You are on page 1of 95

B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC NNG LM THNH PH H CH MINH

KHA LUN TT NGHIP


NGHIN CU PHNG PHP VI BC TINH DU NG
CH TO BT HNG LIU THC PHM

H v tn sinh vin: L C N
Ngnh: CNG NGH HA HC
Nin kha: 2007-2011

Thng 08/2011

NGHIN CU PHNG PHP VI BC TINH DU NG CH


TO BT HNG LIU THC PHM

Tc gi

L C N

Kha lun c trnh p ng yu cu


cp bng k s ngnh:
Cng Ngh Ha Hc

Gio vin hng dn:


PGS. TS.TRNG VNH

Thng 08 nm 2011

LI CM T
Ngy hm nay ti c c thnh qu ny chnh l nh vo s hng dn tn tnh
ca tt c qu thy c, cng vi lng nhit tnh gip ca cc cn b v nhn vin nh
my, bn cnh l s ng vin gip t gia nh, bn b v cui cng l s n lc
ca bn thn.
Do ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh, su sc n:
Trc ht l cng lao to ln ca cha m v gia nh nui dng, dy d ti
trng thnh, ng vin ti trong sut qu trnh hc tp v chia s nhng kh khn trong
cuc sng.
Ban Gim Hiu trng i Hc Nng Lm Tp.HCM, qu thy c B mn Cng
Ngh Ha Hc cng tt c cc thy c ging dy, truyn t to nhng iu kin tt
nht ti nm bt kin thc v vn dng nhng kin thc trong thc hnh thc
hin ti ny.
Thy Trng Vnh, trng B mn Cng Ngh Ha Hc tn tnh ch dy,
truyn t kinh nghim v kin thc qu bu ti hon thnh lun vn tt nghip ny.
Tt c cc bn sinh vin lp DH07HH ng vin, gip ti khc phc kh
khn trong hc tp cng nh trong cuc sng ti t hon thin bn thn mnh v tri
thc, o c, li sng.
Sinh vin L c n

ii

TM TT
ti nghin cu Nghin cu phng php vi bc tinh du ng ch to bt
hng liu thc phm c tin hnh ti phng th nghim I4, thi gian t thng
03/2011 n thng 07/2011 di s hng dn ca PGS. TS Trng Vnh trng B mn
Cng ngh Ha hc trng i Hc Nng Lm Tp.HCM.
Ni dung chnh ca ti l nghin cu chit tch tinh du, vi bc tinh du, so snh
hiu qu qu trnh vi bc v d on thi gian bo qun sn phm.
Chng ti tin hnh cc cng vic v t c nhng kt qu nh sau:
Chn c nhit v thi gian sy ng trc khi chng ct.
Chn c nng v t l cht bao ti u.
Xc nh c nh hng ca nng tinh du ln hiu sut thu hi tinh
du trong qu trnh vi bc.
Xc nh c nh hng ca qu trnh vi bc n kh nng gi tinh du
trong qu trnh ch bin.
Xc nh c ng ng nhit ht ca sn phm 35 oC v d on c
thi gian bo qun sn phm.

iii

SUMMARY
The thesis about Research methods of Limnophila aromatica essential oil
microencapsulation to manufacturing food flavor powder was carried out at I4 laboratory
from March 2011 to August 2011 under supervision of Associate Professor Doctor
Truong Vinh, the head of Chemical Engineering faculty in Ho Chi Minh city Agriculture
and Forestry University.
The main content of this thesis was: research essential oil extraction; encapsulate
esseential oil; compared the effect of encapsulated process and predict storage time of
product.
We carried out the work and obtained these achievements:

Select the temperature and drying time before distil.

Select the optimal concentration coating and rate coating.

Determine the influence of essential oil concentration on essential oil

recovery yield in the encapsulated process.

Determine the influence of encapsulated process on retention of essential

oil during processing.

Determine the vacuum isothermal of the product at 35oC and predict storage

time of product.

iv

MC LC
TRANG TA ........................................................................................................................ i
LI CM T .......................................................................................................................ii
SUMMARY......................................................................................................................... iv
DANH SCH CC CH VIT TT ...............................................................................vii
DANH SCH CC HNH ............................................................................................... viii
DANH SCH CC BNG ................................................................................................. x
Chng 1: ............................................................................................................................. 1
M U .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 t vn ................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Mc ch tm hiu ti ............................................................................................. 2
1.3 Ni dung ti ............................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Yu cu ....................................................................................................................... 2
Chng 2: ............................................................................................................................. 3
TNG QUAN....................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Ng m v tinh du ng m........................................................................................ 3
2.2 Phng php chit tch tinh du ................................................................................. 4
2.2.1 Phn loi cc phng php tch cht thm.......................................................... 4
2.2.2 Phng php chng ct ........................................................................................ 5
2.2.3 Thit b chng ct................................................................................................. 8
2.2.4 K thut chng ct v x l tinh du th ........................................................... 12
2.3 K thut vi bc .......................................................................................................... 19
2.3.1 Khi qut v vi bc ........................................................................................... 19
2.3.2 Phng php vi bc............................................................................................ 23
2.3.3 Tc nhn vi bc .................................................................................................. 25
Chng 3: ........................................................................................................................... 29
VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ............................................................ 29
3.1 Thi gian v a im thc hin ti ..................................................................... 29
3.2 Vt liu th nghim ................................................................................................... 29
3.3 Thit b th nghim .................................................................................................... 29
3.4 Phng php th nghim ........................................................................................... 30
3.4.1 Phng php phn tch cc ch tiu ................................................................... 30
3.4.2 Chng ct tinh du ............................................................................................. 34
3.4.3 Vi bc tinh du Ng ........................................................................................... 38
Chng 4: ........................................................................................................................... 47
KT QU V THO LUN ............................................................................................ 47
4.1 Th nghim chng ct tinh du ................................................................................. 47
4.1.1 ng cong tc sy Ng............................................................................... 47
4.1.2 nh hng ca nhit v thi gian sy ln hm lng tinh du .................... 50
4.1.3 nh hng ca thi gian sy n thi gian chng ct ....................................... 57
4.2 Th nghim vi bc tinh du Ng ............................................................................... 64
4.2.1 Th nghim xc nh nng v t l cht bao ti u ....................................... 64
v

4.2.4 Th nghim xc nh hiu qu ca vi bc trong qu trnh ch bin ................... 76


4.2.5 Kt qu phn b kch thc ht ......................................................................... 77
Chng 5: ........................................................................................................................... 79
KT LUN V NGH ................................................................................................ 79
5.1 Kt lun ..................................................................................................................... 79
5.2 ngh ...................................................................................................................... 80
TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................. 82
PH LC ........................................................................................................................... 84

vi

DANH SCH CC CH VIT TT


DE: ch s thy phn tinh bt
RCBD: b tr kiu khi ngu nhin y .
EMC: m tng i bt vi bc.
ERH: m tng i khng kh.

vii

DANH SCH CC HNH


Hnh 2.1: Cy Ng m ti .................................................................................................. 3
Hnh 2.2: S thit b chng ct tinh du .......................................................................... 8
Hnh 2.3: Mt s dng thit b chng ct ............................................................................. 9
Hnh 2.4 Thit b lng tinh du dng y cn .................................................................... 16
Hnh 2.5 Thit b lm khan gin on ................................................................................ 17
Hnh 2.6 : Cu trc ht vi bc [11] ..................................................................................... 20
Hnh 2.7 : nh SEM cu trc bn trong ht vi bc tinh du [11] ...................................... 20
Hnh 2.8: Phn loi kiu vi bc .......................................................................................... 21
Hnh 2.9 : Cc dng vi bc [3] ........................................................................................... 21
Hnh 2.10: C ch phng thch tinh du do ht b v ........................................................ 22
Hnh 2.11: C ch phng thch tinh du do ht b ha tan ................................................. 22
Hnh 2.12 : C ch phng thch tinh du do ht b nng chy hoc phn hy sinh hc .... 22
Hnh 2.13: C ch phng thch tinh du dng nh t t .................................................... 23
Hnh 2.14: Qu trnh to mng bc khi sy tng si .......................................................... 23
Hnh 4.1 : ng cong sy Ng 50oC ............................................................................. 48
Hnh 4.2 : ng cong sy Ng 70oC ............................................................................. 49
Hnh 4.3: Biu th hin tnh ph hp m hnh hi quy tn tht tinh du theo thi gian
sy Ng ti nhit 50 oC .................................................................................................. 51
Hnh 4.4 Biu phn tn phn d theo trc Y ................................................................. 52
Hnh 4.5: Tn tht tinh du theo thi gian sy ti nhit 50 oC ...................................... 52
Hnh 4.6: Biu th hin tnh ph hp m hnh hi quy tn tht tinh du theo thi gian
sy Ng ti nhit 70 oC .................................................................................................. 54
Hnh 4.7: Biu phn tn phn d theo trc Y ................................................................ 55
Hnh 4.8 Tn tht tinh du theo thi gian sy ti nhit 70 oC ....................................... 56
Hnh 4.9 : Biu th hin tnh ph hp ca m hnh hi quy hm lng tinh du thu
c theo thi gian chng ct ............................................................................................ 59
Hnh 4.10 th th hin hm lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian chng ct khi sy
Ng 50 oC vi thi gian 0 gi ......................................................................................... 60
Hnh 4.11 : th th hin hm lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian chng ct khi sy
Ng 50oC vi thi gian 16 gi ........................................................................................ 60
Hnh 4.12: th th hin hm lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian chng ct khi sy
Ng 50oC vi thi gian 24 gi ........................................................................................ 61
Hnh 4.13 : th th hin hm lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian chng ct khi sy
Ng 50 oC vi thi gian 32 gi ....................................................................................... 61
Hnh 4.14 : nh hng ca thi gian sy Ng n thi gian chng ct ............................ 63
Hnh 4.15: th th hin hiu sut thu hi tinh du tng theo nng v t l cht mang
............................................................................................................................................ 66
viii

Hnh 4.16 : nh hng ca nng tinh du n hiu sut thu hi du tng ................... 68
Hnh 4.17 : Biu th hin s ph hp ca m hnh hi quy ca ng ng nhit ht
m ....................................................................................................................................... 70
Hnh 4.18 : th th hin phng trnh hi quy ng nhit ht m ................................ 71
Hnh 4.19 : Biu th hin tnh ph hp m hnh hi quy tn tht tinh du theo m
cn bng .............................................................................................................................. 73
Hnh 4.20 tn tht tinh du khi bo qun theo m sn phm. ................................. 73
Hnh 4.21: Hiu sut thu hi tinh du sau khi ch bin...................................................... 77
Hnh 4.22 : Phn b kch thc ht sn phm bt vi bc ................................................... 78

ix

DANH SCH CC BNG


Bng 4.1 m ca Ng theo thi gian sy nhit 50 oC........................................... 47
Bng 4.2 : m ca Ng theo thi gian sy nhit 70 oC ........................................ 48
Bng 4.3: Lng tinh du thu c khi chng ct cc mu sy 50 oC ........................... 50
Bng 4.4: Bng s liu tn tht tinh du theo thi gian sy 50 oC .................................. 50
Bng 4.5: Lng tinh du thu c khi chng ct cc mu sy 70 oC ........................... 53
Bng 4.6: Tn tht tinh du theo thi gian sy Ng ti nhit sy 70 oC ....................... 53
Bng 4.7: Lng tinh du thu c khi chng ct cc mu Ng sy 50 oC .................. 57
Bng 4.8: Hm lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian chng ct i vi Ng sy 50oC
(%) ...................................................................................................................................... 58
Bng 4.9 nh hng ca thi gian sy Ng n thi gian chng ct khi sy Ng 50oC62
Bng 4.10 : Hiu sut thu hi bt qua my sy phun ......................................................... 64
Bng 4.11: nh hng ca nng v t l cht bao ln hiu sut thu hi tinh du tng
sau khi sy phun (%) .......................................................................................................... 64
Bng 4.12: nh hng ca nng v t l cht bao ln hm lng du b mt (%)...... 66
Bng 4.13: nh hng ca nng tinh du n hiu sut thu hi du tng (%) ........... 67
Bng 4.14: nh hng ca nng tinh du n hm lng du b mt ......................... 68
Bng 4.15: Kt qu th nghim th hin mi tng quan gia m khng kh v m
cn bng ca sn phm bt vi bc nhit 35oC ............................................................ 69
Bng 4.16 Tn tht tinh du theo m sn phm khi bo qun ...................................... 72
Bng 4.17: S thm qua mng ca vt liu ng gi thc phm 35oC [2] ..................... 74
Bng 4.18: Hiu sut thu hi tinh du sau khi ch bin ..................................................... 76

Chng 1:
M U
1.1 t vn
Ngy nay, Ng c s dng rt nhiu trong cc ba n lm gia v gip tng
tnh hp dn cm quan v to hng v c trng cho sn phm thc phm. Ng ti c
thi gian bo qun ngn, d b dp nt trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Khi phi kh Ng s b
mt hng thm.
Tinh du Ng dng lng rt d bay hi gy tht thot, d b oxy ha khi tip xc
vi oxy v nh sng. Vi vai tr l hng liu, tinh du Ng c s dng vi hm lng
rt nh nn vic trn u tinh du dng lng vi cc nguyn liu khc trong qu trnh sn
xut thc phm l rt kh khn.
Vic nghin cu chuyn t tinh du Ng dng lng sang dng bt l mt vn
kh mi m v c t ngi quan tm, nghin cu ny gp phn gim thiu cc tn tht
khi vn chuyn v bo qun, tin li hn trong vic bo qun cng nh s dng tinh du
Ng. c bit trong thi bui cng nghip, khi con ngi s dng cc thc phm ng
hp ngy cng nhiu th vic nghin cu sn xut tinh du Ng dng bt s gip m rng
hn vic ng dng ng trong cc sn phm hp, snack, m n lin v cc vin gia v
nu n qui m cng nghip.
c s phn cng ca BM CNHH, di s hng dn ca PGS.TS.Trng Vnh
ti thc hin ti: Nghin cu nghin cu vi bc tinh du ng ch to bt hng
liu thc phm.

1.2 Mc ch tm hiu ti
Sn xut tinh du ng dng bt ng dng trong thc phm.
1.3 Ni dung ti
Nghin cu chit tch tinh du.
Nghin cu vi bc tinh du.
So snh hiu qu ca qu trnh vi bc.
D on c thi gian bo qun sn phm.
1.4 Yu cu
Tm ra phng php vi bc tinh du ng hiu qu cao.
Xc nh cc iu kin ti u trong qu trnh vi bc tinh du ng.
Xc nh hm lng tinh du tn tht khi bo qun.

Chng 2:
TNG QUAN
2.1 Ng m v tinh du ng m (hay cn gi l Ng, M om) [4], [5]

Hnh 2.1: Cy Ng m ti
Tn khoa hc Limnophila aromatica.
M t cy: Ng m l mt loi c mc b, di 20-30cm, mi rt thm, l nhn, mc
i, khng cung, hi m vo thn, phn l gn thn nh li, mp hi c rng ca, c khi
l mc thnh cm 3 l. Hoa gn nh khng c cung, mc n c nch l. Qu nang
nhn, c bu v np nhn dc theo qu. Ht nhn hnh tr mu en nht, c vn mng.
Phn b, thu hi v ch bin: rau Ng m mc hoang v c trng khp nc ta,
nhng c s dng nhiu nht cc tnh pha nam lm gia v nu canh chua, canh c.
Thng dng ti hoc phi, sy kh lm thuc.

