVm Am[U ^[d`mMm doY KoUmar _ZmoesbVm `mMo XeZ KS>Vo. _hmamQ>mMs `ms, _hmamQ>mMm [dVma, [d[dYVoVsb EH$Vm ho gmJVmZm `mMs ebs H$m`_` hmoVo. ""_hmam>mMm eoVH$ar hUOo Vw_`m Am_`m Q>mnyVsb bmoH$ [H$dm Vw_Mo Am_Mo ZmVodmBH$ ZhoV. nMJJo`m Am[U H$Uo`m H$mR>mbm H$m_ H$aUmam Ogm _amR>m eoVH$ar Amho, VgmM R>m`mMm, Hw$bm`m`m ~mOybm gwaoI eoVs H$aUmam AmJar eoVH$ar Amho; Am[U dgB`m AdVs^dVs gwXa ~mJm`V d ^mVeoVs H$aUmam [MZ eoVH$arhs Amho. aZm[Jar`m ^mJmbm JobmV Va VoWo AmnUmbm Hw$Um eoVH$`mMs ~mJ gmnSo>b Am[U da ImZXoe`m ~mOybm Omb Va
AmaemgmaIs dN> eoVs H$aUmam bodm nmQ>sXma eoVH$ar Amn`mbm ôQo>b. gJ`m Zm`m H$mR>mZo [\$am... Am[U _J... doJdoJ`m O_mVsVyZ Ambobo ho gd eoVH$ar AmhoV. eoVsVyZ gmoZo [Z_mU H$aUm`m H$Q>H$ar eoVH$`mMo [M Amho. ~hwOZ g_mO `mMm AW Amnbs EH$ O_mV Am[U Amnbo H$mhs nmhUoamdio Agm Oa H$moUs g_O H$aV AgVsb Va Vs MwH$sMs H$nZm Amho. eoVH$`mMs Am[U ~hwOZg_mOmMs `m`m H$aVmZm èdVamdmMs XQ>s gdg_mdoeH$ Aes [XgyZ òVo. H$Q> H$aUmam, Km_ JmiUmam, H$m`m _mVsV gmoZoMmXs [nH$dUmam òH$ hmV hm eoVH$`mMm hmo`. "gmsMo dmao' `mVsb boImMm Jmad H$aVmZm adt [H$~hwZo hUVmV, ""hm ^mfU gJh _amR>s _ZmZo nm[hbo`m Cdb ^[dV`m`m dZmMm _m[bH$ XVEodO hmo`.'' Zd_hmamQ>m`m [Z[_VsMs Ywam èdVamdmZs _moR>m [ZRo>Zo dm[hbs. CXma _mZdVmdmXs X{Q>H$moZmVyZ gJim g_mO EH$[OZgs H$a`mMo dZ `mZs nm[hbo. "`wJmVa' `m JWmV èdVamdOtMs 1962 Vo 1969 `m H$mbIS>mV `mZs [Xbobs ^mfUo gJhrV Ho$bs AmhoV. 1962 gmbs "[hXs [MZs ^mB ^mB' hUV MsZZo ^maVmda AmH$_U Ho$bo. dmV` [_im`mZVa XoemVJVM Iyn g_`m AmhmZ hUyZ C`m hmo`m. `mV MsZMo AmH$_U. dmV` [_im`mZVa n[h`mXmM naH$s` AmH$_UmMo gmdQ> ^maVmnwTo> Cô am[hbo. n[S>V Zoh$ [MVmH$mV hmoVo. `mZs èdVamd MhmUmZm gajU_s hUyZ Vm~S>Vmo~ ~mobmdyZ KoVbo. _hmam>m`m _w`snXmda Agbobo èdVamd jUmMmhs [db~ Z bmdVm [Xbsbm admZm Pmbo. OmVmZm _w~B`m MmnmQ>sda `mZs ^mfU Ho$bo. `mV Vo hUmbo, gajUrnXmMr moR>r hmd Amho hUyZ Zho, Va XoemMr hmH$ d Xoem`m Zo`mZo mabobr hmH$ Ambr` hUyZ EH$ g{ZH$ ~ZyZ AmnU {Xrbm OmV AmhmoV. mW[_H$ [ejUmMm [dMma, ghH$ma jomMs
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g_sH$aUo, bmoH$^mfm, _mV^mfoMm [dMma, gm_m[OH$ jomVsb AmOMs AmhmZo, XoemVsb AZYm`mMo Z, Vm[H$[dkmZ-[dH$mgm`m ~m~s `m [df`mda gImob [MVZ "`wJmVa'_Ysb boImVyZ AmT>iVo. hm~mX òWo âbo`m _amR>s gm[h` g_obZmV gm[hp`H$mH$Sy>Z Am[U AmO`m boIH$mH$Sy>Z ^maVmMs AIS>Vm, EH$m_Vm A~m[YV am[hbs nm[hOo hm [dMma _mS>VmZm `mZs gm[JVbo H$s, [OsZo C`m am[hbo`m ^maV Xoem`m gm_`gdYZmMo H$m_ gm[h{`H$mZs Ho$bo nm[hOo. gm[h{`H$mZs `m`m AZw^dm`m _`mXm AmhoV `mnojm A[YH$ [dVV Ho$`m nm[hOoV, Aes Anojmhs `mZr `V Ho$bs. ^y[_H$m "`wJmVa'ZVa OdiOdi 10 dfmZs H$m[eV Pmbobo "^y[_H$m' ho èdVamdmMo [Vgao ^mfUmMo nwVH$. 1966 Vo 1979 `m H$mbIS>mVsb H$mhs [ZdS>H$ ^mfUmMm `mV g_mdoe Amho. `m ^mfUm~amo~a H$mhs _wbmIVsda AmYmabobo Am[U dV Ago boIhs AmhoV. ^mfUo [H$dm _wbmIVs `m d$nmV Oem`m Vem Z XoVm `mMo $nmVa Am[U gnmXZ H$a`mV Ambo Amho. dV: Am[U nj `m Xmohs~m~V èdVamdmZs Oo ~m[YbH$sMo amOH$maU Ho$bo. `mMo n[aUm_ d [V[H$`m "^y[_H$m'Vsb ^mfUm_YyZ OmUdVo. "^y[_H$m'_Ysb boImMo d[eQ> [deX H$aVmZm S>m. Eg. Eg. ^mogbo gmJVmV, ""A`V __kVoZo, H$mQo>H$moa gmdYnUo bmoH$_Zmbm diU XoD$Z Zd[Z[_VsMo gOZesb H$m` H$a`mMs èdVamdmMs ^y[_H$m Amho; Am[U MVwa amOH$maUs, ebsXma d$m d gmdY gwYmaH$ `m _m`_`s_YyZ `mZs [VMs am~dUyH$ Ho$bs Amho. g_mOm`m aMZmndmV Z`m [dMmamMs, kmZmMs d _y`mMs â Q>mH$V amhUo ho [dMmadV, gm[h{`H$, amOH$maUs `mMo n[hbo d eodQ>Mo H$V` AgVo, ho èdVamdm`m "^y[_H$m'Mo Va hmo`.'' "F$UmZw~Y' hm èdVamdmMm JW doJ`m Am`m_mMm JW Amho. `mZm ôQ>bo`m `$s, MQ>H$m bmdyZ Jobo`m `$s, `m`m _Vs, Va H$Ys EImm
Wim`m _Vs, ~mbnUmV`m H$mhs AmR>dUs, Jmdm`m _m`_mVsda [OdmnmS> _m`m H$aUmam èdV `m F$UmZw~YmVyZ Amn`mbm ôQ>Vmo. m. Eg. E_. H$mZS>Oo "F$UmZw~Ym'[df`s [b[hVmV, mVm Am{U _mVs `mMs gOZesb nmofUj_Vm _mZdm`m H$`mUmgmR>s am~Umam hm OmUVm, godm^mds, Zs[V_mZ, nw`dV bmoH$[V[ZYs _amR>s bmoH$_mZgmV XdV $nmZo [MaOsd Pm`mg Zdb Vo èdVamdmMm [d[dY [df`mMm gImob A`mg hmoVm. `m`mOdi gdmJsU m{hVr Agm`Ms. OsdZmMm H$moUVmhs [df` èdVamdmZm d` ZhVm. gm[h`m`m [d[dY AJmMm `mMm gImob A`mg hmoVm. gm[h`, gH$Vs, B[Vhmg, H$sS>m, VdkmZ, amOH$maU B`mXr OsdZm`m [d[dY jomV èdVamdmMm dmda EH$gma`m g\$mBZo hmoV Ago. [d. g. ImS>oH$a, Zaha Hw$XH$a, nw. b. XoenmSo> `m gm[h`mVsb [XJOm_mUoM AZoH$mZm `m`m VmdZm h`m Agm``m. H$m`? "F$UmZw~Y'_Ysb `mMo [V[~~ ho gm[Oao-Jmo[Oao, bmo^gdmUo Am[U gZ_Ywa Amho. CH$Q> VmdZm èdVamdmZs AZoH$ nwVH$mZm CH$Q> VmdZm [b[h`m. [d[dY H$ma`m gm[h` H$VtMo dmMZ [ZdmVnUo d [dMmanydH$ _ZZ H$$Z [H$VsVar nwVH$mZm `mZs _m[bH$ VmdZm [bhyZ [X`m. `mVsb H$mhs nwVHo$ Aes ... 1) nwVH$mMo Zmd H$_dsa ^mD$amd nmQ>sb, boIH$mMo Zmd _m. [^. H$mQ>H$a, H$meZ df 1982.2) bmoH$gm[h` gmO[eUJma, gnmXH$ S>m. gamo[OZs ~m~a, H$meZ df 1964. 3) gKf (B[Xam JmYs `m`m OsdZmdarb H$mX~ar), gnmXZ _sZm Omoes H$meZ df 1982. 4) ISo>amd ~mJb `mMo [ZdS>H$ boI, gnmXH$ ^mB _mYdamd
~mJb, H$meZ df 1976. 5) bVm (JmadJW), gnmXH$ gamo[OZs d, emVm eoiHo$, H$meZ df 1967. 6) da (H$m`gJh), H$dr gwYmey (h. Z. Omoes), H$meZ df 1970. 7) gy`nI, m. ~m. h. H$`mUH$a, H$meZ df 1984. 8) ^maVmMs am`KQ>Zm, `~H$ H$U Q>mono. 9) N>nVs [edamO (_hmH$m`), `. [h. n|T>maH$a (èdV), H$meZ df 1968. 10) [hamo[e_m, ^m. X. Ioa, H$meZ df 1984. 11) ^y[_nw, amOm _JidoTo>H$a, H$meZ df 1977. 12) ls. OJOsdZam_ `$s Am[U [dMma, S>m. ^mH$a _mMdo, H$meZ df 1977. 13) AR>ameo gmmdZMm _hmam>, nwfmom_ nmSw>aJ JmoIbo, H$meZ df 1957. 14) A_Vnw, ^m. X. Ioa, H$meZ df 1970. 15) bmoH$_m` [Q>iH$ M[a `wJH$Vm, g[dVm ^mdo, H$meZ df 1984 `m[edm` AmUIs [H$VsVar nwVH$mZm èdVamdmZs VmdZm [b[h`m AmhoV. boImMs _`mXm bjmV KoVm gd nwVH$mMm Am[U VmdZmMm OmJoA^mds CoI H$aVm òV Zmhs. OsdZm`m [d[dY jomV H$VdmMs [eIao JmR>Um`m èdVamdmMo _amR>s gm[h`mVsb `moJXmZhs [VVHo$M Vmobm_mobmMo Amho. eXmbm AW Am[U AWmbm n[aUm_ AgVmo `mMo ^mZ Ag`mZoM amOH$maUmVhs `mZs ^mfm OnyZ dmnabs. gm[h` Am[U gH$Vs _S>i, [ddH$moe [Z[_Vs _S>i `mgma`m gWm WmnyZ `mZs _amR>s ^mfm Am[U gm[h`m`m [dH$mgmbm amOml` Va [XbmM _m dV:hs XO}Xma gm[h` [Z[_Vs Ho$bs. amOH$maUs-gm[h{`H$ AgUmao Ago CXmhaU Xw_ui Amho. gm[h`mVsb `mMo `moJXmZ nmhVm _amR>s gm[h`mbm gm[h{`H$ èdVamdmMs XIb `mdsM bmJob. èdVamdmMs JWgnXm - 1. Amnbo Zdo _w~B am` (B.g.1957), 2. F$UmZw~Y (Am_M[ana boI) (1975), 3. H$UmH$mR> (Am_M[a 1bm IS>) (1984), 4. ^y[_H$m (1979), 5. _hmamQ> am` [Z[_Vs [dYo`H$ (1960), 6. [dXoe XeZ (èdVamd `mZs naXoemhyZ gm.doUyVmBg nmR>[dbo`m [ZdS>H$ nmMm gJh) (1988), ^mfU gJh/nw{VH$m - 1. Ago hmoVo H$_dsa (^mD$amd nmQ>bmda gms`m [Xdmis AH$mVsb (nmZ 21 da)
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o$~wdmar 2013
Amnbr ^mfm, Amnbr ApVm

Zmoh|~a 2010 amoOr _amR>s ^mfm [d^mJmMs WmnZm H$a`mV Ambs. [d^mJm`m A[Yn`mImbs ^mfm gMmbZmb`, _hmamQ> am` gm[h` Am[U gH$Vs _S>i, _hmamQ> am` _amR>s [ddH$moe [Z[_Vs _S>i, am` _amR>s [dH$mg gWm `m Mma gWm H$màV AmhoV. `m {d^mJmm$V nwT>rb CnH$ am~{d`mV òV AmhoV. _amR>s ^mfm ^dZ : _amR>s ^mfm [d^mJm`m A[Yn`mImbsb H$m`mb`m`m H$m_mV gwgyVm d J[V_mZVm AmU`m`m Q>sZo gd H$m`mbò EH$mM [R>H$mUs AmU`mgmR>s _w~B_ò ^mfm ^dZ C^ma`mMs ~m~
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[dMmamYsZ Amho. _w~BVsb aJ^dZ, Ymo~sVbmd òWsb OmJm `mgmR>s [dMmamV Ko`mV Ambs Amho. _hmamQ>-H$ZmQ>H$ gs_m ^mJmV _amR>s ^mfm d gH$Vs g_sgmR>s AWgmhm` : hs `moOZm am` emgZmZo 2011-12 nmgyZ
dfm Omoer
hmVs KoVbs Amho. `m `moOZoV _amR>s ^mfm [d^mJmgh n`Q>Z d gmH$[VH$ H$m`, C d V [ejU Am[U embo` [ejU d H$sS>m `m [d^mJmMm g_mdoe Amho. 2011-12 _ò `m `moOZoImbs C d V [ejU [d^mJm_m\$V
94 bj BVH$m IM Pmbm Amho. 2012-13 gmR>s `m `moOZoImbs 5 H$moQ>s BVH$m [Z`V`` amIyZ Ro>d`mV Ambm Amho. `m `moOZoMo [ZÙ d g_d`Z _amR>s ^mfm [d^mJmH$So> gmon[d`mV Ambo Amho. R>iH$ Zm|Xr ^mfm gmJma g[_Vs`m A`j nXr S>m. ZmJZmW H$mommno `mMs 9 E[b 2012 amoOs [Z`w$s H$a`mV Ambs Amho. ^mfm gmJma g[_VsH$Sy>Z _amR>s ^mfo`m [dH$mgm`m Q>sZo m Pmbo`m R>amdm`m AZwfJmZo g~[YV [d^mJmes [dMma[d[Z_` gw$ H$a`mV Ambm. ^mfm gmJma g[_Vs`m 3 ~R>H$m
dmL>_` nwaH$ma _amR>s gm[h` jomes g~[YV dmL>_` nwaH$mamMo {dVaU gmH$[VH$ H$m` gMmbZmb`m_m\$V AmVmnmdoVmo H$a`mV òV hmoVo. 2012-13 `m dfmnmgyZ _amR>s ^mfm [d^mJmH$So> `m nwaH$mam`m {ZdS>rMr d {dVaUmMr O~m~Xmar gmon[d`mV Ambr Amho. `m nwaH$mamMs nyduMs g`m H$_s H$$Z `m nwaH$mam`m aH$_o_ò 2012-13 `m dfmnmgyZ bjUs` dmT> H$a`mV Ambs Amho. ho nwaH$ma nwT>rbmUo AmhoV1) _amR>s dmL>_` jomV _mobmMo H$m` d ârd `moJXmZ XoUm`m gm[h{`H$mZm qdXm H$aXsH$a OsdZ Jmad nwaH$ma - . 5,00,000/2) gm[h` [Z[_Vs_ò _mobmMo H$m` H$aUm`m H$meZ gWog ls. nw. ^mJdV nwaH$ma - . 3,00,000/3) CH$Q> _amR>s dmL>_` [Z[_VsgmR>s boIH$mZm CmoOZ Xo`mgmR>r CH$Q> _amR>s dmL>_` [Z[_Vsg am` nwaH$ma - . 2,00,000/mT> dmL>_` (g`m 22) - òH$s 1 bmI, ~mbdmL>_` (g`m 6) - òH$s 50 hOma W_ H$meZ (g`m 6) - òH$s 50 hOma, ~h_hmamQ> (g`m 1) - òH$s 1 bmI _hmamQ> am` gm[h` Am[U gH$Vs _S>imMo nwaH$ma 1. Jmaddmr (g`m-2) - gm[h` d bmoH$H$bm jomV H$m_[Jar H$aUm`m XmoZ òR> `VtZm Jma[d`mV òVo. AmVmn`V 58 `VtZm `m nwaH$mamZo Jma[d`mV Ambo Amho. nm[aVmo[fH$mMs a$_ òH$s . 50,000/2. èdVamd MhmU dmL>_` nwaH$ma (g`m-1) - ZdboIH$m`m nwVH$mnH$s H$m`, H$Wm, ZmQ>H$/EH$m[H$H$m, H$mX~ar, b[bV J, ~mb dmL>>_` `m 6 H$mamVsb CH$Q> nwVH$mbm nwaH$ma Xo`mV òVmo. nm[aVmo[fH$mMs a$_ . 2,000/-. 3. ga\$moOs amOo ^mogbo nwaH$ma (g`m-1) - ZdboIH$m`m CH$Q> JW[Z[_VsgmR>s H$meH$mZm [Xbm OmVmo. nm[aVmo[fH$mMs a$_ . 2,000/-.
o$~wdmar 2013
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Am`mo[OV H$a`mV Am`m. `mV _amR>s ^mfo`m [dH$mgmMs `moOZm AmI`m`m Q>sZo [d[dY R>amd gV H$a`mV Ambo. qgJmnya òWsb [Vg`m [dd gm[h` g_obZmgmR>s . 50 bmI AWgmhm` _Oya H$a`mV Ambo. [d^mJmMo dV gHo$VWi [Z_mU H$a`mV Ambo http://marathibhasha.maharashtra.g ov.in/
Zdo CnH$ A_amdVs d Zm[eH$ òWo ^mfm gMmbZmb`mMs [d^mJs` H$m`mbò. _hgwbs mXo[eH$ [d^mJs` Vamda ^mfm ^dZmMr {Z{Vr. EVXW _S>im`m _amR>s Q>H$boIZ narjo~m~V emgZmg Vmd gmXa H$aUo. ^mfm gMmbZmb` _w~B òWsb _w` H$m`mb`mgh Zds _w~B, nwUo, ZmJnya d AmaJm~mX òWo [d^mJs` H$m`mbò H$màV AmhoV. `m[edm` A_amdVs d Zm[eH$ òWo [d^mJs` H$m`mbò WmnZ H$a`mMs ~m~ emgZm`m [dMmamYsZ Amho. Zdo CnH$ ^maVmMo g[dYmZ 7 ds gwYm[aV Amdms [S>bmQ> d$nmV (_amR>s - BJOs) H$m[eV H$aUo. [^mfm gymZwgma H$m`mb`mMs VnmgUs H$aUo.
A[ÔmV ^mfoMm XOm {i`mgmR>r ^mfmZm A[ÔmV ^mfoMm XOm Xo`mgmR>s H|$ emgZmZo H$mhs [ZH$f [Z{MV Ho$bo AmhoV. `m [ZH$fmZm AZwg$Z _amR>s ^mfobm A[ÔmV ^mfoMm XOm H$gm m H$$Z KoVm òBb `mgmR>s emgZmZo m. aJZmW nR>mao `m`m A`jVoImbs g[_Vs J[R>V Ho$bs Amho. `m g[_Vs_ò emgH$s` d AemgH$s` Ago EHy$U 16 gX` AmhoV. `m g[_Vs`m AmVmn`V 6 ~R>H$m Pm`m AmhoV. _gwXm V`ma H$a`mgmR>s [Z`w$ H$a`mV Ambo`m Vkm`m Cng[_Vs`m AmVmn`V 18 ~R>H$m Ko`mV Am`m AmhoV. `m g[_VsH$Sy>Z _gwXm V`ma H$a`mMo H$m_ A[V_ Q>`mV Amho. gX`mH$Sy>Z _gwXm A[V_ Ho$`mZVa bdH$amV bdH$a hm Ahdmb g[_Vs_m\$V emgZmg gmXa H$a`mV òBb. `m g[_VsH$Sy>Z Ahdmb m Pm`mZVa `mg emgZmMs _m`Vm KoD$Z Vmd H|$ emgZmg nmR>[d`mMs H$m`dmhs H$a`mV òUma Amho. [dYr AZwdmX d n[a^mfm gmJma g[_Vs am`mVsb `m`XmZmV _amR>sMm dmna H$a`m`m Q>sZo H|$ d am` emgZmV\}$ gV H$a`mV òUmao A[Y[Z`_/[Z`_ B`mXtMm _amR>s AZwdmX CnbY H$$Z Xo`mgmR>s godm[Zdm `m`_yVu MeoIa Y_m[YH$mar `m`m A`jVoImbs g[_Vs WmnZ H$a`mV Ambs Amho. `m g[_Vs_ò emgH$s` d AemgH$s` Ago EHy$U 19 gX` AmhoV. `m g[_Vs`m EHy$U 235 ~R>H$m Pm`m AgyZ AmVmn`V 20 H|$s`, 5 am` A[Y[Z`_ d gwYm[aV `m``dhma H$moe `mZm A[V_ d$n Xo`mV Ambo Amho. gm[h` Am[U gH$Vs _S>i _amR>s ^mfm, gm[h`, gH$Vs d H$bm `m jom_ò _hmamQ>mg bm^bobm dmagm OVZ Am[U gdYZ H$a`mgmR>s _hmamQ> am` gm[h` Am[U gH$Vs _S>imMs WmnZm H$a`mV Ambs Amho. Zdo CnH$ ~mobs ^mfm AH$mX_s WmnZ H$aUo. B-~wH$ V`ma H$aUo. gm_m[OH$-gmH$[VH$ {W`VamMm B[Vhmg VgoM _amR>s JW AZwdmX mogmhZ `m H$nmgmR>s _hmamQ> am` gm[h` Am[U gH$Vs _S>imH$Sy>Z g[_Vs J[R>V.
