Professional Documents
Culture Documents
H v tn sinh vin: L C N
Ngnh: CNG NGH HA HC
Nin kha: 2007-2011
Thng 08/2011
Tc gi
L C N
Thng 08 nm 2011
LI CM T
Ngy hm nay ti c c thnh qu ny chnh l nh vo s hng dn tn tnh
ca tt c qu thy c, cng vi lng nhit tnh gip ca cc cn b v nhn vin nh
my, bn cnh l s ng vin gip t gia nh, bn b v cui cng l s n lc
ca bn thn.
Do ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh, su sc n:
Trc ht l cng lao to ln ca cha m v gia nh nui dng, dy d ti
trng thnh, ng vin ti trong sut qu trnh hc tp v chia s nhng kh khn trong
cuc sng.
Ban Gim Hiu trng i Hc Nng Lm Tp.HCM, qu thy c B mn Cng
Ngh Ha Hc cng tt c cc thy c ging dy, truyn t to nhng iu kin tt
nht ti nm bt kin thc v vn dng nhng kin thc trong thc hnh thc
hin ti ny.
Thy Trng Vnh, trng B mn Cng Ngh Ha Hc tn tnh ch dy,
truyn t kinh nghim v kin thc qu bu ti hon thnh lun vn tt nghip ny.
Tt c cc bn sinh vin lp DH07HH ng vin, gip ti khc phc kh
khn trong hc tp cng nh trong cuc sng ti t hon thin bn thn mnh v tri
thc, o c, li sng.
Sinh vin L c n
ii
TM TT
ti nghin cu Nghin cu phng php vi bc tinh du ng ch to bt
hng liu thc phm c tin hnh ti phng th nghim I4, thi gian t thng
03/2011 n thng 07/2011 di s hng dn ca PGS. TS Trng Vnh trng B mn
Cng ngh Ha hc trng i Hc Nng Lm Tp.HCM.
Ni dung chnh ca ti l nghin cu chit tch tinh du, vi bc tinh du, so snh
hiu qu qu trnh vi bc v d on thi gian bo qun sn phm.
Chng ti tin hnh cc cng vic v t c nhng kt qu nh sau:
Chn c nhit v thi gian sy ng trc khi chng ct.
Chn c nng v t l cht bao ti u.
Xc nh c nh hng ca nng tinh du ln hiu sut thu hi tinh
du trong qu trnh vi bc.
Xc nh c nh hng ca qu trnh vi bc n kh nng gi tinh du
trong qu trnh ch bin.
Xc nh c ng ng nhit ht ca sn phm 35 oC v d on c
thi gian bo qun sn phm.
iii
SUMMARY
The thesis about Research methods of Limnophila aromatica essential oil
microencapsulation to manufacturing food flavor powder was carried out at I4 laboratory
from March 2011 to August 2011 under supervision of Associate Professor Doctor
Truong Vinh, the head of Chemical Engineering faculty in Ho Chi Minh city Agriculture
and Forestry University.
The main content of this thesis was: research essential oil extraction; encapsulate
esseential oil; compared the effect of encapsulated process and predict storage time of
product.
We carried out the work and obtained these achievements:
Determine the vacuum isothermal of the product at 35oC and predict storage
time of product.
iv
MC LC
TRANG TA ........................................................................................................................ i
LI CM T .......................................................................................................................ii
SUMMARY......................................................................................................................... iv
DANH SCH CC CH VIT TT ...............................................................................vii
DANH SCH CC HNH ............................................................................................... viii
DANH SCH CC BNG ................................................................................................. x
Chng 1: ............................................................................................................................. 1
M U .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 t vn ................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Mc ch tm hiu ti ............................................................................................. 2
1.3 Ni dung ti ............................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Yu cu ....................................................................................................................... 2
Chng 2: ............................................................................................................................. 3
TNG QUAN....................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Ng m v tinh du ng m........................................................................................ 3
2.2 Phng php chit tch tinh du ................................................................................. 4
2.2.1 Phn loi cc phng php tch cht thm.......................................................... 4
2.2.2 Phng php chng ct ........................................................................................ 5
2.2.3 Thit b chng ct................................................................................................. 8
2.2.4 K thut chng ct v x l tinh du th ........................................................... 12
2.3 K thut vi bc .......................................................................................................... 19
2.3.1 Khi qut v vi bc ........................................................................................... 19
2.3.2 Phng php vi bc............................................................................................ 23
2.3.3 Tc nhn vi bc .................................................................................................. 25
Chng 3: ........................................................................................................................... 29
VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ............................................................ 29
3.1 Thi gian v a im thc hin ti ..................................................................... 29
3.2 Vt liu th nghim ................................................................................................... 29
3.3 Thit b th nghim .................................................................................................... 29
3.4 Phng php th nghim ........................................................................................... 30
3.4.1 Phng php phn tch cc ch tiu ................................................................... 30
3.4.2 Chng ct tinh du ............................................................................................. 34
3.4.3 Vi bc tinh du Ng ........................................................................................... 38
Chng 4: ........................................................................................................................... 47
KT QU V THO LUN ............................................................................................ 47
4.1 Th nghim chng ct tinh du ................................................................................. 47
4.1.1 ng cong tc sy Ng............................................................................... 47
4.1.2 nh hng ca nhit v thi gian sy ln hm lng tinh du .................... 50
4.1.3 nh hng ca thi gian sy n thi gian chng ct ....................................... 57
4.2 Th nghim vi bc tinh du Ng ............................................................................... 64
4.2.1 Th nghim xc nh nng v t l cht bao ti u ....................................... 64
v
vi
vii
Hnh 4.16 : nh hng ca nng tinh du n hiu sut thu hi du tng ................... 68
Hnh 4.17 : Biu th hin s ph hp ca m hnh hi quy ca ng ng nhit ht
m ....................................................................................................................................... 70
Hnh 4.18 : th th hin phng trnh hi quy ng nhit ht m ................................ 71
Hnh 4.19 : Biu th hin tnh ph hp m hnh hi quy tn tht tinh du theo m
cn bng .............................................................................................................................. 73
Hnh 4.20 tn tht tinh du khi bo qun theo m sn phm. ................................. 73
Hnh 4.21: Hiu sut thu hi tinh du sau khi ch bin...................................................... 77
Hnh 4.22 : Phn b kch thc ht sn phm bt vi bc ................................................... 78
ix
Chng 1:
M U
1.1 t vn
Ngy nay, Ng c s dng rt nhiu trong cc ba n lm gia v gip tng
tnh hp dn cm quan v to hng v c trng cho sn phm thc phm. Ng ti c
thi gian bo qun ngn, d b dp nt trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Khi phi kh Ng s b
mt hng thm.