Ti cc tnh pha Nam, ngi ta phn ra rau Ng m xanh v Ng m tm. Loi tm


hay c tm dng lm thuc nhng v him nn vn dng ph bin loi rau Ng m
xanh.
Thnh phn ha hc: trong rau Ng m c tinh du, flavonoit, cumarin, axit hu
c, ng kh.
Tinh du chng ct t Ng m c t trng 0,9934, tan trong cn 80o l 1/8.
Trong tinh du c 82,2% metylchavicol, 13,5% anisaldehyt, 3% p.metoxyzimtaldehyt,
0,5% caryophyllenoxyt, 0,4% limonen, 0,2% p.cymol v 0,2% linalot.
Tc dng dc l: rau Ng m c c tnh khng ng k v s dng an ton
ln, c tc dng li tiu, dn c, chng co tht, tc dng dn c gii thch thuc lm mt
cn au bng. Nhn dn cng dng lm gia v gip s tiu ha, n ngon cm v cn dng
gi nt p ln vt thng.
2.2 Phng php chit tch tinh du [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]
2.2.1 Phn loi cc phng php tch cht thm
2.2.1.1 Phng php c hc
Phng php c hc tng i n gin, dng tch cht thm dng t do bng
cch p, dng ph bin cho cc loi qu nh: cam, chanh qut, biv i vi cc
nguyn liu ny cht thm thng phn b lp t bo mng pha bn ngoi vi mt
lng tng i ln. Khi ta tc dng mt lc ln v qu th cc t bo c cha cht thm
s b v v cht thm s b chy ra ngoi rt d dng.
2.2.1.2 Phng php chng ct
Phng php chng ct khng i hi thit b phc tp, c kh nng ly c trit
cht thm c trong nguyn liu. Ngoi ra phng php ny cn c kh nng cho php
ta c th da vo tnh cht bay hi khc nhau ca cc cu t c trong cht thm phn ly
chng ra thnh nhng phn ring bit c tinh khit hn.
i vi cc loi nguyn liu thng phi s ch trc khi chng ct qu trnh
tin hnh c nhanh chng hn: qu cn phi nghin nh, l phi ct nh hoc phi ho,
phi kh. i vi mt s loi cy c cht thm thuc thnh phn kh bay hi nh cc loi

nha, sp hoc mt s cht thm c thnh phn ha hc khng bn vng d thay i


nhit cao th khng dng phng php chng ct tch c.
2.2.1.3 Phng php trch ly
Phng php ny c s dng trong trng hp cc thnh phn hp cht thin
nhin khng bn nhit cao hoc hm lng trong nguyn liu rt thp khng th dng
phng php chng ct. Phng php trch ly thng dng dung mi d bay hi nh
ethylic ether, petroleum ether, alcol, acetone hoc cc loi kh ha lng nh CO2 lng ti
p sut ln 60-70 atm.
2.2.1.4 Phng php hp th
Phng php hp ph da trn c s tnh cht ca mt s loi hoa, qu c th ko
di thi gian to ra hng thm sau khi ri khi cy v kh nng ha tan chng ca cc
loi m ng vt trn b mt (hp ph). Bng cch ny thao tc tin hnh rt th cng, kh
c gii ha, cc loi m ng vt t tin, kh bo qun, qu trnh tin hnh ko di, nng
sut thp. Gn y ngi ta chuyn sang hp ph bng than hot tnh gi l hp ph ng
hc. bng phng php ny ngi ta to iu kin cho cc lung kh m i qua lp hoa,
nhm gi cho hoa c ti lu. Lung khng kh sau khi di qua lp hoa s cun theo
nhng cht thm bay hi i vo bung hp ph, than hot tnh s gi li cc cht
thm ti bung hp ph, khng kh thi ra ngoi. Lp hoa cn li sau khi hp ph ht cc
cht thm bay hi s em i chng ct hoc trch ly ly ht nhng cht thm khng bay
hi cn li.
2.2.1.5 Phng php ln men
Phng php ny c p dng i vi cc loi cy v qu c cht thm trng
thi kt hp tng phn, hoc kt hp hon ton, khng trng thi t do m thng
trng thi kt hp glucozit. V vy, mun tch cht thm t nhng loi nguyn liu ny,
u tin cn phi tin hnh s b tch bng phng php ln men, sau dng phng
php chng ct tch hon ton.
2.2.2 Phng php chng ct (do ti s dng phng php chng ct tch tinh du
nn phn ny c ni r hn)

Chng ct l mt qu trnh bin i mt cu t hoc mt hn hp th lng thnh th


hi mt thit b sau hi c ngng t mt thit b khc nh phng php lm
lnh.
Chng ct c ng dng rt rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip nhm tch
nhng sn phm d bay hi ra khi hn hp kh bay hi, hoc tch hn hp cht lng bay
hi ra thnh nhng cu t. Trng hp chng ct n gin nht l chng ct mt hn hp
ng th, hay cn gi l h mt cu t, cht lng c nng ln nhit si v bt u
bay hi nhit khi p sut hi ca dung dch cn bng vi p sut ca khng kh bn
ngoi, trong sut thi gian si nu p sut khng thay i th nhit si cng s khng
thay i.
Khi chng ct mt hn hp cht lng gm hai hay nhiu cu t, trong qu trnh
chng ct, cng vi s thay i thnh phn ca th lng c th lm thay i thnh phn
ca hn hp hi. Trong iu kin p sut khng i ty thuc vo mc tan ln vo
nhau ca hn hp v kh nng tan ln vo nhau ca cc cu t, dung dch lng thu c
bng cch lm ngng t hn hp hi bay ra s c thnh phn cc cht d bay hi cao hn
so vi thnh phn cht lng ban u. Nu vn tip tc chng ct th thnh phn cc cht d
bay hi s cng tng dn.
ha tan ca cht thm (tinh du) trong nc khc nhau ph thuc vo thnh phn
ca cc hp cht c cha trong thnh phn ca tinh du.
Th t sp xp cc hp cht theo mc ha tan gim dn: axit bo c phn t nh,
ru, axit, aldehyde, hp cht nitrit, phenol, aldehyde thm, ester, dn xut ca halogen,
hp cht c cha Cacbon v hydrocarbon.
2.2.2.1 Chng ct vi nc
Nguyn liu v nc c cho vo cng mt thit b, un ti si, nc bay hi
cun theo tinh du, tinh du c tch ra sau ngng t. Bng cch ny thit b chng ct
tng i n gin r tin, rt ph hp vi iu kin sn xut cng nghip a phng,
nhng ni mi pht trin bc u cha c iu kin u t vn vo sn xut.
Nhc im:
Tinh du c cht lng cha cao.

Nguyn liu d b chy kht nht l nhng ch trong thit b nguyn liu
thiu nc, hoc b kt dnh vo thnh thit b, c bit khi chng ct cc loi hoa.
Kh iu chnh cc thng s k thut (nhit , p sut) khi chng ct v
thng thng thi gian chng ct b ko di.
Tc chng ct v thi gian chng ct ph thuc ch yu vo b phn t
l.
2.2.2.2 Chng ct vi hi nc c ni hi ring
Nguyn liu v nc c a vo cng mt thit b nhng ngn cch bng mt
lp v, trnh cho nguyn liu khi lt vo ni cha nc. Ty thuc vo loi nguyn
liu, khi cn thit ngi ta c th lt mt lp bao ti ln trn mt v. Nc c un si
bc hi ln qua lp v i vo lp nguyn liu v ko theo tinh du i ra.
Nguyn liu bt kh kht v khng trc tip, tip xc vi y ni t. Tuy vy
phm cht tinh du cng nh vic khng ch cc iu kin k thut trong bao gm vn
tc chng ct cha c ci thin nhiu. Ngoi ra, cha k n thao tc lao ng cn gp
nhiu kh khn.
2.2.2.3 Chng ct bng hi nc c ni hi ring
Phng php ny dng mt ni hi c th phc v cho c c s sn xut, lm cho
iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn nh nhng hn v c kh nng d c gii ha hoc t
ng ha cc khu sn xut, ngoi ra cn khc phc c tnh trng nguyn liu b kh
kht cng lm cho mu sc hoc phm cht ca tinh du c tt hn.
Bng phng php ny ngoi vic d khng ch cc iu kin k thut ngi ta cn
c th rt ngn c thi gian chng ct bng cch iu chnh vn tc chng ct, chng
ct p sut cao hn hoc dng hi bo ha hay qu nhit chng ct. Chng ct bng
hi nc p sut cao s to iu kin cho qu trnh tin hnh c thun li hn v p
sut hi ring phn ca cc n cht trong hn hp nhit cao s rt ln so vi p sut
hi ring phn ca nc.

2.2.3 Thit b chng ct


chng ct tinh du, t lu ngi ta dng phng php n gin, c ng dng
rng ri, l h thng bao gm cc thit b chnh sau:

Hnh 2.2: S thit b chng ct tinh du


1: thit b cung cp nhit

3: thit b ngng t

2: thit b chng ct

4: thit b phn lp, tch tinh du

Ni ct tinh du cn phi m bo c nhng yu cu chnh sau:


Qu trnh chng ct c tin hnh nhanh chng v thun li trnh tnh trng
nguyn liu gi qu lu trong ni ct.
m bo cho hn hp hi bay ra khi ni ct c bo ho nhiu tinh du nht, v
vy cn phi to iu kin sao cho hi nc i qua lp nguyn liu nhiu nht.
Tit din ca thit b chng ct cn thit k sao cho nguyn liu c phn b u,
bo m tc chng ct khng thay i khi i qua lp nguyn liu.
Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng thit b c hnh tr vi kch thc chiu cao v
ng knh theo t l ph hp. i vi nguyn liu l l, cnh nh v hoa t l gia chiu
cao v ng knh dao ng trong khong 1,2-1,7. i vi nguyn liu ht t l ny thay
i t 1,5 n 2.
Thit b c mt s dng nh sau:

Hnh 2.3: Mt s dng thit b chng ct


Thit b s 3 ph hp vi chng ct hoa, c bit Bulgari dng chng ct hoa
hng v khi chng ct hoa hng bng hi nc cho vo trc tip s cn c mt din tch
to bt ln, din tch ny thng t l vi chiu cao, nu din tch to bt (din tch si)
khng ln th nguyn liu d b tro ra pha lm lnh. Loi thit b ny nguyn liu cho
vo c d dng, nhng din tch s dng nh. Thit b s 4 hnh cu rt thun li nhng
nhc im l tit din chng ct khng ln v vy t dng di dng chng ct ln.
chng ct tinh du ngi ta thng dng cc loi ni chng ct bng thp s 3
nhng thng lm thay i mu sc ca nguyn liu, v vy hin nay chng ct tinh
du hoa hng ngi ta thng dng ni ct bng ng thau hoc bng thp c m lp men
emal hoc bakelit chng g.
2.2.3.1 Np thit b
trnh tn tht tinh du v to iu kin thun li cho vic s dng, qu trnh
chng ct cn phi c thc hin trong nhng thit b kn. Np thit b c th c hnh
chp hoc chm cu v c th c ca cho nguyn liu vo. Nu nguyn liu c cho

10

qua np thit b (nguyn liu qu ht) th b phn mi ni gia ca nguyn liu v np


cn phi c ghp tht kn v thun tin cho vic ng m d dng.
Mi ni gia thit b v np c th dng bng m v vn bu lng, m tt nht l
bng si aming bn, trong trng hp khng c aming c th dng bao ti. Dng bu
lng ghp cc mi ni trong thc t bt li v tn nhiu thi gian tho, vn. Cc loi
kp khc nh kp m vt cng rt bt tin. V vy nu chng ct di p sut khng ln,
mi ni bng giong nc l thch hp hn c. Giong nc (hoc van nc) c th dng
loi n hoc kp, nhng ngay c trong trng hp dng giong nc kp, nu p sut
trong ni ln hn p sut bn ngoi khong 25-30 mmHg th cng khng dng c. V
vy cn thit k cu to thit b cng nh cc b phn ni thun tin d dng, to iu kin
tt cho hn hp hi i ra khi thit b nhanh chng, bo m phm cht ca tinh du thu
c.
2.2.3.2 C ni
C ni l mt b phn trung gian ni lin gia np v vi voi ca ni, c ni c
th c nhiu hnh dng, nhng yu cu chung l phi lm sao cho ch to n gin. Nhim
v chnh ca c ni l lm cho hn hp hi thot ra c d dng trong trng hp
chng ct vi nc, c ni gip cho hn hp hi thot ra khng ln nhiu nc. Khi
chng ct tinh du hoa hng, c ni cn gip thay i tc hi, gi bt cht lng khng
i sang thit b ngng t. Khi chng ct cc loi nguyn liu ht nghin nh, c ni phi
gi li c bi v vy c ni thng phi t mt tm li. Nhng cho n nay, cc
loi c ni c li chn nh vy vn khng p ng c yu cu loi b tp cht, v vy
ngi ta phi lm thm mt b phn lng bi ring, trc khi hn hp hi i vo thit b
ngng t.
2.2.3.3 Vi voi
Vi voi l mt phn ca thn ni nhm ni lin c ni vi thit b ngng t. Vi voi
cn phi c kch thc tng ng sao cho hn hp hi bay ra khng b tr lc ln, khng
lm gim tc chng ct. Vi voi cn phi c cu to sao cho dung dch lng trong thit
b khng c i qua vo ng dn ti thit b ngng t. V vy, vi voi thng c
mt dc nht nh, nghing v pha thit b ngng t, thng dao ng t 1 - 3o. ng

11

knh ca vi voi nh dn u hi thot ra d dng, vi voi khng nn di qu 1,5 - 3m.


Nu qu ngn th hn hp hi bay ra s ngng t t ngt gy nen p sut d, nh hng
ti qu trnh chng ct. Nu qu di th hn hp hi bay ra s rt chm, nh hng ti tc
chng ct.
2.2.3.4 y ni
y ni c cu to ging np ni nhng phi tha mn sao cho khi chng ct bng
hi, hi nc ngng t c tho ra d dng khng cn ng li trong ni. y ni
thng c b tr b phn t nng trc tip hoc gin tip. Nu chng ct vi hi nc m
khng c ni hi ring th y ni s l b phn t nng to hi. V vy, y ni cn phi
c cu to sao cho din tch truyn nhit c ln nht.
2.2.3.5 V ni
V ni c tc dng khi nguyn liu gi cho nguyn liu khi ri xung y ni
lm tc ng dn hi. Trong trng hp chng ct, nguyn liu d b bt, b vn, v ni cn
c tc dng gi cho nguyn liu khi bt vo nhau, lm cho hi nc i qua nguyn liu
c d dng, v ni cn c tc dng phn phi hi cho u khp cc thit b.
Chiu dy v ni khong 8-10 mm, mt v ni c t hoc khoan l, v ni cng c
th lm bng cc thanh st an li vi nhau. Ty thuc vo loi nguyn liu m tit din l
c th thay i nhng ni chung tng din tch l thng phi chim na din tch ca b
mt v. V ni c th lm bng nhng mnh st ghp li d xp vo v ly ra.
2.2.3.6 ng dn phn phi hi
Trng hp chng ct bng hi nc cn c ng dn phn phi hi vo thit b, v
vy c nh hng ln n nng sut chng ct. Thc t cho thy, trong trng hp chng
ct thit b qu ln, tc dng ca ng dn phn phi hi ny b gim. Hnh dng ca ng
phn phi hi c khc nhau, hnh vng trn, hnh xon c, hnh ch nht Nhng ni
chung hnh vng trn ph bin nht. Cc l ca ng phn phi hi thng c xp theo
hnh qun c (so le nhau) thnh hai hng hng v pha y ni ct, nhm lm cho hi
c phn phi u, v gi cho cc l phun hi khi b bn do bi, tp ca nguyn liu
ch bin.

