Chng 4: Cng ngh b nh

1. B nh IC, cng ngh & ng dng B nh l mt trong nhng trnh iu khin cng ngh trong kinh mch tch hp bi v bn cht c tnh lp li ca cc mng b nh. Ch cn mt cht ci tin nh trong vic thit k mt cht b nh nhn vi s lng ln cc bit trn mt con chip c th lm cho mt s khc bit ln trong chi ph sn xut chip v hiu sut. Gordon Moore, mt trong nhng ngi sng lp ca Intel ni rng kch thc b nh tng gp i khong mi hai nm. Phin bn tng qut ca nh lut Moore l phc tp con chip tng gp i khong mi hai nm. Nh c th c nhn thy t biu , nh phn gii ca cc tnh nng c gim 1 / n, cc khu vc cn thit cho mt cng c gim 1 / n bnh phng. S tng trng ny theo cp s nhn trong phc tp vn tip tc mc d nhng ngi ch ra nhiu l do ti sao n s khng tip tc. Nhng ro cn ny c khc phc n nay, bng cc phng tin khc nhau m b p cho cc gii hn ca vt l c bn, chng hn nh m hnh bp mo trc b p cho cc hiu ng nhiu x.

Cng ngh pht trinb nh cng c p dng cho cc lnh vc khc nh logic lp trnh v mch vi x l. Cc loi khc nhau ca b nh c nhng u im v nhng hn ch ring m cc nh thit k phi c nhn thc c. S a dng ca khi nim lu tr v cng ngh l trung tm thit k ca vi mch s c lit k v m t di y.

2. Phn loi b nh C rt nhiu loi thit b b nh. S khc bit quan trng nht trong cc thit b b nh l cch thc chng c kt ni vi CPU. C hai cch kt ni b nh vi CPU:

Hnh trn minh ha s khc bit trong cch thc hai loi b nh c kt ni vi bus vi x l. CPU ch c th truy cp trc tip thng tin c lu tr trong b nh chnh. Tt c cc d liu phi c chuyn giao cho b nh chnh u tin trc khi n c th c x l bi CPU. Mt v d v b nh chnh l RAM. Phng php truy cp ngu nhin c th c s dng trong c hai b nh chnh v b nh th cp, nhng thng c s dng cho b nh chnh, l l do ti sao b nh RAM c lin kt vi b nh chnh. V CPU phi truy cp hng dn v d liu mt cch nhanh chng, b nh chnh phi c thi gian truy cp rt nhanh, v trnh t ca nano giy, so vi b nh th cp vi b nh truy cp trn phn nghn giy. Tht khng may b nh bn dn, c s dng lu tr chnh, cao hn nhiu trong chi ph, kch thc v sc mnh cho mi bit dung lng lu tr hn so vi hu ht cc b nh th cp. B nh bn dn hin nay l c ch thit thc nht cho cc chng trnh lu tr v d liu c sn s dng ngay lp tc bi CPU. B nh th cp, v n khng th truy cp trc tip ti CPU, thng c iu khin bi mt thit b trung gian ring bit qun l vic chuyn giao thng tin gia cc thit b lu tr v x l xe but. Khi d liu c lu tr trn mt thit b b nh th cp l cn thit ca CPU, n trc

tin phi c chuyn n b nh chnh thng qua b iu khin trc khi CPU c th truy cp n. V d v lu tr th cp bao gm a t tnh v a quang v bng c s dng lu tr thng tin ln v chi ph thp ca h cho mi bit kt hp vi mt cao v in nng thp. L kt qu ca nhng khc bit ny, kin trc in hnh vi tnh c khong mt th t cng b nh th ln hn so vi nhng b nh chnh. B nh th cp nh a thch hp nht lu tr cc chng trnh ln v tp hp d liu phi c duy tr trong mt khong thi gian. B nh th nh bng t thng c s dng lu tr lu tr hoc sao lu v mt rt cao v chi ph thp. Mt li th ln ca a t v a quang l lu tr lu di. 3. B nh tm thi B nh khng tm thi, chng hn nh a t v bng, duy tr cc thng tin lu tr trong ngay c khi in b ngt. B nh tm thi lm mt cc thng tin m n lu tr khi in ngng cung cp. Cc lu tr chnh c / ghi b nh RAM trong my tnh l tm thi, l l do ti sao n phi c np li vi phn mm h iu hnh (gi tt l bootstrapping) khi c in tr li. Trong thit k b iu khin nhng, b nh lu di c s dng lu tr cc chng trnh v d liu lin tc, v b nh tm thi c s dng lu tr cc bin v d liu tm thi. 4. B nh truy cp ngu nhin (RAM) Vng lu hoc trao i d liu trung gian trong qu trnh thc hin chng trnh. RAM l duy nht bi v thi gian truy cp l ch yu ph thuc vo ni m d liu c lu tr Phng php truy cp ngu nhin c th c so snh vi cc hng v ct ca mt bng tnh. V tr b nh c th quan tm c la chn bi mt dng duy nht v a ch. Hng v truy cp ct c th c s dng chn bit trn mt chip b nh cng nh chip trn mt bng b nh.