^mfm gmJma g[_Vs

amO^mfm _amR>sMo YmoaU am~[d`mgmR>s `m g[_VsMo H$m`_d$ns JR>Z H$a`mV Ambo AgyZ `m g[_Vs_ò 22 AemgH$s` gX` d 5 emgH$s` gX` AmhoV. 9 E[b 2012 `m emgZ [ZU`mdò S>m. ZmJZmW H$mommno `mMs g[_VsMo A`j hUyZ [Z`w$s H$a`mV Ambs Amho. `m g[_VsZo nwT>rb R>amd nm[aV H$obo AmhoV. Y_H$maU, amOH$maU, `m``dWm, `mnma-CmoJ, gnH$ _m`_o `mgma`m jom_ò _amR>s ^mfm `dhma g_WnUo am~[dUo. am`mVsb gd [dmnsR> Vamda gd [dmemIm_ò _amR>s ^mfoMm [H$_mZ EH$ A`mgH$_ CmsU hmoUo A[Zdm` H$aUo. am`mVsb gs~sEgB, Am`gsEgB emim_ò _amR>sMm A`mgH$_ A[Zdm` H$a`mgmR>s nmR>nwamdm H$aUo. Ammo[JH$ [ejU gWm_ò narjo`m Zn[H$m BJOsEodOs _amR>sV H$mT>Uo. amO^mfm _amR>sMo ej[UH$ WmZ CMmd`mgmR>s H|$ emgZm`m ZdmoX` [dmb`m`m YVuda am` emgZmH$Sy>Z òH$ [OmV AmXe emim [Z_mU H$aUo. [dmnsR> JW[Z[_Vs _S>imMo nwZOsdZ H$aUo. _amR>s _m`_m`m emimZm D$[OVmdWm AmU`mgmR>s R>mog H$Vs H$m`H$_ gwM[d`mgmR>s dV A`mgJQ>mMs [Z[_Vs H$aUo. am` `dhma d `m` `dhma `m_ò _amR>sMm dmna n[aUm_H$maH$nUo dmT>[dUo. _amR>sVyZ BVa ^mfm_ò d BVa ^mfmVyZ _amR>sV AZwdmX H$a`mgmR>s H$m`_d$ns Ùm C^maUo. naam`mVsb _amR>s ^m[fH$m`m ej[UH$ d gmH$[VH$ gWm, JWmbò `mZm [deof AZwXmZ XoUo. JW [dVaUmgmR>s ^mds Ùm C^maUo VgoM, gdbVs`m XamV JW H$meZ, JW [dVaU, JW XeZ `mgma`m `moOZm AmIUo. Z`mZo [Z_mU Pmbo`m kmZemImMo H$moe V`ma H$aUo. ^mfm gMmbZmb`mZo AmVmn`V V`ma Ho$bobo nm[a^m[fH$ H$moe A`mdV H$aUo. am`mMo ^mfm YmoaU R>a[d`mgmR>s OZ_V d VkmMs _Vo OmUyZ Ko`mgmR>s [d^mJdma ~R>H$m Am`mo[OV H$aUo.
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_amR>s `wnms H$moe - m. am_Xmg S>mJo / gVdMZmMo AZwdmX - am_Xmg ^Q>H$i, AmVa^maVs AZwdmX gw{dYm H|$ / dMZH$moe - S>m. AemoH$ Ho$iH$a / AbH$ma d dof^yfm H$moe - S>m. dfm Omoes / Im gH$Vs H$moe - ls_Vs AZwn_m COJao / _amR>s dmL>_` H$moe - m. [Xbsn Ym|S>Jo / _amR>s ZmQ>H$ Am[U aJ^y_sMm B[Vhmg - m. Xmm ^JV / AmYw[ZH$ _hmamQ>mMm B[Vhmg - S>m. Ho$. Ho$. MmYar `m_mUo Vm[dV H$nmMo H$m_ g~[YV Z_yX VkmH$So> gmon[d`mV Ambo Amho. {ddH$moe Egm`bmo[nS>s`m [~Q>m[ZH$m`m YVuda _amR>sVyZ gm_m` _mUgmbm kmZ nmohmoM[d`mMs JW$ns Midi, [ddmVsb gmao eX, `m_mJMm B[Vhmg, ^yJmob, VdkmZ, [dkmZ _amR>sVyZ kmZmWvZm [_imdo `m _w` CoemZo _amR>s [ddH$moe [Z[_Vs _S>imMs WmnZm H$a`mV Ambs Amho. Zdo CnH$ _amR>s [ddH$moe IS> 20 Mo H$meZ Am[U IS> 14 Vo 18 _hmOmbH$mda bmoH$mnU H$aUo. [ddH$moemMo A`mdVsH$aUmgmR>s
ZdsZ Zm|XgyMs, Zm|Xs A`mdV H$aUo d ZdsZ Zm|XUsMo boIZ H$aUo. Hw$_ma [ddH$moe IS>-2 ^mJ-2 Mo boIZ, gnmXZ. Hw$_ma [ddH$moe IS>-3 ([dd Am[U nds) Mo boIZ Am[U gnmXH$s` H$m_ H$aUo. Hw$_ma [ddH$moe IS>-4 (mMsZ gH$Vs) Mo boIZ Am[U gnmXH$s` H$m_ H$aUo. Hw$_ma [ddH$moe IS>-9 (b[bV H$bm) Mo boIZ Am[U gnmXH$s` H$m_ H$aUo. am` amR>r {dH$mg gWm 1 _o 1992 amoOs `m gWoMs WmnZm H$a`mV Ambs Amho. _w`_s ho `m gWoMo nX[g A`j d embo` [ejU _s ho nX[g Cnm`j AmhoV. gWoMo H$m_H$mO [V`m [Z`m_H$ _S>im`m g`mZwgma MmbVo. [d[dY jomV hmoUmam _amR>sMm dmna A[YH$m[YH$ JwUdmmnyU hmoV Om`mgmR>s d _amR>s ^mfo`m A[^dsMs [H$`m [Z`moOZnydH$ J[V_mZ H$a`mgmR>s [d[dY H$maMo CnH$_ `m `moOZoAVJV Ko`mV Ambo AmhoV. Zdo CnH$ `w[ZH$moS> Q>H$ _w$moV d$nmV
CnbY H$$Z XoUo. ^maVmV VgoM naXoemV _amR>sgmR>s H$m` H$aUm`m _S>im[df`s g[dVa _m[hVs Agbobs nw{VH$m _amR>s, [hXs d BJOs `m [Vhs ^mfm_ò H$m[eV H$aUo. namVmVyZ Am[U BVa XoemVyZ ZmoH$ar d n`Q>Z `m[Z[_mmZo òUm`m bmoH$mZm Wm[ZH$ bmoH$mes gdmX gmYUo e` hmdo `m Q>sZo `dhmamon`moJs _amR>s nw{VH$m d Am[S>Amo gsS>sMs [Z[_Vs H$aUo. AZwdmXmMo [ejU [_i[d`mgmR>s AZwdmX [ejU H$n am~[dUo. _moS>s ^mfoMo XodZmJarH$aU Vm[dV Amho. Xmg~moY `m JWmMo lm` nwVH$mV $nmVa H$$Z emgZm`m gHo$VWimda CnbY H$$Z XoUo. dH$s` `dhmamV _amR>s, d[Z[_Vs _m[hVsH$moe IS>-4, _amR>s JWgyMs, _amR>s ^m[fH$ Q>no - gsS>s, gWoH$Sy>Z H$m[eV Pmbo`m H$meZmMo nwZ_wU d B-nwVHo$, _mZ` [dm[df`H$ nwVH$mMm AZwdmX. d. èd V amd MhmU O_eVmXs{Z{m `m`m OsdZmdarb nwVH$mMo lm`nwVH$mV $nmVa H$$Z emgZm`m gHo$VWimda CnbY H$$Z XoUo. rr
gm{hp`H$ èdVamd
(nmZ 18 d$Z) boI - 1968), 2. CmMm _hmamQ> - (^mfU (am`m`m 41 [Om`m H$boQ>a n[afXonwTo> Ho$bo`m ^mfUmMs nw{VH$m -1960), 3. H$mJog`m _mJoM Cô amhm - AmaJm~mX òWsb nw{VH$m- 1957), 14. dMZnyVuMo amOH$maU - A[Ib ^maVs` ^mfU - nw{VH$m, 4. H$moH$U [dH$mgmMs [Xem (H$moH$U H$mJog`m \$[aXm~mX d ~Jbmoa A[YdoeZmVsb XmoZ ^mfUo [dH$mgmMo èdVamd MhmU `mZs Ho$bobo [ddoMZ (nw{VH$m - 1969), 15. [dMmaYmam - (^mfU gJh nw{VH$m -1960), 5. J.dm._mdiH$a _maH$ 1960), 16. [dX^mMm [dH$mg (_hmamQ>mMo H$Vd OmJo `m`mZ_mbo_ò "`j AmXmobZ Ama ggXs` Ho$bo nm[hOo) -(^mfU nw{VH$m - 1960), 17. eXmMo bmoH$V" `m [df`mdarb `m`mZ, (nw{VH$m - 1961), gm_` ( ^mfUo - 2000; gnmXH$ : am_ YmZ), 18. 6. OsdZmMo [dd$n : H$mhs lm, H$mhs N>X (nw{VH$m [edZoar`m Zm~Vs (^mfU gJh) - VidiH$a Jmo[dX d 1973), 7. n - gdmX (gnmXH$: g._m.JJ} - 2002), [b_ò A.h. - 1961, 19. gmsMo dmao (^mfU gJh 8. njmda A^J [ZR>m (amOH$maUmVsb _mPs ^y[_H$m1962) hdmE gm[H$s, (gmsMo dmao `m nwVH$mMm nw{VH$m), 9. _hmamQ>- hgya gs_m Z (nw{VH$m [hXs ^mfoV AZwdmX), 20. India's foreign Policy 1960), 10. _hmamQ>mMs YmoaU gyMs - (nw{VH$m 1978, 21. The Making of India's Foreign 1960), 11. èdVamd MhmUmMs _hdnyU ^mfUo - gmar`m Policy - 1980, 22. Winds of Change - 1973 XeH$mMm ew^ma^ - 1971, 12. `wJmVa ([ZdS>H$ ^mfUmMm gJh gnH$ 8600676556 rr 1970), 13. bmoH$mMo g_mYmZ hsM èds am`H$ma^mamMs H$gmoQ>s
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amR>s ^mfm Am[U gH$Vs [dH$mgmgmR>s dV am`mMs _mJUs H$$Z _hmamQ>m`m OZVoZo XsKH$mi bT>m [Xbm. `mZVa 1 _o 1960 amoOs dV _hmamQ> am` A{VdmV Ambo. ^maVmMo nVYmZ n[S>V Odmhabmb Zoh$ `m`m hVo dV am`mMs _whyV_oT> amodbs Jobs. Zm_Xma èdVamd MhmU _amR>s ^m[fH$ dV am`mMo n[hbo _w`_s Pmbo. _hmamQ> am`m`m CXKmQ>Z gmoh`mgJs _hmamQ> am`m`m [dH$mgmMo dZ nQ> H$aVmZm _w`_s hUyZ Ho$bo`m Amn`m n[h`mM ^mfUmV èdVamd MhmU hUmbo hmoVo H$s, ""_hmamQ> hs ^y_s AZoH$ gV, namH$_s dsa, `mJs g_mO gwYmaH$ d [dmZ Xoe^$ `m`m dmV`mZo nwZsV Pmbobs Amho. gV kmZoda, N>nVs [edmOs _hmamO, _hm_m Omo[V~m \w$bo d bmoH$_m`
_amR>s ^mfm, gH$Vs d B[Vhmgm`m gemoYZmW H$n hmVs KoUo, `m gX^mVsb JW H$m[eV H$aUo, _amR>s JW, M[ao, [Z`VH$m[bHo$, eXH$moe B. gX^ JW H$m[eV H$aUo, [dd^mfmVsb loR> JWmMs _amR>s ^mfmVao H$m[eV H$aUo, _amR>s gm[h` [dH$mgm`m ZdZdsZ kmZ[dkmZ emImMm emoY KoUo, _hmamQ>m`m gm_m[OH$, amOH$s`, gmH$[VH$ Am[U gm[h{`H$ OS>UKS>UsMm B[Vhmg [b[hUo Am{U BVa dmL>`rZ CnH$ am~dyZ hmamQ>mVrb gm{h` Am{U gmH${VH$ CnH$mZm MmbZm Xo`mgmR>r am` gm{h` Am{U gH$Vr S>imMr WmnZm H$a`mV Ambr. _S>imZo Jo`m 50 dfmV `m AZwfJmZo _moRo> H$m` Ho$bo Amho.
S>m. gwZsbHw$_ma bdQo>

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_amR>sVsb dUH$_ [Z{MV H$a`mgmR>s gWoZo A[Ib ^maVs` _amR>sgm[h`-_hm_S>im`m ghH$m`mZo ^mfmVk d gJUH$Vkmes MMm Ho$br. `mda AmYm[aV dU_mbm Am[U dU[bns[df`H$ emgZ [ZU` 6 Zmoh|~a 2009 `m [Xdes emgZmZo [g Ho$bm. (1979 Vo 1985) mW[_H$ hV[b[IV V`ma AgyZ `md$Z gJUH$s` V H$$Z _wUV V`ma H$a`mMo H$m_ gWoV Mmbbo Amho. hV[b[IVm`m gyMs [d|_, _mg, VOmdya òWsb JWmbò d A[^boImJmao `mVsb _amR>s hV[b[IVm`m gyMshs gWoZo H$m[eV Ho$`m AmhoV. ~mobs^mfmMm g_mO^mfmdkm[ZH$ A`mg gWoZo gmoZmonV XmSo>H$a _hm[dmb`, nmbKa `m`m ghH$m`mZo _w~BOdisb nmbKa Vmbw`m_ò ~mob`m OmUm`m AZoH$ ~mobtMm g_mO^mfmdkm[ZH$ A`mg H$$Z `m ~mobt[df`sMm gX^JW V`ma Ho$bm Amho. Am[Xdmgs, AmJar, Hw$U~s `m ~mobs d `mMo BVa [^Z H$ma ~mobV Agbo`m g_mOm[df`sMs g[dVa VgoM `m g_mOmMs AmS>Zmdo, gU, eoVs, [eH$marMs nV, OsdZebs, gH$ma, JsVo, eXdmò-hUs, g_OwVs, AYlm, Jmd, n[aga B`mXs AZoH$ [df`mMs _m[hVs `m JWmV [Xbs Amho. emgH$s` H$meZmMo XeZ gWoZo 2002 gmbs AmVaamQ>s` nwVH$-dfm`m [Z[_mmZo n[h`mXm emgH$s` [d^mJmZs d emgZnwaH$V gWmZs [g Ho$bo`m nwVH$mMo XeZ _w~BV Am`mo[OV Ho$bo. `mZVa Aem H$maMs AmUIs XeZo Am`mo[OV H$a`mV Ambs. `m XeZmZm bmoH$mMm Cm_ [VgmX [_iV Ag`mZo _hmamQ>mVsb AZoH$ [R>H$mUs Aes XeZo gWm Am`mo[OV H$aV AgVo. [dYr d `m` `dhmamV _amR>sMm dmna [Zdm `m`_yVu MeoIa Y_m[YH$mar `m`m A`jVoImbs WmnZ Ho$bo`m [dYrAZwdmX d n[a^mfm gmJma g[_VsMo gX`d gWobm Xo`mV Ambo Amho. `m gd H$m_m_ò ^m[fH$Q>m JwUdmm [Z_mU hmds `mgmR>s gWm g[_Vsbm ghH$m` H$aVo. H$mèmim gWoZo AmOda [d[dY H$mèmim Am`mo[OV Ho$`m AmhoV. `mnH$s H$mhs nwT>sb_mUo AmhoV. 1. emgZmV _amR>sMm JwUdmmnyU dmna hmdm `mgmR>s _hmZJanm[bHo$`m H$_Mm`mgmR>s ghm _[h`mMm [ejUdJ. (1994) 2. BJOs _m`_mVsb emim_YyZ _amR>sMo A`mnZ H$aUm`m [ejH$mgmR>s H$mèmim. (2 gQ|>~a 1994) 3. [edmOs [dmnsR>, H$mohmnya òWsb [ejHo$Va (emgH$s`) H$_Mm`mZm emg[ZH$ boIZmg~YmV _mJXeZ H$a`mgmR>s H$mèmim. (14 Vo 16 AmQ>mo~a 1997) 4. "bmoH$dH$' `m H$nmImbs dH$ `dgm`tZm _amR>sVyZ H$m_H$mO H$a`m`m XQ>sZo _mJXeZ H$a`mgmR>s [d[dY H$mèmim. 5. gOZ-AmZX [ejU H|$, H$mohmnya `m`m ghH$m`mZo mW[_H$ emioVsb [dm`mgmR>s boIZ H$me` H$Vrg. (5 \o$~wdmar 2006) gd}jUo gWoZo _amR>ses g~[YV H$mhs gd}jUo
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Ho$bobs AmhoV. CXm. E[b 1994 _ò A_amR>s emimVsb _amR>sMo A`mnZ `m [df`mda _w~BVsb emim_YyZ Va \o$~wdmar 1996 _ò _amR>s`m gX^mVsb Zm[df`s EH$ Zmdbs V`ma H$$Z `m AmYmao _amR>s gm[h` g_obZm`m [Z[_mmZo AmiXs òWo gd}jU H$a`mV Ambo. _hmamQ>mVsb [d[dY ~mobtMm nam_e KoD$Z am`mMm ^m[fH$ ZH$mem [g H$a`mMm H$n gWoZo hmVs KoVbm Amho. `mMs nydV`mar hUyZ _hmamQ>mVsb H$mhs ehao d Jmdo [ZdSy>Z OyZ 1995 _ò MmMUs gd}jU H$a`mV Ambo. Zdo CnH$ _amR>s [d^mJm`m A[Yn`mImbs gWoZo AZoH$ Zdo CnH$_ hmVs KoVbobo AmhoV. Am[S>Amo H$goQ> / gsS>sO (Talk Books) `m H$nmVJV _amR>sVsb nwaH$mam nwVHo$ [ZdSy>Z `m`m Am[S>Amo H$goQ> / gsS>sO ( Talk Books ) V`ma H$a`mV òV AmhoV. `mV H$[dd` Hw$gw_mJmMo "dmgs njs' Am[U "ag`mm' ho H$m`gJh VgoM [dXm H$aXsH$a `mMo "Am[X_m`m' Am[U "g[hVm' ho H$m`gJh lm` $nmV $nmV[aV H$a`mV Ambo AmhoV. gVgm[h`mMo lm` _m`_mV $nmVa _amR>sVsb gVgm[h`mVsb _hdm`m gm[h`mMo lm` _m`_mV $nmVa H$$Z Vo [dZm_y` CnbY H$$Z Xo`mMm H$n _w`_`m`m gyMZoZwgma am` _amR>s [dH$mg gWo`m dVsZo am~d`mV òV Amho. `mV _amR>sVsb Zm_dV H$bmdVmMm gh^mJ Amho. n[h`m Q>`mV g_W am_Xmg `m`m Xmg~moYmMo lm` $nmVa H$a`mV Ambo Amho. ho lm` d$nmVsb gm[h` gWo`m gHo$VWimd$Z CnbY H$$Z Xo`mV òUma Amho. gV VwH$mam_ `m`m gm[h`mMo lm` $nmVa H$a`mMo H$m_ gWm bdH$aM hmVs KoV AgyZ Vohs CnbY H$$Z Xo`mV òBb.
Zds H$meZo Am[U H$meZmMo nwZ_wU X[bV-Jm_sU gm[h` eXH$moe `m H$nmVJV X[bV Jm_sU gm[h` : $T>s, Wm, nanam, [d[YH$moe `m H$moemMo H$m_ nyU Pmbo Amho. [dkmZ[df`H$ nwVH$mMo AZwdmX _amR>s [dkmZ n[afX Am[U am` _amR>s [dH$mg gWm `m`m g`w$ [d_mZo [dkmZ gma `m gWoZo H$m[eV Ho$bo`m [dkmZ[df`H$ nmM nwVH$mMs ^mfmVao H$a`mV Ambs AmhoV. _mZ`[dm[df`H$ nmR>nwVH$mMo AZwdmX EZ. gs. B. Ama. Q>s. `m gWoZo V`ma Ho$bo`m gm_m[OH$ emo `m [df`m`m 6 nmR>nwVH$mMm _amR>sV AZwdmX H$a`mV Ambm Amho. _amR>s gHo$VWimMs nYm AbsH$So> gJUH$mda _amR>sVyZ _m[hVsMs XodmUKodmU H$a`mMo _mU dmT>bo Amho. emgZmVsb [d[dY [d^mJmH$So> AgUmar _m[hVs bmoH$mZm ghO CnbY hmds `mgmR>s `Z hmoV AmhoV. H$bm, H$sS>m, gH$Vs, [dkmZ, AW`dhma Aem
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PnmQ>bonUmVyZ [Z[_Vs H$aVmo, H$[dVm hUOo "nmoQ>[Z`g Amohabmo Am\$ nmda\y$b [\$qbO" Agohs hQ>bo OmVo. X[bV gm[h`mbm _m `moOZ_y` Amho. X[bV gm[h{`H$ EH$ OsdZQ>s KoD$ZM [b[hV AgVmo. S>m. ~m~mgmho~ Am~oS>H$a `mMo H$m[VH$mar VdkmZ hsM `mMs D$Om^y_s AgVo. hUyZ dN>XVmdmX [H$dm H$nZmaOZmMs Anojm X[bV gm[h`mH$Sy>Z dm gm[h{`H$mH$Sy>Z Ja Amho. Am_[dbmons d Am_aVsdms X[bV gm[h`mbm _m` Zg`mZo Am_JwOZ [H$dm Am_gdmXmbm òWo WmZ Zmhs. X[bV gm[h{`H$ gVV gdmX H$arV AgVmo. Vmo dV:`m g_mOmes Var ~mobVmo [H$dm doVa g_mOmes gdmX H$aVmo. `mMs gdmX^mfm AH$[_ Am[U AmH$bZgwb^ AgVo. `mMm lmoVm A_yV ZgVmo Va Vmo g_yV AgVmo. `m gX^mV dm_Z [Z~miH$a `m`m H$mhs Amois CXYV H$aVm òVsb. `m JmdHw$gm~mhoMm H$mimoI _mdiUma Amho Am_`m AmoR>mVsb H$meJsVmMo da Xmhs [XemZm YwX H$aUma Amho Ago gmao EH$[V `m hmVmV hmV KmbyZ H$memMo JsV Jm.. X[bV gm[h`mV [d[dY mXo[eH$ ~mobs, ^mfm XJmoMa hmoVmV. `m_wio EHy$UM _amR>s ^mfobm EH$ AmJim Am`m_ m Pmbm Amho, ho [Z:ge`! X[bV gm[h`m`m gdM dmhmVsb boIZmV `m ~mobs ^mfm òVmV `m Amn`m g_doV, mXo[eH$ _mVs`m JYm~amo~aM eX d dmàMZm, ebs Am[U A[^`$sMs bH$~ KoD$Z òVmV; Am{U `mMm ~mOhr Jm_sU dm ZmJar AgVmo. _hmamQ>mbJV A` ^mfs gs_m AmhoV. `m `m ^mfoVsb AZoH$ eX d dmMma `mMm ^md gs_mdVu X[bV gm[h`mV \$ma Zmhs, nU OmUdVmo. [deofV: X[bV Am_H$WZmV `mMm `Z hmoVmo. [hXs, VobwJw, H$mZS>s ^mfoVsb eXmMm dmna BV`m ghOVoZo H$mhs X[bV boIH$mZs Ho$bm Amho H$s `mMo $n _amR>s_`M Pmbo Amho. S>m.