12

Tng s din tch cc l phun hi thng dng bng 2 ln din tch ca tit din ng,
tit din ng phn phi hi ly bng tit din ca ng dn hi vo thit b v c xc
nh theo lng hi nc cn thit dng chng ct trong mt gi (hi nc trc tip ch
i vo ng dn phun hi, tc 20 m/s).
iu chnh tc hi vo cc thit b phi dng loi van vn vng, khng dng
loi khc. Cc loi van khc ch c dng trong trng hp tho nc ngng t y
cc thit b v tho nc ngng t di, cc y ni nn c hnh tr hoc hnh chp.
2.2.3.7 Vt liu lm ni ct
Vt liu lm ni chng ct tinh du thng dng loi st thp c bit. Mt s x
nghip chng ct th cng hoc chng ct g trong lm nghip, c th lm ni ct bng
g, xi mng Nhng loi nguyn liu ny n gin, r tin, d tm kim nguyn vt liu
nhng d b hng, phi sa cha lin tc, d xy ra tai nn khi chng ct vi p sut ln.
Nguyn liu g ni chung d hp th tinh du v sau mun kh mi rt kh
khn do vy la chn nguyn vt liu dng lm ni chng ct cn phi ch n gi
thnh cng nh kh nng tc dng ca kim loi i vi tinh du, v trong tinh du cn
c nhiu axit hu c, c th lm cho cc thnh phn ca thit b d b g. Thng nhng
ch b mt hi nc trc tip tc dng v ngng t th d b oxi ha nht.
T nhng phn tch trn, ngi ta nhn thy rng thn ni nn lm bng kim loi
st tng i r tin v t bn hn nh st CT3. Phn thit b ny tn nhiu vt liu hn, t
b g hn v cng t nh hng n mu sc ca tinh du thu c. Cn nhng phn ni
khc th cn phi lm bng nhng vt liu tt hn. Hin nay ngi ta dng cc loi thit b
chng ct c trng mt lp men pha trong chng g nh men man hay baklt.
2.2.4 K thut chng ct v x l tinh du th
2.2.4.1 K thut chng ct tinh du
Qu trnh chng ct tinh du thng bao gm cc giai on nh sau:
Chun b thit b v nguyn liu
Cho nguyn liu vo thit b
Tin hnh chng ct
Ngng chng ct, tho m thit b v cho nguyn liu ra

13

Ly tinh du, v sinh thit b


Nhng im cn lu trong cc cng on chng ct:
Khi bt u chng ct, cn phi lm sch thit b bng cch dng nc m phun
mnh vo thnh thit b lm sch nguyn liu v nhng rc, bn cn st li.
Nguyn liu trong thit b khi chng ct thng b gim th tch t 20-30% ca th
tch ban u. V d Geran c th gim ti 80% th tch, bi vy tng th tch ca thit
b, ngi ta cho nguyn liu vo nng (nh cho l s ti vo nu, nh cch lm ca cc
c s sn xut th cng ca nc ta hin nay). Phng php ny c th tng lng nguyn
liu cho vo thit b t 15-20% hoc x l phi ho i vi mt vi loi nguyn liu.
Khi tnh ton nhit dng cho chng ct, ch ti lng nhit dng t nng thit
b, nguyn liu v lng nhit tn tht do bc x v i lu xung quanh thit b chng ct.
Theo kinh nghim ca c s xn xut, tn tht hi nc ny thng chim 8-15 % ca
tng lng hi nc dng vo chng ct, nu thit b chng ct c th tch t 1-3,5 m3 m
khng c lp cch nhit bn ngoi. Tn tht v hi nc c th t 24-27 % i vi nhng
loi thit b nh (c th tch khong 250 lt) cng khng c lp cch nhit bn ngoi tng
t. Nu thit b chng ct c cch nhit hon ton th lng hi nc ngng t li s
gim ch cn 5 %.
Trong iu kin c s sn xut c ni hi cn ch : lng hi nc tnh theo nng
sut s b gim ni hi khong 5 % ca tng lng hi do ni hi sn xut ra. Trng
hp bm thm nc vo ni v cc tn tht khc ti 4 % do thay i ch lm vic ca
ni hi (nh qut thm gi, cho than vo, cho x ra).
Nu nguyn liu l qu hoc r, trong nguyn liu c nhiu sp hoc cht bo hay
m ca nguyn liu qu cao, th lng hi nc dng cho chng ct s thay i.
V d: i vi tinh du bc h, nu chng ct dng l ti th c 1kg tinh du thu
c cn 250-350 kg hi. Nu l ho th 1kg tinh du ch cn 60-80 kg hi. Nu t l kh
th 1 kg tinh du ch cn cn 30-40 kg m thi.
Nhng khng phi i vi tt c mi nguyn liu, tinh du khi lm kh u c th
gim c nhit lng cn chng ct. V d: i vi ht mi, nu tng m t 15-17 %

14

i vi cc loi qu khng c nghin nh th s gim c thi gian chng ct, cng


nh tng hiu sut thu hi tinh du.
gim bt nhin liu chng ct cn phi tng cch nhit cho l hi v cc ng
dn cng nh thit b chng ct, cn nh sch cn cc b mt t v khng nn dng
nc lnh cho vo ni hi. Ngi ta tnh rng nu c 1 m2 b mt ca ng st dn hi
khng c cch nhit trong khong 1 gi s lm ngng t 2,97-3,09 kg hi nc (vi
iu kin nhit ca hi ban u l 135 oC v nhit ca mi trng khng kh xung
quanh l 15 oC). Cng trong trng hp , nu cch nhit bng mt lp aming dy 55
mm th lng nc ngng t s ch cn li 0,467 kg. C ngha l gim c hn 80 %.
2.2.4.2 Xc nh gii hn chng ct tinh du
xc nh thi gian ngng chng ct, nu ch cn c vo thi gian n nh do
phng k thut ra cho mi loi nguyn liu l cha , m phi cn c vo thi gian
thc t cng nh ty thuc vo dng nguyn liu lc cho vo thit b vi mc cht hoc
xp, mc nghin nh ca nguyn liu, m ca nguyn liu, nhit , p sut ca hi
nc dng chng ct V vy, trong thc t xc nh thi gian chng ct cho mi loi
nguyn liu ngi ta c th dng cc bin php nh sau:
Xc nh hm lng tinh du cn li trong nc chng chy ra.
Xc nh gii hn chng ct bng th.
xc nh gii hn chng ct bng hm lng tinh du c trong nc chng chy
ra, ngi ta c th tin hnh nh sau: ly mt mt knh ng h, c ng knh ln (hoc
a nha) hng ly mt t nc chng, nu thy trn mt lp nc chng c mt lp tinh
du dy, hoc nhng git tinh du ln th cn phi tip tc chng ct na. Nu thy ch
cn lp mng mng hoc nhng git tn mn khng ng k th c th ngng chng ct.
Da vo thc t, mt s loi tinh du thng cho ng cong chng ct tim cn vi
trc honh nn xc nh gii hn chng ct bng phng php th, ngi ta tin
hnh nh sau:
V th: trn c mt trc tung biu din gi thnh ca sn phm v mt trc
song song vi n biu din lng tinh du thu c, cn trc honh th biu din
thi gian chng ct.

15

Sau ta ghi li lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian v v mt ng thng biu
din gi thnh sn phm do x nghip sn xut ra, lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian
s gm hai phn:
giai on u tin bao gi cng thu c lng tinh du nhiu. V vy s r hn
gi thnh sn phm. giai on sau th lng tinh du s dn dn t i, nu so vi gi
thnh th s cao hn.
2.2.4.3 Thu hi tinh du t nc chng
Khi chng ct tinh du, trong nc c ln mt lng tinh du kh ln, ty thuc vo
mc ha tan ca tinh du, kh nng nh ha cng nh s khc nhau v trng lng
gia tinh du v nc m mc ha tan ca tinh du i vi mi loi nguyn liu c
khc nhau.
Tinh du ha tan trong nc hai dng: phn tn trng thi nh tng v ha tan
tinh du tan ln vo trong nc. Dng u tin c th dng phng php lng hoc ly tm
tch, dng sau dng phng php ct li.
Phng php tch tinh du tan ln vo nhau trong nc bng ly tm trong thc t t
dng. Nhng phng php ny c c s v trin vng trong tng lai. Trn thc t,
phng php lng khng c kh nng tch ht lng tinh du c trong nc. u im ca
phng php ly tm va lng l c th tch c tinh du ha tan trong nc chng m
khng cn tc nhn nhit-yu t lm gim cht lng tinh du.
Tch tinh du bng phng php ct li ch yu da vo s khc nhau ca p sut
hi nc v tinh du. tin hnh ct li nc chng, ngi ta c th cho kt hp vi
trng hp ct li tinh du t nguyn liu bng cch cho nc ngng chy quay li ni
nc ct. Phng php ny cho n nay c ng dng nhiu, tinh du thu c bng
phng php ct li c phm cht km hn tinh du thu c t nguyn liu. V vy loi
tinh du ny c s dng nh nhng tinh du ch bin nhng sn phm km gi tr
hn nh x phng.

16

2.2.4.4 X l tinh du th
Tinh du sau khi ct, thu c t thit b phn ly cn cha nhiu tp cht, v vy cn
phi em x l bng cch lng, lm sch nc v lc ngay. C nh vy sn phm thu
c mi bo qun v s dng tt.
Lng
Mc ch lm lng l tch cc hp cht v c, hu c v mt s tp cht khc ln
vo trong tinh du. Lng thng ko di t 24 n 48 gi trong cc thit b lng c y
hnh cn.

Hnh 2.4 Thit b lng tinh du dng y cn


Ty thuc vo thi gian cn lng ca mi loi nguyn liu m cc quy tnh k thut
dng theo di cng thay i theo. tn km v phi s dng qu nhiu thit b, trong
trng hp cn lng 48 gi ta ch cn dng 4 thit b: dng cho nguyn liu mi vo 1
chic, dng lng 2 chic v 1 chic tho nguyn liu lng xong ra. Sau khi lng
trong tinh du vn cn mt lng nc dng phn tn v ha tan. V vy khi cn thit,
cn tin hnh qu trnh lm khan nc.
Lm khan
lm khan c th dng Na2SO4, i vi tinh du khng nn lm khan bng CaCl2
v CaCl2 c kh nng d to thnh dng kt hp vi mt s loi ru hu c c trong tinh

17

du. Trc khi em lm khan, Na2SO4 phi c sy kh v Na2SO4 thng c kh nng


kt hp t 5-10 phn t nc iu kin thng. Lng Na2SO4 em dng bng 2,5 %
lng tinh du cn lm kh. Nu Na2SO4 m th phi tng ti 5,5 %.
Lm khan
lm khan c th dng cc thit b gin on hoc lin tc. Nu dng thit b gin
on, thit b phi c cnh khuy, trn cnh khuy c 2 ng c l cha Na2SO4. Hai
ng ny c th lm bng li. Trong qu trnh khuy, lng nc c trong tinh du s b
ht vo trong ng do hin tng trao i cc phn t gia nc v Na2SO4. Nu dng thit
b lin tc, nguyn liu s c bm vo di lp li c cha Na2SO4 vi tc bm 0,5
m/s.

Hnh 2.5 Thit b lm khan gin on


Thit b lm khan gin on Thit b lm khan lin tc
Do Na2SO4 s dng khng thun tin v khng d mua nn mt s c s sn xut
khng dng Na2SO4 m s dng phng php ct chn khng. Bng phng php ny
tinh du thu c tinh khit hn. Mt khc, ngoi phn tch nc ra cn c th tch c
mt s hp cht terpene khng cn thit c trong tinh du. Tn tht tinh du trong trng
hp ny cng t hn dng Na2SO4.

18

Cn phi ch rng trong trng hp dng Na2SO4 hoc bng mui n, ngoi nc
th tinh du cng b hp thu theo khong 25-30% tnh theo trng lng ca chng. Bi
vy, cn phi ly li tinh du c trong cc mui . Mun vy sau khi lm khan, khi
tho tinh du ra ht khi thit b, ngi ta ly Na2SO4 hoc mui n c ln tinh du ha
tan vo nc m t 35-40 oC, mui s ha tan vo nc cn tinh du ni ln trn tch
ring ra.
Lc
Sau cng, dng cc thit b c c lm bay hi nc v tip tc cho kt tinh li
mui dng tip cho cc t sau. Sau khi lm khan, tinh du c chuyn qua b phn
lc, ty thuc khi lng tinh du c th tin hnh lc bng giy lc hoc cc thit b c
vi lc. i vi giy lc cn thn trng v d b rch, nn lc qua my lc. Tt c cc loi
giy lc, vi lc c ln tinh du nn cho vo thit b ct li ht tinh du ln trong ,
nn cho vo cng vi nguyn liu chng ct li.
2.2.4.5 ng gi
Tinh du sn phm sau khi lc v lm khan c a vo phn xng bao b.
Trong thi gian ny, phng th nghim ca x nghip cn phi kim tra nh gi tng loi
sn phm c s liu c th gi km theo nguyn liu.
Tinh du c ng gi trong cc thng, l, bi-ng lm bng thic hoc bng
nhm, thc hin ng theo yu cu ca tiu chun. Thng thng cc loi tinh du khng
nn ng gi qu 10 kg, trong mi loi v, i vi tinh du hng ch nn ng gi ti a 1
kg. Cc loi tinh du c s lng nhiu nh tinh du hi, s, mi dng cc thng phi
bng st c trng thic. Cc loi bao b cn phi tht kh v sch, khng c bin dng.
Nu tinh du c ng vo cc loi chai hoc l thy tinh th phi ng thm hp
g bn ngoi, bn trong cn phi chn bng cc vt liu xp, nh trnh v. Sau
nim phong cn thn, nu bao b trong cc loi thng khc th sau khi cha y tinh du
cn phi hn kn np li. Mi loi bao b cn c ghi nhn hiu y v c dn hoc
ng km theo.

19

2.3 K thut vi bc
2.3.1 Khi qut v vi bc
2.3.1.1 Khi nim [18]
Theo Young S.L. (1993), k thut vi bc c nh ngha: l k thut bao gi cc cht rn,
lng hay kh vo trong mt lp v bc cc mng vi kch thc ht trong khong
micromet (m). Lp v ny s gi v bo v cht nn khng b bin i lm gim cht
lng (i vi nhng cht mn cm vi nhit ) hay hn ch tn tht (i vi cc cht d
bay hi). Cht c vi bc ny ch gii phng ra ngoi trong mt s iu kin c bit.
K thut vi bc tinh du gm hai giai on: phn tn tinh du thnh nhng ht rt nh
trong nc bng thit b ng ha (to nh tng). Nu kch thc ht tinh du cng nh
th s lng tinh du t do nm trn b mt cc ht bt cng t nn lng tinh du tip xc
vi khng kh cng thp, nh vy c th hn ch lng tinh du b oxy ha v tht thot
khi sy v bo qun.
Ngi ta xc nh cht lng ca sn phm c vi bc da vo hai ch tiu chnh, l
hiu sut vi bc (MEY: Microencapsulation Yield) v hiu qu vi bc (MEE:
Microencapsulation Efficiency).
Hiu sut vi bc l t l gia lng tinh du trong sn phm so vi lng cht bo ban u
trong dch sa. Lng tinh du thu c trong bt thnh phm chnh l lng tinh du
c vi bc. Hiu sut vi bc c tnh theo cng thc:

Hiu qu vi bc l mc cc cht bc c th bo v c cc phn t vi bc bn trong


n trnh s h hng cho n khi bt thnh phm c s dng. chnh l t l gia hm
lng tinh du khng b trch ly ra khi lp phim bao khi ta trn bt sn phm vi dung
mi (pentan) v hm lng tinh du tng trong bt sn phm. Hiu qu vi bc c xc
nh theo cng thc sau:

20

Bn cnh MEE hm lng tinh du t do cng l mt ch tiu quan trng nh gi cht


lng bt thnh phm. Trong qu trnh bo qun, tinh du s d b oxy ha, lm gim cht
lng sn phm nu nh chng trng thi khng c bc.
2.3.1.2 Cu trc ht vi bc [3], [11]
Ty theo vt liu vi bc v iu kin vi bc m cho sn phm c cu trc khc nhau.
Hng liu: core material, actives, fill, internal phase, payload.
Vt liu bc: capsule, wall material, membrane, carrier, shell.

