Phng php gii bi tp v in phn

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I NHC LI L THUYT
1) in phn cht in li nng chy: p dng i vi MCln, M(OH)n v Al2O3
(M l kim loi nhm IA v IIA)
2) in phn dung dch cht in li trong nc:
- Vai tr ca nc: trc ht l dung mi ha tan cc cht in phn, sau c
th tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh in phn:
+ Ti catot (cc m) H2O b kh: 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH
+ Ti anot (cc dng) H2O b oxi ha: 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e
- Ti catot (cc m) xy ra qu trnh kh M+, H+ (axit), H2O theo quy tc:
+ Cc cation nhm IA, IIA, Al3+ khng b kh (khi H2O b kh)
+ Cc ion H+ (axit) v cation kim loi khc b kh theo th t trong dy th in
cc chun (ion c tnh oxi ha mnh hn b kh trc): Mn+ + ne M
+ Cc ion H+ (axit) d b kh hn cc ion H+ (H2O)

+ V d khi in phn dung dch hn hp cha FeCl3, CuCl2 v HCl th th t cc

ion b kh l: Fe3+ + 1e Fe2+ ; Cu2+ + 2e Cu ; 2H+ + 2e H2 ; Fe2+ + 2e Fe
- Ti anot (cc dng) xy ra qu trnh oxi ha anion gc axit, OH (baz kim),
H2O theo quy tc:
+ Cc anion gc axit c oxi nh NO3, SO42, PO43, CO32, ClO4khng b oxi
ha
+ Cc trng hp khc b oxi ha theo th t: S2 > I > Br > Cl > RCOO > OH
> H2O
3) nh lut Faraday
m=
Trong :
+ m: khi lng cht gii phng in cc (gam)
+ A: khi lng mol ca cht thu c in cc
+ n: s electron trao i in cc
+ I: cng dng in (A)

+ t: thi gian in phn (s)

+ F: hng s Faraday l in tch ca 1 mol electron hay in lng cn thit
1 mol electron chuyn di trong mch catot hoc anot (F = 1,602.1019
.6,022.1023 96500 C.mol-1)
II MT S C S GII BI TP V IN PHN
- Khi lng catot tng chnh l khi lng kim loi to thnh sau in phn bm
vo
- m (dung dch sau in phn) = m (dung dch trc in phn) (m kt ta + m
kh)
- gim khi lng ca dung dch: m = (m kt ta + m kh)
- Khi in phn cc dung dch:
+ Hiroxit ca kim loi hot ng ha hc mnh (KOH, NaOH, Ba(OH)2,)
+ Axit c oxi (HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4,)
+ Mui to bi axit c oxi v baz kim (KNO3, Na2SO4,)
Thc t l in phn H2O cho H2 ( catot) v O2 ( anot)
- Khi in phn dung dch vi anot l mt kim loi khng tr (khng phi Pt hay
in cc than ch) th ti anot ch xy ra qu trnh oxi ha in cc
- C th c cc phn ng ph xy ra gia tng cp: cht to thnh in cc,
cht tan trong dung dch, cht dng lm in cc. V d:
+ in phn nng chy Al2O3 (c Na3AlF6) vi anot lm bng than ch th
in cc b n mn dn do chng chy trong oxi mi sinh
+ in phn dung dch NaCl khng mng ngn to ra nc Giaven v c
kh H2 thot ra catot
+ Phn ng gia axit trong dung dch vi kim loi bm trn catot
- Vit phn ng (thu hoc nhng electron) xy ra cc in cc theo ng th
t, khng cn vit phng trnh in phn tng qut
- Vit phng trnh in phn tng qut (nh nhng phng trnh ha hc thng
thng) tnh ton khi cn thit
- T cng thc Faraday s mol cht thu c in cc
- Nu bi cho I v t th trc ht tnh s mol electron trao i tng in cc
(ne) theo cng thc: ne = (*) (vi F = 96500 khi t = giy v F = 26,8 khi t = gi).
Sau da vo th t in phn, so snh tng s mol electron nhng hoc
nhn vi ne bit mc in phn xy ra. V d d on xem cation kim
loi c b kh ht khng hay nc c b in phn khng v H2O c b in phn
th in cc no