Tinh du Ng dng lng rt d bay hi gy tht thot, d b oxy ha khi tip xc
vi oxy v nh sng. Vi vai tr l hng liu, tinh du Ng c s dng vi hm lng
rt nh nn vic trn u tinh du dng lng vi cc nguyn liu khc trong qu trnh sn
xut thc phm l rt kh khn.
Vic nghin cu chuyn t tinh du Ng dng lng sang dng bt l mt vn
kh mi m v c t ngi quan tm, nghin cu ny gp phn gim thiu cc tn tht
khi vn chuyn v bo qun, tin li hn trong vic bo qun cng nh s dng tinh du
Ng. c bit trong thi bui cng nghip, khi con ngi s dng cc thc phm ng
hp ngy cng nhiu th vic nghin cu sn xut tinh du Ng dng bt s gip m rng
hn vic ng dng ng trong cc sn phm hp, snack, m n lin v cc vin gia v
nu n qui m cng nghip.
c s phn cng ca BM CNHH, di s hng dn ca PGS.TS.Trng Vnh
ti thc hin ti: Nghin cu nghin cu vi bc tinh du ng ch to bt hng
liu thc phm.
1.2 Mc ch tm hiu ti
Sn xut tinh du ng dng bt ng dng trong thc phm.
1.3 Ni dung ti
Nghin cu chit tch tinh du.
Nghin cu vi bc tinh du.
So snh hiu qu ca qu trnh vi bc.
D on c thi gian bo qun sn phm.
1.4 Yu cu
Tm ra phng php vi bc tinh du ng hiu qu cao.
Xc nh cc iu kin ti u trong qu trnh vi bc tinh du ng.
Xc nh hm lng tinh du tn tht khi bo qun.
Chng 2:
TNG QUAN
2.1 Ng m v tinh du ng m (hay cn gi l Ng, M om) [4], [5]
Hnh 2.1: Cy Ng m ti
Tn khoa hc Limnophila aromatica.
M t cy: Ng m l mt loi c mc b, di 20-30cm, mi rt thm, l nhn, mc
i, khng cung, hi m vo thn, phn l gn thn nh li, mp hi c rng ca, c khi
l mc thnh cm 3 l. Hoa gn nh khng c cung, mc n c nch l. Qu nang
nhn, c bu v np nhn dc theo qu. Ht nhn hnh tr mu en nht, c vn mng.
Phn b, thu hi v ch bin: rau Ng m mc hoang v c trng khp nc ta,
nhng c s dng nhiu nht cc tnh pha nam lm gia v nu canh chua, canh c.
Thng dng ti hoc phi, sy kh lm thuc.
Nguyn liu d b chy kht nht l nhng ch trong thit b nguyn liu
thiu nc, hoc b kt dnh vo thnh thit b, c bit khi chng ct cc loi hoa.
Kh iu chnh cc thng s k thut (nhit , p sut) khi chng ct v
thng thng thi gian chng ct b ko di.
Tc chng ct v thi gian chng ct ph thuc ch yu vo b phn t
l.
2.2.2.2 Chng ct vi hi nc c ni hi ring
Nguyn liu v nc c a vo cng mt thit b nhng ngn cch bng mt
lp v, trnh cho nguyn liu khi lt vo ni cha nc. Ty thuc vo loi nguyn
liu, khi cn thit ngi ta c th lt mt lp bao ti ln trn mt v. Nc c un si
bc hi ln qua lp v i vo lp nguyn liu v ko theo tinh du i ra.
Nguyn liu bt kh kht v khng trc tip, tip xc vi y ni t. Tuy vy
phm cht tinh du cng nh vic khng ch cc iu kin k thut trong bao gm vn
tc chng ct cha c ci thin nhiu. Ngoi ra, cha k n thao tc lao ng cn gp
nhiu kh khn.
2.2.2.3 Chng ct bng hi nc c ni hi ring
Phng php ny dng mt ni hi c th phc v cho c c s sn xut, lm cho
iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn nh nhng hn v c kh nng d c gii ha hoc t
ng ha cc khu sn xut, ngoi ra cn khc phc c tnh trng nguyn liu b kh
kht cng lm cho mu sc hoc phm cht ca tinh du c tt hn.
Bng phng php ny ngoi vic d khng ch cc iu kin k thut ngi ta cn
c th rt ngn c thi gian chng ct bng cch iu chnh vn tc chng ct, chng
ct p sut cao hn hoc dng hi bo ha hay qu nhit chng ct. Chng ct bng
hi nc p sut cao s to iu kin cho qu trnh tin hnh c thun li hn v p
sut hi ring phn ca cc n cht trong hn hp nhit cao s rt ln so vi p sut
hi ring phn ca nc.
3: thit b ngng t
2: thit b chng ct
10
11
12
Tng s din tch cc l phun hi thng dng bng 2 ln din tch ca tit din ng,
tit din ng phn phi hi ly bng tit din ca ng dn hi vo thit b v c xc
nh theo lng hi nc cn thit dng chng ct trong mt gi (hi nc trc tip ch
i vo ng dn phun hi, tc 20 m/s).
iu chnh tc hi vo cc thit b phi dng loi van vn vng, khng dng
loi khc. Cc loi van khc ch c dng trong trng hp tho nc ngng t y
cc thit b v tho nc ngng t di, cc y ni nn c hnh tr hoc hnh chp.
2.2.3.7 Vt liu lm ni ct
Vt liu lm ni chng ct tinh du thng dng loi st thp c bit. Mt s x
nghip chng ct th cng hoc chng ct g trong lm nghip, c th lm ni ct bng
g, xi mng Nhng loi nguyn liu ny n gin, r tin, d tm kim nguyn vt liu
nhng d b hng, phi sa cha lin tc, d xy ra tai nn khi chng ct vi p sut ln.
Nguyn liu g ni chung d hp th tinh du v sau mun kh mi rt kh
khn do vy la chn nguyn vt liu dng lm ni chng ct cn phi ch n gi
thnh cng nh kh nng tc dng ca kim loi i vi tinh du, v trong tinh du cn
c nhiu axit hu c, c th lm cho cc thnh phn ca thit b d b g. Thng nhng
ch b mt hi nc trc tip tc dng v ngng t th d b oxi ha nht.
T nhng phn tch trn, ngi ta nhn thy rng thn ni nn lm bng kim loi
st tng i r tin v t bn hn nh st CT3. Phn thit b ny tn nhiu vt liu hn, t
b g hn v cng t nh hng n mu sc ca tinh du thu c. Cn nhng phn ni
khc th cn phi lm bng nhng vt liu tt hn. Hin nay ngi ta dng cc loi thit b
chng ct c trng mt lp men pha trong chng g nh men man hay baklt.