Hnh 2.6 : Cu trc ht vi bc [11]

Hnh 2.7 : nh SEM cu trc bn trong ht vi bc tinh du [11]


Ty theo s phn b ca tinh du l tp trung hay phn tn u trong cht mang,
ngi ta chia cu trc ca sn phm bt vi bc thnh: microcapsule v microsphere.

21

Hnh 2.8: Phn loi kiu vi bc


Tinh du cng c th phn b thnh nhiu git nh tp trung trong tm ht bt. Mng
bc c th c mt lp hoc nhiu lp:

Hnh 2.9 : Cc dng vi bc [3]

22

2.3.1.3 C ch phng thch tinh du


Ty theo dng vi bc, qu trnh ch bin v s dng m tinh du c gii phng ra
vi cc c ch khc nhau:
Phng thch do b v: trong qu trnh ch bin di tc dng lc c hc ca cc
my mc hoc p sut cao s lm ht b v nh ra v tinh du b phng thch ra ngoi.

Hnh 2.10: C ch phng thch tinh du do ht b v


Phng thch do ha tan: do m khng kh cao hoc do tip xc vi nc lm cho
lp mng bao tan ra v tinh du c gii phng.

Hnh 2.11: C ch phng thch tinh du do ht b ha tan


Phng thch do nng chy hoc phn hy sinh hc: khi nhit cao c th lm
cho cc ht b nng chy hoc do s phn hy sinh hc lm cho tinh du c gii phng.

Hnh 2.12 : C ch phng thch tinh du do ht b nng chy hoc phn hy sinh hc
Phng thch do nh t t: tinh du gii phng t t theo c ch khuch tn phn t
di tc dng ca m khng kh cao hoc nhit cao v cc iu kin bn ngoi.

23

Hnh 2.13: C ch phng thch tinh du dng nh t t


2.3.2 Phng php vi bc [3], [11]
2.3.2.1 Phng php tng si
Tinh du c tm ln cht mang v to ht sau c a vo my sy tng si.
Trong qu trnh sy tng si lm kh, ht s c phun ln mt lp v bc bo v
nh h thng vi phun c gn trong bung sy.

Hnh 2.14: Qu trnh to mng bc khi sy tng si


Qu trnh to mng bc khi sy tng si.
H thng sy tng si c th hot ng lin tc hoc gin on.
H thng hot ng gin on:
Nguyn liu dng ht c cung cp vo bung sy theo tng m v c phun to
mng bao trong mt khong thi gian nht nh sau ly ton b ra ngoi.
H thng hot ng lin tc:
Bung sy ca my sy tng si c hai ca, mt ca cung cp nguyn liu dng
ht v mt ca ly sn phm. Hai ca ny nm hai u ca my bung sy. Nguyn

24

liu i vo v sn phm ly ra lin tc. Thi gian to mng bao chnh l thi gian ht i t
ca vo nguyn liu n ca ly sn phm ra, thi gian ny ph thuc vo tc di
chuyn ca ht v chiu di bung sy.
2.3.2.2 Phng php p n
S dng mng li carbonhydrate trng thi gng.
Sn phm c bn oxy ha cao tuy nhin hng liu b mt mt cao nu cu trc
carbohydrate khng hon chnh. Phng php ny ch yu s dng trong phng th
nghim.
2.3.2.3 Phng php t git
Tinh du c to thnh nh tng cng vi dung dch cha gelatin v gum arabic.
Khi thay i iu kin nhit v pH s lm gelatin b kt ta v bao ly git tinh du.
Phng php ny cn nhiu hn ch: phc tp, c, gi thnh cao v mt mt hng liu
nhiu nn t c s dng trong thc t. Qu trnh gm 3 giai on:
To git.
Hnh thnh mng.
Phn lp capsule.
2.3.2.4 Phng php sy phun
Sy phun l qu trnh bin i dng nhp liu dng lng (dung dch, nh tng,
huyn ph) thnh sn phm dng bt kh di tc dng ca nhit. Dch lng c phun
thnh dng ht mn (sng) vo trong bung sy, tip xc vi dng khng kh nng lm
cho nc bc hi vi tc rt nhanh, to sn phm dng bt kh mn.
Qu trnh sy phun c nhng u im sau:
C th sy c cc sn phm nhy cm vi nhit , cc sn phm sinh hc p
sut thng v nhit thp.
Nguyn liu tip xc vi tc nhn sy trong thi gian rt ngn, do nhit ca
nguyn liu khng b tng qu cao. Nh vy m gim thiu c s bin i ca sn phm
cng nh hn ch s tn tht ca cht dinh dng.
Phng php sy phun to sn phm dng ht cu, sn phm c ng nht cao v
hnh dng v kch thc.

25

Phng php sy lin tc cho nng sut cao, d t ng ho.


Tuy nhin phng php sy phun cn tn ti mt s nhc im sau:
Khng sy c dung dch c nht cao.
Yu cu vn cao, qu trnh x l, thu hi sn phm v tch bi cng lm tng chi
ph.
Thit b yu cu cng ngh ch to c chnh xc cao.
2.3.3 Tc nhn vi bc
2.3.3.1 Yu cu i vi cht bao
Cht bao s dng trong k thut vi bc tinh du bng phng php sy phun phi
tha mn nhng yu cu sau:
tan tt
Nu cht bao tan km trong nc, chng s khng phn b ng u trong dch lng,
lm cho kh nng tip xc vi cht bo b hn ch, do lm gim hiu sut vi bc. Hn
na s to huyn ph hay nhiu cht rn trong dch lng trc khi sy s lm nghn u
phun khi sy. Cht bao a nc s gip qu trnh ha trn c d dng v ng u.
Kh nng nh ha
V cht cn vi bc l tinh du (thuc pha du, k nc) nn sau khi to nh tng,
cc ht tinh du s dn kt hp li v tch pha vi pha a nc, lm cho dch lng s
khng ng nht khi sy. Mc ch ca qu trnh vi bc l phn tn u cc ht bo v bo
v chng khng b bin i di tc dng ca nhit trong qu trnh sy phun, do kt
hp d dng vi tinh du, ngoi tnh tan tt, cht bao cn phi to c lin kt vi cc
cht a bo.
Kh nng to mng tt
qu trnh vi bao t hiu qu cao, cht bao cn phi c kh nng to mng tt.
Nh vy, sau khi sy lp cht bao ny c th hnh thnh mt lp mng bao ngoi bo
v tinh du bn trong.
Kh nng tch nc tt
Mc ch ca qu trnh sy phun l lm bc hi nhanh nc trong cc git c
phun sng vo bung sy. Nu cht bao c kh nng tch nc km, s lm git lng

26

khng kp kh gy ra hin tng dnh thnh hoc lm cho m ca bt thnh phm s


cao, lc cc ht s c khuynh hng kt dnh vi nhau. Ngoi ra, do kh nng do kh
nng kt dnh cao, cc ht bt to thnh s bn cht vo thnh thit b, lm cho hiu sut
thu hi sn phm thp.
Dung dch cht bao trong nc c nht thp
nht ca h nh tng v s phn b kch thc ca cc ht tinh du s quyt
nh cht lng vi bao ca sn phm khi sy phun. nht cao s gy tr ngi cho qu
trnh phun sng, dn n ht thnh phm c kch thc ln, hn na hiu sut thu hi bt
cng thp.
Cc cht bao s dng trong cng ngh thc phm ch yu gm c cc loi gum t
nhin, carbohydrate, sp v protein sa. Trong , protein sa v gum th hin tt hu ht
cc yu cu trn, ch ngoi tr tan khng tt lm. Bn cnh , cc carbohydrate tuy
tan tt trong nc nhng phn ln khng c kh nng nh ha v kh nng to mng km.
2.3.3.2 Cc loi cht bao [14]
Gum arabic.
Gum arabic l nha c ly t thn v cnh ca cy Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.
C tn gi l Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.
Tn nc ngoi : Gum arabic, senagal gum
c im thc vt:
Phn b : Sudan,Ty, Nam xa mc Sahara (Moritani, Mali, Senegal, Nigeria).
Thu hoch : cy >3 tui (5-7), thu hoch vo ma kh, sn lng t 500-800g gum
arabic/1 cy .
Cu to:
L hn hp ca nhiu polysaccharide thuc nhm acid nh: D-galactopyranose, Larabinose, L-rhamnose, acid D-glucuronic (t l 3:3:1:1).
Mch chnh gm D-galactopyranose theo dy ni (13), mch nhnh cu to bi
acid D-glucuronic acid.
Gm arabic c PTL ln : 200.000 300.000, phn nhnh nhiu.
Gm arabic cha nhng phn t polysaccharide di vi mui Ca, Mg, K ca chng.

27

Tnh cht:
Dng rn, c ng knh d= 2 3 cm, c mu vng hay vng nu.
Tan trong nc to dung dch keo, dnh.
Khng tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh ether, benzen, chloroform, c th tan
trong cn thp .
B ta bi ch acetat trung tnh hoc kim
nht thay i theo pH,
Cu to thng, d to mng, t dnh.
Cng dng :
Gum arabic c s dng lm cc vt liu nn thin nhin ph bin vi bc
cc thc phm. N tan trong nc, c nht thp, v c tnh dng nh tng lm cho
n rt linh hot vi hu ht cc phng php vi bc.
Gum arabic l vt liu bc c s dng nhiu nht bng sy phun. N l mt cht
nh ha t nhin v c s dng nh mt cht ngn cn s mt mt cc thnh phn trong
sn xut thc phm. So vi cc maltodextrin, modified starch th gum arabic c kh nng
lu gi cc thnh phn thc phm tt hn trong qu trnh lm kh v bo qun, chng li
qu trnh oxy ha. Nhng nhc im ca loi gum ny l kh kim v gi thnh cao.
Maltodextrin.
Theo nh ngha ca C quan Thc phm v Thuc ca Hoa K (DFA) th
maltodextrin l cc loi polysaccharide khng ngt, c cng thc (C6H10O5)n.H2O, l sn
phm thu phn tinh bt khng hon ton ( bng enzyme hoc acid ), c ng lng
dextrose (DE) t 4 n 20. c tnh ca maltodextrin ph thuc vo ch s DE nhn c.
sn phm c th dng bt mu trng hoc dung dch m c. Maltodextrin c tha
nhn l ph gia cho thc phm v dc phm an ton cho ngi dng trc tip. c tnh
ho l tng, gim ph thuc vo ch s DE.
Maltodextrin c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc ch bin thc phm v
dc phm. sn phm c DE 4 7 c s dng to mng mng d tan v t hu c
dng bc ko, bc tri cy khi bo qun, a vo kem, lm ph gia cho cc loi nc
st, lm cht n to vin trong cng nghip dc.

28

Sn phm c DE 9 12 c dng trong cng nghip sn xut ung, c bit l


ung cho tr em, ung v thc n ring cho vn ng vin th thao. Lm ko gum
mm, lm cht tr sy, cht gi hng, yu t to hnh
Sn phm c DE 15 18 c s dng lm cht kt dnh, cht tng v cho ung,
a vo thnh phn b, sa bt, c ph ho tan, lm vt mang cc thnh phn khng phi
ng.

29

Chng 3:
VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

3.1 Thi gian v a im thc hin ti


ti c thc hin t thng 3/2011 n thng 8/2011 ti phng th nghim I4, B
Mn Cng Ngh Ha Hc; Vin Cng Ngh Sinh Hc v Mi Trng, trng i Hc
Nng Lm Tp.HCM.
3.2 Vt liu th nghim
Ng m ti.
Tinh du Ng m t nhin ca cng ty Goldenford.
Maltodextrin DE 12 v gum arabic.
Dung dch cc mui : Mg(NO3)2, MgCl2, NaNO3, NaCl, KCl (Xut x Trung Quc).
Cht nh ha: Polysorbate 80 (tn thng mi gm: Tween-80, Alkest,Canarcel)
n-Pentan (Xut x Trung Quc).
Bt m s 8 ca cng ty Vnh Thun.
Bt n.
Trng g.
3.3 Thit b th nghim
T sy Memmert sy ng v xc nh m sn phm sy phun.
My xay sinh t xay Ng chng ct.
Thit b chng ct li cun hi nc.

30

My ng ha to nh tng.
My sy phun.
My ng gi chn khng.
Cn 2 s l.
T ht.
T m cha bnh ht m.
L nng lm bnh.
Bnh ht m: 5 ci.
Chn nhm xc nh m Ng v bt thnh phm.
Ci v chy s nghin bt sn phm b ng cc khi th nghim xc nh ng
ng nhit ht m.
Ti ng gi chn khng, l nha ng mu sau khi sy phun.
Cc thit b ph khc trong phng th nghim.
3.4 Phng php th nghim
3.4.1 Phng php phn tch cc ch tiu
3.4.1.1 m Ng
S dng t sy Memmert, ci t nhit 75 oC.
Ly 3 chn nhm sch, nh s th t cho tng chn sau cho vo t sy 75 oC vi
thi gian 30 pht cho kh hon ton, ly chn nhm ra cho vo bnh ht m y kn ch
chn ngui. khi chn nhm ngui, ly ra cn xc nh khi lng ca chn nhm (mc).
Ly 3 mu Ng ca th nghim cn phn tch, mi mu khong 10 (g). Ct nh Ng thnh
cc on khong 0,5 (cm), cho vo 3 chn nhm trn v cn khi lng ca tng chn
khi c Ng (mt1). Cho 3 chn cha Ng ny vo t sy 75 oC vi thi gian 4 ngy.
Khi lng cui cng ny chnh l khi lng ca chn nhm v khi lng ca ng kh
tuyt i ca mu tng ng (mt2).
m Ng c xc nh theo cng thc:
m tuyt i:

31

m tng i:

Trong :
o: m tuyt i ca Ng (%).
: m tng i ca Ng (%).
mt1: khi lng chn nhm kh v Ng m (g).
mt2: khi lng chn nhm kh v Ng kh tuyt i (g).
mc: khi lng chn nhm kh (g).
m Ng em sy bng trung bnh cng m ca 3 mu sy trn.

Trong : 1, 2, 3 l m ca 3 mu Ng trong 3 chn nhm trn.


3.4.1.2 Xc nh m cht bao v m bt vi bc
Dng t sy Memmert, ci t 105oC.
Ly 3 chn nhm sch, nh s th t cho tng chn sau cho vo t sy 105 oC
vi thi gian 30 pht cho kh hon ton, ly chn nhm ra cho vo bnh ht m y kn
ch chn ngui. khi chn nhm ngui, ly ra cn xc nh khi lng ca chn nhm
(mc).
Ly 3 mu bt cht bao hoc bt vi bc ca th nghim cn phn tch, mi mu
khong 6 (g). Ri u mi mu thnh lp mng ln tng chn sy v cn xc nh khi
lng u ca chn khi c mu (mt1). Cho 3 chn cha bt ny vo t sy 105 oC, c
sau 1 ting thc hin cn ln lt 3 mu cho n khi khi lng 3 ln cn lin tip khng
i th ngng sy. Khi lng cui cng ny chnh l khi lng ca chn nhm v khi
lng bt kh tuyt i ca mu tng ng (mt2).
m bt c xc nh theo cng thc:
m tuyt i:

m tng i:

32

Trong :
o: m tuyt i ca bt cht bao hoc bt vi bc( %).
: m tng i ca bt cht bao hoc bt vi bc (%).
mt1: khi lng chn nhm kh v bt m (g).
mt2: khi lng chn nhm kh v bt kh tuyt i (g).
mc: khi lng chn nhm kh (g).
m bt em sy bng trung bnh cng m ca 3 mu sy trn.

Trong : 1, 2, 3 l m ca 3 mu bt trong 3 chn nhm trn.


