Botkin & Keller- 8th Edition Chapter 8- Biological Diversity and Biological Invasions

1: What is biological diversity Refers to the variety of life forms, commonly expressed as the number of species or the number of genetic types in an area. !: What is a pop"lation A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area or interbreeding and sharing genetic information. #: What is a species All individuals that are capable of interbreeding. $: What are the % reasons &hy people val"e biodiversity Utilitarian, Ecological, moral, theological, aesthetic, recreations, spiritual, and creative. De'ine the 'ollo&ing: ( )enetic Diversity: The total number of genetic characteristics of a specific species, subspecies, or group of species. ( *abitat Diversity: The different kinds of habitats in a given unit area. ( +pecies Diversity: Has three ualities! ( +pecies ,ichness: The total number of species ( +pecies Evenness: The relative abundance of species ( Do-inant +pecies: The most abundant species .: What are the # -ain do-ains o' li'e Eukaryota"Eukarya #animals, plants, fungi$ protists #mostly celled organisms$, bacteria and Archaea. /: What is biological evol"tion Refers to the change in inherited characteristics of a population from a generation to generation.

0: What ca"ses -"tations E1plain ho& this a''ects biological diversity2 %utations are changes in genes. &hat causes mutation is various causes, some involve an external agent that comes in contact 'ith ()A and alters it. Radiation like *+rays and gamma rays can break the ()A apart or change its chemical structure along 'ith certain chemicals and viruses. ,t affects biological diversity because sometimes the cell cannot survive, they cannot reproduce 'ith normal off springs of their species. 8: What is nat"ral selection What are the $ pri-ary 'actors involved in nat"ral selection )atural selection is the process 'here organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more off spring. - primary factors involving natural selection include! .. ,nheritance of traits from one generation to the next and some variation in these traits. /. Environmental variability 0. (ifferential reproduction -. ,nfluence of the environment on survival and reproduction.

3 Closer 4ook 821 5at"ral +election: 6os7"itos and the 6alaria 8arasite 1: Disc"ss the iss"e &ith 6alaria9 6os7"itos and DD: resistance and ho& this de-onstrates nat"ral selection2 The issue 'ith %alaria demonstrates natural selection because the mos uitos have adapted to the 'arm and humid 'eather there, therefore reproducing and causing more deaths making residence believe the best choice to get rid of them is to spray ((T 'hen really that is 'hat 'ill create a collapse in the food chain. 6igration and )eographic Isolation 1: *o& does Dar&in;s <inches de-onstrate the idea o' 3daptive ,adiation His findings of species of finches that 'ere related to a single species found else'here. !: De'ine: )enetic Dri't Refers to changes in the fre uency of a gene in a population due not to a mutation, selection, or migration, but simply to chance. #: What is the <o"nder E''ect and ho& does it de-onstrate )enetic Dri't ,t occurs 'hen a small number of individuals are isolated from a larger population1 they may have much less genetic variation than the original species #usually do$, and the characteristics that the isolated population has 'ill be affected by chance. ,t2s one 'ay genetic drift can happen. Biological Evol"tion as a +trange Kind o' )a-e In s"--ary9 the theory o' biological evol"tion tells "s the 'ollo&ing abo"t biodiversity: 1: 3iology (iversity is al'ays changing, and 'hich species are present in any one location can change over time. !: Adaptation has no rigid rules1 species adapt in response to environmental conditions and complexity is a part of nature. &e cannot expect threats to . specie to necessarily be threats to another. #: 4pecies and populations do become geographically isolated from time to time, and undergo the founder effect and genetic drift. $: 4pecies are al'ays evolving and adapting to environmental change. 5ne 'ay they become endangered is 'hen they do not evolve fast enough to keep up 'ith the environment.

:he Co-petitive E1cl"sion 8rinciple 1: E1plain ho& the introd"ction o' the 3-erican )ray +7"irrel into )reat Britain de-onstrates the Co-petitive E1cl"sion 8rinciple2 6ompetitive Exclusion 7rinciple supports those 'ho argue that there should be only a fe' species. This demonstrates competitive exclusion because the grey s uirrel 'as brought because it 'as very pretty, but both the red s uirrel and gray s uirrel have the same habitat re uirements. 4o they are competitive. 6eas"ring 5iches 1: What is an ecological niche Explains ho' so many species can coexist. !: What is the di''erence bet&een a '"nda-ental and reali=ed niche The fundamental niche is 'here a species can live. A reali8ed niche is 'here the species does live.

+y-biosis 1: In ecology9 sy-biosis describes a relationship bet&een t&o organis-s that is bene'icial to both- each partner in sy-biosis is called a: symbiont !: What is an obligate sy-biont A symbiotic relationship 'here both animals provide 'hat the other need and neither could survive 'ithout the other. #: E1plain the sy-biotic relationship bet&een people and dogs 7eople need dogs for emotional and sometimes for health needs. 4ome dogs don2t need humans, but small dogs aren2t likely to be able to survive in the 'ild. 8redation and 8arasitis1: E1plain ho& predation and parasitis- act"ally helps increase species diversity in an ecosyste,f a predator feeds on the more abundant species, it can keep that prey species from over'helming the other. *o& )eography and )eology 3''ect Biological Diversity 1: In general9 greater diversity occ"rs: at lo'er latitudes. !: What geographic 'actors a''ect species biodiversity 9eographic isolation decreases diversity. #: *o& can -oderate environ-ental dist"rbances increase diversity The patches from fires favor different kinds of species so it increases overall diversity. $: *o& do people a''ect diversity E1plain2 The development of cities because cities have typically been located at good sites for travel such as along rivers or near oceans, 'here biological diversity is often very high.

<actors :hat :end to Increase Diversity .. A physically diverse habitat /. %oderate amounts of disturbances 0. 4mall variation in environmental conditions

<actors :hat :end to Decrease Diversity .. Environmental stress /. Extreme environment 0. 4evere limitation in the supply of an essential resource

-. High diversity at one trophic level increases the -. Extreme amounts of disturbance diversity at another trophic level. :. An environment highly modified by life ;. %iddle stages of succession <. Evolution :. Recent introduction of exotic species ;. 9eographic isolation

Convergent and Divergent Evol"tion 1: De'ine and give an e1a-ple o' each o' the 'ollo&ing: ( Convergent Evol"tion: Their similar shapes result from evolution in similar desert climates ( Divergent Evol"tion: A population is divided, usually by geographic barriers, they each evolve separately,but both groups retain some characteristics in common. Invasions9 Invasive +pecies and Island Biogeography 1: What are the $ -ain principles in the theory o' island biogeography .. ,slands have fe'er species than continents /. T'o sources of ne' species on an island are migration from the mainland and evolution of ne' species in place 0. The smaller the island, the fe'er the species -. The farther the island is from a mainland #continent$ the fe'er the species !: What is an ecological island A comparatively small habitat separated from a ma=or habitat of the same kind. +t"dy >"estions 1: Why do introd"ced species o'ten beco-e pests 3ecause the people 'ho find these species are not educated on the damage these species can cause if let out into the 'ild. And 'hat tends to happen 'ith exotic pets is once they get too big for the o'ners to handle they let them out in the 'ild thinking it2ll be okay 'hen in reality it 'on2t be.