2.2.4 K thut chng ct v x l tinh du th
2.2.4.1 K thut chng ct tinh du
Qu trnh chng ct tinh du thng bao gm cc giai on nh sau:
Chun b thit b v nguyn liu
Cho nguyn liu vo thit b
Tin hnh chng ct
Ngng chng ct, tho m thit b v cho nguyn liu ra
13
14
15
Sau ta ghi li lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian v v mt ng thng biu
din gi thnh sn phm do x nghip sn xut ra, lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian
s gm hai phn:
giai on u tin bao gi cng thu c lng tinh du nhiu. V vy s r hn
gi thnh sn phm. giai on sau th lng tinh du s dn dn t i, nu so vi gi
thnh th s cao hn.
2.2.4.3 Thu hi tinh du t nc chng
Khi chng ct tinh du, trong nc c ln mt lng tinh du kh ln, ty thuc vo
mc ha tan ca tinh du, kh nng nh ha cng nh s khc nhau v trng lng
gia tinh du v nc m mc ha tan ca tinh du i vi mi loi nguyn liu c
khc nhau.
Tinh du ha tan trong nc hai dng: phn tn trng thi nh tng v ha tan
tinh du tan ln vo trong nc. Dng u tin c th dng phng php lng hoc ly tm
tch, dng sau dng phng php ct li.
Phng php tch tinh du tan ln vo nhau trong nc bng ly tm trong thc t t
dng. Nhng phng php ny c c s v trin vng trong tng lai. Trn thc t,
phng php lng khng c kh nng tch ht lng tinh du c trong nc. u im ca
phng php ly tm va lng l c th tch c tinh du ha tan trong nc chng m
khng cn tc nhn nhit-yu t lm gim cht lng tinh du.
Tch tinh du bng phng php ct li ch yu da vo s khc nhau ca p sut
hi nc v tinh du. tin hnh ct li nc chng, ngi ta c th cho kt hp vi
trng hp ct li tinh du t nguyn liu bng cch cho nc ngng chy quay li ni
nc ct. Phng php ny cho n nay c ng dng nhiu, tinh du thu c bng
phng php ct li c phm cht km hn tinh du thu c t nguyn liu. V vy loi
tinh du ny c s dng nh nhng tinh du ch bin nhng sn phm km gi tr
hn nh x phng.
16
2.2.4.4 X l tinh du th
Tinh du sau khi ct, thu c t thit b phn ly cn cha nhiu tp cht, v vy cn
phi em x l bng cch lng, lm sch nc v lc ngay. C nh vy sn phm thu
c mi bo qun v s dng tt.
Lng
Mc ch lm lng l tch cc hp cht v c, hu c v mt s tp cht khc ln
vo trong tinh du. Lng thng ko di t 24 n 48 gi trong cc thit b lng c y
hnh cn.
17
18
Cn phi ch rng trong trng hp dng Na2SO4 hoc bng mui n, ngoi nc
th tinh du cng b hp thu theo khong 25-30% tnh theo trng lng ca chng. Bi
vy, cn phi ly li tinh du c trong cc mui . Mun vy sau khi lm khan, khi
tho tinh du ra ht khi thit b, ngi ta ly Na2SO4 hoc mui n c ln tinh du ha
tan vo nc m t 35-40 oC, mui s ha tan vo nc cn tinh du ni ln trn tch
ring ra.
Lc
Sau cng, dng cc thit b c c lm bay hi nc v tip tc cho kt tinh li
mui dng tip cho cc t sau. Sau khi lm khan, tinh du c chuyn qua b phn
lc, ty thuc khi lng tinh du c th tin hnh lc bng giy lc hoc cc thit b c
vi lc. i vi giy lc cn thn trng v d b rch, nn lc qua my lc. Tt c cc loi
giy lc, vi lc c ln tinh du nn cho vo thit b ct li ht tinh du ln trong ,
nn cho vo cng vi nguyn liu chng ct li.
2.2.4.5 ng gi
Tinh du sn phm sau khi lc v lm khan c a vo phn xng bao b.
Trong thi gian ny, phng th nghim ca x nghip cn phi kim tra nh gi tng loi
sn phm c s liu c th gi km theo nguyn liu.
Tinh du c ng gi trong cc thng, l, bi-ng lm bng thic hoc bng
nhm, thc hin ng theo yu cu ca tiu chun. Thng thng cc loi tinh du khng
nn ng gi qu 10 kg, trong mi loi v, i vi tinh du hng ch nn ng gi ti a 1
kg. Cc loi tinh du c s lng nhiu nh tinh du hi, s, mi dng cc thng phi
bng st c trng thic. Cc loi bao b cn phi tht kh v sch, khng c bin dng.
Nu tinh du c ng vo cc loi chai hoc l thy tinh th phi ng thm hp
g bn ngoi, bn trong cn phi chn bng cc vt liu xp, nh trnh v. Sau
nim phong cn thn, nu bao b trong cc loi thng khc th sau khi cha y tinh du
cn phi hn kn np li. Mi loi bao b cn c ghi nhn hiu y v c dn hoc
ng km theo.
19
2.3 K thut vi bc
2.3.1 Khi qut v vi bc
2.3.1.1 Khi nim [18]
Theo Young S.L. (1993), k thut vi bc c nh ngha: l k thut bao gi cc cht rn,
lng hay kh vo trong mt lp v bc cc mng vi kch thc ht trong khong
micromet (m). Lp v ny s gi v bo v cht nn khng b bin i lm gim cht
lng (i vi nhng cht mn cm vi nhit ) hay hn ch tn tht (i vi cc cht d
bay hi). Cht c vi bc ny ch gii phng ra ngoi trong mt s iu kin c bit.
K thut vi bc tinh du gm hai giai on: phn tn tinh du thnh nhng ht rt nh
trong nc bng thit b ng ha (to nh tng). Nu kch thc ht tinh du cng nh
th s lng tinh du t do nm trn b mt cc ht bt cng t nn lng tinh du tip xc
vi khng kh cng thp, nh vy c th hn ch lng tinh du b oxy ha v tht thot
khi sy v bo qun.
Ngi ta xc nh cht lng ca sn phm c vi bc da vo hai ch tiu chnh, l
hiu sut vi bc (MEY: Microencapsulation Yield) v hiu qu vi bc (MEE:
Microencapsulation Efficiency).
Hiu sut vi bc l t l gia lng tinh du trong sn phm so vi lng cht bo ban u
trong dch sa. Lng tinh du thu c trong bt thnh phm chnh l lng tinh du
c vi bc. Hiu sut vi bc c tnh theo cng thc:
20
21
22
Hnh 2.12 : C ch phng thch tinh du do ht b nng chy hoc phn hy sinh hc
Phng thch do nh t t: tinh du gii phng t t theo c ch khuch tn phn t
di tc dng ca m khng kh cao hoc nhit cao v cc iu kin bn ngoi.