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doJdoJ`m kmZemImYbo kmZ BJOrVyZ amR>rV AmUVmZm nm[a^m{fH$ gkm KS>dm`m bmJVmV. gmm{OH$ {dkmZo AgmoV H$s ^m{VH$ {dkmZo, gdM {df`mV ZdZ`m kmZmMr â nS>V AgVo. ho kmZ BJOr ^mfoV `m doJmZo, gjVoZo Am{U gWnUo òVo Vmo doJ, Vr gjVm, Vr gWVm ho kmZ amR>rV AmU`m`m >rZo {XgV Zmhr.
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^mfoMo {ejU hUOo H${dVmMo, H$WmMo {ejU Zho. `dhmamV ^mfm H$er dmnabr OmV AgVo, emr` boIZmV ^mfoMo $n H$go AgVo, {d{dY `dgm`mV ^mfm H$er dmnabr OmVo, gm{h`H$Vtò ^mfoMr A{^`$s H$er AgVo ho H$mH$mZo {eH$m`Mo H$a`mV òVmo. H${dVm, H$Wm, b{bV boI, EH$m{H$H$m, H$mX~ar, ZmQ>H$, {Z~Y ho $n~Y H$go {dH$[gV hmoV Jobo, Voam`m eVH$mnmgyZ AmOn`V ^mfoò H$gH$go ~Xb hmoV Jobo, Om{UdmMo doJdoJio dmh H$go Ambo, Am{dH$mamMo doJdoJio `moJ H$go Pmbo ho A`mgH$mZm gOmdo hm gm{h`m`m {ejUmmJMm Coe AgVmo. `mMmUo gm{h`mVyZ `$ hmoUm`m OrdZ^mZmMm, y`mMm gH$ma hmdm hohr C{> AgVo. gm{h`mwio ^mfoMo gH$ma hmoVmV, eXgnmr dmT>Vo, A{^`$s`m {Za{Zam`m arVr H$iVmV. `mwio ^mfm {eH$dm`Mr Va `mgmR>r H${dVm, H$Wm, b{bV J B`mXr H$mamVrb do`mMm nmR>nwVH$mV gmdoe Ho$bm nm{hOo Aer gOyV Amho. amR>r {df`mMr nmR>nwVHo$ `mMm AW {Za{Zam`m boIH$m`m do`mMm gJh Ago grH$aU Pmbobo Amho. m B`mm ~mamdrn`VM ^mfoMo-gm{h`mMo ho {ejU gmd{H$ d$nmMo AgVo. `mZVa Ho$di ~rEbm OmUm`m {dm`mZm Vo Iwbo AgVo. dm{U`, {dkmZ, A{^`m{H$s, dH${dm, `dWmnZ{dm B`mXr kmZemImH$S>o OmUm`mZm gm{h`{ejUmnmgyZ d{MV R>odbo OmVo. ~rEbm OmUmao {dmWu gm{h`mMm "gm{h` : EH$ H$bm' `m >rZo A`mg H$aVmV Ago mZbo Va Vo ~mamdrn`V ^mfm {eH$V hmoVo H$s gm{h` {eH$V hmoVo H$s gm{h`H$Vt`m m`mVyZ ^mfm {eH$V hmoVo? Agm Z CnpWV hmoVmo. `mMmUo OrdZ^mZ, y`gH$ma B`mXr Jmo>r ~mamdrn`V R>rH$ AmhoV, nwT>o `mMr H$mhr JaO Zmhr, {deofV: dm{U`, {dkmZ, A{^`m{H$s, dH${dm, `dWmnZ{dm B`mXr kmZemImH$S>o OmUm`mZm Va H$mhr JaOM Zmhr Ago gOm`Mo H$m`? ^mfoMo {ejU hm EH$ hdmMm wm Amho. d^mfoMo {ejU Am{U na^mfoMo {ejU Ago XmoZ {df` AmhoV. d^mfoMo, CXm. amR>rMo. hr ^mfm wbmZm AdJV AgVo. wbo ~mobV AgVmV. {b{hUo {eH$m`Mo AgVo. `mMmUo Q>`mQ>`mZo OrdZm`m {d{dY jomV dmnabr OmUmar ^mfm {eH$m`Mr AgVo. d^mfoMo {ejU KoV AgVmZmM d^mfo`m ~mobtMrhr AmoiI hm`bm hdr. IaoVa {d{dY ~mobr ~mobUmar wbo mU ^mfm {eH$m`bm Ambobr AgVmV. mU ^mfm Am{U ~mobr `mV C-ZrMVoMm ôX^md Z H$aVm `m Xmohtò gmYm OmoS>bm nm{hOo. gnH$ 9890362703 rr
BJOr ^mfoV `m doJmZo, gjVoZo Am{U gWnUo òVo Vmo doJ, Vr gjVm, Vr gWVm ho kmZ amR>rV AmU`m`m >rZo {XgV Zmhr. `m gX^mV H$mhr CnH$ gw$ Ho$bo hmoVo. nwT>o Vo X Pmbo, AWdm ~X nS>bo. gd {df`mgmR>r amR>r m`mMm AmJh Ad` H$amdm, `mMdoir Vmo {df` amR>rVyZ {eH$`mgmR>r MmJbr nmR>nwVHo$ Agbr nm{hOoV, BVa nyaH$ gm{h` amR>rVyZ Agbo nm{hOo Am{U A{YH$ nwT>Mo kmZ XoUmar nwVHo$hr amR>rVyZ Agbr nm{hOoV `mMmhr AmJh Yabm nm{hOo. A`Wm nwVHo$ ZmhrV hUyZ m`mMm {dMma H$aVm òV Zmhr Aer pWVr H$m`M AgUma. ^mfo`m gX^mV gm{h`mMo {ejU hmhr EH$ hdmMm ^mJ Amho. Voam`m eVH$mnmgyZ AmOVmJm`V amR>r gm{h` {b{hbo OmV Amho. amR>r gm{h`mMr A{Ve` g nanam Amho. hm dmagm Amn`mbm bm^bobm Amho `mMr OmUrd amR>r ^mfH$mZm hmdr, `m gm{h`mMm `mZr gy A`mg H$amdm `mgmR>r {ejUmV gm{h`mMm AV^md
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`H$`mMs Os ^mfm AgVo Vs `m XoemVbs Om dsH$mam`Mm `Z H$aVo, hm OJâmMm B[Vhmg Amho. _mUyg _mUgmbm H$i`mgmR>s ^mfm Cn`moJs Agbs Var, nmoQ>mbm AZ XoU hmhs ^mfoMm EH$ Cn`moJ AgVmo, Am[U am`H$`m_ò nmoQ>mbm Xo`mMs VmH$X Ag`mZ, `mMs ^mfm OoH$Sy>Z dsH$mabs OmU ho gmh[OH$ Amho. Xwg`m ~mOybm am`H$`mZmhs OoMs JaO AgVoM. `m_wi OJâ`m [H$òH$ [R>H$mUs am`H$V} Am[U Om `m`m ^mfmMo gH$a Pm`mMhs [XgyZ òV. gH$[aV ^mfmMm Agm B[Vhmg Va ^maVmV XmS>Jm Amho. ^maV hm ~hw^m[fH$ Xoe Amho. AJXs WmoS>m WmoS>m AVamgmR>s EHo$H$ dV ^mfm Ag AmOM [M Amho. hs ~hw^m[fH$Vm H$es [Z_mU Pmbs, H$es [dH$[gV Pmbs `mMm dmVd Am[U XsK B[Vhmg _m`m dmMZmV Var Ambm Zmhs. [H$_mZ dsg Vo Mmisg hOma
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_amR>s g_mOmV`m gm[h`gQ>s `m jomZ OodT>m Vi_isZ XsK H$mi _amR>s ^mfo`m [MVoMm _wm bmdyZ Yabm`, VodT>m Vi_isZ _amR>s g_mOmV`m BVa jomZs, KQ>H$mZs Vmo _wm bmdyZ Yabobm [XgV Zmhs. CmoJ, Amamo`, eoVs, [ejU, `m`, amOH$maU, `mnma B`mXs Os _amR>s g_mOmMs BVa gd jo AmhoV, `mMs _amR>s ^mfo~bMs `m`m _mJ`m H$mimV H$m` ^y[_H$m hmoVs [Z AmO H$m` Amho? Va Vs ^y[_H$m gmV`mZ AZmWoMs Am[U XwbjmMsM am[hbobs. ^mfm OJdU, [Q>H$dU, [VMs ds H$aU ho H$mhs \$$ gm[h`gQ>sM H$m_ ZgV, Va EH$mM dois gdM jomZs m [df`mV nyU AmWoZ gh^mJ m`Mm AgVmo.
AmO`m `m gd ^maVs` ^mfm EH$_oH$tMm gH$a AmhoV EdT> _m [Z{MV dmQ>V. gH$V hs `m XoemV`m H$moU`mhs am`H$`mMs ^mfm ZhVs Am[U OoMs Va Vs ZhVsM H$Ys. gd Am`mZmgwm gH$V ^mfm dmna`mMm A[YH$ma ZhVm, Am`m_Y`m \$$ CdUu`mZm Am{U `mVhr Ho$di nwfmZmM Vs ^mfm dmna`mMm A[YH$ma AmhoAg `m ^mfo~bM [dYmZ Amho, Am[U Vo g` Agob Va - Vs ^mfm am`H$`mMs, am`H$ma^mamMs Am[U Oo`m dmnamMs AgU e` Zmhs Am[U Vg Agob Va gd ^maVs` ^mfm gH$V_YyZ O_mbm Am`m `m [dYmZmbm H$mhs AW Zmhs. H$maU H$mhs [d[eQ> Am[U _moOHo$ bmoH$ gH$V dmnaV hmoVo, Vohm g_mOmVbo ~hwg` bmoH$ ^mfo[edm` _wHo$ amhV hmoVo, H$mhs [d[eQ> _moOHo$ bmoH$ EH$_oH$mes gH$V_ò ~mobV hmoVo, Vohm ~mH$sMo ~hwg` bmoH$ `mZm EH$_oH$mes ~mobm`bm ^mfmM Zg`mZ _wHo$ OJV hmoVo, H$maU Vo gH$V_YyZ Amnmn`m ^mfm O_mbm ò`mMs dmQ> nmhV hmoVo, Agm `mMm AW hmoBb Am[U Vmo gdWm MwH$sMm Amho. AmO OJmVbs EH$hs ^mfm dV Zmhs Am[U O_mbm Am`mnmgyZ`m ew d$nmV CnbY Amho Aghs Zmhs. _wimV ^mfoM d$n ew-Aew AgU Ag e` Zmhs. [d[dY ^m[fH$ _mUgmMm g~Y [OW [OW òV amhUma, [VW [VW ^mfmMs EH$_oH$mV [_giU hmoV amhUma. hm Ioi OwZmM Amho Am[U AmOhs MmbyM Amho Am[U OJmV`m gdM ^mfm~b Vmo g` Amho. EH$_oH$t`m gnH$mV òUm`m ^mfm EH$_oH$tMo gH$ma KoUmaM. `m [Z`_mZ _amR>s ^mfm Amnbm AmH$ma KoV Jobs Am[U nwT>hs Vs AmH$ma KoV amhUmaM. amR>rbm {imbm AmH$ma Jo`m Mma-nmM hOma dfmV _amR>s ^mfobm Omo AmH$ma Ambm, `mV Vwiy, nmbs, AY_mJYs, Aa~s, \$mags `m ^mfmMm _moR>m dmQ>m Amho Ag _bm dmQ>V. (^maVmV`m AmO`m BVa ^mfmMm B[Vhmghs AgmM AgUma.) OZm`m-Oo`m EH$_oH$m`m ggJmZ Va hs ^mfm AmH$mambm AmbsM, nU am`H$`mMm ^mdhs `m ^mfm`m AmH$mamV
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am[hbm. Aa~s-\$magsMm _amR>sVbm ^md hm Ho$di am`H$`m_wi am[hbm Ag _bm dmQ>V Zmhs, Va Aa~s-\$mags ^m[fH$ am`H$V} ^maVmV ò`mAmYsnmgyZ WbmVa, `mnma `m [Z[_mmZ òUmao Aa~s-\$mags ^m[fH$ bmoH$, ^m[fH$ ggJmV _w` am[hbo Ag dmQ>V. hm H$ma VsZ Vo nmM hOma df OwZm Agmdm. Aa~s-\$mags ^mfm `m _w{b_m`m AmhoV Agm EH$ Jag_O Amn`mH$S> Amho. Bbm_Ms WmnZm hmoD$Z \$$ nYameo df Pmbs, Aa~s-\$mags `m ^mfm `mAmYsnmgyZ`m AmhoV. OJmV`m H$moU`mhs ^mfm H$Ys Hw$`m Y_m`m-OmVs`m _mbH$s`m Zh`m. AndmX gH$V. _wgb_mZ am`H$V} ^maVmV ò`mAmYsnmgyZ Aa~s-\$mags ^m[fH$ am`H$V} ^maVmV ZmX`mMm B[Vhmg Amho. nwT> Aa~s-\$mags ^m[fH$ am`H$V} Am[U ^maVs` ^mfm `m`m gH$amVyZ CXy hs ^mfm O_mbm Ambs. _amR>s ^m[fH$ mVmda am` Ho$bo`m am`H$`mZs _amR>s ^mfoMm dmna Ho$`mMs CXmhaU \$ma ZmhsV. Am[Xbemhs, ZJaMs [ZOm_emhs Am[U [edmOs _hmamOmZs Aa~s-\$mags~amo~a XIZs Am[U _amR>s ^mfoMm dmna Ho$`mMo CoI AmT>iVmV. BJO òBn`V ^maVmV mXo[eH$ ^mfm Am[U am`H$`mMs ^mfm `m`m [_giUsMm Ioi MmbV am[hbm. BJOmZs am` Vm`mV KoVmZm \$mags-CXyMm AmYma KoVbobm [XgVmo. nU nwT> am` nyUnUo Vm`mV Am`mda `mZs BVa gd ^mfmZm S>y XoD$Z Ho$di BJOs ^mfm bmXm`bm gwdmV Ho$bs. Ho$di VsM EH$_od am`H$ma^mamMs ^mfm Ro>dbs. ZVa Vo Jobo, nU OmVmZm BW`m bmoH$emhs am`H$`mZm BJOs hs Am_s` ^mfm dmQo>b `mMs `dWm H$$Z Jobo. ^mfmdma mVaMZm dmV`mZVa ^mfmdma mVaMZm A_bmV Ambs, nU mVmMs gaH$ma Am[U H|$ gaH$ma `mZm OmoS>Umar ^mfm AZ[YH$V hUV hUV A[YH$VnUo BJOsM am[hbs. 1947 gmbs gs_mMs [Z{MVs Pmbobm AmH$ma~ Agm EH$ Xoe, ^maV `m ZmdmZ Amn`mbm [_imbm, nU Am`m Xoembm, XoemV`m òH$ ZmJ[aH$mbm EH$_oH$mes OmoSy>Z KoBb, Aes EH$hs Xoes ^mfm Amn`mbm [_imbs Zmhs. AmnU gJ`mes [_iyZ Ves EH$hs ^mfm amQ>s` hmoUma Zmhs, `mMs VOdsO H$a`mVM Amnb dmV` Kmbdb. n[aUm_V: BJOs hs ^mfm am`H$ma^mamMs
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OmJ[VH$sH$aUmMs ^mfm Jo`m XmoZVsZeo dfmV`m BJOm`m gdXya nmohmoM`m_wi AmnmoAmn BJOs R>$Z Jobs AgyZ Vs OJâ`m òH$ mXo[eH$ ^mfobm _mJ hQ>dyZ Amnb WmZ ~iH$Q> H$aV [ZKmbs Amho. dV:Mm ^m[fH$ A[^_mZ Am[U A{_Vm Agbobo Oo Xoe AmhoV. CXm. \$mg, O_Zs, MsZ, BQ>bs, noZ, nmoVwJmb, Aa~ amQ>, OnmZ B`mXs, Vohs AmVm BJOsg_moa JwS>Ko Qo>H$VmZm [Xgy bmJbo AmhoV. X[jU A_o[aH$m, Am[\$H$m Am[U Am[e`m_Yb Oo [dH$gZesb amQ>mM [Vga OJ Amho, `mbm ^m[fH$ A{_Vm- [H$_mZ OmJ[VH$ nmVisdaMs - H$YsM ZhVs. `m [Vg`m OJmV`m [H$òH$ amQ>mZm dV:`m ^mfm hmo`mM, nU BJOs, n[Ze, \o$M ^mfm AmH$_U H$am`bm Am`m Vohm `mZs `mhs dsH$ma`m. [Vg`m OJmV`m amQ>mZm _m
AmoT>bm OmUma ho [Z{MV Amho. VoM AmVm`m `m OmJ[VH$sH$aUmM _moR> d[eQ> Amho. `m OmJ[VH$sH$aUmMs ^mfm CKS>nUo BJOs Ag`mZo g_mOhs AmVm `m ^mfo`m N>N>mòV AmoT>bm OmUma hohs An[ahm` Amho. amQ> ZmdmMs gH$nZm O_mbm ò`mAmYs- XsS>eoXmoZeo dfmnydu _mUgmMs WbmVa, `mnma, am` H$am`bm OmU, Xoe bwQ>m`bm OmU Aem $nm_Ybs OmJ[VH$sH$aU ndsâ H$m`_M Mmby hmoVs Am[U `mV ^mfm`m gH$amMo Ioihs H$m`_M Mmby hmoVo. nU `m OmJ[VH$sH$aUm_ò H$moU`mhs EH$m ^mfoM dMd ZhV. AmVm`m `m OmJ[VH$sH$aUmM _m Vg Zmhs. `m
dV:Ms EH$M ^mfm H$YsM ZhVs. `m XoemV`m N>moQ>m N>moQ>m XoemZm dV:`m ^mfm Am[U `m`m A{_Vm hmo`m, nU AIS> amQ>s` nmVisda [H$dm gd amQ> [_iyZ EH$m ^mfoMs A{_Vm Ag`mMs AdWm H$YsM ZhVs. `m_wi BJOs ^mfoMs ^md [H$`m ^maVmV AJXs ghOM Pmbs. XoemMs ~hw^m[fH$Vm Am[U ^m[fH$ A{_VmMs [dI[S>V, [dH$isV AdWm BJOs`m [eaH$mdmbm gmo`sH$a R>abs. OmJ[VH$sH$aUmV`m BJOs ^mfogmR>s ^maV hm OUy AmYsnmgyZ Am`VmM nm`KS>m AW$Z ~gbobm hmoVm. AmVm`m `m OmJ[VH$sH$aUmMs [H$`m
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hUOo {d`_ H$ao `mZr 1810 _ò H$m{eV Ho$cocm "_amR>r-BJOr H$moe' (A {S>eZar Am\$ Xr _hmQ>m cdoO). hm ~Jmc_ò goam_nya òWrc {Vr {_eZar _S>imH$[aVm {d`_ H$ao `mZo N>mnyZ {g Ho$cm. hm H$moe n{S>V {dmZmW (dOZmW e_m) `m`m _XVrZo V`ma Ho$`mMo VmdZoV hQ>co Amho. dOZmW e_m hm H$cH$`m`m \$moQ> {d`_ H$mcoO_Yrc _amR>rMm _wI n{S>V hmoVm. `m H$moemMr n>g`m 652 AgyZ `mV _amR>r eX _moS>r {cnrV d AW B{ce ^mfoV {Xcm Amho. Xwgam H$moe co. H$. hmg Ho$ZoS>r `m cH$amVrc gmho~mZo _w~B òWo B. g. 1824 _ò {g Ho$cm. `m H$moemMo XmoZ ^mJ AgyZ n{h`m ^mJmV _amR>r eXmZm Bpce {VeX XoD$Z Xwg`m ^mJmV Bpce eXmMo _amR>r AW {Xcoco AmhoV. H$moemVrc eXg`m AmR> hOman`V Amho. ""EH$m "BQ>o{cOQ>' ~mUmZo A_aH$moe _amR>rV CV$Z {Xcm d d {_Va ApH$Z `m {dmZmZo V`ma H$a{dcoco XmoZ BJOr-_amR>r hV{c{IV H$moe d H$Q>Z H$mH$ `mOdirc qhXwWmZr _amR>r hV{c{IV H$moe `mg {_imco. `mMo `mg \$ma gmhm` hmoD$Z `mZo hr JW{gr Ho$cr.'' (_amR>r JmMm BJOr AdVma, {Vr` Amdmr, n. 36) _hmam> ^mfoMm H$moe `mM gw_mamg "~m~o Zo{Q>d E`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>r'Zo _hmam> ^mfo`m H$moemMr aMZm H$a`mgmR>r ~miemr KJdo, JJmYaemr \$S>Ho$, gImam_ Omoer, XmOremr ewc Am{U naewam_nV JmoS>~moco Ago nmM n{S>V Zo_co. `mZr ~`mM `mgmZo B. g. 1829 _ò "_hmam> ^mfoMm H$moe' {g Ho$cm. hm H$moe A`V {dVV AgyZ `mV _hmam>m`m gd ^mJmV M{cV Agcoco A{YH$m{YH$ eX g_m{d> Ho$co AmhoV. B. g. 1831 _ò OJmWemr H$_dV `m`m gnmXH$dmZo `mcm nwadUrIS> OmoS>`mV Amcm. ho gd n{S>V _mogdW Am{U H$S>r `m`m _mJXeZm_mUo H$m_ H$arV hmoVo Agm CoI _mogdWZo Amn`m _amR>r-BJOr H$moem`m Xwg`m Amdmr`m VmdZoV Ho$cm Amho. `m n{S>Vr H$moem~amo~aM _mogdW-H$S>r
`mMm _amR>r-BJOr eXH$moe B. g. 1831 H$moe{Z{_Vr_mJrc X>r hmoVr. `m H$moemV _òM ~m~o E`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>r (_w~B Aa~r, \$meu, VwH$s eXmMo AW {Xcoco {ejm _S>ir) `m _m\$V H$m{eV Pmcm. `m AmhoV. `m H$moemg CnmoXKmV OmoS>cocm AgyZ doir `m H$moemVrc eXmMr g`m Mmirg `mV `wn{m{dMma, \$meuVyZ _amR>rV `mH$aU{deof, eX{gr hOmamn`V hmoVr. H$moemMr Xwgar Amdmr Amcoco 1857 _ò Oohm {g Pmcr Vohm B`mXt{df`rMo {ddoMZ AmT>iVo. ^mfm n{S>V qH$dm gmoim ^mfmMm H$moe Vr_Yrc eXg`m gmR> hOmamn`V Jocr. 1927 gmcr X. Jmo. _amR>r-BJOr h g H$mo e gS>oH$a `mZr "^mfm n{S>V H$moem~amo~aM BJOrB. g. 1863 gmcr qH$dm gmoim ^mfmMm H$moe' _amR>r H$moe H$a`mMr hm ~h^m{fH$ H$moe H$m{eV H$nZm _mogdW`m aKwZmW ^mH$a JmoS>~moco `m Z r "h g H$mo e ' ZmdmMm Ho$cm. `mV ZX^mfm, _ZmV hmoVr. `mMm Vmo {_Vmjar, H$andr gH$n `mMm ghH$mar EH$ EH$^m{fH$ H$moe V`ma Ho $ cm. hm ~mo c rMm qH$dm `mMmhr AV^md Pmcm Amho. H$S>r `mZo 1840 Vo `. Z. Ho$iH$amMm 1847 `m H$mimV nwam `dhmamVrc ^mfoMm H$moe "Eo{Vhm{gH$ eXH$moe' Ho$cm. `mZo ZhVm, Va _hmam>^mfoVrc (1962) _amR>rVrc OmgZMm BJOr H${dVm_Yrc {ZdS>H$ d Eo{Vhm{gH$ J-n H$moe AmYmamcm KoD$Z H$R>rU eXmMm H$moe hmoVm. dmL>_`m`m AmH$cZmgmR>r BJOr eXmMo `mMr N>nmB {eimN>mnmMr A`V Cn`w$ Amho. _hmam> {Za{Zamio AW hmoVr. am` gm{h` Am{U gH$Vr BJOr_ò W_ XoD$Z `m `m AWmg g_mZmWH$ _amR>r eX ZVa _S>imZo eXH$moem`m gX^mV Ho$coco H$m` {Xco. H$S>rMm hm H$moe hr _amR>r CoIZr` Amho. JwOamVr-_amR>r (^mD$ H$moedmL>_`m`m AZwfJmZo Pmcocr Y_m{YH$mar), CXy-_amR>r (lrnmX Omoer, EZ. Eg. JmoaoH$a), H$ZS>-_amR>r (nwS>{cH$Or dmJVmh H$m_{Jar _mZcr OmVo. _amR>r ^mfoV dmV`nyd H$mimV 134 Va H$mVJS>o), V_ri-_amR>r (a_m~mB Omoer, nw. dmV`moma H$mimV 250 nojm A{YH$ {X. Omoer), _amR>r-H$ZS> (JwZmW eXH$moe {Z_mU Pmco. `mMr {d^mJUr {XdoH$a), _amR>r-qgYr (cN>_Z hXdmUr), EH$^m{fH$, {^m{fH$ Am{U ~h^m{fH$ Aer _amR>r-JwOamVr (^mD$ Y_m{YH$mar), nmcrH$aVm òVo. "{^m{fH$ eXH$moem'V _amR>r- _amR>r (~m~m ^maVr) `mgmaIo H$moe _S>imZo BJOr, _amR>r-H$ZS>, _amR>r-JwOamVr, H$m{eV Ho$co AmhoV. _amR>r eXaZmH$a _amR>r-O_Z, _amR>r-V_ri, _amR>rdmgwXod JmoqdX AmnQ>o `mZr 1922 _ò nmoVwJrO, _amR>r-qgYr, _amR>r-gH$V, _amR>r-qhXr, _amR>r-qhXwWmZr Aer {d{dYVm "_amR>r eXaZmH$a' hm _amR>r eXmMm AmT>iVo. "{^m{fH$ eXH$moem'Mm A` ^mfm _amR>rV AW XoUmam H$moe aMcm. `m H$moem`m d _amR>r Agm CnH$ma Ho$cm OmVmo. `mV VmdZoV `mZr Vnydu Pmco`m AR>am BJOr-_amR>r, CXy-_amR>r, H$ZS>-_amR>r, eXH$moemMr _m{hVr {Xcr Amho. 1930 _ò JwOamVr-_amR>r, OnmZr-_amR>r, V_ri- {dmYa dm_Z {^S>o `mZr _amR>r ^mfoMm _amR>r, VocwJy-_amR>r, \$maer-_amR>r, "gadVr H$moe' V`ma Ho$cm. _amR>rVrc ~Jmcr-_amR>r, qgYr-_amR>r, gH$V-_amR>r, gdmV Adc XOmMm H$moe hUOo `. am. qhXr-_amR>r, qhXwWmZr-_amR>r Ago Voam H$ma XmVo, qM. J. H$d}, Am~m MmXmoaH$a, qM. e. nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. _mYdamd nQ>dYZ `mZr XmVma `m gnmXH$_S>imZo V`ma Ho$cocm _amR>r 1925 _ò aMcocm "\$meu-_amR>r H$moe' ^mfoMm gdg_mdoeH$ H$moe. `mMo Zmd "hmam> gw{g Amho. Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mJXnmMo dmMZ eXH$moe'. `mMm n{hcm {d^mJ 1932 _ò H$a`mgmR>r Cn`w$ R>amdm Aer `m Va gmVdm {d^mJ 1938 _ò {g Pmcm.