- Nu bi cho lng kh thot ra in cc hoc s thay i v khi lng

dung dch, khi lng in cc, pH,th da vo cc bn phn ng tnh s
mol electron thu hoc nhng mi in cc ri thay vo cng thc (*) tnh I
hoc t
- Nu bi yu cu tnh in lng cn cho qu trnh in phn th p dng
cng thc: Q = I.t = ne.F
- C th tnh thi gian t cn in phn ht mt lng ion m bi cho ri so
snh vi thi gian t trong bi. Nu t < t th lng ion b in phn ht
cn nu t > t th lng ion cha b in phn ht
- Khi in phn cc dung dch trong cc bnh in phn mc ni tip th cng
dng in v thi gian in phn mi bnh l nh nhau s thu hoc
nhng electron cc in cc cng tn phi nh nhau v cc cht sinh ra
cc in cc cng tn t l mol vi nhau
- Trong nhiu trng hp c th dng nh lut bo ton mol electron (s mol
electron thu c catot = s mol electron nhng anot) gii cho nhanh
III MT S V D MINH HA
V d 1: in phn ha ton 2,22 gam mui clorua kim loi trng thi nng
chy thu c 448 ml kh ( ktc) anot. Kim loi trong mui l:
A. Na
B. Ca
C.
K
D. Mg
Hng dn: nCl2 = 0,02
Ti catot: Mn+ + ne M Theo lbt khi lng mM = m(mui) m(Cl2) = 2,22
0,02.71 = 0,8 gam
Ti anot: 2Cl Cl2 + 2e Theo lbt mol electron ta c nM =
M = 20.n n
= 2 v M l Ca
(hoc c th vit phng trnh in phn MCln
M + n/2Cl2 tnh) p
n B
V d 2: Tin hnh in phn (vi in cc Pt) 200 gam dung dch NaOH 10 %
n khi dung dch NaOH trong bnh c nng 25 % th ngng in phn. Th
tch kh ( ktc) thot ra anot v catot ln lt l:
A. 149,3 lt v 74,7 lt
B. 156,8 lt v 78,4 lt
C. 78,4 lt v 156,8 lt
D. 74,7 lt v 149,3 lt
Hng dn: mNaOH (trc in phn) = 20 gam

in phn dung dch NaOH thc cht l in phn nc: H2O 1/2 O2 (anot) +
H2 (catot) NaOH khng i m (dung dch sau in phn) = 80 gam m
(H2O b in phn) = 200 80 = 120 gam nH2O = 20/3 mol VO = 74,7 lt v
VH = 149,3 lt p n D
V d 3: Sau mt thi gian in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 ( d = 1,25 g/ml)
vi in cc graphit (than ch) thy khi lng dung dch gim 8 gam. lm kt
ta ht ion Cu2+ cn li trong dung dch sau in phn cn dng 100 ml dung
dch H2S 0,5 M. Nng phn trm ca dung dch CuSO4 ban u l:
A. 12,8 %
B. 9,6 %
C. 10,6
%
D. 11,8 %
Hng dn: nH2S = 0,05 mol
- Gi x l s mol CuSO4 tham gia qu trnh in phn: CuSO4 + H2O Cu +
1/2O2 + H2SO4 (1) m (dung dch gim) = m Cu(catot) + m O2(anot) = 64x + 16x
= 8 x = 0,1 mol - CuSO4 + H2S CuS + H2SO4 (2)
nH2S = nCuSO4 = 0,05 mol
- T (1) v (2) nCuSO4 (ban u) = 0,1 + 0,05 = 0,15 (mol) C% =
p n B
V d 4: in phn 100 ml dung dch CuSO4 0,2 M vi cng dng in
9,65A. Tnh khi lng Cu bm vo catot khi thi gian in phn t1 = 200 s v t2 =
500 s. Bit hiu sut in phn l 100 %
A. 0,32 gam v 0,64 gam
B. 0,64 gam v 1,28 gam
C. 0,64 gam v 1,60 gam
D. 0,64 gam v 1,32 gam
Hng dn: nCuSO4 = 0,02 = nCu2+
Thi gian cn thit in phn ht Cu2+ l t =
s t1 < t < t2
2+
Ti t1 c 1/2 s mol Cu b in phn m1 = 0,01.64 = 0,64 gam v ti t2 Cu2+
b in phn ht m2 = 1,28 gam p n B
V d 5: in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 vi in cc tr v cng dng
in 1A. Khi thy catot bt u c bt kh thot ra th dng in phn. trung
ha dung dch thu c sau khi in phn cn dng 100 ml dung dch NaOH
0,1M. Thi gian in phn v nng mol ca dung dch CuSO4 ban u l:
A. 965 s v 0,025 M
B. 1930 s v 0,05 M

C. 965 s v 0,05 M

D. 1930 s v 0,025 M

Hng dn: nNaOH = 0,01 mol

- Khi catot bt u c bt kh (H2) thot ra chng t CuSO4 b in phn ht
theo phng trnh:
CuSO4 + H2O Cu + 1/2O2 + H2SO4
- nNaOH = nOH = 0,01 mol nH2SO4 = 0,5.nH+ = 0,5.nOH = 0,005 (mol)
nCu = nCuSO4 = 0,005 (mol)