23
24
liu i vo v sn phm ly ra lin tc. Thi gian to mng bao chnh l thi gian ht i t
ca vo nguyn liu n ca ly sn phm ra, thi gian ny ph thuc vo tc di
chuyn ca ht v chiu di bung sy.
2.3.2.2 Phng php p n
S dng mng li carbonhydrate trng thi gng.
Sn phm c bn oxy ha cao tuy nhin hng liu b mt mt cao nu cu trc
carbohydrate khng hon chnh. Phng php ny ch yu s dng trong phng th
nghim.
2.3.2.3 Phng php t git
Tinh du c to thnh nh tng cng vi dung dch cha gelatin v gum arabic.
Khi thay i iu kin nhit v pH s lm gelatin b kt ta v bao ly git tinh du.
Phng php ny cn nhiu hn ch: phc tp, c, gi thnh cao v mt mt hng liu
nhiu nn t c s dng trong thc t. Qu trnh gm 3 giai on:
To git.
Hnh thnh mng.
Phn lp capsule.
2.3.2.4 Phng php sy phun
Sy phun l qu trnh bin i dng nhp liu dng lng (dung dch, nh tng,
huyn ph) thnh sn phm dng bt kh di tc dng ca nhit. Dch lng c phun
thnh dng ht mn (sng) vo trong bung sy, tip xc vi dng khng kh nng lm
cho nc bc hi vi tc rt nhanh, to sn phm dng bt kh mn.
Qu trnh sy phun c nhng u im sau:
C th sy c cc sn phm nhy cm vi nhit , cc sn phm sinh hc p
sut thng v nhit thp.
Nguyn liu tip xc vi tc nhn sy trong thi gian rt ngn, do nhit ca
nguyn liu khng b tng qu cao. Nh vy m gim thiu c s bin i ca sn phm
cng nh hn ch s tn tht ca cht dinh dng.
Phng php sy phun to sn phm dng ht cu, sn phm c ng nht cao v
hnh dng v kch thc.
25
26
27
Tnh cht:
Dng rn, c ng knh d= 2 3 cm, c mu vng hay vng nu.
Tan trong nc to dung dch keo, dnh.
Khng tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh ether, benzen, chloroform, c th tan
trong cn thp .
B ta bi ch acetat trung tnh hoc kim
nht thay i theo pH,
Cu to thng, d to mng, t dnh.
Cng dng :
Gum arabic c s dng lm cc vt liu nn thin nhin ph bin vi bc
cc thc phm. N tan trong nc, c nht thp, v c tnh dng nh tng lm cho
n rt linh hot vi hu ht cc phng php vi bc.
Gum arabic l vt liu bc c s dng nhiu nht bng sy phun. N l mt cht
nh ha t nhin v c s dng nh mt cht ngn cn s mt mt cc thnh phn trong
sn xut thc phm. So vi cc maltodextrin, modified starch th gum arabic c kh nng
lu gi cc thnh phn thc phm tt hn trong qu trnh lm kh v bo qun, chng li
qu trnh oxy ha. Nhng nhc im ca loi gum ny l kh kim v gi thnh cao.
Maltodextrin.
Theo nh ngha ca C quan Thc phm v Thuc ca Hoa K (DFA) th
maltodextrin l cc loi polysaccharide khng ngt, c cng thc (C6H10O5)n.H2O, l sn
phm thu phn tinh bt khng hon ton ( bng enzyme hoc acid ), c ng lng
dextrose (DE) t 4 n 20. c tnh ca maltodextrin ph thuc vo ch s DE nhn c.
sn phm c th dng bt mu trng hoc dung dch m c. Maltodextrin c tha
nhn l ph gia cho thc phm v dc phm an ton cho ngi dng trc tip. c tnh
ho l tng, gim ph thuc vo ch s DE.
Maltodextrin c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc ch bin thc phm v
dc phm. sn phm c DE 4 7 c s dng to mng mng d tan v t hu c
dng bc ko, bc tri cy khi bo qun, a vo kem, lm ph gia cho cc loi nc
st, lm cht n to vin trong cng nghip dc.
28
29
Chng 3:
VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
30
My ng ha to nh tng.
My sy phun.
My ng gi chn khng.
Cn 2 s l.
T ht.
T m cha bnh ht m.
L nng lm bnh.
Bnh ht m: 5 ci.
Chn nhm xc nh m Ng v bt thnh phm.
Ci v chy s nghin bt sn phm b ng cc khi th nghim xc nh ng
ng nhit ht m.
Ti ng gi chn khng, l nha ng mu sau khi sy phun.
Cc thit b ph khc trong phng th nghim.
3.4 Phng php th nghim
3.4.1 Phng php phn tch cc ch tiu
3.4.1.1 m Ng
S dng t sy Memmert, ci t nhit 75 oC.
Ly 3 chn nhm sch, nh s th t cho tng chn sau cho vo t sy 75 oC vi
thi gian 30 pht cho kh hon ton, ly chn nhm ra cho vo bnh ht m y kn ch
chn ngui. khi chn nhm ngui, ly ra cn xc nh khi lng ca chn nhm (mc).
Ly 3 mu Ng ca th nghim cn phn tch, mi mu khong 10 (g). Ct nh Ng thnh
cc on khong 0,5 (cm), cho vo 3 chn nhm trn v cn khi lng ca tng chn
khi c Ng (mt1). Cho 3 chn cha Ng ny vo t sy 75 oC vi thi gian 4 ngy.
Khi lng cui cng ny chnh l khi lng ca chn nhm v khi lng ca ng kh
tuyt i ca mu tng ng (mt2).
m Ng c xc nh theo cng thc:
m tuyt i:
31
m tng i:
Trong :
o: m tuyt i ca Ng (%).
: m tng i ca Ng (%).
mt1: khi lng chn nhm kh v Ng m (g).
mt2: khi lng chn nhm kh v Ng kh tuyt i (g).
mc: khi lng chn nhm kh (g).
m Ng em sy bng trung bnh cng m ca 3 mu sy trn.
m tng i:
32
Trong :
o: m tuyt i ca bt cht bao hoc bt vi bc( %).
: m tng i ca bt cht bao hoc bt vi bc (%).
mt1: khi lng chn nhm kh v bt m (g).
mt2: khi lng chn nhm kh v bt kh tuyt i (g).
mc: khi lng chn nhm kh (g).
m bt em sy bng trung bnh cng m ca 3 mu sy trn.
Trong :
MEY: hiu sut thu hi du tng (%).
mhh: khi lng hn hp em sy (g).
Cr: nng cht rn trong hn hp em sy (%).
mB: khi lng bt vi bc m em phn tch (g).
33
Trong :
MEE: hm lng du vi bc (%).
EMY: hiu sut thu hi du tng.
mhh: khi lng hn hp em sy (g).
Cr: nng cht rn trong hn hp em sy (%).
mB: khi lng bt vi bc m em phn tch (g).