_amR>rVrc EH$Xa H$moemMr g`m AmR>eo Vo gmS>oAmR>eo Va eXH$moemMr g`m 390 `m Amgnmg Amho.
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gmV IS>m`m `m H$moemV EH$ cmImh Z A{YH$ eXmMo Vnercdma AW {ddoMZmgh {Xco AmhoV. 1950 _ò `m H$moemMm nwadUr {d^mJ {g Pmcm. . Z. Omoer `mMm "AmXe _amR>r eXH$moe' B. g. 1970 _ò H$m{eV Pmcm. AmH$mamZo _moR>m AgUm`m `m H$moemV "AmXe' `m {deofUmg Z emoÛm`m H$mhr wQ>r AmT>iVmV. A{^Zd _amR>r-_amR>r eXH$moe 1983 Vo 1985 `m H$mcmV X. h. ApZhmor `mMm nMIS>m_H$ "A{^Zd _amR>r-_amR>r eXH$moe' V`ma Pmcm. 2850 n>m`m `m H$moem`m n{h`m ^mJmV AmXe _amR>r eXH$moemg~YrMr ^y{_H$m, _amR>r eXmMo _m{UV Cma, _amR>r`m _wI ~mocr d `mMr Cmad{eQ>o B`mXrg~YrMo {Z~Y AmhoV. e. Jmo. Vwinwio d AZ \o$S>hmg `mZr aMcocm "{S>eZar Am\$ AmoS> _amR>r' (1999) hm eXH$moe AmR>`m eVH$mnmgyZ MmXm`m eVH$mn`V`m _amR>r eXmMm H$moe Amho. `m eXH$moemV _amR>r d B{ce ^mfmV eXmW {Xco AmhoV. _mo. {d. ^mQ>dS>oH$a{Z{_V "amOhg `mdhm[aH$ _amR>r eXmW H$moe' (2007) hr _amR>rVrc eXH$moeg^mamV nS>cocr _hdmMr â hUVm òBc. Jo`m eVH$mV _amR>r ^mfH$m`m OrdZgaUrV Oo AZoH$ ~Xc Pmco, XZ{XZ `dhmamMr gnH$^mfm hUyZ _amR>rV `m ZdZ`m eXmMr {Z{_Vr Pmcr/â nS>cr Vr {dMmamV KoD$Z hm H$moe V`ma Ho$cm Amho. kmZH$moe lrYa `H$Q>oe Ho$VH$a `mZr {g Ho$cocm "kmZH$moe' hr _amR>r H$moedmL>_`mVrc A`V _hdmMr, Eo{Vhm{gH$ d$nmMr H$m_{Jar hUVm òBc. kmZH$moe `mMm AW gd {dmemImVrc _m{hVrMm nVeranUmZo Ho$cocm gJh. gdgJmhH$d hm `mMm _w` {deof. "_hmam>r` kmZH$moe' (1920-29) hm lr. `. Ho$VH$a `mMm _amR>rVrc n{hcm kmZH$moe. Ho$VH$am`m AmYr am_mOr
Ho$edamd gm~mao `mMm "{dmH$nV$' (1870) Am{U OZmXZ har AmR>ò `mMm "{dm_mcm' (1878) ho H$moe aM`mMr gwdmV Pmcr hmoVr. ho Xmohr H$moe _m{gH$$nmV H$m{eV hmoV hmoVo. VWm{n, ho H$moe AnyUM am{hco. `m_wio Am kmZH$moeH$ma R>a`mMm _mZ Ho$VH$amH$S>o OmVmo. A_amdVr`m ZJa dmMZmc`mV "Egm`cmonr{S>`m {~Q>m{ZH$m' nmhVmZm _hmam>r` kmZH$moe H$a`mMr H$nZm Ho$VH$amZm gwMcr. H$moeaMZoV H$moU`mhr H$maMr VS>OmoS> Z H$aVm Ho$VH$amZr A{Ve` H$>nydH$ AmXe Agm kmZH$moe {Z_mU Ho$cm. `m_wio H$moe`wJm`m dVH$mMm _mZ `mZm {Xcm OmVmo. Ho$VH$amMm kmZH$moe _w`do A`mgH$, gemoYH$, `mgJr dmMH$ `mZm {deof Cn`moJr R>acm. gdgm_m`m`m AmH$cZH$joV òUmao {df` KoD$Z gmo`m ^mfoV kmZH$moe aM`mMr H$nZm `m_wioM nwT>o Amcr Am{U `. am. XmVo d qM. J. H$d} `mZr ghm ^mJmV (1949 Vo 1951 `m H$mimV) "gwc^ {dH$moem'Mr {Z{_Vr Ho$cr. JUoe aJmo {^S>o `mZr 1935 Vo 1940 `m H$mcmdYrV "`mdhm[aH$ kmZH$moem'Mr nMIS>m_H$ aMZm Ho$cr. _amR>rVrc kmZH$moemMr g`m AmVm eâ`m KamV Jocr Amho. VrV _wcmMo kmZH$moe, gdgJmhH$ H$moe, {df`kmZH$moe Aer ânya {d{dYVm Amho. ^maVr` gH${VH$moe {dH$mo e mBVH$sM _amR>rVrc _hdmMr H$moe{Z{_Vr hUyZ _hmXodemr Omoer `mZr 1962 Vo 1979 `m H$mimV {g Ho$cocm Xhm IS>mMm "^maVr` gH${VH$moe' A`V CoIZr` Amho. gH$VrMo {d{dY KQ>H$ cjmV KoD$Z Ho$co`m gw_mao ~mam hOma Zm|Xr `m H$moemV AmhoV. `m H$moem_mUoM XmoZ hOma n>mMm,
Mma IS>mVrc _wcmMm gH${VH$moehr _hmXodemtZr {Z_mU Ho$cm. gH${VH$moemIoarO A` {df`mMo dV H$moehr _amR>rV AZoH$ AmhoV. XodrXmg Xmm` dmS>oH$a `mMm {IS>m_H$ "_amR>r VdkmZ _hmH$moe', h. lr. eoUmocrH$a `mMm "_amR>r gV-VdkmZ gkm H$moe' (199394) `m Xmohm|_YyZ VdkmZg~ ~h{dY Vnerc gwn>nUo Amcm Amho. g. _m. JJ} `mZr gnm{XV Ho$co`m "^maVr` g_mO{dkmZ H$moem'`m ghm IS>mV g_mOem, AWem, amèm ho VrZ {df` d `m {df`mg nyaH$ Aem Zm|Xr Am`m AmhoV. amO| hmoam d gwhmg nierH$a `mZr {Z{_cocm "amèm H$moe' amèmmVrc gkm-gH$nZmMm, _V_VmVamMm d amèmm`m JV A`mgmMm n[aM` H$$Z XoVmo. ^maVmVrc amOH$s` {dMma, `m_mJrc VdkmZ d _yò, emgZgWm, AmVaam>r` g~Y `mMm CcJS>m H$a`mMmhr `Z `m H$moemVyZ Pmcm Amho. eH$a A`H$a `mMm nMIS>m_H$ "^{$H$moe', A_a| JmS>Jria{MV "lram_H$moe', "hZw_mZ H$moe', "JUoe H$moe', "am_mÙ WcXeZ H$moe', . Z. Omoer `mMo "lr Xmmo` kmZH$moe' d "lr {edXdV H$moe', {earf Am_mam_ H$dS>o{Z{_V "lrZqghH$moe', hmX H$U ^wXogmB `mMm "lr Xodr H$moe' `mgmaIo XodXoodVm{df`H$ H$moehr `m gX^mV gmJ`mOmoJo AmhoV. ej{UH$ gX^H$moe e. ^m. Jm|YioH$a `mMm "ej{UH$ gX^H$moe' (1959), c. ~. hamocrH$a d nm. ~. nmZgo `mMm "ej{UH$ gX^H$moe' (1970), e. H$. gmohmoZr `mMm "ej{UH$ Q>rnmH$moe' (1992) ho {ejUemm`m AZwfJmZo {Z_mU Pmcoco H$moe Z_yX H$amd`mg hdoV. Xw. H$m. gV `mZr "emoY{dkmZH$moe : gmYZ d gX^JW' (1985) `mMr aMZm H$$Z gemoYZm`m {dm`mg gemoYZnVr`m _ycVdmMm
gm{h` Am{U gH$Vr _S>i gH$pnV "_amR>r eXH$moemMr' Zm. Jmo. H$mcocH$a, {d. am. H$aXrH$a, `. e. H$m{ZQ>H$a Aem H$mao hVmV[aV hmoV Amcocr d XrK H$mi a|Jmicocr `moOZm AIoarg _S>imMo {d_mZ A`j _Yy _Joe H${UH$ `mZr _mJu cmdcr Amho. `mZr ho H$m_ am_Xmg S>mJo `m`m ghH$m`mZo nwao H$aV AmUco Amho. am_Xmg S>mJo `mZr "_amR>r eXH$moem'Mo Mma IS> (20092011) {g Ho$co AmhoV Am{U Cd[aV IS> H$meZm`m _mJmda AmhoV.
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_hmam> emgZmZo c_Uemr Omoer `m`m ZoVdmImcr _amR>r {dH$moemMr {Z{_Vr gw$ Ho$cr. 1976 _ò {dH$moemMm n{hcm IS> {g Pmcm. VXZVa emrOt`m gnmXH$dmImcr nYam IS>mMr {Z{_Vr Pmcr. _o. nw. aoJo `mZr gmoim`m IS>mMr {Z{_Vr Ho$cr. H$mcmVamZo {dH$moem`m gnmXH$ Pmco`m {dO`m dmS> `mZr {dH$moemMo gVam, AR>am d EH$moUrg Ago VrZ IS> H$m{eV Ho$co Am{U {dH$moem`m H$meZmMr JVr dmT>cr. EH$Xa drg IS>mMr `moOZm AgUm`m {dH$moemMo EH$moUrg IS> AmVm V`ma Pmco AmhoV. gw_mao dfâmV {dgmdm IS>hr nyU hmoD$Z {dH$moemMr _yi `moOZm _mJu cmJoc. {dH$moem`m AZwfJmZoM {dH$moe {Z{_Vr _S>imZo "Hw$_ma {dH$moem'Mrhr `moOZm AmIcr hmoVr. Hw$_ma {dH$moemMm "n[aM` IS>' _o. nw. aoJo `mZr V`ma Ho$cm. Hw$_ma H$moemVJV "Ordg>r Am{U n`mdaU' `m {df`mg dm{hco`m IS>mMm n{hcm ^mJ B. g. 2012 _ò {g Pmcm Amho. `m`m gnmXH$hr {dO`m dmS> AmhoV. {dH$moe Ho$di JW$nmVM amh Zò, dV_mZ`wJmMr JaO hUyZ Vmo _hmOmcH$mdahr Omdm, `m>rZo dmS> `mZr A`V `ZnydH$ {dH$moemMo gmoim IS> gd OJmg CncY H$$Z {Xco AmhoV. nmm` H$moemVrc kmZ `m_mUo OJm`m H$mZmH$mon`mV CncY hmoD$ eH$Vo VgmM hm CnH$_ Amho. n[aM` H$$Z {Xcm Amho. X. ~m. XoenmS>o `mMm H$m`mMm H$moe (1984) Am{U dgV qeXo `mMm "H$m`XmH$moe' (1997) ho H$moe dmMH$mg H$m`mMr AmoiI H$$Z XoUmao AmhoV. O`V ZmairH$a d lram_ JrV `mMm "g{>{dkmZJmWm' (1994), c. dm. JwOa `mMm "J{UV kmZH$moe' (1995), _mohZ AmnQ>oH$V "eVH$ emoYmMo', _mVr {MV_nr `mMm "njrH$moe', gwaoeM dmaKS>o `mMm "^maVr` d` mUrH$moe' B`mXr H$moem_wio _amR>rVrc H$moedmL>_`mMo d{d` AYmoao{IV hmoVo. H$moe{Z{_Vr`m ~m~VrV H$sS>m d H$cm hr Xmohr joohr Cno{jV am{hcocr ZmhrV. 1936 Vo 1949 `m H$mcmdYrV Xmmo` qMVm_U _wOw_Xma `mZr Xhm IS>mV nmM hOma n>mMm H$sS>mH$moe aMcm. AcrH$S>rc H$mimV gwaoeM ZmS>H$Uu `mZr "H$sS>m kmZH$moem'Mr aMZm (1981) Ho$cr. `mMr Xwgar gwYm[aV Amdmr 1999 _ò {g Pmcr. adt nmQ>H$a `mZr 1996 _ò "{H$Ho$Q>Mm kmZH$moe' V`ma Ho$cm. `mMm AW EHo$H$m Ioimg dm{hco`m H$moemMr {Z{_Vrhr AmVm hmoD$ cmJcr Amho. ZmQ>H$moe B. g. 2000 _ò {d. ^m. XoenmS>o `mZr _amR>rVrc ZmQ>dmL>_`mcm dm{hcocm "ZmQ>H$moe' {g Ho$cm. AmH$mamZo MS> Agco`m `m H$moemV _amR>r ZmQ>H$, aJ^y_r, ZQ>, {XXeH$, ZmQ>H$_S>`m, doJdoJio aJH$_u, ZmQ>`moJ B`mXt{df`rMr _m{hVr {Xcocr Amho. H$moemV amh Z Joco`m AZoH$ MwH$mMr XwVr H$$Z gwYm[aV d$nmV `m H$moemMr Zdr Amdmr ZOrH$`m ^{d`mV gd ZmQ>a{gH$m`m hmVr nS>Uma Amho. dgV _mYd Im{S>cH$a `mMm "lr JYd doX - Jm`Z ZèmmMm kmZH$moe' (1982), g`dmZ VoQ>m~o `mZr aMcoco "{gZoZmQ> gX^H$moe' (1988), aJ^y_r {MnQ>H$moe (1994) Ago VrZhr H$moe g~{YV jom{df`rMm Vnerc nwa{dUmao AmhoV. ^maVdfu` Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$moe ^maVr` ^mfmV n{h`mXm M[aH$moe{Z{_Vr H$a`mMm _mZ _amR>r ^mfoZo {_i{dcm Amho. `m >rZo aKwZmW ^mH$a JmoS>~moco `mZr 1876 _ò aMcocm "^maVdfu` Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$moe' _hdmMm Amho. J. Xo. ImZmocH$aa{MV "AdmMrZ _amR>r dmL>_` godH$' (^mJ 1 Vo 7) Am{U {goaemr {Mmd `mMm "^maVdfu` mMrZ, _``wJrZ d AdmMrZ M[aH$moe' IS> 1, 2 d 3 `m H$moemMm òWo JmadnydH$ CoI H$amd`mg hdm. AcrH$S>rc H$mimV lram_ nmSw>aJ H$m_V `mZr "{dM[aH$moem'Mr ghm IS>mV aMZm Ho$cr Amho. A` H$moU`mhr ^maVr` ^mfmV Amn {dM[aH$moe {Z_mU Pmcocm Zmhr. `m H$moemV _mZdr gH$Vr`m Ama^H$mimnmgyZ {dgm`m eVH$m`m AIoarn`V`m H$mimVrc {d{dY XoemVrc, {d{dY jomVrc nm`mâUrMo H$m` H$aUm`m Odinmg ~mam hOma `$t`m M[amMr Zm|X Ho$cr Amho. . Z. Omoer `mZr mMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AVami`wJmn`V`m gw_mao 2000 _wI emkmMm, VkmMm, gemoYH$mMm ZoQ>H$m n[aM` H$$Z XoUmam OmJ{VH$ emkH$moe {Z_mU Ho$cm Amho. ~m. X. gmVmoH$aa{MV "Jmo_VH$s` _amR>r gm{h`mMo AmYw{ZH$ {enH$ma' `m H$moemMo XmoZ IS> _m{hVrnyU AmhoV. gwhmg Hw$iH$Uu d {_qcX MnmZoaH$a `mMm "`mZr KS>{dco ghH$' (2009) Am{U AZV Omoer `mMm {IS>m_H$ "_amR>r gmadV' ho H$moehr _wm_ {ZX}e H$a`mOmoJo AmhoV. {ddoH$ gmm{hH$m`m dVrZo "AmYw{ZH$ _hmam>mMr OS>UKS>U : {enH$ma M[aH$moe' Zm_H$ ~mam IS>mMr `moOZm AmIcr Jocr AgyZ `mnH$s B{Vhmg, gm{h`, {dkmZVkmZ- {ejU, `m`nm{cH$m-emgZgajU, H$fr-ghH$ma Ago nmM IS> H$m{eV Pmco AmhoV. gw{dMma H$moe gw{dMma H$moemMr {Z{_Vr hr _amR>rVrc H$moedmL>_`mMo d{eQ> R>amdo Aem d$nmMr Amho. d. {d. Hw$cH$Uu `mZr "nmM hOma AmXe gw{dMma H$moe' (2000) `mMr aMZm Ho$cr Amho. `m AZwfJmZo 1929 _ò Xm_moXa gmdimam_ `Xo `mZr aMcocm "gmW gw^m{fV gJh', c. Jmo. qdPo `mMm "gH$V _amR>r gw^m{fV H$moe', ^mD$ Y_m{YH$mar `mMm "_amR>r ^mfoMr gH$V coUr', eaX JmoJQ>o `mMm "doMH$ {dMma' hm cmoH$moma `$t`m