3.4.1.3 Hm lng du tng
Ly khong 30 (g) bt vi bc cho vo cc thu tinh (becher), thm 150 ml nc ct v
dng a thu tinh ho tan hon ton bt. dch ho tan vo bnh cu ca thit b chng
ct li cun hi nc. Dng 50 ml nc ct chia lm 3 ln trng sch becher v a thu
tinh, chung vo bnh cu trn.
Bi Vaseline vo cc v tr tho lp ca b chng ct li cun hi nc, gn thit b v tr
v thc hin chng ct vi thi gian 4 ting. Trong qu trnh chng ct, mt phn nc s
b phn tn vo tinh du thit b ngng t lm cho tinh du b c, do khi ngng
chng ct phi ch 15 pht cho lng nc tch ra hon ton (tinh du c trong sut) th
mi c kt qu th tch tinh du.
Hiu sut thu hi du tng c xc nh theo cng thc:

Trong :
MEY: hiu sut thu hi du tng (%).
mhh: khi lng hn hp em sy (g).
Cr: nng cht rn trong hn hp em sy (%).
mB: khi lng bt vi bc m em phn tch (g).

33

B: m tng i ca mu bt vi bc em phn tch (%).


Vtd1: th tch tinh du phi vo hn hp em sy (ml).
Vtd2: th tch tinh du thu c khi chng ct mB (g) bt vi bc (ml).
3.4.1.4 Hm lng du vi bc v hm lng du b mt
Ly 30 (g) bt vi bc cho vo Becher. Dng ng ong, ong 150 (ml) n-Pentan cho
vo Becher trn, dng a thu tinh khuy u khi bt. Dng giy bc bt kn ming
Becher n-Pentan khng b bay hi. Ngm hn hp 1 ting, c 10 pht li dng a thu
tinh khuy u hn hp mt ln. Sau khi ngm thi gian, dng giy lc lc tch nPentan khi khi bt. Sy khi bt v giy lc 60 oC trong 5 ting (cho n khi mu bt
v giy lc t khi lng bng khi lng tng ban u). Ly khi bt ra, cho vo
Becher v thm 150 (ml) nc ct, ho tan hon ton bt v vo bnh cu ca thit b
chng ct li cun hi nc. Dng 50 (ml) chia lm 3 ln, trng sch Becher v a thu
tinh, chung vo bnh cu trn. Cho ming giy lc vo bnh cu v tin hnh chng ct
trong thi gian 4 ting. Sau khi ngng chng ct, ch 15 pht cho tinh du trong sut v
c th tch tinh du.
Hm lng du vi bc c xc nh theo cng thc:

Trong :
MEE: hm lng du vi bc (%).
EMY: hiu sut thu hi du tng.
mhh: khi lng hn hp em sy (g).
Cr: nng cht rn trong hn hp em sy (%).
mB: khi lng bt vi bc m em phn tch (g).
B: m tng i ca mu bt vi bc em phn tch (%).
Vtd1: th tch tinh du phi vo hn hp em sy (ml).
Vtd3: th tch tinh du thu c khi chng ct mB (g) bt vi bc (ml).

34

Hm lng du b mt c xc nh theo cng thc:

SO: hm lng du b mt (%).


MEE: hm lng du vi bc (%).
3.4.2 Chng ct tinh du
3.4.2.1 Xc nh ng cong sy ng
Mc ch: kho st m ca Ng theo thi gian sy cc nhit 50 oC v 70
o

C chn thi gian sy cho th nghim: nh hng ca nhit v thi gian sy ti hm

lng du.
Yu t nghin cu: m ca Ng theo thi gian sy.
Yu t theo di:
Nhit sy Ng.
Thi gian sy.
m ca Ng theo thi gian.
Qui trnh thc hin:
Ng mua v c lm sch cc tp cht: l cy, c l, cc l a, thiSau chia
ra lm 3 phn tng ng vi 3 ln lp li ca th nghim, mi phn khong 50 (g) v nh
th t t 1 n 3 cho cc phn.
Dng cn 2 s l cn tng phn mt sau ri u thnh lp mng khong 3 cm)
trn khay ca t sy ci t nhit theo yu cu (50 oC hoc 70 oC).
C sau 2 ting thc hin cn ln lt c 3 mu cho n khi khi lng khng i
sau 3 ln cn lin tip, khi m Ng t cn bng nhit ang sy.
Chnh nhit t sy ln 105 oC, tip tc sy v c sau 1 ting thc hin cn ln
lt c 3 mu cho n khi khi lng khng i sau 3 ln lin tip. Khi lng ny l
khi lng kh tuyt i ca cc mu Ng tng ng. Ngng sy v ghi s liu tnh
m Ng theo thi gian sy.

35

3.4.2.2 Th nghim xc nh nh hng ca nhit v thi gian sy ln mc tn


tht tinh du
Mc ch: xc nh nh hng ca nhit v thi gian sy Ng ln s tht thot
tinh du, t chn ra nhit v thi gian sy ti u cho Ng trc khi chng ct.
Yu t nghin cu: Nhit v thi gian sy Ng.
Cc ch tiu theo di:
Nhit sy Ng.
Thi gian sy Ng.
m ca Ng sau khi sy.
Lng tinh du thu c sau khi chng ct.
Phng php b tr th nghim:
V Ng mi ln mua c hm lng tinh du v m khc nhau, do trnh
nh hng ca cc ln mua, th nghim c b tr kiu khi ngu nhin y (RCBD).
Ng trong mi ln mua c xem l mt khi, trong mi khi c y cc nghim thc.
Th nghim c tin hnh vi 2 mc nhit : 50 oC v 70 oC.
Nhit 50 oC: c 4 mc thi gian sy tng ng vi 4 nghim thc: 0, 16, 24 v
32 ting.
Nhit 70 oC c 4 mc thi gian sy tng ng vi bn nghim thc: 0, 4, 8 v
12 ting.
Mi th nghim c tin hnh vi 2 ln lp li.
X l s liu: bng chng trnh Stagraphic v Excel. Cc phn tch gm phng
sai ANOVA, LSD, hi quy.
S b tr th nghim:
Nhit sy 50 oC:

36

Thi gian sy(h)

Ln mua Ng
1

A11

A21

16

A12

A22

24

A13

A23

32

A14

A24

Nhit sy 70 oC:
Thi gian sy(h)

Ln mua Ng
1

B11

B21

B12

B22

B13

B23

12

B14

B24

Qui trnh thc hin:


Ng mua v c tch loi c v cc tp cht, sau chia thnh 4 phn bng nhau
tng ng vi 4 nghim thc trong cng mt khi.
Nghim thc Ng ti (sy 0 gi):
Ly 3 mu nh, mi mu khong 10 (g) em xc nh m . Phn cn li c ct
nh thnh tng on khong 1 (cm), em cn bng cn 2 s l xc nh khi lng sau
cho vo my xay sinh t, thm nc theo t l 1ml/1g Ng ti v xay nhuyn trong 15
pht. T l nc/ Ng ny c xc nh bng mt m chng ct s b, t l ny hn
hp s khng qu kh lm b chy khi chng ct v khng qu long lm tn km thit b
v tn hao nng lng.
Sau khi xay Ng c cho vo thit b chng ct li cun hi nc v chng ct,
c sau 1 ting c th tch tinh du mt ln. Nu sau 3 ln c m thy lng tinh du
khng i th ngng chng ct.

37

Trong qu trnh nc ngng chy xung, khi i qua lp tinh du s lm mt phn


nc b phn tn vo tinh du lm cho tinh du c mu c, do sau khi ngng chng
ct phi i 15 pht cho lng nc tch ra hon ton (tinh du c mu trong) mi c v
ghi nhn kt qu.
Nghim thc Ng sy cc thi gian khc:
Ng c ri thnh tng lp mng khong 3(cm) vo cc khay trong t sy
c ci t nhit theo yu cu (50 oC hoc 70 oC). Sau khi ch thi gian sy Ng
c ly ra, ngui t nhin v lm tip cc bc nh cho phn chng ct Ng ti
trn. Mu no sau khi sy nhng cha th chng ct ngay c th c ngui t
nhin, sau cho vo ti nilon v ng gi li ch chng ct.
3.4.2.3 Th nghim xc nh nh hng ca thi gian sy n thi gian chng
ct
Mc ch:
Xc nh thi im ngng chng ct hp l ng vi mi nghim thc Ng sy vi
cc thi gian khc nhau. Xc nh nh hng ca qu trnh sy Ng n thi gian chng
ct.
Yu t nghin cu:
nh hng ca thi gian sy Ng n thi gian chng ct.
Ch tiu theo di:
Nhit sy v thi gian sy Ng.
Thi gian chng ct.
Lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian.
B tr th nghim:
Th nghim c b tr kiu khi ngu nhin y . Mi ln mua Ng c xem
l mt khi. Trong mi khi c y cc nghim thc.

38

Th nghim c tin hnh nhit sy Ng 50 oC vi 4 nghim thc: 0, 16, 24


v 32 ting.
Mi th nghim c tin hnh vi hai ln lp li.
Thi gian sy(h)

Ln mua Ng
1

C11

C21

16

C12

C22

24

C13

C23

32

C14

C24

Qui trnh thc hin:


Cc bc chun b mu v tin hnh chng ct c thc hin nh th nghim
3.4.2.2 (xc nh nh hng ca nhit v thi gian sy ln mc tn tht tinh du).
T khi bt bp th bt u tnh thi gian chng ct. C 1 ting c lng tinh du
thu c mt ln. Cho n khi lng tinh du thu c khng i sau 3 ting chng ct
lin tc th c xem l ht tinh du (thc ra cn mt lng nh b gi li trong nc
chng v nguyn liu nhng tch c lng ny phi chng ct rt lu v lng ny
khng ng k nn xem nh thu c 100% tinh du trong nguyn liu) v ngng
chng ct cho th nghim nghim y.
3.4.3 Vi bc tinh du Ng
3.4.3.1 Th nghim xc nh nng v t l cht bao ti u
Mc ch: tm ra c nng cht bao v t l cht bao khi s dng cho hiu
sut thu hi tinh du cao nht.
Yu t nghin cu: nng cht bao v t l cht bao.
Ch tiu theo di:
Nng v t l cht bao.

39

Tc v thi gian ng ha to nh tng.


Nhit sy phun.
Hiu sut thu hi bt.
m bt sn phm sau khi sy phun.
Hiu sut vi bc v hiu qu vi bc.
B tr th nghim:
B tr th nghim hai yu t kiu hon ton ngu nhin, mi yu t gm hai
nghim thc:
Nng cht bao: 20% v 30% khi lng so vi tng khi lng dung dch
trc khi sy phun.
T l cht bao: t l maltodextrin/ gum arabic l 1/0 v 4/1 v khi lng.
Cc th nghim c m ho v th t th nghim c tin hnh mt cch ngu
nhin.
Mi th nghim c tin hnh vi hai ln lp li.
X l s liu: lp bng ANOVA, trc nghim LSD chn ra nghim thc ti u.
Bng b tr th nghim:
Nng cht kh (%)

T l cht bao Maltodextrin/gum Arabic


1/0

1/4

20

D1

D2

30

D3

D4

Qui trnh thc hin:


Xc nh m Maltodextrin v gum Arabic nguyn liu.
Ly Becher 400 (ml) cn chnh xc khi lng bt. Dng ng ong, ong 30 (ml)
nc ct cho vo Becher v dng a lm t u bt trnh hin tng vn cc. Tip
tc ong chnh xc lng nc cn li cho theo tnh ton, rt t t vo Becher trn, khi
rt ng thi dng a thu tinh khuy lin tc ho tan hon ton bt.
Dng Pipet ht chnh xc th tch tinh du v cho vo dung dch trn (theo t l
tinh du 0.5 % khi lng so vi tng khi lng dung dch trc khi sy phun), dng

40

mt Pipet khc ht cht to nh (Tween -80 theo t l 0.05 % so vi th tch tinh du) cho
vo Becher. Gn vo thit b ng ho v dng giy nhm bt kn ming Becher. ng
ho hn hp tc 6000 vng/pht vi thi gian 15 pht cho hn hp tr nn ng nht
(nh tng). Sau khi ng ho xong v sinh thit b ng ho bng cch dng nc
chy my ng ho tc cao cho n khi thy nc sau ng ho trong hon ton l
c.
Sau khi to nh tng, em sy bng my sy phun nhit 130 oC, lu lng
nhp liu 2 (ml/pht). Trc v sau khi sy phun phi v sinh my bng nc sch v sy
kh my.
Sn phm sau khi sy phun c ng trong hp nha, y np v ng gi chn
khng ch phn tch hm lng du tng v du b mt.
3.4.3.2 Th nghim xc nh nh hng ca nng tinh du
Mc ch: V khi tng hm lng tinh du ln s lm gim hiu qu vi bao, do
th nghim ny kho st v v th mi tng quan gia nng tinh du v hiu qu vi
bao nhm chn ra t l phi tinh du ph hp v t hiu qu kinh t cao.
Yu t nghin cu: nh hng ca nng tinh du ln hiu qu vi bao.
Ch tiu theo di:
Nng tinh du.
m sn phm sy.
Hm lng du tng.
Hm lng du b mt.
B tr th nghim:
B tr th nghim 1 yu t, th nghim c b tr theo kiu ngu nhin y
(CRD).
Yu t nghin cu l nng tinh du vi 4 nghim thc: 0.005, 0.015, 0.025 v
0.035 % khi lng so vi tng khi lng dung dch trc khi sy phun.
Cc th nghim c tin hnh vi cht bao l Maltodextrin nng 30% khi
lng so vi tng khi lng dung dch trc khi sy phun.
Cc th nghim c nh k hiu v c tin hnh mt cch ngu nhin.

41

Th nghim c thc hin vi hai ln lp li.


X l s liu: lp bng ANOVA, trc nghim LSD, DUNCAN, th.
S b tr th nghim:
Nng cht

T l tinh du (%)

kh(%)

0.005

0.015

0.025

0.035

30

E1

E2

E3

E4

Qui trnh thc hin:


Xc nh m Maltodextrin nguyn liu.
Ly Becher 400 (ml) cn chnh xc khi lng bt Maltodextrin. Dng ng ong,
ong 30 (ml) nc ct cho vo Becher v dng a lm t u bt trnh hin tng
vn cc. Tip tc ong chnh xc lng nc cn li cho theo tnh ton, rt t t vo
Becher trn, khi rt ng thi dng a thu tinh khuy lin tc ho tan hon ton bt.
Dng Pipet ht chnh xc th tch tinh du v cho vo dung dch trn, dng mt
Pipet khc ht cht to nh (Tween -80 theo t l 0.05 % so vi hm lng tinh du) cho
vo Becher. Gn vo thit b ng ho v dng giy nhm bt kn ming Becher. ng
ho hn hp tc 6000 vng/pht vi thi gian 15 pht cho hn hp tr nn ng nht
(nh tng). Sau khi ng ho xong v sinh thit b ng ho bng cch dng nc
chy my ng ho tc cao cho n khi thy nc sau ng ho trong hon ton l
c.
Sau khi to nh tng, em sy bng my sy phun nhit 130 oC, lu lng
nhp liu 2 (ml/pht). Trc v sau khi sy phun phi v sinh my bng nc sch v sy
kh my.
Sn phm sau khi sy phun c ng trong hp nha, y np v ng gi chn
khng ch phn tch hm lng du tng v du b mt.
3.4.3.3 Xc nh ng ng nhit ht m ca sn phm vi bc
Mc ch: phc v cho qu trnh bo qun v xc nh t l tht thot tinh du
theo m sn phm trong qu trnh bo qun. D on thi gian bo qun sn phm.
Yu t nghin cu: m ca sn phm theo m mi trng khng kh. Hm
lng du tht thot theo m sn phm.