B: m tng i ca mu bt vi bc em phn tch (%).
Vtd1: th tch tinh du phi vo hn hp em sy (ml).
Vtd3: th tch tinh du thu c khi chng ct mB (g) bt vi bc (ml).
34
lng du.
Yu t nghin cu: m ca Ng theo thi gian sy.
Yu t theo di:
Nhit sy Ng.
Thi gian sy.
m ca Ng theo thi gian.
Qui trnh thc hin:
Ng mua v c lm sch cc tp cht: l cy, c l, cc l a, thiSau chia
ra lm 3 phn tng ng vi 3 ln lp li ca th nghim, mi phn khong 50 (g) v nh
th t t 1 n 3 cho cc phn.
Dng cn 2 s l cn tng phn mt sau ri u thnh lp mng khong 3 cm)
trn khay ca t sy ci t nhit theo yu cu (50 oC hoc 70 oC).
C sau 2 ting thc hin cn ln lt c 3 mu cho n khi khi lng khng i
sau 3 ln cn lin tip, khi m Ng t cn bng nhit ang sy.
Chnh nhit t sy ln 105 oC, tip tc sy v c sau 1 ting thc hin cn ln
lt c 3 mu cho n khi khi lng khng i sau 3 ln lin tip. Khi lng ny l
khi lng kh tuyt i ca cc mu Ng tng ng. Ngng sy v ghi s liu tnh
m Ng theo thi gian sy.
35
36
Ln mua Ng
1
A11
A21
16
A12
A22
24
A13
A23
32
A14
A24
Nhit sy 70 oC:
Thi gian sy(h)
Ln mua Ng
1
B11
B21
B12
B22
B13
B23
12
B14
B24
37
38
Ln mua Ng
1
C11
C21
16
C12
C22
24
C13
C23
32
C14
C24
39
1/4
20
D1
D2
30
D3
D4
40
mt Pipet khc ht cht to nh (Tween -80 theo t l 0.05 % so vi th tch tinh du) cho
vo Becher. Gn vo thit b ng ho v dng giy nhm bt kn ming Becher. ng
ho hn hp tc 6000 vng/pht vi thi gian 15 pht cho hn hp tr nn ng nht
(nh tng). Sau khi ng ho xong v sinh thit b ng ho bng cch dng nc
chy my ng ho tc cao cho n khi thy nc sau ng ho trong hon ton l
c.
Sau khi to nh tng, em sy bng my sy phun nhit 130 oC, lu lng
nhp liu 2 (ml/pht). Trc v sau khi sy phun phi v sinh my bng nc sch v sy
kh my.
Sn phm sau khi sy phun c ng trong hp nha, y np v ng gi chn
khng ch phn tch hm lng du tng v du b mt.
3.4.3.2 Th nghim xc nh nh hng ca nng tinh du
Mc ch: V khi tng hm lng tinh du ln s lm gim hiu qu vi bao, do
th nghim ny kho st v v th mi tng quan gia nng tinh du v hiu qu vi
bao nhm chn ra t l phi tinh du ph hp v t hiu qu kinh t cao.
Yu t nghin cu: nh hng ca nng tinh du ln hiu qu vi bao.
Ch tiu theo di:
Nng tinh du.
m sn phm sy.
Hm lng du tng.
Hm lng du b mt.
B tr th nghim:
B tr th nghim 1 yu t, th nghim c b tr theo kiu ngu nhin y
(CRD).
Yu t nghin cu l nng tinh du vi 4 nghim thc: 0.005, 0.015, 0.025 v
0.035 % khi lng so vi tng khi lng dung dch trc khi sy phun.
Cc th nghim c tin hnh vi cht bao l Maltodextrin nng 30% khi
lng so vi tng khi lng dung dch trc khi sy phun.
Cc th nghim c nh k hiu v c tin hnh mt cch ngu nhin.
41
T l tinh du (%)
kh(%)
0.005
0.015
0.025
0.035
30
E1
E2
E3
E4
42
Ln lp li
KCl
NaCl
NaNO3
MgCl2
Mg(NO3)2
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F21
F22
F23
F24
F25
43
cc dung dch mui bo ho trong t m 35 oC trong thi gian 24 ting. Sau 24 ting ly
cc bnh ra, xem di y bnh, nu bnh no mui tan ht th tip tc thm mui vo
v khuy ng thi gia nhit cho t trng thi bo ho 35 oC. Sau li b vo t m
v sau 24 ting ly ra xem, nu vn cn d lp mui di y bnh l c.
Chun b mu:
V phi sy nhiu ln mi bt th nghim do , cc l bt sy cc ln
khc nhau c trn chung vi nhau cho ng u. Ly 50 (g) em phn tch hm lng
du tng ban u ca sn phm, ly 15 (g) bt chia lm 3 mu xc nh m ca bt
trc khi th nghim. Phn bt cn li c chia u lm 10 phn bng nhau tng ng
vi 5 nghim thc v 2 ln lp li.
V lng bt nhiu do gim thi gian th nghim v tng ng u, mi
mu c chia lm 2 phn bng nhau, cn khi lng mi a nha sau ri u mi
phn thnh mt lp mng ln mt a. B tr mi bnh ht m cha 4 a tng ng vi 2
mu, cc a c xp chng ln nhau v gi khong cch gia cc a thng thong
m bo m s i lu ca khng kh v m ca khng kh c ng u. y kn
np cc bnh ht m v t trong t m c ci t 35 oC.
Theo di khi lng:
Trong 5 ngy u tin ca th nghim, khng tin hnh cn mu. T ngy th 5
tr i, tin hnh cn mu nh k 2 ngy 1 ln, cho n khi kt qu gia hai ln cn chnh
lch khng qu 0,01 (g) th kt thc th nghim. Trong qu trnh th nghim, do ht m
lm bt b kt dnh thnh khi do m bo s ng u v lm cho cc ht bt
trong cng t cn bng (trnh hin tng cn bng b mt), sau mi ln cn dng ci v
chy s kh, sch tn nh cc khi bt.
m cn bng c xc nh theo cng thc:
Trong :
G1: khi lng kh ca mu (g).
G2: khi lng ca mu ln cn cui (g).
44
45
Ln lp li
Vi bc
Khng vi bc
Ln 1
G11
G12
Ln 2
G21
G22
46
47
Chng 4:
KT QU V THO LUN
m tng i (%)
93,39
92,05
90,36
88,37
85,4
82,3
80,38
15,56
m tuyt i (%)
1414,20
1158,02
936,19
763,52
592,89
474,99
420,37
19,60
48
1600
1400
1200
y = -95.097x + 1375.2
R = 0.9898
1000
800
ng tc
600
gim tc
400
200
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
m tuyt i(%)
1286,05
656,78
257,86
51,53
9,71
7,89
7,05
49
1400
m tuyt i (%)
1200
y = -257.05x + 1247.7
R = 0.9835
1000
800
ng tc
600
gim tc
400
y = 83477x -4.189
R = 0.9785
200
0
0
10
12
50
Sy Ng 70 oC: 0, 4, 8 v 12 gi.