A. nm. XoenmS>o d ~mi \$m|S>Ho$ `mZr V`ma Ho$cocm "{dkmZ Am{U VkmZ H$moe' gm{h` Am{U gH$Vr _S>imZo H$m{eV Ho$cm Amho.
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AdVaUmMm H$moe, e{eH$cm Jmoao Am{U dmgVr ^monQ>H$a `mMm "H$m`-AdVaU H$moe' Aem nyda{MV H$moemMrhr Zm|X H$amd`mg hdr. h. A. ^mdo `mZr B{ce d _amR>r Aem òH$s nmMeo gw{dMmamMm EH$ ^mJ `m_mUo Vrg ^mJmV "A ~M Am\$ JwS> WmQ>g' aMcm Amho. B. g. 2011 _ò am. e. ZJaH$a `mZr kmZoa, Zm_Xod, EH$ZmW, VwH$mam_ d am_Xmg `m nmM gVm`m gm{h`mVrc dMZo {ZdSy>Z "gV gw^m{fV H$moe' V`ma Ho$cm Amho. `m H$moemV _amR>r dmL>_`mcm d gH$Vrcm g_ H$aUmar nmM hOma gVdMZo gH${cV Ho$cr AmhoV. eXaZmdcr g_mZmWu, {dmWu d n`m` ({Wgmag) eXH$moemV dmV`nyd H$mimV Pmcocm "eXaZmdcr' (hon Qy> Qw>S>Q>g AS> AmWg) hm nX>ZOr~m~mMm eXH$moe {deof CoIZr` Amho. {eimN>mnmV N>mnco`m `m eXH$moemMo EH${V d$nmV XmoZ ^mJ AmhoV. n{h`m ^mJmV _yi eX 358 d `mMo AW qH$dm {dVmaXeH$ eX 4853 AmhoV. Xwg`m ^mJmV _yi eX 265 d `mMo CneX d ^mfUgXm{`H$ eX 6582 AmhoV. amOo`m {Wgmag`m nVrMr `m H$moemMr _mS>Ur Amho. CXm. "^mS>r' `m eXmImcr 68-69 ^mS>mMr Zmdo {Xcr AmhoV. {dgm`m eVH$m`m AIoarg _mo. {d. ^mQ>dS>oH$a `mMm "_amR>r n`m`r eXmMm H$moe' Am{U {d. e. R>H$ma `mMm "A{^Zd _amR>r_amR>r BJOr eXH$moe : g_nH$ eXmMm H$moe' ho XmoZ H$moe {deof _hdnyU AmhoV. gdercm gm_V `mZr 2007 _ò "eXmZX' `m H$moemMr {Z{_Vr Ho$cr Amho. _yi gmmdrg hOma Bpce eX Am{U `mMo _amR>r d qhXr `m ^mfmVrc òH$s Vrg
hOmamda {VeX, Agm hm H$moe ^mfmVaH$mamZm Cn`w$ R>aUmam Amho. _amR>r coIZ-H$moe ewcoIZ ho {_eZ _mZUm`m AU \$S>Ho$ `mZr aMcocm "_amR>r coIZ-H$moe' (2001) {deof CoIZr` hUmdm Agm Amho. `m H$moem`m AZoH$ Amd`m {ZKm`m AgyZ òH$ AmdmrV Amd`H$ R>acoco H$mhr ~Xc \$S>Ho$ `mZr Ho$co AmhoV. `mM nVrMm "_amR>r eXcoIZH$moe' (2007) `mp_Z eoI `mZrhr aMcm Amho. "\w$Sw>H$ dhr' (1842) hm {eimN>mnmV N>mncocm _amR>r hUtMm n{hcm H$moe. B. g. 1858 _ò gXm{ed {dZmW `mZr "XoemVrc {ZdS>H$ hUr' (Mma hOmamda) `m H$moemMr {Z{_Vr Ho$cr. `m H$moemV BJOr dUmZwH$_mZo hUr {X`m AmhoV. {dmYa dm_Z {^S>o `mZr aMcocm "_amR>r ^mfoMo dmMma, hUr B`mXr' (1910) hm H$moe EHo$H$mir A{Ve` cmoH${` hmoVm. dm. Jmo. AmnQ>oa{MV "_amR>r ^mfoMo gXm` d hUr' (1910), `. am. XmVo d qM. J. H$d} `mMm XmoZ {d^mJmVrc "_hmam> dmgXm`H$moe' (1942-47) ho H$moehr gw{g AmhoV. _amR>rV JW d JWH$mamZm dm{hcoco H$moehr AZoH$ {Z_mU Pmco AmhoV. `~H$ ZmamÙ Amo {c{IV "JmdJmS>m-' ""_hmam>mV`m JmdR>m`mMr Vnercdma _m{hVr, {dbofU, Jm_g_mOaMZm d gm_m{OH$ Vdo'' {deX H$aUmam H$moe am. {d. _amR>o `mZr n[al_nydH$ {g Ho$cm Amho. lrkmZoar eXmW H$moe {edmOr Zaha ^mdo `mZr V`ma Ho$cocm "lrkmZoar eXmW' H$moe gw{g Amho. `mZrM "lrkmZoar nXH$moe'hr aMcm Amho. "kmZoarMo eX^mS>ma' hm am_M ZmamÙ
doqcJH$a `mMm H$moe doJdoJ`m n[a{e>mZr `wV$ Amho. _w. lr. H$mZS>o `mMm "lr_V JWamO Xmg~moY eXmW gX^H$moe' Am{U _w. lr. H$mZS>o d am. e. ZJaH$a `mZr {_iyZ V`ma Ho$cocm "lr VwH$mam_JmWm eXmW gX^H$moe' ho eXH$moe g~{YV A`mgmgmR>r Cn`wV R>aco AmhoV. {d. Zm. JmoR>moH$a `mZr "n{dem eXH$moem'Mr aMZm Ho$cr Amho. X. dm. OmoJ `m`m "doXmV n[a^mfm cKwH$moem'V Cn{ZfXmVrc nm[a^m{fH$ eXmMm g_mdoe Amho. PmS>r~mocr _amR>r eXH$moe _amR>rV ~mocr^mfmMo H$mhr H$moe aMco Joco AmhoV. Eg. ~r. nQ>dYZ Am{U E_. ~r. nQ>dYZ `mZr {_iyZ AZwH$_o Jm|S>r Am{U _m{S>`m ^mfoMm eXH$moe 1981 _ò V`ma Ho$cm Amho. h[a ~moaH$a `mMm "PmS>r~mocr _amR>r eXH$moe' PmS>r~mocrMr `mr {g H$aUmam Amho. "dXû ~mocrMm eXH$moe' XodrXmg gmoQ>o `mZr 1974 _ò {g Ho$cm Amho. `mV ZmJnwar d dXû `m Xmohr ~moctMm g{_l eXgJh d hUr Am`m AmhoV. a_oe gy`der `mZr "A{hamUr ^mfoVrc hUr d dmMmamMm H$moe' 1997 _ò {g Ho$cm Amho. X. Vm. ^mogco `mZr "Jm_rU ~mocrMm eXH$moe' 2003 _ò V`ma Ho$cm Amho. am` _amR>r {dH$mg gWogmR>r JJmYa nmZVmdUo d `mMo ghH$mar `mZr X{cV gm{h`mVrc eXm`m H$moemMm n{hcm IS> 2012 _ò H$m{eV Ho$cm Amho. A`mgH$mgmR>r CnH$maH$ _amR>rVrc dmL>_`H$moemMo XmcZ Ogo ~h{dY d$nmMo Amho VgoM Vo _amR>r gm{h`m`m A`mgH$mg A{Ve` CnH$maH$ R>aco Amho. ZmJnya {dmnrR>m`m _amR>r {d^mJmZo 1974 _ò _w` gnmXH$ A. Zm.
OrdZ`dhmamV ^mfoMm g_OyVXmanUo Cn`moJ Ho$cm Omdm `mgmR>r nm[a^m{fH$ eXH$moemMr {Z{_Vr A{Ve` Cn`wV R>aVo. {deofV: _hmam> am`mMr {Z{_Vr Pm`mZVa d _amR>rV gd H$ma^ma gw$ Pm`mZVa nm[a^m{fH$ eXH$moe hr EH$ An[ahm` JaO hmoD$Z ~gcr. _hmam> emgZmZo WmnZ Ho$co`m ^mfmgMmcZmc`mZo g~{YV {df`mVrc {dmZmMo gmhm` KoD$Z AWem, YmVwem, À{^`m{H$s, {dwV A{^`m{H$s, Wmn` A{^`m{H$s, AmfYem, H${fem, J{UVem, JWmcèm, Ordem, VdkmZ d VH$em, ^m{VH$em, agm`Zem, _mZgem, amèm, ^yJmoc, cmoH$emgZ, dm{Uèm, `m`dH$ d {dfem, `dgm` `dWmnZ, {ejUem, g_mOem, gm{h`g_rjm, g`mem B`mXr {df`mZm dm{hcoco nm[a^m{fH$ gkmH$moe {Z_mU Ho$co. `m H$moemVrc AZoH$ gkm AmVm `dhmamV M{cV Pm`m AmhoV.
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XoenmS>o d A` gnmXH$ {d. ~m. ^wXogmB, _. e. dm~JmdH$a, X. {^. Hw$iH$Uu d _. am. Omoer Aem gnmXH$ _S>imZo _amR>r ^mfm d dmL>_` `m`m Ama^mnmgyZ 1850 n`V`m dmL>_`mg dm{hcocm n{hcm dmL>_`H$moe V`ma Ho$cm. _hmam> am` gm{h` Am{U gH$Vr _S>imZo Mma IS>mMr, _amR>r dmL>_`H$moemMr EH$ `moOZm AmIcr hmoVr. `m `moOZoAVJV J. Xo. ImZmocH$a gnm{XV _amR>r dmL>_`H$moemMm n{hcm IS> B. g. 1050 Vo 1857 `m H$mimVrc _amR>r JWH$mamMm `dpWVnUo n[aM` H$$Z XoVmo. A` gnmXH$mZr gnm{Xbo`m Xwg`m d {Vg`m IS>mV _m ImZmocH$am`m gemoYZm`m d coIZm`m {eVrMm A^md AmT>iVmo. dmL>_`H$moemMm MmWm IS> "g_rjm gkm IS>' Amho. `m`m g_d`H$ {dO`m amOm`j AgyZ `mV _amR>r g_rjm`dhmamer g~{YV _hdm`m gkmMm ZoQ>H$m n[aM` H$$Z Xo`mV Amcm Amho. Or. Ama. ^Q>H$i \$mCS>oeZ, _w~B `m gWoZo gXmZX ^Q>H$i `m`m oaUoZo "g{j _amR>r dmL>_`H$moe' Zm_H$ XmoZ IS> {g Ho$co. Ama^mnmgyZ 1920 n`V`m dmL>_`mer g~{YV n{hcm IS> Am{U 1920 Vo 2003 `m H$mcIS>mVrc gm{hp`H$ d gm{h` `m`mer g~{YV Xwgam IS>. ^m JUmoaH$a, Cfm Q>mH$iH$a, dgV Am~mOr S>hmHo$, O`m XS>H$a, gXmZX ^Q>H$i AmXr `m IS>mMo gnmXH$ AmhoV. `mM _m{cHo$Vrc {Vgam IS> "dmL>_`rZ gkm gH$nZm H$moe' Amho. gm{h``dhmamVrc gd _hdmMo gm{h`{gmV Am{U g_rjm`dhmamVrc {ZdS>H$ gkm Am{U gH$nZm `m IS>mV gwn> Ho$`m AmhoV. `m {Vhr IS>mZm dgV Am~mOr S>hmHo$ `mZr XrK VmdZm {c{h`m AmhoV. `m VmdZm_wio _amR>r ^mfoMm d dmL>_`mMm B{Vhmg Am{U _amR>r gH$VrMr doJdoJir AJmonmJo gwgynUo dmMH$m`m `mZmV òVmV. VgoM H$moemVrc Zm|XtZm {dVV Aer n>^y_r d n[ao` `mMm cm^ KS>Vmo. gH$nZm H$moe _amR>r H$moenanaoVrc AmUIr EH$ _hdmMo H$m` gwaoe nmSw>aJ dmKo `m`m "gH$nZm H$moem'_wio nma nS>co Amho. _amR>rV hm H$moe AZ` d$nmMm Amho. `m H$moemV _mZdr {dMma`mnmamVrc {d{dY gH$nZm gJ{hV Ho$`m AgyZ `m gH$nZoer g~{YV
g_mZmWu eX W_ XoD$Z {V`mer g~{YV Zmdo, {deofUo, {H$`m{deofUo d {H$`mnXo {Xcr AmhoV. `m nMIS>m_H$ gH$nZmH$moemMo _mZdr OrdZ`dhmamer g~{YV Ago Y_, H$mc, {d, mUr d dZnVr, _mZdr eara, Hw$Qw>~gWm, ZmJ[aH$ OrdZ, JwUmdJwU, _Z d d^md Am{U c{cV H$cm Ago Xhm {d^mJ AmhoV. "g`m-gHo$V H$moe' Aer d{eQ>nyU H$moe{Z{_VrXoIrc _amR>r ^mfoV Pmcocr Amho. Aem H$moemV gòZo gw$ hmoUm`m eXmMo {ddaU Ho$coco AgVo. CXm. Zdag, XemdVma B`mXr. aI_mOr XodOr _wio `mZr 1867 _ò "qhXwemmVrc g`mdmMH$ Xw~m}Y eXmMm H$moe' aMcm. `mZVa `mV {d{dY gHo$V `V H$aUm`m eXmMr â KmcyZ lr. em. hU_Vo `mZr 1958 _ò "gHo$V H$moe' V`ma Ho$cm. g`mdmMH$ eXmnwaVr _`mXm Z R>odVm $T> `dhma, g_mO, Y_, gXm` em `mVrchr $T> gHo$V òWo {Xco AmhoV. VgoM Mma n[a{e>m_YyZ H$Q>^`mXr gHo$V, ZX^mfm gHo$V, H${dgHo$V d {d{dY gHo$V {Xco AmhoV. aKwZmW c_U CnmgZr `m ZmJnya`m JhWmZr "_amR>r cmj{UH$ eXH$moe' Zmdm`m H$moemMr aMZm Ho$cr Amho. {XZ{deof H$moe gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, dmL>_`rZ, gmH${VH$ Aem jomVrc KS>m_moS>tMr {VWrZwgma qH$dm {XZmH$mZwgma KS>co`m CoIZr` KQ>ZmMr Zm|X H$aUmao {VWrH$moehr _amR>rV AmhoV. `m H$moemV H$moeH$mamg _hdm`m dmQ>Um`m {d{dY jomVrc KQ>ZmMm {ZX}e AmT>iVmo. . Z.
Omoer `mZr V`ma Ho$cocm "{XZ{deof (^maVr` B{VhmgmMo {VWrdma XeZ') hm H$moe 1950 _ò H$m{eV Pmcm AgyZ `m H$moemcm lr. _. _mQ>o `mMr VmdZm Amho. nwT>rc H$mimV `m H$moem`m gwYm[aV Amd`m {ZKV am{h`m. naewam_ har ~d} Am{U H$_cmH$a _hmXod naMwao `mZr aMcocm "OJmMm B{Vhmg (d{H$ KS>m_moS>tMm kmZH$moe') B. g. nyd 5000 Vo B. g. 2001 n`V`m KQ>ZmMr Zm|X H$aUmam Amho. _mZdr gH$Vr`m gwdmVrnmgyZ `m {dmV KSy>Z Amco`m M_H${VO` Zg{JH$ d _mZd{Z{_V KQ>ZmMm _mJmodm KoUmam H$moe eo. am. Hw$cH$Uu `mZr "{dkmZ-~moY' `m ZmdmZo V`ma Ho$cm Amho. "_hmam>m`m H$mc_wm' (_YwH$a {dUy gmodZr), "nwUo ehamMm kmZH$moe' IS> 2 {XZ{deof (em. J. _hmOZ) `m H$moemV AZwH$_o _hmam> d nwUo eha `mVrc KQ>ZmMr Zm|X Ho$cocr AmT>iVo. _. lr. Xr{jV `mZr "EH$mo{Ugm`m eVH$mVrc _hmam> : EH$ X{>jon' (B. g. 1801 Vo 1901 `m eVH$mVrc {d{dY KQ>ZmMr gZdma Zm|X) `m d$nmMr EH$ Zm|XnwpVH$m V`ma Ho$cr Amho. mMrZ ^maVr` WcH$moe _hmam>m{df`r Eo{Vhm{gH$, ^mJmo{cH$ d gmH${VH$ _m{hVr XoUmam d _hmam>m`m JVrMr ^mdr {Xem gwM{dUmam "_hmam> n[aM` AWmV g`wV _hmam>mMm kmZH$moe' qM. J. H$d}, g. Am. OmoJioH$a d `. Jmo. Omoer `mZr {Z_mU Ho$cm Amho. {goaemr {Mmd `mZr gemoYZnydH$ "mMrZ ^maVr` WcH$moe' V`ma Ho$cm AgyZ `mV d{XH$ gm{h`, H$m{Q>cr` AWem, nm{UZr` `mH$aU, dmp_H$s
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am_mÙ, _hm^maV, nwamUo, _``wJrZ gH$V gm{h` Am{U eXH$moe VgoM JrH$ n{e`Z, ~m, OZ, {MZr gm{h` Am{U {ecmcoI `m{df`rMo Vnerc {Xco AmhoV. {Z{X> ^mJmo{cH$ WimMr gmYma _m{hVr XoUmam hm H$moe mMrZ ^maVr` ^yJmocmMm kmZH$moe hUmdm Agm Amho. "dm{fH$' ho dfâmVrc KS>m_moS>tMr _m{hVr XoUmao gmYZ Amho. Vo `m dfmMr {Z{_Vr Agoc `m`m AJmoXa`m dfmVrc KS>m_moS>tMr _m{hVr `mV AgVo. Wyc_mZmZo VrZ H$maMr dm{fHo$ AgVmV. EH$, AmVaam>r`, am>r` qH$dm am` nmVidarc ^mJmo{cH$ jomJ{UH$ _m{hVr XoUmao; XmoZ, EImm {df`mg dm{hcoco dm{fH$ `mV g~{YV {df`mV nS>cocr kmZmMr â, H$m{eV JW, {g Pmcoco coI, {df`g~ n[afXm, MMmgo, A{YdoeZo B`mXtMo dmmV; VrZ, kmZH$moe H$m{eV Pm`mZVa `mVrc kmZmV dfâmV nS>cocr â Zm|X{dUmar nwadUr. _hmam> emgZmZo "_hmam>' `m ZmdmMo dm{fH$ 1971 _ò gw$ Ho$co. emgZm`m gd `moOZmMr, {d^mJr` H$m`mMr, dfmVrc A{YH$V _m{hVr {_i`mMo ho EH$ _hdmMo gmYZ hmoVo. `mMm eodQ>Mm IS> 1974-75 `m dfu {ZKmcm. gVmof XmVmZo `mZr gw$ Ho$coco "_hmam>' ("dm{fH$') 1989 nmgyZ {ZKVo Amho. `m{edm` `mZrM 1895 _ò "^maV - EH$ nhmUr' ho dm{fH$ 1995 _ò gw$ Ho$co. JOmZZ jragmJa `mZr gw$ Ho$coco "H$meZ dm{fH$' H$mhr df} {ZKmco. `m dm{fH$mV H$meZ`dgm`, dfâmVrc H$m{eV JW, _amR>r coIH$mMr n`mgh {Xcocr `mXr `mgmaIm Cn`wV Vnerc AmT>iVmo. AcrH$S>o _mohZ dgV d, "H$meZ{d' `m dm{fH$mmao hoM H$m` H$arV AgVmV. gyMr-dmL>_` kmZH$moe, eXH$moe, H$moegXe JW{Z{_Vr `m`mBVH$mM H$moedmL>_`mMm _hdmMm KQ>H$ hUOo "gyMr-dmL>_`'. JWgyMr, JWH$ma gyMr, {Z`VH$m{cH$ gyMr `mgmaIo gyMrdmL>_`mMo doJdoJio H$ma