42

Ch tiu theo di:


Nhit t m.
m khng kh.
m sn phm.
Hm lng du tht thot.
B tr th nghim:
B tr th nghim 1 yu t kiu ngu nhin hon ton.
Yu t: m khng kh vi 5 mc nghim thc: 52, 60, 70, 82 v 90(%).
Cc th nghim c m ho khc nhau.
Mi th nghim c tin hnh vi hai ln lp li.
X l s liu: lp bng ANOVA, trc nghim LSD, th.
S b tr th nghim.
Dung dch mui bo ho

Ln lp li
KCl

NaCl

NaNO3

MgCl2

Mg(NO3)2

F11

F12

F13

F14

F15

F21

F22

F23

F24

F25

Qui trnh thc hin:


Pha dung dch mui bo ho:
Cc th nghim c tin hnh theo phng php tnh. Cc bc pha ch dung
dch mui bo ho tham kho theo tiu chun ASTM s E 104-85 ca hip hi th nghim
v vt liu Hoa K (JUPAC, 1996).
Cho 200 (ml) nc ct vo y bnh ht m, thm mui vo v dng a thu
tinh khuy cho tan hon ton. Khi gn t trng thi bo ho, t bnh ht m ln bp
khuy t, chnh cho nhit dung dch t 35 oC, thm t t tng lng mui nh v kt
hp khuy t lin tc cho n khi mui khng cn tan c na (t trng thi bo ho).
chc chn dung dch mui lc no cng bo ho trong sut qu trnh th nghim, lun
gi cho mt lng mui tha di y lp dung dch mui bo ho ny. Khi pha xong,
bi vasaline vo v tr tip xc gia np bnh v thn bnh, t cc bnh ht m c cha

43

cc dung dch mui bo ho trong t m 35 oC trong thi gian 24 ting. Sau 24 ting ly
cc bnh ra, xem di y bnh, nu bnh no mui tan ht th tip tc thm mui vo
v khuy ng thi gia nhit cho t trng thi bo ho 35 oC. Sau li b vo t m
v sau 24 ting ly ra xem, nu vn cn d lp mui di y bnh l c.
Chun b mu:
V phi sy nhiu ln mi bt th nghim do , cc l bt sy cc ln
khc nhau c trn chung vi nhau cho ng u. Ly 50 (g) em phn tch hm lng
du tng ban u ca sn phm, ly 15 (g) bt chia lm 3 mu xc nh m ca bt
trc khi th nghim. Phn bt cn li c chia u lm 10 phn bng nhau tng ng
vi 5 nghim thc v 2 ln lp li.
V lng bt nhiu do gim thi gian th nghim v tng ng u, mi
mu c chia lm 2 phn bng nhau, cn khi lng mi a nha sau ri u mi
phn thnh mt lp mng ln mt a. B tr mi bnh ht m cha 4 a tng ng vi 2
mu, cc a c xp chng ln nhau v gi khong cch gia cc a thng thong
m bo m s i lu ca khng kh v m ca khng kh c ng u. y kn
np cc bnh ht m v t trong t m c ci t 35 oC.
Theo di khi lng:
Trong 5 ngy u tin ca th nghim, khng tin hnh cn mu. T ngy th 5
tr i, tin hnh cn mu nh k 2 ngy 1 ln, cho n khi kt qu gia hai ln cn chnh
lch khng qu 0,01 (g) th kt thc th nghim. Trong qu trnh th nghim, do ht m
lm bt b kt dnh thnh khi do m bo s ng u v lm cho cc ht bt
trong cng t cn bng (trnh hin tng cn bng b mt), sau mi ln cn dng ci v
chy s kh, sch tn nh cc khi bt.
m cn bng c xc nh theo cng thc:

Trong :
G1: khi lng kh ca mu (g).
G2: khi lng ca mu ln cn cui (g).

44

EMC: m tuyt i ca mu (%).


Phn tch hm lng du:
Sau khi ngng th nghim ta tin hnh cn khi lng tng a sau bt ca
2 a trong cng mt bnh ht m vo mt Becher v thm 200 (ml) ho tan hon ton bt.
dung dch trn vo bnh cu thit b chng ct, trng li cc bng 50 (ml) nc ct v
tin hnh chng ct xc nh hm lng du cn li.
3.4.3.4 Xc nh hiu qu ca vi bc trong qu trnh ch bin
Mc ch:
Xc nh hiu qu ca vic vi bc tinh du trong cc qu trnh ch bin v x l
nhit so vi tinh du dng lng.
Yu t nghin cu:
hm lng du sau thu hi sau khi ch bin v x l nhit.
Ch tiu theo di:
Hm lng tinh du trc v sau khi ch bin.
Nhit v thi gian ch bin.
B tr th nghim:
B tr th nghim 1 yu t kiu khi, v nhng ln nng sau l b nng sn
nn nhit l nng c th khc nhau cc ln nng. Do , trnh nh hng chng
ti b tr th nghim kiu khi, coi mi ln nng l mt khi. Trong mi khi cha y
hai nghim thc.
Yu t: hm lng tinh du vi hai nghim thc tinh du vi bc v tinh du
khng vi bc.
Cc th nghim c m ho khc nhau.
Mi th nghim c tin hnh vi hai ln lp li.
X l s liu: lp bng ANOVA, trc nghim LSD, th.
S b tr th nghim.

45

Dng tinh du phi trn

Ln lp li

Vi bc

Khng vi bc

Ln 1

G11

G12

Ln 2

G21

G22

Qui trnh thc hin:


Chun b mu:
Mu s dng tinh du lng:
Cn chnh xc 70 (g) bt m v 38,19 (g) maltodextrin cho vo Becher 800 (ml),
trn u hai loi bt trn vi thi gian 3 pht cho maltodextrin phn b u vo bt m.
Cn chnh xc 10 (g) trng g, 70 (g) nc v 0,7 (g) bt n cho vo Becher 250
(ml) trn u trong 5 pht. Dng Pipet ht 2 (ml) tinh du cho vo Becher trn v trn u
trong 3 pht c hn hp ng nht.
hn hp lng trn vo Becher cha hn hp bt v nho trn vi thi gian 15
pht to khi bt do, ng u. Cn khi bt trn thnh cc bnh mng 0,5 (cm),
vung mi chiu di 5 (cm).
Mu s dng tinh du vi bc:
Cn chnh xc 10 (g) trng g, 70 (g) nc v 0,7 (g) bt n cho vo Becher 250
(ml) trn u trong 8 pht to hn hp lng ng nht.
Dng Becher 800(ml) cn chnh xc 70(g) bt m v 38,19(g) bt sn phm vi
bc, trn hai loi bt trn vi thi gian 3 pht tinh du phn b u vo bt m.
hn hp lng trn vo Becher cha hn hp bt v nho trn vi thi gian 15
pht to khi bt do, ng u. Cn khi bt trn thnh cc bnh mng 0,5(cm),
vung mi chiu di 5 (cm).
Nng mu:
Mu sau khi cn thnh bnh mng, c xp vo khay nng. Mu phi trn tinh
du dng lng v mu phi trn tinh du dng bt c xp vo cng mt khay v em
nng 175 oC vi thi gian 25 pht.
Mu sau khi nng c lm ngui t nhin ngoi khng kh.

46

Sau khi lm ngui, mu c nghin mn bng ch xay kh ca my xay sinh


t vi thi gian 5 pht sau dng thit b chng ct li cun hi nc phn tch hm
lng du thu hi.

47

Chng 4:
KT QU V THO LUN

4.1 Th nghim chng ct tinh du


4.1.1 ng cong tc sy Ng
Nhit sy 50 oC:
S liu c th nghim thu c nh sau:
Bng 4.1 m ca Ng theo thi gian sy nhit 50 oC
Thi gian (gi)
0
2
4,3
6,3
8,55
10,4
11,4
24,65
T bng s liu 4.1 v c th:

m tng i (%)
93,39
92,05
90,36
88,37
85,4
82,3
80,38
15,56

m tuyt i (%)
1414,20
1158,02
936,19
763,52
592,89
474,99
420,37
19,60

48

1600
1400

Am do tuyet doi (%)

1200

y = -95.097x + 1375.2
R = 0.9898

1000
800

ng tc

600

gim tc

y = 1.8992x 2 - 98.63x + 1296.9


R = 1

400
200
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

Thoi gian (h)

Hnh 4.1 : ng cong sy Ng 50oC


T th ta c hai phng trnh ng cong sy ca hai giai on ng tc v gim tc:
ng tc: y=-95,097x + 1375,2.
Gim tc: y= 1,8992 x2 98,63x +1296,9.
Tin hnh o hm hai phng trnh ny ta c phng trnh ng cong tc sy ca
hai giai on sy ng tc v gim tc:
Tc sy ng tc: y=95,097 (%/h).
Tc sy gim tc: y=3,7984x -98,63.
m ti hn: 592,9(%).
m cn bng: 19.6(%).
Nhit sy 70oC:
S liu th nghim thu c nh sau:
Bng 4.2 : m ca Ng theo thi gian sy nhit 70 oC
Thi gian sy(gi) m tng i (%)
0
92,74
2
86,66
4
71,9
6
33,27
8
8,78
9
7,13
10
6,34
T bng s liu 4.2 v c th:

m tuyt i(%)
1286,05
656,78
257,86
51,53
9,71
7,89
7,05

49

1400

m tuyt i (%)

1200

y = -257.05x + 1247.7
R = 0.9835

1000
800

ng tc

600

gim tc
400
y = 83477x -4.189
R = 0.9785

200
0
0

10

12

thi gian sy (h)

Hnh 4.2 : ng cong sy Ng 70oC


T th ta c hai phng trnh ng cong sy ca hai giai on sy ng tc v
sy gim tc:
Giai on sy ng tc: y=-257,05x+1247,7.
Giai on sy gim tc: y=83477x-4,189.
o hm hai phng trnh ny thu c phng trnh ng cong tc sy ca
hai giai on sy ng tc v sy gim tc:
Tc sy ng tc: y= 257,05 (%/h).
Tc sy gim tc: y=-349685x-5,189.
m ti hn: 257.86 (%).
m cn bng: 7.05 (%).
Kt lun:
Da vo hai phng trnh sy ng tc nhit 50 oCv nhit 70 oC cho
thy: khi sy giai on sy ng tc (m gim t 1414.208 % n 763.5237 %), tc
sy Ng 70 oC ln gp 2,7 ln tc sy Ng 50 oC.
Da vo kt lun trn v qua ln th nghim u tin, chng ti chn thi gian
sy Ng cho th nghim nh hng ca nhit v thi gian sy Ng hai nhit 50 oC
v 70 oC ln lt l:
Sy Ng 50 oC: 0, 16, 24 v 32 gi.

50

Sy Ng 70 oC: 0, 4, 8 v 12 gi.
4.1.2 nh hng ca nhit v thi gian sy ln hm lng tinh du
Nhit sy 50 oC:
S liu thu c:
Bng 4.3: Lng tinh du thu c khi chng ct cc mu sy 50 oC
Thi gian
sy(gi)

0
16
24
32

m tng i(%)

Ln 1
93,4
81,4
74,9
19,3
Ng ti khi mua v em

Tinh du thu c
(ml/kg Ng kh)

Ln 2
Ln 1
Ln 2
90,5
13,8
5,98
78,6
10,1
3,79
42,5
7,94
2,42
5,8
3.01
0,52
chng ct ngay c xem nh khng tn tht (tn tht

0%). Lng tn tht ca cc nghim thc Ng sy c tnh theo cng thc:

Trong :
T: tn tht tinh du khi chng ct t Ng sy so vi Ng ti(%).
V1: th tch tinh du thu c khi chng ct Ng ti(ml/kg Ng kh tuyt i).
V2: th tch tinh du thu c khi chng ct Ng sy(ml/kg Ng kh tuyt i)
Sau khi tnh ton thu c bng s liu:
Bng 4.4: Bng s liu tn tht tinh du theo thi gian sy 50 oC
Tn tht tinh du
(%)
Ln 1
Ln 2
0
0
0
16
26.80421
36.55682
24
42.46227
59.50112
32
78.18063
91.38411
Lp bng ANOVA kho st s nh hng ca cc yu t.
Thi gian
sy(gi)

T bng ANOVA c trnh by ph lc Ia cho thy nh hng ca thi gian sy


nhit 50 oC l c ngha v mt thng k tin cy 95% (p=0,002<0,05). nh
hng ca mi ln mua khng c ngha tin cy 95% (p =0,07>0,05).

51

S dng trc nghim phn hng LSD so snh s khc bit gia cc nghim thc.
Nhn vo bng trc nghim phn hng LSD c trnh by ph lc Ib, chng ti nhn
thy rng tn tht tinh du khi sy 50 oC cc thi gian sy 0, 16, 24 v 32 gi c s
khc bit r rng.
T bng s liu 4.3, hi quy tuyn tnh chng ti nhn thy rng gi tr hng s a
trong phng trnh: y=a+bx khng c ngha tin cy 95 % (p=0,53>0,05).
kim tra tnh ph hp ca m hnh hi quy, s dng phn tch tnh khng ph
hp (lack of fit test) v nhn thy gi tr p=0,26>0,05 nn m hnh tuyn tnh l hon ton
ph hp (ph lc Id).
So snh gi tr R2 ca m hnh tuyn tnh vi cc m hnh khc theo ph lc Ie,
chng ti nhn thy rng gi tr R2 ca m hnh Square root-y ln nht v m hnh tuyn
tnh c R2 ln th hai. Tuy nhin kt qu phn tch lack of fit test li cho thy m hnh
tuyn tnh ph hp hn. Do , chng ti chn m hnh th hin mi tng quan gia thi
gian sy v mc tn tht tinh du ti nhit sy 50 oC l m hnh tuyn tnh.

Hnh 4.3: Biu th hin tnh ph hp m hnh hi quy tn tht tinh du theo thi gian
sy Ng ti nhit 50 oC
Nhn vo hnh 4.3 chng ti nhn thy rng cc im thc nghim phn b rt gn
vi ng hi quy, iu cho thy tnh ph hp ca m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh.

52

Hnh 4.4 Biu phn tn phn d theo trc Y


Nhn trn Hnh 4.4 chng ti nhn thy cc im phn b mt cch ngu nhin
khng theo quy lut v cc gi tr u nm trong khong 3. iu cho thy m hnh hi
quy tuyn tnh l ph hp biu din kt qu th nghim.
Qua cc nhn xt trn v t bng s liu 4.4 ta v c th:

Hnh 4.5: Tn tht tinh du theo thi gian sy ti nhit 50 oC

53

Nhit sy 70oC:
S liu thu c:
Bng 4.5: Lng tinh du thu c khi chng ct cc mu sy 70 oC
Tinh du thu c
(ml/kg Ng kh)

m tng i (%)

Thi gian(gi)

Ln 1
Ln 2
Ln 1
0
93,13
93,7
11,29
4
78,95
89,19
4,77
8
77,14
56,8
3,69
12
15
14,16
0,34
Ng ti khi mua v em chng ct ngay c xem nh khng tn tht

Ln 2
15,5
10,57
4,31
0,24
(tn tht 0%).

Lng tn tht ca cc nghim thc Ng sy c tnh c tnh theo cng thc:

Trong :
T: tn tht tinh du khi chng ct t Ng sy so vi Ng ti(%).
V1: th tch tinh du thu c khi chng ct Ng ti(ml/kg Ng kh tuyt i).
V2: th tch tinh du thu c khi chng ct Ng sy(ml/kg Ng kh tuyt i)
Sau khi tnh ton thu c bng s liu:
Bng 4.6: Tn tht tinh du theo thi gian sy Ng ti nhit sy 70 oC
Thi gian(gi)

Tn tht tinh du (%)


Ln 1

Ln 2

57,73

31,85

67,32

72,23

12

97

98,43

Lp bng ANOVA kho st s nh hng ca cc yu t. Nhn vo bng


ANOVA (Ph lc If) chng ti nhn thy nh hng ca thi gian sy l c ngha
tin cy 95(%) v p=0,008<0,05. nh hng ca ln mua l khng c ngha tin cy
95 (%) v p=0,54>0,05.