4.1.2 nh hng ca nhit v thi gian sy ln hm lng tinh du
Nhit sy 50 oC:
S liu thu c:
Bng 4.3: Lng tinh du thu c khi chng ct cc mu sy 50 oC
Thi gian
sy(gi)
0
16
24
32
m tng i(%)
Ln 1
93,4
81,4
74,9
19,3
Ng ti khi mua v em
Tinh du thu c
(ml/kg Ng kh)
Ln 2
Ln 1
Ln 2
90,5
13,8
5,98
78,6
10,1
3,79
42,5
7,94
2,42
5,8
3.01
0,52
chng ct ngay c xem nh khng tn tht (tn tht
Trong :
T: tn tht tinh du khi chng ct t Ng sy so vi Ng ti(%).
V1: th tch tinh du thu c khi chng ct Ng ti(ml/kg Ng kh tuyt i).
V2: th tch tinh du thu c khi chng ct Ng sy(ml/kg Ng kh tuyt i)
Sau khi tnh ton thu c bng s liu:
Bng 4.4: Bng s liu tn tht tinh du theo thi gian sy 50 oC
Tn tht tinh du
(%)
Ln 1
Ln 2
0
0
0
16
26.80421
36.55682
24
42.46227
59.50112
32
78.18063
91.38411
Lp bng ANOVA kho st s nh hng ca cc yu t.
Thi gian
sy(gi)
51
S dng trc nghim phn hng LSD so snh s khc bit gia cc nghim thc.
Nhn vo bng trc nghim phn hng LSD c trnh by ph lc Ib, chng ti nhn
thy rng tn tht tinh du khi sy 50 oC cc thi gian sy 0, 16, 24 v 32 gi c s
khc bit r rng.
T bng s liu 4.3, hi quy tuyn tnh chng ti nhn thy rng gi tr hng s a
trong phng trnh: y=a+bx khng c ngha tin cy 95 % (p=0,53>0,05).
kim tra tnh ph hp ca m hnh hi quy, s dng phn tch tnh khng ph
hp (lack of fit test) v nhn thy gi tr p=0,26>0,05 nn m hnh tuyn tnh l hon ton
ph hp (ph lc Id).
So snh gi tr R2 ca m hnh tuyn tnh vi cc m hnh khc theo ph lc Ie,
chng ti nhn thy rng gi tr R2 ca m hnh Square root-y ln nht v m hnh tuyn
tnh c R2 ln th hai. Tuy nhin kt qu phn tch lack of fit test li cho thy m hnh
tuyn tnh ph hp hn. Do , chng ti chn m hnh th hin mi tng quan gia thi
gian sy v mc tn tht tinh du ti nhit sy 50 oC l m hnh tuyn tnh.
Hnh 4.3: Biu th hin tnh ph hp m hnh hi quy tn tht tinh du theo thi gian
sy Ng ti nhit 50 oC
Nhn vo hnh 4.3 chng ti nhn thy rng cc im thc nghim phn b rt gn
vi ng hi quy, iu cho thy tnh ph hp ca m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh.
52
53
Nhit sy 70oC:
S liu thu c:
Bng 4.5: Lng tinh du thu c khi chng ct cc mu sy 70 oC
Tinh du thu c
(ml/kg Ng kh)
m tng i (%)
Thi gian(gi)
Ln 1
Ln 2
Ln 1
0
93,13
93,7
11,29
4
78,95
89,19
4,77
8
77,14
56,8
3,69
12
15
14,16
0,34
Ng ti khi mua v em chng ct ngay c xem nh khng tn tht
Ln 2
15,5
10,57
4,31
0,24
(tn tht 0%).
Trong :
T: tn tht tinh du khi chng ct t Ng sy so vi Ng ti(%).
V1: th tch tinh du thu c khi chng ct Ng ti(ml/kg Ng kh tuyt i).
V2: th tch tinh du thu c khi chng ct Ng sy(ml/kg Ng kh tuyt i)
Sau khi tnh ton thu c bng s liu:
Bng 4.6: Tn tht tinh du theo thi gian sy Ng ti nhit sy 70 oC
Thi gian(gi)
Ln 2
57,73
31,85
67,32
72,23
12
97
98,43
54
Trc nghim phn hng LSD so snh gia cc nghim thc (Ph lc Ig), chng ti
nhn thy c hai cp nghim thc khng c s khc bit:
sy 4 gi vi sy 8 gi.
Sy 8 gi v sy 12 gi.
Cc cp cn li u c s khc bit r rng.
T bng s liu 4.4, phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh (Ph lc Ih) chng ti nhn thy
rng gi tr hng s a trong phng trnh: y=a+bx khng c ngha tin cy 95%
(p=0,38>0,05).
Phn tch tnh khng ph hp ca hi quy (lack of fit test) theo Ph lc Ii, chng ti
nhn thy gi tr P=0,41>0,05 nn m hnh tuyn tnh hon ton ph hp m t kt qu
th nghim.
So snh vi cc m hnh hi quy khc (Ph lc Ij), gi tr R2 ca m hnh tuyn
tnh: 94,92(%) l ln nht. iu cho thy m hnh tuyn tnh l ph hp nht vi
biu din kt qu th nghim.
Hnh 4.6: Biu th hin tnh ph hp m hnh hi quy tn tht tinh du theo thi gian
sy Ng ti nhit 70 oC
55
Nhn vo hnh 4.6 chng ti nhn thy rng cc im thc nghim phn b rt gn
vi ng hi quy, iu cho thy tnh ph hp ca m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh.
56
57
m tng i (%)
Ln 1
93,4
81,4
74,9
19,3
Ln 2
90,5
78,6
42,5
5,8
Tinh du thu c
(ml/kg Ng kh)
Ln 1
13,8
10,1
7,94
3.01
Ln 2
5,98
3,79
2,42
0,52
Lng tinh du ln nht thu c mi nghim thc (sau 3 ting chng ct lin
tip m lng tinh du khng tng thm) c xem l 100% tinh du ca nghim
thc y. Cc thi im khc c xc nh theo cng thc:
Trong :
58
V d:
khi chng ct Ng sy nhit 50oC, thi gian sy 16 gi. Sau thi gian 2 ting
thu c th tch tinh du 0,18(ml). Sau thi gian chng ct 3 gi (3 gi chng ct
tip theo lng tinh du thu c khng tng thm) thu c 0,21(ml).