gmJVm òVrc. H$moU`mhr gemoYH$mcm, A`mgH$mcm `m`m A`mg{df`mV `m`m AmYr H$moUH$moU`m H$maMr H$m_o Pmcr AmhoV Vo OmUyZ Ko`mgmR>r JWgyMr ho nm`m^yV gX^gmYZ R>aVo. _amR>rV Odinmg XmoZeo JWgyMr AmhoV. `m gyMtV JWH$ma gyMr, {Z`VH$m{cH$m`m d {Z`VH$m{cH$mVrc coIm`m gyMr, hV{c{IVm`m gyMr, {df`gyMr, gX^gmYZm`m gyMr, Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm`m gyMr, _amR>r {Z`VH$m{cH$m`m gyMr, _amR>r {Z`VH$m{cH$m`m coIgyMr, ~Y-gma-gyMr Aem {d{dY H$ma`m gyMtMm AV^md hmoVmo. _amR>r JWgyMr e. J. XmVo `mZr Ho$cocr _amR>r JWgyMr (18001937 Am{U 1938-1950) hr JWgyMr gdmV _mocmMr gyMr Amho. _amR>r gm{h`m`m gemoYH$mg gXd gmhm`H$mar R>aUmar `m gyMrBVH$s _yc^yV gyMr Xwgar Zmhr. og AS> a{OQ>oeZ AQ>Zwgma Zm|XUrcm gwdmV hmo`mAJmoXa Oo JW H$m{eV Pmco `mMm emoY KoD$Z `mMr gyMr H$a`mMo H$m` A. H$m. {`moiH$a, gwa| JmdgH$a, JJmYa _moaOo `mZr Ho$co. `m JWmZm Xmocm_w{Vo Ago hUVmV. gyMrH$ma XmVo `m`m _aUmW _w~B _amR>r JWgJhmc`mZo nwUo òWo XmVo gyMr _S>imMr WmnZm Ho$cr. `m _S>im`m dVrZo _amR>r {Z`VH$m{cH$m`m gyMrMo doJdoJio IS> {g Ho$co AmhoV. 1832 nmgyZ 1980 n`V`m {Z`VH$m{cH$mVrc coImMo {df`dma gyMtMo IS> {g Pmco AmhoV. `m H$m_mMm Ama^ e. J. XmVo, {X. {d. H$mio^VtZr Ho$cm. Vo H$m` nyUVog Zo`mg e. Zm. ~d}, Ho$. h. ~moaJmdH$a, d. {^. ~ocgao `mZr Ho$coco n[al_ H$maUr^yV R>aco AmhoV. eaX Ho$ed gmR>o `mZr am` _amR>r {dH$mg gWogmR>r 1951 Vo 1962 `m H$mcmVrc JWgyMrMm CnH$_ Ho$cm Amho. JWH$ma gyMr`m gX^mV gw. am. MwZoH$a `mZr Ho$co`m "S>m. _mYdamd nQ>dYZ dmL>_`gyMr', "A. H$m. {`moiH$a `m`m dmL>_`mMr gyMr', "~miH$U AZV {^S>o `m`m H${dVmMr gyMr' Am{U "~miH$U AZV {^S>o `m`m dmL>_`mMr gyMr' `m gyMr
Z_wZoXma AmhoV. adt Kdr `mZr Ho$cocr "Jmo_VH$s` JWH$mam`m _amR>r JWmMr gyMr' Jmo`mVrc ghmeonojm A{YH$ JWH$mam`m gm{h`{Z{_VrMr Zm|X H$aUmar Amho. Eg. Eg. ZmS>H$Uu `mZr Ho$cocr "~mcH$dr gX^gyMr', ~mcH$dt`m g_J A`mgmMm _mJmodm KoUmar Amho. _Xm ImS>Jo Am{U BVa `mZr {g Ho$co`m "rgm{h`mMm _mJmodm' (1850 Vo 2000) `m JWmMm {Vgam IS> _amR>rVrc rcoIH$m`m gm{h`{Z{_VrMr gyMr XoUmam Amho. gwYm Omoer `mZr Ho$cocr "JJmYa JmS>Jri dmL>_` gyMr', O`m XS>H$a `mZr Ho$cocr "{d. g. ImS>oH$a dmL>_` gyMr', C_m XmXoJmdH$a `mZr Ho$cocr "AmZX gmYco gm{h`gyMr', gwf_m nmS>dmc `m`m "Jmo. {d. H$aXrH$a gyMr' d "`~H$ eH$a eoOdcH$a gyMr', gwYm ^Q> `mMr "am_ JUoe JS>H$ar dmL>_`gyMr' Aem {H$VrVar JWH$magyMtMm CoI òWo H$aVm òBc. 1921 _ò J. a. XS>dVo `mZr "_amR>r rcoIH$mMr gyMr' (B. g. 1872 Vo 1921) Zm_H$ gyMr ~S>momhyZ {g Ho$cr Amho. {df`gyMr`m AZwfJmZo _w. lr. H$mZS>o `mZr Ho$cocr "`moJj_ _amR>r ZmQ>Ho$' hr dUZm_H$ gyMr, `mZrM {g Ho$cocm "gV gm{h` gX^ H$moe', lr. a. {^S>o `mZr Ho$cocr "EH$m{H$H$m gyMr', am. {d. gmodZr `mZr Ho$cocr "_amR>r {dkmZ dmL>_`gyMr' (1951 - 1999) `mMm {deofdmZo CoI H$amd`mg hdm. {Z`VH$m{cH$m`m coIgyMr _amR>r {Z`VH$m{cH$m`m dV coIgyMrhr AmVm ~`mM _mUmda {g Pm`m AmhoV. `mV _Um{cZr H$m_VH$V "A{^Mr-gyMr', _ram KmS>JoH$V "AZww>^ gyMr' d "_hmam> gm{h` n{H$m gyMr', Ho$ed OmoerH$V "`wJdmUr gyMr' d "g`H$Wm gyMr', A. H$m. {`moiH$a `mZr {g Ho$cocr "_amR>r gemoYZn{Ho$Mr ~mam df}' (H$mcIS> : 1953 - 1965), hr gyMr, nwnm ^mdo `mZr Ho$cocr "{d{dYkmZ{dVma gyMr' Aem gd gyMtMo _hd {Z{ddmX Amho. doJdoJ`m {dmnrR>mVyZ _amR>r {df`mVJV nr. EM. S>r. gmR>r drH$V Pmco`m gd ~YmMr Zm|X H$aUmar dgV {dUy Hw$cH$Uu `mZr {g Ho$cocr "_amR>r ~Y gyMr' _amR>rVrc nrEM. S>r. nXdrgmR>r Pmco`m gemoYZ{df`mMr H$nZm XoUmar Amho. `mM_mUo lr. a. Hw$cH$Uu, d. Xm. Hw$cH$Uu Am{U X. n. Omoer `mZr "hXam~mXMr _amR>r hV{c{IVo' hr
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dUZm_H$ gyMr, dgV g. Omoer `mZr Ho$cocr _mgMr _amR>r hV{c{IVo d {d|_Mr _amR>r hV{c{IVo `m _amR>r hV{c{IVm`m dUZm_H$ gyMr, {d. ~m. ^wXogmB `mZr Ho$cocr "_amR>r gemoYZ _S>imVrc gy_nQ>mMr gyMr', Q>r. Ama. ^r_am_ `mZr V`ma Ho$cocr VOmda_hmamO ga\$moOr `m`m gadVr_hmc JWmc`mVrc "_amR>r hV{c{IVmMr dUZm_H$ gyMr' (nmMdm IS>) `m gd gyMrXoIrc gemoYH$mg gmhm`^yV R>aUm`m AmhoV. gyMtMr gyMr gw. am. MwZoH$a `mZr {g Ho$cocr "gyMtMr gyMr' hr _amR>rVrc A{^Zd gyMr hUVm òBc. `m gyMrV AmOda Pmco`m doJdoJ`m gyMtMr EH${V Zm|X nmhmd`mg {_iVo. hr gyMr 1995 _ò {g Pmcr. `mZVa `m gyMr ApVdmV Am`m `m gd
gyMtMr Zm|Xhr MwZoH$a `mZr H$$Z R>odcr Amho. hr â _yi gyMrV KmcyZ A`mdV d$nmV "gyMtMr gyMr' H$m{eV Pmcr Va Vr _amR>r dmL>_`m`mgH$mZm A`V Cn`moJmMr R>aoc. _amR>rVrc H$moeH$m`m~c g_mYmZ dmQ>mdo Aer H$moe{Z{_{VjomMr JVr Amho ho {Z:ge`. `mMm AW Pmco`m H$moeH$m`mV wQ>r ZmhrV Ago Zmhr. VWm{n Pmcoco H$m_ _amR>r ^mfo`m d dmL>_`m`m X>rZo {Z{VnUo _hdmMo Amho. H$moU`mhr ^mfocm m hmoUmar g_r Oer VrV CnZ hmoUm`m ~h{dY gm{h`m_wio hmoV AgVo, VerM VrV {Z_mU hmoUm`m H$moegnXoVyZ hmoV AgVo. H$moeaMZoMo ZdZdo gH$n AmOhr Ho$co OmV AmhoV. Vo {grg Joco hUOo _amR>rVrc H$moeH$m`mMr `mr AmUIr dmT>oc. H$moeH$m`mMm AmOdaMm B{Vhmg Ago gmJVmo
H$s, ~hVme H$moeH$m` ho `{$JV `ZmZrM KS>co Amho. AWcm^mMr Anojm XyaM, H$moeH$m`{df`H$ o_m_wio Am{WH$ Pi gmogyZ H$moeH$mamZr {ZanojnUo H$moe {g Ho$co AmhoV. gJ{deofr g~{YVm`m {hVqMVH$mMm qH$dm H$mhr ~m~VrV emgZmMm _XVrMm hmV nwT>o Pmcm Agochr, VWm{n. H$moe{Z{_VrMr CH$Q> AmH$mjmM _amR>r ^mfoVrc H$moedmL>_`m`m g_rg _ycV: H$maU R>acr Amho. (Q>rn :{OkmgyZr H$moe{df`H$ A{YH$ Vn{ecmgmR>r dgV {dUy Hw$cH$Uu `mZr V`ma Ho$cocr "_amR>r H$moe d gX^gmYZo `mMr g_J gyMr B. g. 1800-2003' (H$meH$ : am` _amR>r {dH$mg gWm, _w~B) Ad` nmhmdr.) gnH$ 9922404694 rr
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{$_d kmZoemMo& Acm{H$H$ Ago gmMo&' `mMm `` òVmo, Vmo `m`m dmL>_`H$VtVyZ. "kmZodar' Va `mMr dmL>_`r _yVuM hUmdr cmJoc. "{V`m AmYmamda (kmZodamMr) Wmoadr {MaVZ $nmVM nwT>rc {nT>m`mhr g_moa C^r amhUma Amho,' Agm {ddmg {dZmW Iao `mZr "kmZodamMo M_H$ma'_ò `$ Ho$cm Amho. "_hmam> gmadV'H$ma ^mdo `mZr "kmZodar' JWm`m gX^mV "ho Ho$dT>o AmM`!' AgoM CXJma H$mT>co AmhoV. "kmZodar'`m gX^mV, A`mgH$m`m >rZo AmUIr EH$ _hdmMr ~m~ Amho, Vr hUOo kmZodarMr Am{U kmZodar`m eXH$moemMr hV{c{IVo. _``wJrZ _amR>r dmL>_`m`m BVa JWm`m hV{c{IVm`m gònojm kmZodarMr Am{U
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Vg~Yr eXH$moemMr g`m IynM A{YH$ Amho. "lrkmZXodr : {M{H$pgV ewnmR> Amdmr' gnm{XV H$arV AgVmZm Amhmcm hm AZw^d Amcm Amho. VwV gnmXZ H$arV AgVmZm Amhmcm kmZodar`m AZoH$ hV{c{IV Am{U H$m{eV eXmWH$moemMo gm Pmco Amho. "nmR>{ZpMVr`m gX^mV AWVdmcm {deof WmZ Zmhr,' ho _. dm. Ym|S> `mMo _V AeV: Iao Amho. H$maU d. {X. Hw$cH$Ur hUVmV `m_mUo "nmR>ôXmMr {M{H$gm d `mMr {Z{Vr H$aUo hrhr EH$m narZo _ycV: AW{Z{VrMrM {H$`m hmo`.' (_amR>r gm{h` : {d_e Am{U {d_eH$); H$. nm. Hw$cH$Uu `mZrhr "{ddoH$qgYy'`m VmdZoV "In
selecting the readings attention has never seen allowed to devite from their phonetic and semantic aspects,' Ago n> Ho$co Amho.
"^mfmemmV AW_r_mgocm WmZ Agmdo,' Ago \|$M AWdkm{ZH$ ~oAmc `mMo _V Amho. Jmonmiml_dm_tZr ^mfmemr`Q>m kmZodarMr nmR>{ZpMVr Ho$cr, hm IwnoaH$a emr `mMm A{^m` "nXmWmV'(nX Am{U AW `mMo AV) Z g_O`m_wio hUOo Z _mZ`m_wio H$gm MwH$sMm R>aVmo ho cjmV òVo. "_mPm _hmR>m{M ~mocw H$d>{VH|$& n[a A_VmV| nOm qOHo$& eXmMr `m{ VoU| nmS>|&
AZw^dmdr&&4.215&&' Ago hUUm`m kmZoamZr "Og| q~~ O[a dmMHo$ EdT>|& n[a H$mBn cmo` WmoH$S>|'& Aer eXm`m AWmMr _hVr JmBcr Amho. Amn`m eXm`m gX^mV Vo "Vmo emVw{Z A{^Zdc& Vo n[agm _hmQ>o ~moc& Oo g_wmhrh {Z Imoc& AW^[aVm&&' Aer dmhr XoVmV. "{Vew kmZodar' {g H$aVmZm A`m{gco`m eXH$moem`m AmYmao Amhr kmZodarMm EH$ gdmJrU gdg_mdoeH$ H$moe V`ma H$arV AmhmoV. eXH$moe hm CKS>CKS> CXmm MmoarMm _w$hV _m_cm AgVmo. BVamZm "dmQ>mdr' Aer hr Mmoar! kmZodar`m eXH$moemMr AZoH$ hV{c{IVo VOmda, Ywio, nwUo, _w~B, AmaJm~mX B. {R>H$mUr Agco`m gWmV CncY AmhoV. H$mhr hV{c{IVo hr `{$JV gJhmV AmhoV. `mVrc XmoZ-VrZ hV{c{IVo _w{V $nmV H$m{eV Pmcocr AmhoV.
1. nwUo òWrc ^m. B. g. _SimVrc {g gemoYH$ J. h. Iao `mZr _S>im`m "gemoYZ n{Ho$'VyZ "eX_m{cH$m - kmZodar AWdm ^mfmaZ_m{cH$m' {g Ho$cr. mVm{dH$mV VwV hV{c{IVmMo H$mhr {deof gmJyZ VXZwf{JH$ _hdm`m Jmo>tMm D$hmnmoh Ho$cm Amho. "nmMdoCcr' qH$dm "gmVdoCcr' `m eXmMm AW ~hVoH$ H$moemV "nmM qH$dm gmV Zm`mMr' Agm Ho$cocm Amho. VwV`m eX_m{cHo$V "doCcr' hUOo "H$mS>r' Agm "dmVdmcm A{YH$ OdiMm AW' Ho$cm Amho. Aa~r_ò gdma = KmoS>odma Am{U "Adma' ho `m eXmMo ~hdMZ. "Vohm hm eX g`m Var Aa~r Yamdm' Ago `mZm dmQ>Vo. 2. lr{ZaOZ aKwZmW `mMm "kmZodar : >mV-n[a^mfm-Q>rH$m' hm JW e{$nmV`moJm gmYH$ Ho$. am. Omoer `mZr gnm{XV Ho$cm Amho. VwV JWm`m eodQ>r {ZaOZ aKwZmWdm_r `mZr n[al_nydH$ V`ma Ho$cocr
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"kmZodar : X>mV-n[a^mfm-Q>rH$m eXmWgyMr'hr OmoS>cr Amho. VwV eXmWgyMr dada MmiyZ nm{hcr AgVm, Vr gnyU kmZoarMr eXmWgyMr Amho, Ago {ZXeZmg òVo. "Y_YoZw' hUOo "hmam{c'; "nwg cmC{Z' hUOo "gonwQ> H$mnyZ' ho `mo` AW Amhmg `m eXmWgyMr_ò AmT>ico. 3. OJZmW ~miH$U CJmCH$a `mZr {c{hco`m "kmZodar {Q>nUm'Mo emnyV gnmXZ Ho$co Amho _w. lr. H$mZS>o Am{U gw. ~m. Hw$iH$Uu `m m`mnH$`rZo. ~mdZ n>mMr VmdZm d eXgyMrgh _yi JW gnmXZmMm hm AmXe dVwnmR>M hUmdm cmJoc. ~hVoH$ H$moe kmZodar`m EH$m Vrd$Z V`ma Ho$coco AmhoV qH$dm AgVmV. VwV "kmZodar {Q>nU' kmZodar`m H$moU`m Vrd$Z V`ma Ho$co, `mMmhr (_`m{XV H$m hmoBZm) emoY Ko`mMm `Z gnmXH$mZr Ho$cm Amho. hm emoY _w`V: A`m`dma Amodrgò`m AmYmao Ho$cm Ag`m_wio Am{U Amodrgò`m ~m~VrV EH$dm`Vm Zg`m_wio, gnmXH$mZm {ZpMV {ZH$fmV nmohmoMVm Amco Zmhr. n. 51 darc ViQ>rnmV H$mhr nmR>ôX {Xco AmhoV. Q>rn H$. XmoZ Am{U VrZ `m_ò "Amar' `m EodOr gaH$mar VrV d XmS>oH$a VrV "Aa{gH$mV' Am{U "OmUo-ZoUo'EodOr gaH$mar VrV "OmUUo' d XmS>oH$a VrV "Oogo H$m H$aU|' Ago nmR> AmhoV. `m nmR>ôXmd$Z VwV H$moe amOdmS>o qH$dm XmS>oH$a `mZm {_imco`m hV{c{IV Vrda AmYmacocm Zmhr, Agm "Zo{V Zo{V' {ZH$f H$mT>Vm òBc. Q>rn H$. 1 _ò "CH$> 5. 178'EodOr gaH$mar Am{U XmS>oH$a nVtV "C$' Agm nmR> Amho, `md$Z H$mhr emoY KoVm òVmo H$m ho VnmgV AgVm "CH$>' hm nmR> H$Um Jwadm`m "ncVra' dm{fH$mV nmhmd`mg {_imcm. "kmZodarMo AmYw{ZH$ H$moeH$ma d OJZmW ~miH$U' `m CnerfH$mImcr H$mhr {ZdS>H$ eXm`m AWmMr Vmc{ZH$ Zm|X Ho$cr Amho. `mV "docd[a`m' `m eXmMm AW BVa gnmXH$mZr "docr`m Om`m' Agm Ho$cm AgyZ OJZmW ~miH$U `mZr "OOa' Agm AW Ho$cm Amho, Agm n> ôX {XgyZ òVmo. {deof hUOo `m eXmMm "{N>Z{^Z' Agm AW {ZaOZ aKwZmW `mZrhr Ho$cm Amho. "Y_YoZw'`m ~m~VrVhr `m XmoKmMr AerM EH$dm`Vm Amho Am{U J. h. Iao `mZr
"kmZodar`m A`mgmgmR>r An[ahm` EH$ _wI coIr gmYZ m hmdo,' `m ^y{_Hoo$VyZ {g Ho$cocm {edmOramd ^mdo `mMm "lr kmZodar eXmWH$moe' hm gdmWmZo AmXe dVwnmR> R>amdm AgmM Amho. H$moe ho EH$ Zdo gOZ AgVo, `mMm gmjmH$ma KS>mdm Agm hm H$moe. km, {V^m Am{U gmX ho VrZhr EH$dQ>co`m {edmOramd ^mdo `m`m namH$_mg _amR>r H$moeJUZoV "AZm{_H$m gmWdVr ~^yd' Ago hUUo dmVdmcm Y$Z hmoBc. `mM H$moemV "`wnmr' Mm g_mdoe Amho. "B' gmaIm EH$mjar eX kmZodarV XmoZ H$mamZr CnpWV Amho; H$maU EH$ "B' hm "BX_'nmgyZ Am{U Xwgam "B' hm "A{n' nmgyZ! n{hcm gdZm_, Va Xwgam "A``'. "kmZodarV "O|' hm eXhr gdZm_ Am{U A`` `m XmoZ H$mamV _moS>Vmo, ho _m AZdYmZmZo `mZr ZmoXco Zmhr. "O|' nXmMm dmna kmZodarV H$m`H$maU^md Xe{d`mgmR>r _mCctZr AZoH$ Amo`mVyZ Ho$cm Amho.' - dm_r g`XodmZXgadVr, lr kmZodar VmdZm.
H$m{eV Ho$co`m "eX_m{cHo$V'hr "hair' Agm AW Amho. Ago Agco Var AcrH$S>`m _amR>r`m H$moeH$mamZr _m `m AWmMr Zm|X KoVcr Zmhr!' - _hmam> am` gm{h` gH$Vr _S>imZo H$m{eV Ho$co`m "_amR>r eXH$moem'V `mMr Zm|X Ho$cr Amho.