54

Trc nghim phn hng LSD so snh gia cc nghim thc (Ph lc Ig), chng ti
nhn thy c hai cp nghim thc khng c s khc bit:
sy 4 gi vi sy 8 gi.
Sy 8 gi v sy 12 gi.
Cc cp cn li u c s khc bit r rng.
T bng s liu 4.4, phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh (Ph lc Ih) chng ti nhn thy
rng gi tr hng s a trong phng trnh: y=a+bx khng c ngha tin cy 95%
(p=0,38>0,05).
Phn tch tnh khng ph hp ca hi quy (lack of fit test) theo Ph lc Ii, chng ti
nhn thy gi tr P=0,41>0,05 nn m hnh tuyn tnh hon ton ph hp m t kt qu
th nghim.
So snh vi cc m hnh hi quy khc (Ph lc Ij), gi tr R2 ca m hnh tuyn
tnh: 94,92(%) l ln nht. iu cho thy m hnh tuyn tnh l ph hp nht vi
biu din kt qu th nghim.

Hnh 4.6: Biu th hin tnh ph hp m hnh hi quy tn tht tinh du theo thi gian
sy Ng ti nhit 70 oC

55

Nhn vo hnh 4.6 chng ti nhn thy rng cc im thc nghim phn b rt gn
vi ng hi quy, iu cho thy tnh ph hp ca m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh.

Hnh 4.7: Biu phn tn phn d theo trc Y


Nhn vo Hnh 4.7 chng ti nhn thy cc im phn b mt cch ngu nhin
khng theo quy lut iu cho thy m hnh tuyn tnh l ph hp m t kt qu th
nghim. Tuy nhin, trn Hnh 4.7 chng ti nhn thy c mt im c gi tr ln hn 3.
Gi tr ny tng ng vi th nghim sy 4 gi ln 2. Nhn vo bng s liu 4.4 chng ti
nhn thy gi tr m ca Ng lc ny cn rt ln (89,19 %) so vi ln th nghim 1
trong cng thi gian sy (78,95 %). iu ny do trong qu trnh sy Ng s dng chung t
sy sy cc sn phm khc v t sy b m ra nhiu ln lm cho tn tht nhit ln dn
n qu trnh sy t hiu qu thp.
Qua cc nhn xt trn v t bng s liu 4.6 v c th:

56

Hnh 4.8 Tn tht tinh du theo thi gian sy ti nhit 70 oC


Kt lun:
Da trn hai th Hnh 4.5 v Hnh 4.8, c hai phng trnh nh hng ca thi
gian sy ln mc tn tht tinh du:
Nhit sy 50 oC:
Y=2,3941X.
Nhit sy 70 oC:
Y=8,5265X.
T l hai h s gc trong hai trng hp sy:

H s gc ca ng thng tn tht tinh du khi sy 70 oC ln gp 3,56 ln h s


gc ng thng tn tht tinh du khi sy 50oC. iu cho thy:
Khi sy trong cng mt thi gian th mc tn tht tinh du khi sy 70 oC s ln
gp 3,56 ln khi sy 50 oC.
T nhn xt trn v kt qu ng cong sy Ng (sy 70 oC nhanh gp 2,7 ln sy
50 oC) c th so snh tn tht tinh du theo m :
Khi sy ti cng m :

57

Vy khi sy ti cng m , nu sy 70oC th tn tht tinh du cao hn 1,32 ln


tn tht tinh du khi sy 50oC.
Trong thc t chn nhit sy no th phi so snh chnh lch chi ph cho qu
trnh sy (do chnh lch thi gian sy 2,7 ln lm gim nng sut) v chnh lch chi ph do
tn tht tinh du (chnh lch 1,32 ln khi sy n cng m ) chn ra nhit thch
hp.
Do gi tinh du cao nn trong ti ny chng ti chn nhit sy Ng l 50oC
gim tn tht tinh du.
4.1.3 nh hng ca thi gian sy n thi gian chng ct
S liu kt qu th nghim:
Bng 4.7: Lng tinh du thu c khi chng ct cc mu Ng sy 50 oC
Thi gian sy
(gi)
0
16
24
32

m tng i (%)
Ln 1
93,4
81,4
74,9
19,3

Ln 2
90,5
78,6
42,5
5,8

Tinh du thu c
(ml/kg Ng kh)
Ln 1
13,8
10,1
7,94
3.01

Ln 2
5,98
3,79
2,42
0,52

Lng tinh du ln nht thu c mi nghim thc (sau 3 ting chng ct lin
tip m lng tinh du khng tng thm) c xem l 100% tinh du ca nghim
thc y. Cc thi im khc c xc nh theo cng thc:

Trong :

G: hm lng tinh du thu c ti thi im chng ct (%).


Vi: th tch tinh du thu c cc thi gian chng ct (ml/kg Ng kh).
V: th tch tinh du thu c cao nht ca cng nghim thc (ml/kg Ng kh).

58

V d:
khi chng ct Ng sy nhit 50oC, thi gian sy 16 gi. Sau thi gian 2 ting
thu c th tch tinh du 0,18(ml). Sau thi gian chng ct 3 gi (3 gi chng ct
tip theo lng tinh du thu c khng tng thm) thu c 0,21(ml).
Hm lng tinh du thu c sau thi gian 2 gi:

Hm lng tinh du thu c sau thi gian 3 gi:

Bng 4.8: Hm lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian chng ct i vi Ng sy


50oC (%)
Thi
gian
chng
ct
(gi)
0
1
2
3
4

Hm lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian ng vi cc nghim thc


Ng sy 50oC(%)
Sy 0 gi

Sy 16 gi

Sy 24 gi

Sy 32 gi

Ln 1

Ln 2

Ln 1

Ln 2

Ln 1

Ln 2

Ln 1

Ln 2

46.66

80.95

84,21

85.71

28.57

52.63

72.72

0
68,5

73.33

90.47

94,74

95.23

90.47

100

100

93.33

95.23

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100
100
100

Khi khng sy Ng (thi gian sy 0 gi):


Phn tch so snh gi tr R2 ca cc m hnh hi quy th hin hm lng tinh du
thu c theo thi gian chng ct (Ph lc Ik), chng ti nhn thy rng m hnh square
root-x c gi tr R2=90,2 (%) ln nht, iu chng t m hnh square root-x ph hp
nht m t kt qu th nghim.
X l hi quy theo m hnh square root x (Ph lc Il), da vo gi tr p cho thy
gi tr a trong phng trnh hi quy khng c ngha thng k tin cy 95 %.

59

Hnh 4.9 : Biu th hin tnh ph hp ca m hnh hi quy hm lng tinh du thu
c theo thi gian chng ct
Nhn trn th Hnh 4.9 cho thy cc s liu thc nghim phn b rt gn vi
ng hi quy. iu chng t m hnh hi quy square root-x ph hp biu din kt
qu th nghim.

60

Hnh 4.10 th th hin hm lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian chng ct khi sy
Ng 50 oC vi thi gian 0 gi
xc nh gii hn chng ct (thi im ngng chng ct) s dng th trn vi
trc bn phi l gi thnh tinh du.
X l nh trn vi cc nghim thc cn li ta thu c cc th:
Ng sy 16 gi ti nhit 50oC:

Hnh 4.11 : th th hin hm lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian chng ct khi sy
Ng 50oC vi thi gian 16 gi
Ng sy 24 gi ti nhit 50oC:

61

Hnh 4.12: th th hin hm lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian chng ct khi sy
Ng 50oC vi thi gian 24 gi
Ng sy 32 gi ti nhit 50oC:

Hnh 4.13 : th th hin hm lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian chng ct khi sy
Ng 50 oC vi thi gian 32 gi

62

nh hng ca thi gian sy ti thi gian chng ct ti nhit sy 50oC:


Ly thi gian chng ct l thi gian thu c 100% lng tinh du t nguyn liu
(bng 4.8) so snh nh hng ca thi gian sy ln thi gian chng ct ca cc nghim
thc.
Bng 4.9 nh hng ca thi gian sy Ng n thi gian chng ct khi sy Ng
50oC
Thi gian
chng ct (gi)

Thi gian sy (gi)


0

16

24

32

Ln 1

Ln 2

T bng ANOVA (Ph lc Im) cho thy nh hng ca thi gian sy ln thi gian
chng ct c ngha v mt thng k vi tin cy 95%.
Da vo bng trc nghim LSD (Ph lc In) cho thy khi sy Ng 16 gi v 24
gi khng c nh hng khc bit ln thi gian chng ct tinh du Ng.
Hi quy tuyn tnh (Ph luc Io) cho thy c gi tr a v b trong phng trnh hi
quy tuyn tnh u c ngha tin cy 95%.
Trc nghim tnh khng ph hp (lack of fit test) trong Ph lc In cho thy gi tr
p=1>0,05 iu cho thy m hnh tuyn tnh l hon ton ph hp m t kt qu th
nghim.
so snh vi cc m hnh tuyn tnh khc chng ti s dng phn tch
Comparison of Alternative Models (Ph lc Iq), kt qu phn tch cho thy gi tr R2 ca
m hnh tuyn tnh l ln nht. iu cho thy m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh l ph hp
nht biu din kt qu th nghim ny.
Qua nhng phn tch trn v t bng s liu 4.5 v c th:

63

Thi gian chng ct (gi)

4.5
4

3.5
3
2.5

y = -0.0625x + 4
R = 0.8974

1.5
1
0.5
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

Thi gian sy (gi)

Hnh 4.14 : nh hng ca thi gian sy Ng n thi gian chng ct


Kt lun:
Qua cc th nghim trn chng ti nhn thy:
Khi sy Ng 50 oC, nh hng ca ca cc nghim thc (16 h, 24 h, 32 h) ln tn tht
tinh du l c ngha v gia cc nghim thc c s khc bit r rt.
Do khi mua Ng v nu c iu kin th nn chng ct Ng ti trnh tn tht tinh
du.
nh hng ca nhit sy ln thi gian chng ct gia hai nghim thc: sy 50
o

C vi thi gian 16 h v sy 50 oC vi thi gian 24 h khng c s khc bit (Ph lc In).

Khi sy 50 oC vi thi gian 16h, tn tht tinh du thp hn khi sy 50 oC vi thi


gian 24 h.
Do nu khi mua Ng v nhng khng th chng ct ngay c th nn sy Ng
50 oC vi thi gian 16 h bo qun vi thi gian ngn (khong 2 hoc 3 ngy). Nu
cn bo qun lu hn th nn kho st nh hng ca cc nhit sy thp hn s dng
v khi sy 50 oC n 24 h th hm lng tinh du b tn tht 50,98 % (Ph lc Ib) lm
tn tht tinh du rt ln.

64

4.2 Th nghim vi bc tinh du Ng


4.2.1 Th nghim xc nh nng v t l cht bao ti u
Bng 4.10 : Hiu sut thu hi bt qua my sy phun
Ln sy

Hiu sut thu hi (%)

Ln 1

47,32

Ln 2

48,27

Ln 3

37,61

Ln 4

43,74

Ln 5

49,45

Ln 6

43.31

Trung bnh

44,95

Nhn vo bng s liu 4.6 cho thy hiu sut thu hi bt qua my sy phun kh
thp. iu ny do my sy phun s dng l my sy phun th nghim, cha ti u ha v
cc iu kin hot ng v do lng mu sy th nghim nh nn t l dnh thnh cao.
Hiu sut thu hi tinh du tng sau khi sy phun (%):
Th nghim ny c tin hnh vi nng tinh du bng 0,5% khi lng so vi
tng khi lng dung dch trc khi sy phun.
Bng 4.11: nh hng ca nng v t l cht bao ln hiu sut thu hi tinh du
tng sau khi sy phun (%)

65

Ln th
nghim

Nng
cht kh
(%)

T l Maltodextrin/gum
arabic
1/0

4/1

20

64,02

28,76

30

72,25

50,3

20

53,11

27,37

30

2,79

52,66

Ln 1

Ln 2

T bng ANOVA (Ph lc IIa) cho thy:

Nng cht bao nh hng n hiu sut thu hi tinh du tng v

mt thng k tin cy 95 (%) v gi tr p=0,0116<0,05.

T l cht bao c nh hng n hiu sut thu hi tinh du tng v

mt thng k mc tin cy 95 (%) v gi tr p=0,0032<0,05.

Gia hai yu t nng v t l cht bao khng c tng tc vi

nhau.
Thc hin trc nghim phn hng LSD so snh nh hng ca hai t l cht bao
n hiu sut thu hi tinh du tng (Ph lc IIb) chng ti nhn thy gia hai t l cht
bao c s khc bit r rng. Trn Ph lc IIb cho thy vi t l gum arabic/maltodextrin
bng 0/1 c LS Mean bng 63,0425 ln hn gi tr LS Mean ca t l 1/4 do c th kt
lun:
T l cht bao: gum arabic/maltodextrin bng 0/1 l ph hp nht (ch c
Maltodextrin khng c gum arabic).
Trc nghim phn hng LSD so snh nh hng ca hai nng cht bao n
hiu sut thu hi tinh du tng (Ph lc IIc) chng ti nhn thy gia hai nng cht bao
c s khc bit r rng. Trn Ph lc IIc cho thy vi nng 30 (%) c LS Mean bng
59,5 ln hn gi tr LS Mean ca nng 20 (%) do c th kt lun:
Nng cht bao bng 30 (%) l ph hp hn nng 20 (%).

66

Hnh 4.15: th th hin hiu sut thu hi tinh du tng theo nng v t l cht mang
Hm lng du b mt ca cc mu sy phun:
Bng 4.12: nh hng ca nng v t l cht bao ln hm lng du b mt (%)

Ln th nghim

Nng cht
kh (%)

T l Maltodextrin/ gum arabic


1/0

4/1

20

14,88

15,6

30

23,84

20

20,07

20

30

20

Ln 1

Ln 2
14,7

Lp bng ANOVA kho st nh hng ca nng v t l cht bao ln hm


lng du b mt (Ph lc IId) cho thy:
T l cht bao v nng cht bao u khng nh hng n hm lng
du b mt v c hai gi tr p u ln hn 0,05.