Hm lng tinh du thu c sau thi gian 2 gi:
Sy 16 gi
Sy 24 gi
Sy 32 gi
Ln 1
Ln 2
Ln 1
Ln 2
Ln 1
Ln 2
Ln 1
Ln 2
46.66
80.95
84,21
85.71
28.57
52.63
72.72
0
68,5
73.33
90.47
94,74
95.23
90.47
100
100
93.33
95.23
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
59
Hnh 4.9 : Biu th hin tnh ph hp ca m hnh hi quy hm lng tinh du thu
c theo thi gian chng ct
Nhn trn th Hnh 4.9 cho thy cc s liu thc nghim phn b rt gn vi
ng hi quy. iu chng t m hnh hi quy square root-x ph hp biu din kt
qu th nghim.
60
Hnh 4.10 th th hin hm lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian chng ct khi sy
Ng 50 oC vi thi gian 0 gi
xc nh gii hn chng ct (thi im ngng chng ct) s dng th trn vi
trc bn phi l gi thnh tinh du.
X l nh trn vi cc nghim thc cn li ta thu c cc th:
Ng sy 16 gi ti nhit 50oC:
Hnh 4.11 : th th hin hm lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian chng ct khi sy
Ng 50oC vi thi gian 16 gi
Ng sy 24 gi ti nhit 50oC:
61
Hnh 4.12: th th hin hm lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian chng ct khi sy
Ng 50oC vi thi gian 24 gi
Ng sy 32 gi ti nhit 50oC:
Hnh 4.13 : th th hin hm lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian chng ct khi sy
Ng 50 oC vi thi gian 32 gi
62
16
24
32
Ln 1
Ln 2
T bng ANOVA (Ph lc Im) cho thy nh hng ca thi gian sy ln thi gian
chng ct c ngha v mt thng k vi tin cy 95%.
Da vo bng trc nghim LSD (Ph lc In) cho thy khi sy Ng 16 gi v 24
gi khng c nh hng khc bit ln thi gian chng ct tinh du Ng.
Hi quy tuyn tnh (Ph luc Io) cho thy c gi tr a v b trong phng trnh hi
quy tuyn tnh u c ngha tin cy 95%.
Trc nghim tnh khng ph hp (lack of fit test) trong Ph lc In cho thy gi tr
p=1>0,05 iu cho thy m hnh tuyn tnh l hon ton ph hp m t kt qu th
nghim.
so snh vi cc m hnh tuyn tnh khc chng ti s dng phn tch
Comparison of Alternative Models (Ph lc Iq), kt qu phn tch cho thy gi tr R2 ca
m hnh tuyn tnh l ln nht. iu cho thy m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh l ph hp
nht biu din kt qu th nghim ny.
Qua nhng phn tch trn v t bng s liu 4.5 v c th:
63
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
y = -0.0625x + 4
R = 0.8974
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
64
Ln 1
47,32
Ln 2
48,27
Ln 3
37,61
Ln 4
43,74
Ln 5
49,45
Ln 6
43.31
Trung bnh
44,95
Nhn vo bng s liu 4.6 cho thy hiu sut thu hi bt qua my sy phun kh
thp. iu ny do my sy phun s dng l my sy phun th nghim, cha ti u ha v
cc iu kin hot ng v do lng mu sy th nghim nh nn t l dnh thnh cao.
Hiu sut thu hi tinh du tng sau khi sy phun (%):
Th nghim ny c tin hnh vi nng tinh du bng 0,5% khi lng so vi
tng khi lng dung dch trc khi sy phun.
Bng 4.11: nh hng ca nng v t l cht bao ln hiu sut thu hi tinh du
tng sau khi sy phun (%)
65
Ln th
nghim
Nng
cht kh
(%)
T l Maltodextrin/gum
arabic
1/0
4/1
20
64,02
28,76
30
72,25
50,3
20
53,11
27,37
30
2,79
52,66
Ln 1
Ln 2
nhau.
Thc hin trc nghim phn hng LSD so snh nh hng ca hai t l cht bao
n hiu sut thu hi tinh du tng (Ph lc IIb) chng ti nhn thy gia hai t l cht
bao c s khc bit r rng. Trn Ph lc IIb cho thy vi t l gum arabic/maltodextrin
bng 0/1 c LS Mean bng 63,0425 ln hn gi tr LS Mean ca t l 1/4 do c th kt
lun:
T l cht bao: gum arabic/maltodextrin bng 0/1 l ph hp nht (ch c
Maltodextrin khng c gum arabic).
Trc nghim phn hng LSD so snh nh hng ca hai nng cht bao n
hiu sut thu hi tinh du tng (Ph lc IIc) chng ti nhn thy gia hai nng cht bao
c s khc bit r rng. Trn Ph lc IIc cho thy vi nng 30 (%) c LS Mean bng
59,5 ln hn gi tr LS Mean ca nng 20 (%) do c th kt lun:
Nng cht bao bng 30 (%) l ph hp hn nng 20 (%).
66
Hnh 4.15: th th hin hiu sut thu hi tinh du tng theo nng v t l cht mang
Hm lng du b mt ca cc mu sy phun:
Bng 4.12: nh hng ca nng v t l cht bao ln hm lng du b mt (%)
Ln th nghim
Nng cht
kh (%)
4/1
20
14,88
15,6
30
23,84
20
20,07
20
30
20
Ln 1
Ln 2
14,7
67
Ln th nghim
0,5
1,5
2,5
3,5
Ln 1
72,25
87,8
43,3
46,76
Ln 2
62,79
65,22
61,84
47,36
Lp bng ANOVA (Ph lc IIIa). T bng ANOVA cho thy s thay i nng
tinh du t 0,5 (%) n 3,5 (%) khng nh hng ti hiu sut thu hi du tng
(p=0,1515>0,05) tin cy 95 (%).
Trc nghim phn hng LSD ta c kt qu (Ph lc IIIb ) cho thy khng c s
khc bit gia cc nghim thc tin cy 95(%).
X l hi quy:
68
Phn tch Comparison of Alternative Models (Ph lc IIIc) cho thy m hnh
Reciprocal-y l ph hp nht m t s liu v c gi tr R2=0,5421 ln nht. Tuy nhin
gi tr R2 ny kh nh cho thy tnh ph hp ca m hnh khng cao.
Bng phn tch hi quy (Ph lc IIId) cho thy c hai gi tr a v b ca phng
trnh hi quy u c ngha tin cy 95 (%).
Hi quy bc 2 v bc 3 u khng c ngha (Ph lc IIIe v IIIf).
th th hin mi tng quan:
1,5
2,5
3,5
Ln 1
23,84
6,4
24,14
5,4
Ln 2
20
11,2
13,35
1,7
69
Qua bng ANOVA (Ph lc IIIg) cho thy nh hng ca nng tinh du ln
hm lng du b mt l c ngha tin cy 95(%).
Trc nghim phn hng LSD cho cc nghim thc (Ph lc IIIh).