EH$moU{dgm`m eVH$m`m CmamYmV Am{U {dgm`m eVH$m`m nydmYmV kmZodar`m H$moeaMZoMo Pmcoco `Zhr _hdmMo AmhoV. `mV JmoYioH$a, JUnV H$UmOr (XodWir), _mS>JmdH$a `m`m JWmMm g_mdoe H$amdm cmJoc. `mhr JWmMm Cn`moJ AcrH$S>`m H$moeH$mamZr Ho$cocm {XgyZ òV Zmhr. "kmZodar n[a^mfm nwUo òWo amdOr lrYa JmoYioH$a `mZr Vm[aI 28 gQ>|~a g. 1890 Amd[m 2 ar.' H$m{eV Ho$cr. Amo. 16.329 Y_ YoZy-hair_`| Aer gV`V Zm|X VwV H$moemV AmT>iVo. _mS>JmdH$a dV: H$moe V`ma H$$ eH$co ZmhrV. `mZr H$mT>co`m Q>mMUmd$Z nahVo hm H$moe `mZr H$adyZ KoVcm, Aer n> H$~wcr VmdZoV {Xcr Amho. Varhr am. J. hf} `mZr Amn`m "kmZodar n{hcm A`m`m'`m VmdZoV dmL>_`Mm`mMm A`j Amamon Ho$cm Amho. 1950 ZVa H$m{eV Pmco`m {edmOramd ^mdo Am{U doqcJH$a `m`m H$moemg~Yr {ddoMZ H$a`mnydu AW{Znmr`m >rZo _hdm`m Agco`m XmoZ JWm{df`r gjonmZo _m{hVr KoD$ `m. "eX_m{cH$m : kmZodar'darc coImV J. h. Iao `mZr "kmZoarV H$mZS>r eX Amco AmhoV `m{df`r _VôX Zmhr,' ho n> Ho$co. kmZodarVrc H$mZS>r eXmda H$mhr {dmZ A`mgH$mMo coIhr {g Pmco AmhoV; naVw kmZodar`m AmYmao "kmZodaH$mcrZ _amR>r ^mfoda H$ZS>Mm ^md' hm a. em. cmoH$mnwa `mMm JW eXm`m AW{ZYmaUm`m >rZo _hdmMm _mZmdm cmJoc. "H$miwJm', "Xoer' B. AZoH$ eXm`m gX^mV `mZr Ho$cocr MMm CX~moYH$ Amho. AgmM EH$ `Z Am. am. ZmS>H$Uu `mZr "kmZodarVrc eXmMm H$m|H$Ur ~mocrV emoY' KoD$Z Ho$cm Amho. H$moH$Ur ^m{fH$ coIH$m`m _amR>r coIZmVrc "X` AZw^dr A_amdVr' ho CXmhaU XoD$Z "AZw^dUo' hUOo Cn^moJ KoUo Agm AWmMm Zdm Am`m_ Vo XmIdyZ XoVmV. H$moH$Ur_ò "Q>mir' hUOo PmS>mMr \$mXr. `m_wio "Q>m{iò H$mdim gmnS>o' `m MaUmMm {Z{V AW~moY hmoVmo. "hmVm`m Q>mirV' Agmhr AW H$mhr gnmXH$mZr Ho$cm Amho. kmZodarVrc Amo`mMm Ame` n> H$a`m`m >rZo AW{ddaUm_H$ {Xco`m {Q>nm H$moegnmXZmgmR>r Iyn _hdm`m AgVmV. `m>rZo J. H$. AmJmeo Am{U
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YZoda `mZr Ho$cocr gnmXZo _mJXeH$ R>aVrc AerM AmhoV. `mVhr YZodamMo gnmXZ "ZmW gXm`r' Ag`m_wio eXm`m AWm`m >rZo doJir â nS>Vo. gmXm{`H$ n[a^mfo`{V[a$ Agco`m H$mhr eXmMo `mZr Ho$coco AW A{YH$ ^mdVmV, ho _m` Ho$coM nm{hOo. "JJmdVr' `m eXmMm gd H$moemV Agco`m "{ZJwS>r' `m AWmnojm, JJmdVr hUOo "JJWS>rMr ^mfm' hm AW A{YH$ MnIc Amho, ho A`mgmVrM cjmV òBc. nmR>ôXMM}`m _m`_mVyZ, dm_r g`XodmZX gadVr `mZr Ho$cocr AWMMmhr (CXm. Icw) eXH$moem`m gX^mV Cn`w$ R>aUmar Amho. Amhrhr "hgm' hUOo "JwJwi' Agm Zdm AW "_ycnmR>Xr{nH$m lrkmZXodr'_ò "Amao _amR>r'`m gmhm`mZo {Xcm Amho. ^mdo-doqcJH$am`m AmYr _w. J. nmZgo `m`m 'Linuistic peculiaraties'Mm {dMma H$amdm cmJoc; naVw hm H$moe {d hV{c{IVmda AmYmacocm Am{U BJOr ^mfoV Amho. kmZodarMm BJOr ^mfoV AZwdmX H$a`mgmR>r _m `m H$moemMr Cn`w$Vm dmXmVrV Amho. `m Am{U Aem H$moem`m gmhm`mZo AS>. gwYmH$a cmcgao `m`m kmZodarMm AH$m{eV BJOr AdVma Amhr eXH$moemgmR>r A`mgV AmhmoV. AZdYmZmZo H$m` hmoD$ eH$Vo, `mMo Cm_ CXmhaU Amho, Vo "kmZodarMo eX^mS>ma' JWm`m nwaH$mamV. AZdYmZmZo H$mhr ZmoXr nmhmd`m`m amh Z Jo`m_wio, ^mdo `m`m H$moemg~Yr "kmZodarMm dV Agm H$moe V`ma H$a`mMr n{hcr H$nZm am. {edmOramd ^mdo `mMr Amho.' Ag {ch Z {`moiH$a hUVmV, "Ama^r`m "XmoZ eXmV' `mMo ~Yy AmMm` {dZmo~m ^mdo "kmZodarVrc ``mdV, eXmMo AW XoUmam hm H$moe' Ago `mMo Oo dUZ H$aVmV, Vo `WmW hUdV Zmhr. H$mhr gmono eX `mZr dJicoco {XgVmV. CXm. Vmo-Vr-Vo.' VmdZoV n> Ho$cocr qcJa{hV {deofU nVr drH$macr Ag`m_wio "Vmo-Vr-V|'Mr Zm|X "Vo' `m eXmZo Ho$cr Amho. `mXdH$mcrZ _amR>r ^mfo`m A`mgH$mZm `m H$moemMm AmYma KoV`m{edm` nwT>o OmVm òUma Zmhr, Agm hm JwUd{eQ>gnZ H$moe. Ago Agco Var, `m H$moemgmR>r ^mdo `mZr amOdmS>o V AmYmamg KoVcr Am{U amOdmS>o VrV Zgco`m Am{U BVa VrV
Agco`m 143 Amo`m \$$ Xwg`m n[a{e>mV {X`m AmhoV, hr _`mXmhr cjmV KoVcr nm{hOo. "lr kmZodar eXmW H$moem'ZVa am. Zm. doqcJH$amZr "kmZodarM| eX^mS>ma' A`mgH$mgmR>r Iwco Ho$co. "nwaH$ma' ({`moiH$a), "A{^m`' (XmS>oH$a) Am{U "_mPo _ZmoJV' (\$mQ>H$) `m AWmZo "_amR>r`m H$moe^mS>mamV ~h_moc â' Aem eXmV {Xco`m epVnmg "gmW' AgoM {deofU cmdmdo cmJoc. BVa H$moemV Zgcoco kmZodarVrc Amo`m`m MaUmMo gX^ hr `m H$moemMr \$ma _moR>r O_oMr ~mOy hUmdr cmJoc. 126 nR>mV R>mgyZ âcocr 11 n[a{e>o hr EH$ A`mgH$mgmR>r Cm_ gmYZgm_Jr Amho. kmZodarMm H$mhr {d{e> gX^mV A`mg H$a`mgmR>r hr n[a{e>o \$ma Cn`moJr nS>Umar AmhoV. VwV H$moemVrc dUmZwH$_mH$S>o Q>r Q>mH$cr AgVm, "j' Am{U "k' AZwH$_o "H$' Am{U "O' `m dUmZVa, nU dV Aem d$nmV Amco AmhoV. ^mdo `mZrhr AerM _mS>Ur Ho$cr Amho; naVw "j' Am{U "k' hr OmoS>mjao Y$Z n[aUm_r doqcJH$am`m H$moemV "dmcm' eX "k' `m AmYr òVmo Am{U ^mdo `m`m H$moemV "k' ZVa òVmo. {ZaOZ aKwZmWm`m H$moemVhr "j', "k' dV dU AZwH$_o "H$' Am{U "O' ZVa KoVco AmhoV. `m Am{U Aem BVa H$moemMm (CXm. mMrZ _amR>r eXH$moe, Vwinwio-\o$S>hmCg) A`mg H$$Z Amhr gdg_mdoeH$ Agm EH$ kmZodarMm H$moe gnm{XV AmhmoV. "gdg_mdoeH$' hU`mMo H$maU gd H$moemMm g_mdoe, ho Va A{ôV AmhoM; {edm` kmZodar`m {d{dY VtVrc nmR>ôXmMmhr `mV g_mdoe Amho. AmVmn`VMo gdM H$moe EHo$H$m Vrda AmYm[aV AmhoV. ^mdodoqcJH$amMo H$moe amOdmS>o Vrda, nmZgo `mMm H$moe {d `m`m hV{c{IV Vrda AmYmacoco AmhoV. BVa H$moehr ZmWmoma Vtda AmYmacoco. nm. Zm. Hw$iH$Uu `mZr
`mZr gnm{Xco`m eHo$ 1490 _Yrc ZmWnyd {gZmWr VrVrc H$R>rU eXmMm H$moe qH$dm YZodamMm ZmWnyd VrVrc eXmMm _hmZw^mdr` Q>rnJW nVrMm H$moe hohr `mM H$mamV _moS>VmV. EH$m VrV Agcocm nmR> Xwg`m VrV Zgoc, Va Vmo eX Xwg`m Vr`m eXH$moemV ZgUma ho CKS> Amho. AWm`m ~m~VrVhr {^ZVoMm {dMma H$aUo Amd`H$ AgVo. "kmZodar n[a^mfm' m H$moemV "16.329 Y_YoZy hair_`|' Agm AW {Xcm Amho. "kmZodarM| eX^mS>ma' `m JWm`m nwaH$mamV `m H$moemMm A. H$m. {`moiH$amZr CoIhr Ho$cm Amho. Varhr doqcJH$amZr "Y_YoZw(Zw) Y_mW gmoS>cocr Jm` 16.327' Agm {^Z AW {Xcm Amho. {d^$sZwgma AW hm doqcJH$am`m H$moemMm {deof cjmV KoVm "Y_YoZw'_Yrc AZwdma Xwc{jV H$$Z `m eXmMm "W_m' AW Ho$cm Amho. ({edmOramd ^mdo `m`m H$moemV Am{U gdM gnmXH$mZr AZwdmXmV hmM AW Am`m_wio Ago KS>co Agmdo.) kmZodar`m A`mgmgmR>r An[ahm` EH$ _wI coIr gmYZ, Ago H$moemMo dUZ {edmOramd ^mdo `mZr Ho$co Amho. ho gmYZ H$m{eV Pmco Agco, Var AmO ghO CncY hmoV Zmhr. CncY PmcoM Va H$moU`m Var EH$m {d{e> VrMoM AgVo. AWm`m ~m~VrVhr WmoS>r \$ma Jm|YimMr AdWm AmhoM. "gwX' eX VOmdar H$moemVyZ, "hgm' eX Amao _amR>r H$moemVyZ, Va "JJmdVr' eX YZodam`m Q>rn JWmVyZ KoV`mg `m eXmda Zdm H$me nS>Vmo. "_ycnmR>Xr{nH$m lr kmZXodr'V Amhr ho gd Ho$co Amho. `m {Vew kmZodarMr gmW CH$c hmdr, `mgmR>r A{^Zd eXmWH$moeM hdm. nydgwat`m ~iH$Q> Immda ~g`m_wio Amhmg WmoS>o XyaMo A{YH$ {Xgco hUyZ Amhr H$mhr A{YH$ ehmUo R>aV Zmhr, `mMr Amhmg ImrnydH$ OmUrd Amho. B`c_& Mc^mf : 9850750624 rr
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o$~wdmar 2013
"_madm' AZw^dVmZm
gw_mJOmMo _madm hmVs KoVbo Am[U EH$m Z`m [XeoZo Mmby bmJbmo. Hw$gw_mJOmMm _madm AmdmXVmZm _s m _hmH$dr`m H$m`mVsb Hw$Us OdiMo ZmVodmBH$ AmhoV H$m ho emoY`mMm doJim N>X OS>bm. ghOM n[hb Zmd g_moa Amb Vo adtZmW Q>mJmoamM. nwhm EH$Xm adtZmWm`m _`y[df`s`m H$[dVmMs COiUs Ho$bs. d{dH$ [dMmamMs _mS>Us H$aUmao adtZmW Am[U Hw$gw_mJO _bm AmVm EH$[V [Xgy bmJbo. n`mS> [Xgy bmJ`mda `m H$VmWVoZo _mdiVsMm [Zamon ho _hmH$ds KoVmV Vohm _`yVhs Z`m OsdZmMm gmjmH$ma g_moa òVmo. adtZmWm`m "E~ma Vmoam Am_ma O~ma ~obmVo' m H$[dVoV adrgJsV Ago AdVabo... _m`m [_mZmo _bm ewôN>m m `m [d`moJm`m jUs Am^mimda nhmQo>Ms bmbs ngabs Amho. Am[U _mPm _mJ gwXa [XgVmo Amhoo.. g\$a _mPs Pmbs nyU H$s CJdob gm`Vmam g[YH$mem`m Vam`mMo No>S>bo OmVsb `mHy$i gya amOm`m doemam nmes&& ho VamUo adtZmWmMo, Hw$gw_mJOmMo, gV VwH$mam_mMo, gV H$~samMo. hs nanam [ZaVZ Amho. nwhm adtZmWm`m Amo`m_mUo... Jobo nm[hOo _bm AmVm, ~YwZmo A_wMm am_am_ `mdm H$arZ _s gdm dXZ AmVm aOm KoBZ AmVm [Xg ~wS>mbm, AYma Pmbm [Xdm [dgwZs Jobm _m`m H$mon`mVbm Ambm Amho gmJmdm [g _s `mUm&& Amn`m Am`w`m`m _ma`m`m nR>mamda nmohM`mn`V`m dmgmV Hw$gw_mJO AZoH$ _w$m_mda Wm~bo hmoVo. `m`m _`mhs`m A[dH$mamV aJ YJYJVs hmoVs hUyZM `mg_`s "gmW gmo~V hds` H$moUmbm _mPM Am^mi _mPsM YaVs, AgmM EH$Q>m MmbV amhsZ dmXi KoD$Z ImmdaVs" Agm \w$Vu`w$ A[d^md H$Q> hmoVmo. nU OJ`mMo gy emoYVmZm Zds OmUsdhs eX$n KoD$Z òVo. `mwio _mZds OsdZ hUOo H$m` Vohs H$iV. OJU hUOo OmJdsV OmU A_mob _mVs, gy`MmMo AgUo _hmZ Agbo Var _m`m hmVs EH$M _emb Amho. Vs _emb H$me \w$bdsb _mJmdaVs. BWo H$ds Wm~V
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H$R>damgmaIs Va H$Ys dmgJsVmV`m haH$VtgmaIs ZdZdrZ $no KoD$Z òVo. Hw$gw_mJO g_yhmV dmdaV AgVmZm dV:_òM a_bobo Agm`Mo. nU Vem AdWoV AgVmZm Vo A[b Agm`Mo. EH$ AZmg$ H$_`moJs _mZds d^mdmMo, [ZgJmVsb M_H$mamMo, g_mOmVsb [dgJVsMo [ZarjU H$arV eX$nmZo Jw\$U H$$Z Amn`mg_moa _mS>Vmo Amho. m
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o$~wdmar 2013
55
ZOaog_moa òVmV. Amn`m [_mH$Sy>Z Vmam ôQ> [_im`mZVa Vo hUVmV... XodKamVsb \y$b CMbwZs/ Hw$Umg mdo Hw$Us / Ves Z^mVsb `moV AmUbs / Vy _m`m AJUs/ Am[U nwTo> Hw$gw_mJO hUVmV... dmMm`bm ~Kmd`mbm/ Zgob Hw$Us Oar / H$mVH$noZo gXd dgVsb / Hw$gw_mJO A~ar EH$sH$So> Z^mJUmV AMb WmZ [_iob Agm [ddmghs Amho. nU `mV gwm XodKamVsb dm[hbo`m \w$bmgmaIo Vo A{Vd Agob hs ^mdZmhs Amho. H$ds hm gwXaVoMm nmR>samIm AgVmo Am[U Hw$gw_mJO Oohm [ZgJm`m gmX`m`m Ag` [V_m _mS>VmV. `mdois _madm EH$m Z`m XoemV doe H$aVmo. Vo hUVmV... Cfm gwXa hmoVsM nU A[YH$ gwXa Amho hs g`m / _mdiVsda CVabobm hm gy` / [Xdgâm`m H$me XmZmZo H$VmW / Pmbobm A[YH$ H$me_` A[YH$ Zohesbhs. Am[U _s, _mPo A{Vd H$memV doe H$aVmZm nyU [Zame` Agbobo / AmVm AYmamV [dlmV hmoVmZm gdH$f Ame`mZo [eJmo[eJ âbobo / Ag`mMo C`Z OJ`mV H$aUmar hs g`m. Cfm Am[U g`m m XmoZ nH$mVyZ _mS>Us H$aVmZm m H$[dVoV Ambobm [dlmV hm eX AdW H$aUmam Amho. [dlmVs hm eX Vgm Amn`m n[aM`mMmM nU [dlmV EoH$`mda dmVmdaUmV J^sa gya AmnmoAmnM Kw_y bmJVmo. Amn`m m ^yVbmda Ag`m~b H$ds ghOVoZo hUVmo... [ZgJmVyZ AgUo Ambo [ZgJmVM gaUo Amho / [a`m nmmV MV`m`m R>sU`m Vmoda âUo Amho. gVm`m aMZoes ZmVo gmJUmao ho eX AmhoV. [aVm Ambmo [aVmM OmBZ nU AgoZ Vohm MV`m`m [R>U`m âV amhsZ. BWo MV` gwm AmH$maVo Vo hUOo [R>UJs hUOo Omim`m dnmV. AIoarbm A{VdmMs amIM hmoUo An[ahm` AgVmZm AsMm g_mZ mnojm A[YH$ _moR>m H$m` Agy eHo$b? Hw$gw_mJOmMm dmg AIS> Mmbbobm Ago. _madm _ò dmgmMs nmD$bo AZVmH$So> [ZKmbs AmhoV Am[U ^modVmb`m [ZgJmV [daKi`mgmR>sMs V`mar hs Pmbs Amho. `m jUmbm H$dsbm H$m` [XgVo ? Anma ^y[_ [Zame`mMs VQ>W daVs VY
[ZimB Yw`mV AYwH$ bnoQ>bobs [jVsOmda [Xgo gamB hs gamB `m`m ZOaoV gm_mdbobs Amho Am[U [Xgyhs bmJbs Amho. Amn`mbm [_imbo`m WmZm~b A[^_mZmMm bdboehs `$ hmoV Zmhs. CbQ> IV _m Oa `$ hmoVo Am[U hs IVhs EH$Q>mMs Zmhs Va `m Q>`m_ò Agbo`m [nT>sMs Amho, hUyZM dS>sbYm`m `m nm`mZm / eVm[YH$mMo hmV neVs / IV EH$ H$s Cabm Zmhs hmV EH$hs ImmdaVs. _madm AZw^dVmZm Hw$gw_mJO hbHo$ Y$o gwm XoV AgVmV. Amn`m OJ`mMm hm EH$ emn Amho Ago Vo Y`mZo gmJVmV Am[U _J OJ`m`m `m emnmgmR>s C:emn Amho _aUmMm / H$mimoImVsb a`mdaVs COoS> Oi`m gaUmMm. _madmMs _\$b hiyhiy eodQ>mH$So> gaH$V AgVo. hs _\$b O_bs H$m O_bs Zmhs `m~b IoX dm IV `mZm dmQo>Zmgm Pmbm Amho, hUyZ Vo hUVmV gymdmMyZ gabs _\$b [Xdohs [dPbo g^mKamVsb AV Zgbo`m m dmgmV H$ds gVV H$mhsVar emo[YV hmoVm. Hw$Ro>Var Imob Vimes gd emoY`mMm hm IQ>mQ>mon hmoVm Am[U eodQ>s H$m` H$ibo AmVm dWm emoY hm _JOimV `m \$gbmo Amho, `mM nmàrdaVs AmVm n[bVs [dPdyZ ~gbmo Amho. OJ`mbm OI_ g_OUmam hm _hmH$ds Amn`m aMZoVyZ amo_mM Cô H$aVmo Am[U _J H$[dVm òVo. am ^sfU nmV _mPm nmR>bmJ H$aUmar AmdmOm[dZm AmH$moeUmar JmoR>bo`m ZomMs / [Mabo`m JmmMs a$m`m aofm gJ`m [Mamda [ngmabobo Ho$g / [nMbo`m [eamda hs OI_ _mPsM /nU AmVm _aV Zmhs _s Ho$bobs H$s Pmbobs. H$dsMs gdoXZm BVH$s Ia Amho H$s hs OI_ `mZo dV:M gwm Ho$bs Agob. Am`w`m`m dmidQ>mVyZ MmbVmZm eodQ> Hw$Ro> hmoUma Amho. AmVm MmbVmZm OmUdV dmidQ>mbmhs AgV daXmZ EH$m AbmH$sH$mM Ag[XY A\$mQ>nUmM. òWo _sM [Z_mVm _m`m a`mMm, nmdb nS>Vsb Vmo _mJ Am[U Wm~Vsb Vo _Prb. _madm AmVm _Psbnmes
Ambm Amho. AmVm _madm [ZKmbm Amho ""VoWo"" `m[R>H$mUs. hUyZM eX C_Q>VmV... Vw`m MaUmMm VoWoM [aKmdm OoWo Z [dgmdm doXZmZm / VwPs dmQ> OmB OI_m`m Jmds AmVm`m Amgds dbobs. _madm _Ysb AZm[_H$mMo OmUohs hyahya bmdyZ OmVo. Hw$UsVar Vmo OmVmo, Vmo Jo`mda VaJ EH$hs CR>bm Zmhs OZme`mda / Amobdbs Zm Hw$Ro> nmnUs Zm da Pmb H$moRo> H$mVa/ EH$ MmbUo [dgmdbobo a`mbmhs H$ibo Zmhs / AH$ Z Jdgo AmYmambm ey` Ago Vo ew`M amhs. AmVm gJ`mMs gmW gnyZ _madmVyZ H$ds [ZKmbm Amho EH$Q>mM Am[U g_OmdV. gIo, AmVm Vmo jU Ambm AIoa `m gamBVM Wm~m`MM Amho Vwbm Am[U _s nwTo> OmUma Amho. aoIsd aVm Zgbo`m `m g[XY XoemV _mPo Amho nU g~Y[hZ Aem ZmhsnUmV, nwiUsVsb gmJabmQo>gmaI ghOnUmZ [dg[OV hmoBb. gIo S>mo`mV Amgd H$embm? Vwbm R>mD$H$ Amho Zm? C~aR>mdarb AlyMo W|~.. nmWWm`m _mJmda.. m OsdZ dmgm`m AIoarbm Amnbo A{Vd gn`m`m jUs VH$ma Zmhs IV Zmhs, nyVugmR>sM dmg AgVmo / Ho$hmVar [_Q>`mgmR>s H$miOm_Ybm dmg AgVmo / AgUo AmVm AgV Zg`mnmes AS>bo Amho / [Ohm`m`m [MVm noQ>dsV ~aoM MmbUo KS>bo Amho Am[U _J _madmVsb AmX gmX òVo `m gd`mns AmH$membmm.. _m`mdaMm Am^mi~m~m gdmb AmVm nwgV Zmhs / nds Pmbs nmdbmnwaVs A`mS> n`mS> [XgV Zmhs hm [ZdmUsMm jU, _mdibobm, H$VH$`VoMm, dmg gn`mMm, H$mhsVar Jdg`mMm, H$mhshs Z had`mMm, [ZamonmMm, AdW H$aUmam, EH$ MS> H$mobmhb Wm~`mMm, [ZgJmV [dZ Om`mMm. hm gya JwOs KmbVmo. Wm~bo`m dmmVyZ VaJ C_Q>V ahmVmV. `m`m Om`mZVahs Amn`m Ag`mbm nmKU AgV _ma`m`m _mòM. (boIH$ {dYmZn[afXoMo gX` AmhoV.) gnH$ 9822052433 rr
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o$~wdmar 2013
^mfm d^d
emgZmMo _amR>s ^mfm[df`H$ YmoaU am~[dUo, _amR>sMm [dH$mg H$aUo Am[U _amR>s ^mfobm bmoH$emhs amOdQ>ses gwgJV Ago d$n XoUo `m CoemZo ^mfm gMmbZmb`mMs WmnZm Pmbs. ^mfm gMmbZmb`mZo AmOVmJm`V EHy$U 48 H$meZo [g Ho$bobs AmhoV. `m_ò, 29 n[a^mfm H$moe, 3 H$moe, 6 eXmd`m d emgZ `dhmamV _amR>s dmnam[df`sMs 10 H$meZo, `mV _amR>s bKwboIZ [df`H$ H$meZo, _amR>s Q>H$boIZ [df`H$ nw{VH$m, mUboIZ [Z`_nw{VH$m, gH$sU boI gJh Am[U ^maVmMo g[dYmZ `mMm g_mdoe Amho. ^mfm gMmbZmb`m`m `m H$meZmZm OZVoH$Sy>Z MS> _mJUs Amho. ^mfm gMmbZmb`m`m H$mhr nwVH$mMm n[aM` `m {R>H$mUr H$$Z Xo`mV òV Amho. ^mfm[dkmZ d dmL>_`[dm n[a^mfm H$moe ^mfm [dkmZ d dmL>_`[dm n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 3,225 BJOs nm[a^m[fH$ gkmZm _amR>s n`m` [Z{MV H$a`mV Ambo AmhoV. `mV ^mfm [dkmZm`m nm[a^m[fH$ gkm [Z{MV H$aVmZm dmL>_`[dm (Philology) d g[hVm [M[H$gm (Textual Criticism) `m jomVsb H$mhs nm[a^m[fH$ gkmMm AV^md Agbobo dmL>_`[doMo n[a[eQ>hs (n[a[eQ> EH$, gw_mao 360 gkm) `m H$moem`m eodQ>s [Xbobo Amho. (qH$. 121 .) gm[h` g_sjm n[a^mfm H$moe gm[h` g_sjm n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 2 hOma BJOs gkmZm _amR>s n`m` [Z{MV H$a`mV Ambo AgyZ, hm H$moe V`ma H$aVmZm `m [df`mVsb [dmnsR>s` Vamdarb nm[a^m[fH$ gkm [dMmamV KoD$Z VgoM gX^mXmIb H|$ gaH$maZo V`ma Ho$bo`m eXgJhmMmXoIsb dmna H$a`mV Ambm Amho. (qH$. 10.50 .) H$m`X[eH$m "H$m`X[eH$m' `m nw{VHo$V XZ[XZ H$m`mb`sZ `dhmamV [ZXm}f _amR>sMm dmna H$a`mgmR>s gd Vamdarb A[YH$m`mZs d H$_Mm`mZs hmVmes Ro>dmds Aes hs _mJXeH$ nw{VH$m Amho. Zoh_s`m H$m_H$mOmV `m BJOs eXmMm, nXZm_mMm, dm`moJmMm [H$dm dmÌS>mMm dmadma dmna H$amdm bmJVmo `m`m gwb^ _amR>s AZwdmXmgh Ho$bobo EH$ gH$bZ, Ago `m nw{VHo$Mo d$n Amho. (qH$. 9 .) emgZ `dhmamV _amR>s am`H$ma^mam`m ^mfoMo d$n H$go Agmdo, `m~m~V nXZm_ H$moe [g Pm`mda `mVsb _amR>s n`m`mg~YmV CbQ>gwbQ> [V[H$`m `V H$a`mV Am`m hmo`m. hUyZ Q>sH$mH$mamMo g_mYmZ hmoBb, `mZs Cn{WV Ho$bo`m eH$mMo [ZagZ emg[ZH$ boIZ emg[ZH$ H$m_H$mO `m _wI nVsVyZ Ho$bo OmVo `mMo _amR>s Z_wZo `m nwVH$mV [Xbo AmhoV. Z_w`m`m d$nmV [Xbobs _m[hVs _mb`m`m [H$dm [d^mJs` H$m`mb`m`m \$m`bt_YyZ gH$[bV H$a`mV Ambs Amho. VgoM R>amdrH$ _m`Zo Agbobo [d[dY boIZH$mahs `mV [Xbobo AmhoV. emgH$s` boIZ H$go Agmdo Am[U H$go Zgmdo `mMo VwbZm_H$ Z_wZoXoIsb `mV g_m[dQ> Ho$bobo AmhoV. (qH$. 125 .) emgZ dm`moJ emgZ dm`moJ `m nwVH$mV [Za[Zam`m emgH$s` [d^mJm`m d `m`m AVJV Agbo`m H$m`mb`m`m XZ[XZ H$m_H$mOmV dmnamV Agbobo BJOs dm`moJ d eXg_w` `mMo gH$bZ H$a`mV Ambo Amho. `m dm`moJmZm H$m`mb`sZ `dhmamV EH$m [d[eQ> ^m[fH$ n[anmR>mMo d$n m Pmbo Amho. _amR>sVhs `m dm`moJmMs VesM n[anmR>s R>adyZ XoUo d `m`m dmnamV EH$$nVm AmUUo `mo` hmoBb, `m H$nZoZo darb BJOs dm`moJmMo _amR>s n`m` ^mfm gmJma _S>im`m gmhm`mZo [Z{MV H$$Z H$moem`m $nmZo [g H$a`mV Ambo AmhoV. (qH$. 60 .) emgZ `dhma eXmdbs _yi emgZ `dhma H$moe (BJOs-_amR>s) d$nmV AgyZ, emgZ `dhma eXmdbs (_amR>s-BJOs) d$nmV Amho. `m eXmdbsVsb _amR>s gkmMo dUboIZ _yi emgZ `dhma H$moemVsb dUboIZmZwgma H$a`mV Ambo Amho. `mM_mUo _amR>s gkmMo Zm_ hUyZ Agbobo BJOs n`m` [H$dm [H$`mnX dm [deofU hUyZ Agbobo BJOs n`m` `mMs
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hmoBb, Aem nVsZo emgZ `dhmam`m ^mfo~m~VMs ems` d `mdhm[aH$ ^y[_H$m nQ> H$aUo Amd`H$ hmoVo. `mZwgma Eo[Vhm[gH$ nmd^y_s, `m_mJsb ems` ^y[_H$m d AmOMm ^maVs` gX^ nQ> hmoBb, Aem arVsZo emgZ `dhmamVsb _amR>s ^mfo`m d$nmg~YsMo g[dVa [ddoMZ `m nwVH$mV H$a`mV Ambo Amho. (qH$. 35 .) amO^mfm n[aM` A_amR>s ^m[fH$ H$_Mm`mZm _amR>s amO^mfoMs Ro>dU, [VMs d[eQ>o, `mMo mW[_H$ kmZ H$$Z XoUo _hdmMo hmoVo. `mH$[aVm _amR>s [ejU dJ gw$ H$a`mV Ambo hmoVo. ho [ejU XoVmZm `m AS>MUs Am`m `mMm ~maH$mBZo A`mg H$$Z A_amR>s ^m[fH$mZm Cn`wV hmoBb Aem arVsZo "amO^mfm n[aM`' `m nwVH$mMs aMZm H$a`mV Ambs Amho. (qH$. 49 .)