67

Khng c s nh hng do tng tc gia hai yu t nng v t l cht


bao ln hm lng du b mt.
Trn bng s liu 4.8 kt qu th nghim ln 1 iu kin nng cht bao
30 % v t l Maltodextrin/ gum arabic 4/1 c hm lng du b mt rt nh (5 %) v trc
nghim d on phn d (Unusual residual) cho thy y l mt kt qu th nghim l, c
phn d ln. S khc bit ny do sai s th nghim, sai s ny bao gm: do sai s khi c
th tch tinh du hoc ong lng pentan khng chnh xc, thi gian ngm pentan khng
u, sai s khi cn khi lng mu, tn tht tinh du khi pha ha tan mu v chng ct.
Kt lun:
T nhng kt qu trn chng ti nhn thy iu kin ti u khi vi bc iu kin
th nghim ny l: nng cht bao bng 30 % khi lng so vi tng khi lng dung
dch trc khi sy phun. T l gum arabic/maltodextrin bng 0/1 (ch c Maltodextrin).
4.2.2 Th nghim xc nh nh hng ca nng tinh du n hiu qu vi
bc
nh hng ca nng tinh du n hm lng du tng:
Bng 4.13: nh hng ca nng tinh du n hiu sut thu hi du tng (%)
Nng tinh du (%)

Ln th nghim
0,5

1,5

2,5

3,5

Ln 1

72,25

87,8

43,3

46,76

Ln 2

62,79

65,22

61,84

47,36

Lp bng ANOVA (Ph lc IIIa). T bng ANOVA cho thy s thay i nng
tinh du t 0,5 (%) n 3,5 (%) khng nh hng ti hiu sut thu hi du tng
(p=0,1515>0,05) tin cy 95 (%).
Trc nghim phn hng LSD ta c kt qu (Ph lc IIIb ) cho thy khng c s
khc bit gia cc nghim thc tin cy 95(%).
X l hi quy:

68

Phn tch Comparison of Alternative Models (Ph lc IIIc) cho thy m hnh
Reciprocal-y l ph hp nht m t s liu v c gi tr R2=0,5421 ln nht. Tuy nhin
gi tr R2 ny kh nh cho thy tnh ph hp ca m hnh khng cao.
Bng phn tch hi quy (Ph lc IIId) cho thy c hai gi tr a v b ca phng
trnh hi quy u c ngha tin cy 95 (%).
Hi quy bc 2 v bc 3 u khng c ngha (Ph lc IIIe v IIIf).
th th hin mi tng quan:

Hnh 4.16 : nh hng ca nng tinh du n hiu sut thu hi du tng


nh hng ca nng tinh du ln hm lng du b mt:
Bng 4.14: nh hng ca nng tinh du n hm lng du b mt
Ln th nghim

Nng tinh du (%)


0,5

1,5

2,5

3,5

Ln 1

23,84

6,4

24,14

5,4

Ln 2

20

11,2

13,35

1,7

69

Qua bng ANOVA (Ph lc IIIg) cho thy nh hng ca nng tinh du ln
hm lng du b mt l c ngha tin cy 95(%).
Trc nghim phn hng LSD cho cc nghim thc (Ph lc IIIh).
Phn tch Comparison of Alternative Models (Ph lc IIIi) cho thy gi tr R2 ca
cc m hnh hi quy u rt nh. iu cho thy khng c m hnh hi quy no ph hp
m t kt qu th nghim.
Kt lun:
Khi tng nng tinh du trong khong t 0,5(%) n 3,5(%) th khng lm nh
hng ti hiu sut thu hi du tng. C lm nh hng ti hm lng du b mt nhng
khng theo qui lut hi quy, s nh hng y c th do sai s th nghim.
3.2.3 Th nghim ng nhit ht m
Sau khi tin hnh th nghim cho thy thi gian cn thit mu t m cn
bng khong 3 tun.
Bng 4.15: Kt qu th nghim th hin mi tng quan gia m khng kh v m
cn bng ca sn phm bt vi bc nhit 35oC
Dung dch mui bo ho

ERH (%)

EMC (%)

Mg(NO3)2

52

5,78

MgCl2

60

7,8

NaNO3

70

12,15

NaCl

82

12,41

KCl

90

16,73

Nhn vo bng ANOVA (Ph lc IVa) cho thy cc nghim thc (m khng kh)
c nh hng ti m cn bng ca sn phm bt vi bc v mt thng k tin cy
95(%) v gi tr p=0<0,05.

70

Trn bng trc nghim phn hng LSD (Ph lc IVb) cho thy gia cc nghim
thc c s khc bit r rng, ch c nghim thc c ERH bng 70 v nghim thc c ERH
bng 82 l khng c s khc bit.
Phn tch hi quy:
Phn tch Comparison of Alternative Models (Ph lc IVc) cho thy m hnh tuyn
tnh c gi tr R2=0,91 l kh ln. iu cho thy m hnh tuy tnh l ph hp m t
kt qu th nghim.
Phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh (Ph lc Ivd) cho thy c hai gi tr a v b trong
phng trnh hi quy u c ngha tin cy 95 (%).

Hnh 4.17 : Biu th hin s ph hp ca m hnh hi quy ca ng ng nhit ht


m
Nhn trn biu 4.15 chng ti nhn thy cc gi tr thc nghim phn b rt gn
vi ng hi quy. iu chng t m hnh hi quy chn ph hp biu din kt
qu th nghim.

71

Hnh 4.18 : th th hin phng trnh hi quy ng nhit ht m


nh hng ca m ln tht thot tinh du:
Khi phn tch hm lng du tng ca cc mu sau khi t m cn bng trn
ta thu c kt qu.
Tn tht tinh du theo m sn phm khi bo qun c xc nh theo cng thc:

Trong :
TTD l tn tht tinh du khi bo qun (%).
VTD1: lng tinh du trong sn phm sau khi sy phun (ml/kg bt kh).
VTD2: lng tinh du trong sn phm ti m cn bng (ml/kg bt kh).

72

Bng 4.16 Tn tht tinh du theo m sn phm khi bo qun


EMC (%)

Tn tht tinh du (%)


Ln 1

Ln 2

5,777

5,4

7,804

32,6

32,6

12,15

47

47,6

12,41

45,6

46,3

16,73

49,2

46

Trn bng ANOVA (Ph lc IVe) cho thy nh hng ca cc nghim thc ti hm
lng du tng l c ngha tin cy 95 (%).
Nhn bng trc nghim phn hng LSD (Ph lc IVf) chng ti nhn thy khi m
sn phm t t 12,4085 tr i th tn tht tinh du khng cn thay i na. iu
ny ni ln hiu qu ca qu trnh vi bc, khi m t 12,4085 th hm lng du b mt
b tht thot ht v ch cn li du vi bc.
X l hi quy:
Phn tch hi quy bc 3 (Ph lc IVc) cho thy m hnh hi quy c gi tr R2=0,997
l rt ln. iu cho thy m hnh hi quy bc 3 rt ph hp biu din kt qu th
nghim.
Phn tch hi quy bc 3 (Ph lc IVg) cho thy c bn gi tr a, b, c v d ca
phng trnh hi quy u c ngha tin cy 95 (%).

73

Hnh 4.19 : Biu th hin tnh ph hp m hnh hi quy tn tht tinh du theo m
cn bng

Hnh 4.20 tn tht tinh du khi bo qun theo m sn phm.

74

D on thi gian bo qun sn phm: [2]


Gi s sn phm sy phun thu c c m 4(%). c ng gi trong bc v
bo qun 35 oC, m khng kh 75 %.
Phng trnh ng nhit ht m cho sn phm: EMC =0,263 ERH 7,59.
Bng 4.17: S thm qua mng ca vt liu ng gi thc phm 35oC [2]
Vt liu

k/x (kg nc/ m2 gi mmHg) (*10-7)

Paperboard

3333

Polypropylene

137

Cellophane/ polyethylene

102

1mil polyethylene

86

Polyethylene-terephthalate

50

Polyester

33

PET/PE

19

Polyester/foil/PE

Cc phng trnh tnh ton: [2]

Trong :
Mdi v Mdtt ln lt l m ban u v m ti thi im t ca thc phm.
Mdcb (EMC) l m cn bng ca thc phm ng vi m tng i ca khng kh
xung quanh. T l nghch o ca t s m . e l s thm tng th. k/x l s thm ca
mng bao gi(bng 4.13). pv l p sut hi nc bo ha ti nhit mi trng xung

75

quanh (mmHg). S l din tch b mt ca bao gi (m2). Gsa l khi lng cht kh ca
thc phm trong bao gi (kg). Hng s b l dc ca on thng ht m ng nhit khi
gi thit tuyn tnh.
p dng cc cng thc trn tnh:
Nhn trn hnh 4.18 cho thy giai on u mc tn tht tinh du rt cao. Gi s chp
nhn tn tht khong 20 % lng tinh du trong qu trnh bo qun, tra gin 4.18
chng ti chn m sn phm khi kt thc thi gian bo qun l 6,5 %. Khi lm th
nghim ng nhit ht m, ti m 6,5 % sn phm vn gi c ti, khng b vn
cc, bin i mu (tnh cm quan cn tt).
Mdcb = 0,263 ERH 7,59 = 0,263*75-7,59 = 12,13(%)

Gi s chn hai loi bao b tnh ton: bao b hai lp PET/PE v bao b 3 lp
Polyester/foil/PE (bng 4.13)
Khi ng gi, c 1 bao b c kch thc 0,150,2(m) cha c 0,1(kg) bt kh nn

Pv tra c ti nhit 35oC l 42 (mmHg) [16]


Bao b hai lp PET/PE: k/x = 19 (bng 4.13)

Bao b ba lp Polyester/foil/PE: k/x = 10-7(bng 4.13)

Kt lun:

76

M hnh tuyn tnh l ph hp m t mi quan h gia EMC ca sn


phm v ERH ca khng kh.
Phng trnh ng ng nhit ht m:
EMC = 0,236 ERH -7,59.
Nn s dng bao b 3 Polyester/foil/PE lp ng gi sn phm tng
di thi gian bo qun.
4.2.4 Th nghim xc nh hiu qu ca vi bc trong qu trnh ch bin
Bng 4.18: Hiu sut thu hi tinh du sau khi ch bin
Ln lp li

Hiu sut thu hi tinh du (%)


Du lng

Vi bc

Ln 1

20

40

Ln 2

25

45

T bng ANOVA (Ph lc Va) cho thy gia tinh du c vi bc v tinh du khng
vi bc c s nh hng khc bit ln hiu sut thu hi tinh du sau khi ch bin.
Nhn vo bng kt qu trc nghim phn hng LSD chng ti nhn thy gia hai
mu c s khc bit r rng v gi tr mean ca mu du vi bc cao hn ca mu du lng.
iu chng t vic vi bc c tc ng tt n kh nng gi tinh du trong cc qu trnh
ch bin.

77

Hiu sut thu hi tinh du (%)

45
40
35
30
25
20

tinh dau long


tinh dau vi boc

15
10
5
0

Hnh 4.21: Hiu sut thu hi tinh du sau khi ch bin.


4.2.5 Kt qu phn b kch thc ht
nh gi tnh ng u v kch thc ca bt sn phm sy phun, mu c
em phn tch phn b kch thc ht bng phng php laser (thit b LA-902, trong mi
trng cn tuyt i).
Mu c gi phn tch ti phng th nghim trng im Quc Gia vt liu
polymer v compozit.
Kt qu phn tch thu c nh sau:

78

Hnh 4.22 : Phn b kch thc ht sn phm bt vi bc


Nhn trn hnh 4.20 v kt hp bng kt qu s liu chng ti nhn thy kch thc
ht phn kh tp trung trong khong 44 (m) n 60 (m).
th phn b khng i xng, iu ny do trong qu trnh sy hin tng dnh v
gia cc ht b kt dnh vi nhau lm cho kch thc cc ht khng ng u v xut hin
t l ht ln hn kch thc trung bnh cao.

79

Chng 5:
KT LUN V NGH

5.1 Kt lun
Sau khi nghin cu v tin hnh x l s liu, chng ti rt ra nhng kt lun sau:
i vi phn chng ct tinh du:
Khi mua Ng m v nu c iu kin th nn chng ct Ng ti trnh tn tht
tinh du trong qu trnh sy.
Nu khng chng ct ngay c c th sy 50oC vi thi gian 16 ting bo
qun trong thi gian ngn (khong 2, 3 ngy).
Nu lng Ng nhiu cn bo qun lu th nn sy cc nhit thp hn trnh
tn tht tinh du.
Giai on u ca qu trnh chng ct nn iu chnh nhit thp (tc gia
nhit chm) v theo di cht ch v giai on ny lng tinh du bay ln nhiu lm p sut
tng rt nhanh d dn n b tro, bung thit b.
Khi chng ct tinh du cn theo di lin tc lng tinh du thu c theo thi gian
v so snh gia chi ph chng ct vi gi thnh sn phm xc nh thi im ngng
chng ct hp l.
Phn vi bc:

80

Chn cht bao tt nht cho qu trnh vi bc tinh du Ng iu kin th nghim l


Maltodextrin vi nng 30 % khi lng so vi tng nng dung dch trc khi sy
phun.
Khi thay i nng tinh du t 0,5 n 3,5 % khi lng so vi tng khi lng
dung dch sy phun th khng nh hng n nn chn nng 1,5 % v nng ny
cho hiu sut thu hi tinh du tng cao nht m khng lm nh hng n hm lng du
b mt.
Chng ti ngh m hnh tuyn tnh biu din m cn bng ca sn phm
theo theo m mi trng vi phng trnh:
EMC = 0,263 ERH -7,59.
Trong :
EMC l m tng i ca sn phm trng thi cn bng (%).
ERH l m khng kh (%).
Khi bo qun sn phm bt vi bc tinh du Ng nn s dng loi bao b 3 lp:
Polyester/foil/PE tng thi gian bo qun sn phm.
Qua th nghim xc nh hiu qu ca vi bc trong qu trnh ch bin, chng ti
nhn thy rng qu trnh trnh vi bc lm lm tng kh nng gi tinh du trong sn phm
khi ch bin.
5.2 ngh
V thi gian thc hin ti ngn v iu kin trang thit b th nghim cn nhiu
hn ch, chng ti ngh nhng nghin cu tip theo:
Xc nh nh hng ca nhit v thi gian sy Ng ln mc tn tht tinh du
cc nhit thp hn.
Xc nh nh hng ca thi gian sy ln mc tng nng sut thit b chng ct
(v khi sy lm gim th tch Ng).

81

Xc nh nh hng ca nng v t l cht bao n hiu qu vi bc nhiu


nng v t l khc, thm cc loi cht bao khc.
Xc nh nh hng ca nhit sy phun n hiu qu vi bc.
Nghin cu vi bc tinh du bng cc phng php khc: sy tng si, p n
Xc nh ng ng nhit ht m ca sn phm cc nhit khc phc v
cho qu trnh bo qun (25, 30, 40 v 45oC).
Nghin cu pht trin nhiu loi sn phm c th s dng hng liu dng bt
nhm tng kh nng ng dng sn phm hng liu dng bt trong cng nghip.

82

TI LIU THAM KHO


TING VIT:
[1] Trng Vnh, 2007. L thuyt v thc hnh thng k ng dng v phng
php th nghim. i hc Nng Lm Tp. HCM.
[2] Trng Vnh, Phm Tun Anh, 2009. C s k thut thc phm (phn 1). Nh
xut bn Nng Nghip.
[3] Trng Vnh, 2011. Bi ging Microencapsulation of food ingredients. i
hc Nng Lm Tp. HCM.
[4] Tt Li, 2004. Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam. Nh xut bn Y
Hc.
[5] V Ngc L, Chung V, Nguyn Mnh Pha, L Thy Hnh, 1996. Nhng
cy tinh du Vit Nam. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut.
[6] Phm ng in, H Chu Ch, 2006. Chng ct tinh du bng hi nc.
[7] Nguyn Nng Vinh, Nguyn Th Minh T,2009. Cng ngh cht thm thin
nhin. Nh xut bn Bch Khoa H Ni.
[8] L Ngc Thch, 2003. Tinh Du. Nh xut bn i hc Quc Gia Tp.HCM.
[9] Vn nh ,2002. Sn xut cht thm thin nhin tng hp. Nh xut bn
Khoa hc v K thut.
[10] Vng Ngc Chnh, 2005. Hng liu m phm.Nh xut bn i hc Quc
Gia Tp.HCM.
[11] L Th Hng Nhan, 2011. Mn hc hng liu-m phm. i hc Bch
Khoa Tp.HCM.
[12] Hong Vn Chc, 1999. K thut sy. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut.
[13] Trn Vn Ph, 1999. Tnh ton v thit k h thng sy. Nh xut bn Gio
Dc.
[14] Nguyn Ch Linh, 2007. Bi ging ph gia trong sn xut thc phm. Trng
cao ng Cng ng Kin Giang.
[15] Nguyn Duy Thnh, 2004. Cc cht ph gia dng trong sn xut thc phm.
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni.

83

[16] B mn Ha L trng i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM, 1983. S tay tm tt


cc i lng ha l. T sch i hc i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM
[17] L Th M Tm, Nguyn Th Chn T, 2008. Kha lun tt nghip nghin
cu nh hng ca cc thnh phn bt go, bt khoai m, bt bp ln cht lng bnh
quy nng. Ngnh Cng Ngh Ha Hc trng i hc Nng Lm Tp.HCM.
[18] Nguyn c Thng, 2008. Kha lun tt nghip nghin cu ng nhit ht
m, ng hc sy v ng hc cht nhit nm men bnh m. Ngnh Cng Ngh Ha Hc
trng i hc Nng Lm Tp.HCM.
[19] Lm o Trung Hiu, 2006. Lun vn tt nghip i hc nghin cu ng
dng k thut vi bao trong qu trnh sy phun bt sa da ha tan. Khoa Cng Ngh Ha
Hc trng i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM.

84

PH LC

You might also like