Phn tch Comparison of Alternative Models (Ph lc IIIi) cho thy gi tr R2 ca
cc m hnh hi quy u rt nh. iu cho thy khng c m hnh hi quy no ph hp
m t kt qu th nghim.
Kt lun:
Khi tng nng tinh du trong khong t 0,5(%) n 3,5(%) th khng lm nh
hng ti hiu sut thu hi du tng. C lm nh hng ti hm lng du b mt nhng
khng theo qui lut hi quy, s nh hng y c th do sai s th nghim.
3.2.3 Th nghim ng nhit ht m
Sau khi tin hnh th nghim cho thy thi gian cn thit mu t m cn
bng khong 3 tun.
Bng 4.15: Kt qu th nghim th hin mi tng quan gia m khng kh v m
cn bng ca sn phm bt vi bc nhit 35oC
Dung dch mui bo ho
ERH (%)
EMC (%)
Mg(NO3)2
52
5,78
MgCl2
60
7,8
NaNO3
70
12,15
NaCl
82
12,41
KCl
90
16,73
Nhn vo bng ANOVA (Ph lc IVa) cho thy cc nghim thc (m khng kh)
c nh hng ti m cn bng ca sn phm bt vi bc v mt thng k tin cy
95(%) v gi tr p=0<0,05.
70
Trn bng trc nghim phn hng LSD (Ph lc IVb) cho thy gia cc nghim
thc c s khc bit r rng, ch c nghim thc c ERH bng 70 v nghim thc c ERH
bng 82 l khng c s khc bit.
Phn tch hi quy:
Phn tch Comparison of Alternative Models (Ph lc IVc) cho thy m hnh tuyn
tnh c gi tr R2=0,91 l kh ln. iu cho thy m hnh tuy tnh l ph hp m t
kt qu th nghim.
Phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh (Ph lc Ivd) cho thy c hai gi tr a v b trong
phng trnh hi quy u c ngha tin cy 95 (%).
71
Trong :
TTD l tn tht tinh du khi bo qun (%).
VTD1: lng tinh du trong sn phm sau khi sy phun (ml/kg bt kh).
VTD2: lng tinh du trong sn phm ti m cn bng (ml/kg bt kh).
72
Ln 2
5,777
5,4
7,804
32,6
32,6
12,15
47
47,6
12,41
45,6
46,3
16,73
49,2
46
Trn bng ANOVA (Ph lc IVe) cho thy nh hng ca cc nghim thc ti hm
lng du tng l c ngha tin cy 95 (%).
Nhn bng trc nghim phn hng LSD (Ph lc IVf) chng ti nhn thy khi m
sn phm t t 12,4085 tr i th tn tht tinh du khng cn thay i na. iu
ny ni ln hiu qu ca qu trnh vi bc, khi m t 12,4085 th hm lng du b mt
b tht thot ht v ch cn li du vi bc.
X l hi quy:
Phn tch hi quy bc 3 (Ph lc IVc) cho thy m hnh hi quy c gi tr R2=0,997
l rt ln. iu cho thy m hnh hi quy bc 3 rt ph hp biu din kt qu th
nghim.
Phn tch hi quy bc 3 (Ph lc IVg) cho thy c bn gi tr a, b, c v d ca
phng trnh hi quy u c ngha tin cy 95 (%).
73
Hnh 4.19 : Biu th hin tnh ph hp m hnh hi quy tn tht tinh du theo m
cn bng
74
Paperboard
3333
Polypropylene
137
Cellophane/ polyethylene
102
1mil polyethylene
86
Polyethylene-terephthalate
50
Polyester
33
PET/PE
19
Polyester/foil/PE
Trong :
Mdi v Mdtt ln lt l m ban u v m ti thi im t ca thc phm.
Mdcb (EMC) l m cn bng ca thc phm ng vi m tng i ca khng kh
xung quanh. T l nghch o ca t s m . e l s thm tng th. k/x l s thm ca
mng bao gi(bng 4.13). pv l p sut hi nc bo ha ti nhit mi trng xung
75
quanh (mmHg). S l din tch b mt ca bao gi (m2). Gsa l khi lng cht kh ca
thc phm trong bao gi (kg). Hng s b l dc ca on thng ht m ng nhit khi
gi thit tuyn tnh.
p dng cc cng thc trn tnh:
Nhn trn hnh 4.18 cho thy giai on u mc tn tht tinh du rt cao. Gi s chp
nhn tn tht khong 20 % lng tinh du trong qu trnh bo qun, tra gin 4.18
chng ti chn m sn phm khi kt thc thi gian bo qun l 6,5 %. Khi lm th
nghim ng nhit ht m, ti m 6,5 % sn phm vn gi c ti, khng b vn
cc, bin i mu (tnh cm quan cn tt).
Mdcb = 0,263 ERH 7,59 = 0,263*75-7,59 = 12,13(%)
Gi s chn hai loi bao b tnh ton: bao b hai lp PET/PE v bao b 3 lp
Polyester/foil/PE (bng 4.13)
Khi ng gi, c 1 bao b c kch thc 0,150,2(m) cha c 0,1(kg) bt kh nn
Kt lun:
76
Vi bc
Ln 1
20
40
Ln 2
25
45
T bng ANOVA (Ph lc Va) cho thy gia tinh du c vi bc v tinh du khng
vi bc c s nh hng khc bit ln hiu sut thu hi tinh du sau khi ch bin.
Nhn vo bng kt qu trc nghim phn hng LSD chng ti nhn thy gia hai
mu c s khc bit r rng v gi tr mean ca mu du vi bc cao hn ca mu du lng.
iu chng t vic vi bc c tc ng tt n kh nng gi tinh du trong cc qu trnh
ch bin.
77
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
78
79
Chng 5:
KT LUN V NGH
5.1 Kt lun
Sau khi nghin cu v tin hnh x l s liu, chng ti rt ra nhng kt lun sau:
i vi phn chng ct tinh du:
Khi mua Ng m v nu c iu kin th nn chng ct Ng ti trnh tn tht
tinh du trong qu trnh sy.
Nu khng chng ct ngay c c th sy 50oC vi thi gian 16 ting bo
qun trong thi gian ngn (khong 2, 3 ngy).
Nu lng Ng nhiu cn bo qun lu th nn sy cc nhit thp hn trnh
tn tht tinh du.
Giai on u ca qu trnh chng ct nn iu chnh nhit thp (tc gia
nhit chm) v theo di cht ch v giai on ny lng tinh du bay ln nhiu lm p sut
tng rt nhanh d dn n b tro, bung thit b.
Khi chng ct tinh du cn theo di lin tc lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian
v so snh gia chi ph chng ct vi gi thnh sn phm xc nh thi im ngng
chng ct hp l.
Phn vi bc:
80
81
82
83
84
PH LC