= 0,005 t = 965 s v CM(CuSO

M (hoc c th da vo cc phn ng thu hoc nhng electron

in cc tnh) p n A
V d 6: in phn 200 ml dung dch hn hp AgNO3 0,1 M v Cu(NO3)2 0,2 M
vi in cc tr v cng dng in bng 5A. Sau 19 pht 18 giy dng in
phn, ly catot sy kh thy tng m gam. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 5,16 gam
B. 1,72 gam
C. 2,58 gam
D.
3,44 gam
Hng dn: nAg+ = 0,02 mol ; nCu2+ = 0,04 mol
- Ta c ne =
mol
- Th t cc ion b kh ti catot:
Ag+ + 1e Ag (1) sau (1) cn 0,06 0,02 = 0,04 mol electron
0,02 0,02 0,02
Cu2+ + 2e Cu (2) sau (2) cn d 0,02 mol Cu2+
0,02 0,04
0,02
m (catot tng) = m (kim loi bm vo) = 0,02.(108 + 64) = 3,44 gam p n D
V d 7: Ha tan 50 gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O vo 200 ml dung dch HCl 0,6 M
thu c dung dch X. em in phn dung dch X (cc in cc tr) vi cng
dng in 1,34A trong 4 gi. Khi lng kim loi thot ra catot v th tch
kh thot ra anot ( ktc) ln lt l (Bit hiu sut in phn l 100 %):
A. 6,4 gam v 1,792 lt
B. 10,8 gam v 1,344 lt
C. 6,4 gam v 2,016 lt
D. 9,6 gam v 1,792 lt
Hng dn: nCuSO4.5H2O = nCuSO4 = 0,2 mol ; nHCl = 0,12 mol
- Ta c ne

= mol

- Th t in phn ti catot v anot l:

Ti catot: Cu2+ + 2e Cu Cu2+ cha b in phn ht m (kim loi catot) =
0,1.64 = 6,4 gam
0,1
0,2
0,1
Ti anot:
2Cl Cl2 + 2e ne (do Cl nhng) = 0,12 < 0,2 mol ti anot Cl b in
phn ht v
0,12 0,06 0,12
n nc b in phn ne (do H2O nhng) = 0,2
0,12 = 0,08 mol
2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e
0,02
0,08
V (kh thot ra anot) = (0,06 + 0,02).22,4 = 1,792 lt p n A
V d 8: C 200 ml dung dch hn hp Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3, in phn ht ion
kim loi trong dung dch cn dng cng dng in 0,402A trong 4 gi. Sau
khi in phn xong thy c 3,44 gam kim loi bm catot. Nng mol ca
Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3 trong hn hp u ln lt l:
A. 0,2 M v 0,1 M
B. 0,1 M v 0,2 M
C. 0,2 M v 0,2 M
D. 0,1 M v 0,1 M
Hng dn:
- Ta c ne =
mol
+
- Ti catot: Ag + 1e Ag
x
x (mol)
2+
Cu + 2e Cu

Ta c h phng trnh:

CM Cu(NO3)2 = CM AgNO3 = 0,1 M p

n D
y

y (mol)

V d 9: Ha tan 4,5 gam tinh th MSO4.5H2O vo nc c dung dch X. in

phn dung dch X vi in cc tr v cng dng in 1,93A. Nu thi gian
in phn l t (s) th thu c kim loi M catot v 156,8 ml kh ti anot. Nu
thi gian in phn l 2t (s) th thu c 537,6 ml kh . Bit th tch cc kh o
ktc. Kim loi M v thi gian t ln lt l:
A. Ni v 1400 s
B. Cu v 2800 s
C. Ni v 2800 s
D. Cu v 1400 s
Hng dn: Gi nMSO4 = nM2+ = x mol

V d 10: Mc ni tip hai bnh in phn: bnh (1) cha dung dch MCl2 v bnh
(2) cha dung dch AgNO3. Sau 3 pht 13 giy th catot bnh (1) thu c 1,6
gam kim loi cn catot bnh (2) thu c 5,4 gam kim loi. C hai bnh u
khng thy kh catot thot ra. Kim loi M l:
A. Zn
B. Cu
C. Ni
D. Pb
Hng dn: - Do hai bnh mc ni tip nn ta c:
Q = I.t =

M = 64 Cu p n B

V d 11: in phn nng chy Al2O3 vi anot than ch (hiu sut in phn 100
%) thu c m kg Al catot v 67,2 m3 ( ktc) hn hp kh X c t khi so vi
hiro bng 16. Ly 2,24 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh X sc vo dung dch nc vi
trong (d) thu c 2 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 54,0 kg
B. 75,6 kg
C. 67,5
kg
D. 108,0 kg
Hng dn: 2Al2O3
4Al + 3O2 (1) ; C + O2
CO2 (2) ; 2C + O2
2CO (3)
- Do X = 32 hn hp X c CO2 ; CO (x mol) v O2 d (y mol)
- 2,24 lt X + Ca(OH)2 d 0,02 mol kt ta = nCO2 trong 67,2 m3 X c 0,6
CO2
- Ta c h phng trnh:
0,6
T (1) ; (2) ; (3) mAl =

v 0,6 + x + y = 3 x = 1,8 v y =
kg p n B