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dV Zm|X Ko`mV Ambobs Zmhs Va, dn[dam_ XoD$Z Vo Xe[d`mV Ambo AmhoV. (qH$. 105 .) amO^mfm n[aM` (H$m`$n `mH$aU) emgZ `dhma OgOgm gdneu hmoD$ bmJbm VgVgo _amR>s ^mfoMo OwO~s kmZ VmoH$So> nSy> bmJbo. hUyZ, _hmamQ> emgZmZo, Amn`m godoV Agbo`m A_amR>s ^m[fH$ gd amOn[V A[YH$m`mgmR>s d AamOn[V H$_Mm`mgmR>s _amR>s ^mfm narjm [d[hV Ho$`m. `m narjm_Ysb H$m`$n `mH$aUm`m Zn[Ho$gmR>s `m nwVH$mMs aMZm H$a`mV Ambs Amho. (qH$. 49 .) mUboIZ [Z`_mdbs amO^mfm _amR>sMs A{_Vm d [VR>m On`mgmR>s emgH$s` H$_Mm`mZm `m`m XZ[XZ H$m_H$mOmV _amR>s ewboIZm`m ~m~VsV `mo` _mJXeZ hmdo `m hoVyZo "ewboIZ [Z`_mdbs' hs nw{VH$m V`ma H$a`mV Ambs Amho. ewboIZ hm AmJh Z amhVm Vs gd` Pmbs nm[hOo, Aes `m_mJMs ^y[_H$m Amho. _amR>s gm[h` _hm_S>imZo V`ma Ho$bo`m _amR>s boIZ[df`H$ [Z`_mZm _hmamQ> emgZmZo 1962 `m dfu _m`Vm [Xbs hmoVs. `mV 1972 `m dfu 4 ZdsZ [Z`_mMs â Kmb`mV òD$Z AmYs`m _m` nmdbo`m [Z`_mVsb H$mhs wQ>s Xya H$a`mV Am`m. Aem H$mao, _amR>s gm[h` _hm_S>immo 18 [Z`_ g_m[dQ> Agbo`m "boIZ[df`H$ [Z`_' m nw{VHo$bm _hmamQ> emgZmZo _m`Vm [Xbs. (qH$. 6 .) _WZ bmoH$emhs èds hmo`m`m XQ>sZo OZVo`m ^mfoV am`H$ma^ma MmbUo hs A`md`H$ ~m~ Amho. _amR>s ^mfobm amO^mfoMm ZwgVm XOm XoD$Z Cn`moJmMo Zmhs, Va emgZ `dhma 100% _amR>sVyZ hmdm `mgmR>s Vs bmoH$m`m _ZmV O`mBVnV gmons, gwQ>gwQ>sV VgoM AWdmhs Agm`bm hds; VgoM gdneu Pmbo`m emgZ `dhmamMs ^mfmhs [VVH$sM gj_ Agmds, `m Om{UdoVyZ [Za[Zam`m jomVsb _m`damZs [b[hbo`m boImMo Ho$bobo gH$bZ Ago "_WZ' `m nwVH$mMo d$n Amho. `mV m. Zaha Hw$$XH$a, `m`_yVu MeoIa Y_m[YH$mar, S>m. O`V ZmaisH$a, m. gàOZ gmRo>, S>m. AemoH$ Ho$iH$a, S>m.
JJmYa nmZVmdUo, m. ^mbM Zo_mSo>, m. ^m. b. ^moio, m. MH$mV nmQ>sb, ls_Vs [dO`m [MQ>Usg, ls. `. e. H$m[ZQ>H$a, ls. g. Am. go, S>m. Z. ~. nmQ>sb `mgma`m [Za[Zam`m jomVsb _m`da boIH$m`m boImMm g_mdoe Amho. (qH$. 6 .) nXZm_ H$moe nXZm_ H$moe ho ^mfm gMmbZmb`mMo n[hbo H$meZ AgyZ `m`m n[h`m AmdmsVsb ^mJ - 1 _ò _mb`sZ [d^mJ d `m AVJV H$m`mb`mVsb VgoM [dYmZ _S>i, _hm_S>io, Am`moJ d H|$s` _hm_S>io `m_ò [d_mZ Agbo`m nXmMs [d^mJ[Zhm` _amR>s Zmdo Xo`mV Ambs AmhoV. ^mJ - 2 _ò BJOs dUmZwH$_mZwgma BJOs nXZm_o d `mnwTo> _amR>s nXZm_mMm ^mJ - 1 _Ysb nR> H$_mH$ Xo`mV Ambm hmoVm. naVw, `m nXZm_ H$moemVsb _amR>s n`m` {bQ> d Xw~m}Y dmQ>`mZo d nXZm_mMs nwZamdms Q>mi`mgmR>s Xwgar gwYm[aV Amdms (1990) H$m[eV H$a`mV Ambs. (qH$. 35.50 .) emgZ `dhma H$moe emgZ `dhma H$moemV gw_mao 30 hOma BJOs nm[a^m[fH$ gkmMo _amR>s n`m` [Z{MV H$a`mV Ambo AmhoV. nm[a^m[fH$ eXm~amo~aM emgZmV d A` jomV Cn`moJs Agbo`m AZoH$ gm_m` d n[a[MV BJOs gkmZm $T> d M[bV eXm`m gmhm`mZo Zo_Ho$ d AWdmhs _amR>s n`m` [Xbo AmhoV. `m H$moemMo AZ`gmYmaU d[eQ> hUOo, gOmVs` d g_mZmWu eXmMs Hw$io VgoM emgZmVsb d H$m`m`m ^mfo`m Zo_`m dmnam`m XQ>sZo AWN>Q>mVsb gy_ ôX Xo`mV Ambo AmhoV. (qH$. 77 .)
[ejUem n[a^mfm H$moe [ejUem n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 4 hOma BJOs nm[a^m[fH$ gkmMo _amR>s n`m` [Z{MV H$a`mV Ambo AmhoV. [ejU ho _mV^mfoVyZ [Xbo Jobo nm[hOo d `mgmR>s _hmamQ>mV [ejUmMo _m`_ _amR>s Agmdo, ho AmVm gdgm_m` Pmbo Amho. [ejUem n[a^mfm H$moe mW[_H$, _m`[_H$, C _m`[_H$ d [dmnsR> Vamdarb [ejH$ d m`mnH$ VgoM A`mnH$ [dmbò, [ejUem _hm[dmbò `m_Ysb m`mnH$ d ^mds [ejH$ `m`m XQ>sZo A`V Cn`moJs d _mJXeH$ Amho. (qH$. 9 .) bmoH$emgZ n[a^mfm H$moe bmoH$emgZ n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 4 hOma BJOs gkmZm _amR>s n`m` [Z{MV H$a`mV Ambo AgyZ hm H$moe V`ma H$aVmZm Robbins `m`m Administrative Process `m JWmMm VgoM R. J. S. Baker, Paul C. Partholomew`m AZwH$_o
Administrative theory and Public administration d An outline of Public administration `m JWmMm, VgoM A`
JWmMm AmYma KoVbm Amho. (qH$. 9.25 .) ^maVmMo g[dYmZ ^maVmMo g[dYmZ `mMs _amR>s ^mfoVsb n[hbs Amdms 1979 _ò H$mT>`mV Ambs Am[U doimodois `m_ò Pmbo`m gwYmaUmMm g_mdoe H$$Z ZdsZ Amd`m H$mT>`mV Ambo`m AmhoV; VgoM 1996 _ò Mm`m AmdmsMo nwZ_wU H$a`mV Ambo Va 2006 _ò ghm`m AmdmsMo H$meZ H$a`mV Ambo. ^maVm`m g[dYmZmV EHy$U 395 AZwNo>X AgyZ, EHy$U 22 ^mJmV `mMs _mS>Us H$a`mV Ambs Amho. `m[edm` 12 AZwgy`m `mV OmoS>`mV Am`m AmhoV. eodQ>s [Xbo`m n[a[eQ>m_ò gwYmaUm A[Y[Z`_mMm gmame Xo`mV Ambm Amho Am[U AIoarg BJOs_amR>s eXgyMs d _amR>s-BJOs eXgyMs Xo`mV Ambs Amho. (qH$. 245 .) r r
4. ghm`H$ gMmbH$, emgH$s` wUmb`, AmaJm~mX 431001. XyadZr 2331525. 5. `dWmnH$, emgH$s` wUmb` d boIZgmJr ^mS>ma, Vmam~mB nmH$, H$mohmnya - 416003. XyadZr 2650395, 2650402.
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1. gMmbH$, emgZ wU, boIZgmJr, H$meZ gMmbZmb`, ZoVmOr gw^mf mJ, w~B - 400004. XyadZr : 23631433, 23631799. 2. `dWmnH$, emgH$s` $moQ>mo{PH$mo wUmb` d JWmJma, $moQ>moqPH$mo wUmb` Amdma, Or.nr.Amo.ZOrH$, nwUo - 411001. XyadZr : 26125808. 3. `dWmnH$, emgH$s` wUmb` d JWmJma, {gphb bmBg, ZmJnya - 440001. XyadZr : 2562615.
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gm[h`_mbm, VU-^maVs, bmoH$mon`moJs [dkmZ_mbm, AmOMo [dd B`mXs. `mIoarO gWoZo AmOn`V AZoH$ [R>H$mUs amQ>s` nwVH$ Om â[d`m AmhoV; Va ^maVmVsb [d[dY am`mVsb [Za[Zam`m [R>H$mUs mXo[eH$ JWXeZohs â[dbs AmhoV. nmm ZeZb ~wH$ Q>Q>, n{hbm Obm, adt ZmQ {Xa, ^mXodr, w~B - 400 025. XyadZr 022-24320380 .
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EH$ h_Img [R>H$mU Amho. nmm emgH$s` wUmb`, aodo WmZH$mgmoa, AmaJm~mX-nR>U aVm, AmaJm~mX, XyadZs - 0240-2331468/ 2331525. - amYmH$U wir
H$mohmnya
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gd H$m`Xo CnbY AmhoV. `m_ò BJOsVsb 350 d _amR>sVsb 300 H$m`Xo AmhoV. _hmamQ> am` gm[h` Am{U gH$Vs _S>i, ^mfm gMmbZmb`, nwamVd [d^mJ, Xe[ZH$m [d^mJ, _hm_m \w$bo, S>m. ~m~mgmho~ Am~oS>H$a, amOfu emhy M[ao gmYZo H$meZ g[_Vs, _hmamQ> am` _amR>s [ddH$moe [Z[_Vs _S>imV\}$ H$m[eV gm[h` òWo [dH$sgmR>s Ro>dbo OmVo. _hmamQ> ZmJar godmeVu AmR> ^mJmnH$s Mma ^mJ CnbY AmhoV. emgH$s` H$_Mm`mZm `m godmeVu Cn`moJs nS>Um`m AgVmV. `m_wio `mg _moR>s _mJUs Amho. Xe[ZH$m [d^mJmZo H$m[eV Ho$bo`m H$mohmnya, gmJbs, gmVmam, nwUo, gmobmnya `m [OmVsb
dmV`g[ZH$mMm 610 nmZmMm M[aH$moe CnbY Amho. `m H$moem_ò `m dmV`g[ZH$mMo Zmd, [ejU, O_, _`y, MidisV H$m` Ho$bo d `mZm H$m` [ejm Pmbs `mMs B`^yV _m[hVs Amho. "Qo>nb Am\$ _hmamQ>m", "_hmamQ> bS> AS> BQ>g> [nnb" hs BJOsVsb nwVHo$hs AmhoV. "Xmg~moY", amOfu emhy _hmamOmMo Am_Xma ns. ~s. gmiwIo `mZs gnm[XV Ho$bobo M[a, gamo[OZs ~m~a `mZr {b{hbo`m Hw$bXdV, lmdU ^mnX, gU Cgd, VgoM "~[hUmBMs JmUs" AmXs nwVH$mMs gVV _mJUs AgVo. _hm_m \w$bo, S>m.~m~mgmho~ Am~oS>H$a `m`m [MmZmhs MS> _mJUs Amho. Vwhsgwm Oohm Ho$hm H$mohmnyabm `mb Vohm _hmb_s`m XeZmbm O$a Om d Vm~S>m-nmT>am a`mMmhs O$a AmdmX `m. naVw EH$Xm `m ~wH$ So>nmoghs [VV`mM AmWoZo ôQ> m VaM Vw_Ms H$mohmnya ôQ> H$maUs bmJ`mgmaIs hmoBb. nmm emgH$s` ~wH$ So>nmo, [nVis JUoe _[Xamg_moa, Vmam~mB nmH$, H$mohmnya. XyadZs : 0231-2650395, 2650402. - [ddmg nmQ>sb rr
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ZdrZ emim gw$ H$a`mgmR>r AO H$a`m`m wXVrbm 15 mMn`V dmT> hmamQ> dÀWghmp`V emim A{Y{Z`mZwgma ej{UH$ df 2013-14 ò ZdrZ emim gw$ H$a`mgmR>r qH$dm emioMm XOm dmT> H$a`mgmR>r AO H$a`mMr g`mMr 31 OmZodmarMr wXV 15 mM 2013 n`V dmT>dyZ Xo`mMm {ZU` am` {S>imZo KoVbm. hmamQ> dÀWghmp`V emim (WmnZm d {d{ZZ) A{Y{Z`mVrb VaVwXrZwgma emim WmnZ H$a`mgmR>r qH$dm {dmZ emioMm XOm dmT> H$a`mgmR>r g~{YV {ejU gMmbH$mH$S>o AO gmXa H$aUo Amd`H$ Amho. 2013-14 `m ej{UH$ dfmH$[aVm Agm AO 13 OmZodmar 2013 nydu H$a`mV òBb, Aer VaVyX `m A{Y{Z`mV H$a`mV Ambr Amho. 2013 `m ej{UH$ dfmH$[aVm {d{hV Zw`mò AO XmIb H$a`mH$[aVm g~{YV {ejU gWmZm CnbY hmoUmam H$mbmdYr VgoM Amd`H$ emgH$s` H$m`dmhr nyU H$a`mH$[aVm Amd`H$ H$mbmdYr An hmoVm Ago {ZXeZmg Ambo. `mwio ZdrZ emim WmnZ H$a`mgmR>r qH$dm {dmZ emioMm XOm dmT> H$a`mgmR>r AO XmIb H$a`mMr wXV 31 OmZodmar 2013 EodOr 15 mM 2013 n`V dmT>d`mV `mdr Am{U hr wXV 31 OmZodmar 2013 nmgyZ dmT>d`mV Ambr Ag`mMo mZmdo, Agm {ZU` {S>imZo KoVbm. `m A{Y{Z`mVrb VaVwXrò ZdrZ emim hUOoM nyd-mW{H$, mW{H$, CM mW{H$, m`{H$ qH$dm CM m`{H$ emim WmnZ H$aUo qH$dm {dmZ emioMm `WmpWVr, CM mW{H$ qH$dm m`{H$ qH$dm CM m`{H$ emioV XOm dmT> H$aUo `mMm gmdoe Amho. am` ghH$mar {ZdS>UyH$ Am`wVnXr {Zdm g{Md XOm`m A{YH$m`mMr {Z`wVr am` ghH$mar {ZdS>UyH$ Am`wVnXr {Zdm g{Md XOm`m A{YH$m`mMr {Z`wVr H$a`mMm {ZU` {S>imZo KoVbm. ghH$ma H$m`mV {d{dY Xw$`m H$a`mgX^mV 30 OmZodmar 2013 amoOr {S>imZo Owar {Xbr hmoVr. `mVrb EH$ VaVyX gWm`m {ZdS>UwH$m Ko`mgmR>r am` ghH$mar {ZdS>UyH$ m{YH$aU WmnZ H$a`m~m~V hmoVr. {S>i ~R>H$sV `mda MMm hmoD$Z am` ghH$mar {ZdS>UyH$ m{YH$aUmda {Zdm g{Md XOm`m A{YH$m`mMr am` ghH$mar {ZdS>UyH$ Am`wV hUyZ {Z`wVr H$a`mMm {ZU` Pmbm. `mMr ZoUyH$ 3 dfmH$[aVm Agob. `m`m ZoUwH$sMm H$mbmdYr 2 dfmn`V am` emgZmbm dmT>dyZ XoVm òBb. Xw^`m gH$[aV JmB-hetMo dmQ>n am`mVsb 33 [Oh`mV XyY CnmXZmbm MmbZm Xo`mgmR>s ghm Xw^`m gH$[aV JmB [H$dm hetMo JQ> dmQ>n H$aUmar `moOZm 12 `m nMdm[fH$ `moOZoV am~[d`mMm [ZU` _[_S>im`m ~R>H$sV Ko`mV Ambm. 2011-12 _ò `m `moOZ|VJV 1503 bm^m`mZm bm^ Xo`mV Ambobm AgyZ `m`m _m[gH$ CnmV 9000 $nò Vo 12000 $n`mn`V dmT> Pmbs Amho. 2012-13 _ò `m am`Var` `moOZogmR>s EHy$U 40 H$moQ>s 16 bmI n`mMm [ZYs CnbY H$a`mV Ambm AgyZ `mYyZ 2088 bm^m`mZm bm^ Xo`mV òBb. Mmby dfmV hs `moOZm XwH$miJV [Om_ò am~[d`mV òUma Zmhs, VgoM Oo [Oho XwYmonmXZmV d`nyU ZmhsV AemM [Om_ò hs `moOZm am~[d`mV òUma Amho. XyY CnmXH$Vm dmT>[d`mgmR>s `moOZm am`mVsb Jm`s-hetMs CnmXH$Vm dmT>[d`mgmR>s gdg_mdoeH$ H$m`H$_ am~[d`mMm [ZU` Ko`mV Ambm. `mV _m[hVs VkmZmMm dmna H$a`mV òUma Amho. "am`mVsb JmB-hetMs CnmXH$Vm dmT>[d`mgmR>s gdg_mdoeH$ AZwd[eH$ gwYmaUm H$m`H$_'' Ago `m am`Var` `moOZoMo Zmd AgyZ Vs Mmby dfmnmgyZ am`mV am~[d`mV òBb. `m `moOZoV OZmdamMs AmoiI nQ>[dUo d Zm|X Ro>dUo, `m`m CnmXZm`m Zm|Xs Ro>D$Z `mMo [dbofU H$aUo, `mAmYmao òH$ [nT>sV CH$Q> OZmdamMs [ZdS> H$aUo `mgmR>s _moR>m _mUmda _m[hVs Jmoim H$a`mV òBb. `mH$[aVm _m[hVs VkmZ Am[U gJUH$ UmbsMm dmna H$a`mV òBb. naXoemVyZ Jmo[R>V aoV_mm XwY CnmXZ, demdi, breed characters, XwYnYm B.`m AmYmao [d[dY OmVs`m JmB-hetMs `m H$m`H$_mgmR>s [ZdS> H$a`mV òUma Amho. `moOZo`m A_b~OmdUsgmR>s A[YH$mar, H$_Mmar, eoVH$ar d newnmbH$mZm Amd`H$ Vo [ejU Xo`mV òUma Amho. [ZdS> Ho$bo`m JmB-hetZm A[VC AZwdm[eH$Vo`m /[gX diy`m Jmo[R>V aoV_momao H$[_ aoVZ H$a`mV òUma Amho. `mgmR>s Amd`H$VoZwgma Jmo[R>V aoV_mm naXoemVyZ Am`mV H$a`mV òUma AmhoV. dmgamMm gnyU Vnesb H$[_ aoVZ Ho$`mZVa O_bo`m gH$arV H$mbdS>s/gwYm[aV nmaS>m/Za dmgao `mMo O_V: dOZ, H$mbdS>sMo/nmaS>sMo _mOmda Am`m doisMo d`, dOZ, H$[_ aoVZ Ho$`mMs Zm|X, VmarI, H$mbdS> `m`mMs VmarI, XyY CnmXZ, `m`m [nVdm`m d _mVdm`m OZwH$r` MmMUsMm Vnesb VgoM `m `moOZ|VJV nXmg MmMUs H$m`H$_mgmR>s CnbY Pmbo`m Za dmgamMmhs Vnesb Ro>d`mV òUma Amho. gJUH$ Amkmdbs newnmbH$m`m ZmdmMs Zm|XUs H$aUo [ZdS> Ho$bo`m JmB hetZm [d[eQ> AmoiI H$_mH$ XoUo, JmB hes`m CnmXH$ [df`H$, AZwdm[eH$, dm`mMm Vnesb, H$[_ aoVZ, H$[_ aoVZ Ho$bo`m diyMs demdi, J^VnmgUs B. Zm|Xs, BQ>aZoQ> d EgE_Egmao Ko`mgmR>s gJUH$ Amkmdbs (Software) V`ma/[dH$[gV H$a`mV òUma Amho.
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63
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65
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am` _amR>s dmL>_` nwaH$ma 2010-2011

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o$~wdmar 2013
R.N.I.No. 14140/57/Postal Registration No. MH/MR/South - 210/2012-14 Posted at Mumbai Patrika Channel Sorting Office, February 2013. Date of Publication : 10th of every Month
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