Cu trc nguyn l b nh RAM RAM c hai loi SRAM v DRAM

Cu trc mt phn t nh DRAM 5. B nh truy cp tun t B nh truy cp tun t c thi gian truy cp l ph thuc vo v tr ca d liu l c truy cp. iu ny c minh ho bng cch s dng ph bin nht thit b truy cp tun t: mt bng t. Cc thng tin c lu tr trong mt thi trang ni tip vo bng, v cc d liu ch c th c truy cp bt c lc no ngay lp tc l cc d liu c lu tr trn bng tip xc vi c / ghi u. V vy, khi u c v tr u bng, ton b chiu di ca bng phi vt qua ca u c trc khi mc cui cng c th c truy cp. 6. B nh truy cp trc tip (DMA)

B nh truy cp trc tip, m l mt loi hp cc phng php truy cp ngu nhin v tun t, c s dng trn a cung cp mt thi gian truy cp trung gian lp y khong cch gia tc cao ngu nhin v cc thit b truy cp tun t tc thp. Thng tin c lu tr trn vng trn ng tm, c gi l cc bi ht trn a. Cc thng tin c lu tr lin tc trn tng theo di v n l trn bng, nhng cc u c / ghi c th c di chuyn chn ca khc ph hp. Mt cch khc phn loi cc thit b b nh da trn thng tin c vit vo b nh. c / Vit K c l nhng k nim m c th c ghi vo mt cch d dng khi chng c c t bi b x l. 7. Static RAM (SRAM) SRAM cp n mt cht bn dn n nh c / ghi b nh trong cc phn t lu tr c bn l mt flip flop lu tr tng bit. Flip flops c sp xp theo hng v ct v c sn trong mt s t chc. Flip flops mt khong bn transistor cho mi bit lu tr, v vy h thng khong bn ln nh hn DRAM m ch s dng mt bng bn dn cho mi bit. Trong khi cc thit b ny d bay hi, h s duy tr thng tin min l chng c cung cp, khng ging nh RAM ng phi c lm mi. 8. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) DRAM l mt b nh s dng mt t in nh cc phn t lu tr. S 1 v ) c i din bi s hin din hay khng c ca in tch trn t in. Bi v cc t in khng phi l hon ho, h b r r ph v s "qun" trong t nht l mt vi mili giy nu ch c mt mnh n, ging nh mt a tr nh sau khi c cho bit lm sch phng ca mnh. lm cho cc t in hu ch cho vic lu tr phi c nh k lm mi. Ny c thc hin bng cch cm nhn liu c bt k ph hin nay trn cc t in v np cc t in nu c hin nay ph khi n c cm nhn. Ph c lu tr trn cng in dung k sinh ca mt bng bn dn MOSFET ch c mt bng bn dn l cn thit cho mi bit lu tr. Qu trnh c hoc cm bin d liu l ph hoi trong ngha l ph i din cho d liu b mt khi n c cm nhn. 9. B nh ch c (ROM) ROM l mt lp dung lng lu tr m khng th b xa hoc sa i bi b vi x l. Cc h thng nhng in hnh c th s dng mt hoc nhiu hn cc loi sau y ca ROM: Mask ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash EPROM. 10. Mask ROM Mask ROM l b nh c lp trnh ti thi im n c sn xut v khng bao gi c th thay i. Cc m hnh d liu c xc nh bi cc mt n nh c s dng xc nh cc mch trn mt con chip khi n ang c ch to. ROM mt n c s dng khi cc chng trnh hoc d liu khng cn phi c thay i, khi s lng sn xut ln, v cc chi ph phi

cng thp cng tt. y l hnh thc lu i nht ca ROM v vn c s dng trong cc ng dng khi lng cao v chi ph thp. 11. ROM lp trnh (PROM) PROM l dng ROM lp trnh, m thng c s dng nh mt thut ng chung cho nhng k nim m c th c lp trnh mt hoc nhiu ln bi ngi s dng s dng mt thit b c bit gi l lp trnh PROM PROM hoc ghi. Lng cc cu ch lin kt PROMs nhng ngi u tin trong th loi ny, v c lp trnh bi ngha en chy cu ch ra la chn t mt mng. R rng l k thut m l tn km khi n tr thnh cn thit loi b mt thit b li thi, v lp trnh li mt ci mi mi khi mt phin bn phn mm cn phi c kim tra. 12. Erasable PROM (EPROM) Xa c PROM hoc EPROM, c s dng thng xuyn nht lu tr d liu v cc chng trnh lu di. N c th lp trnh bng in s dng mt lp trnh EPROM, v cng c th c xa bng cch chiu mt bc sng nh sng cc tm ngn thng qua cc ca s trong sut trong cc vi mch gi. Ton b thit b b nh c xo hon ton v n khng c th c chn lc v ni nh sng chiu vo chip. Cc thit b ny cng c gi l EPROMs tia cc tm. OTP EPROMs, hoc mt thi gian lp trnh EPROMs, ch n gin l EPROMs km trong mt gi chi ph thp m khng c np y trong sut, do n c th khng b xa khi n c lp trnh. Cc phn t lu tr trong mt EPROM l tng t nh ca DRAM. Tuy nhin, cc bng bn dn cng lu tr EPROM l mt dy dn ni trong cch in SiO2 (thch anh) cch in, ngn nga cc ph t r r ra. Thc t l ph thng c m bo duy tr t nht l mi nm trong trng hp khng c sc mnh nh vy khi ca c bao ph lm cho mt b nh nonvolatile. y s l mt c ch lu tr l tng, ngoi tr cch m ph trch c lu tr trn cng. Ph c t trn cng ni bng mt phng php gi l "trn tuyt l gy ra di chuyn." Phng php lp trnh ny l tng t nh nh tuyn sng qua phng in vo cc ca bn vi nc. Mt in p tng i cao, t 12 n 25 volt thng thng, c s dng gy st l dng in trn ton khu vc cch nhit ln n 50 phn nghn giy, v mt s cc ph l b mc kt trn cc cng ni. Ty xo c thc hin bng cch chiu cc photon nng lng cao (tia UV) vo ca ni trong vi pht. Cc photon truyn t nng lng cho cc in t b mc kt cho php h thot khi cng. EPROM c th c xo hon ton v ti s dng nhiu ln, l quan trng khi cc chng trnh ang c pht trin v khi mt b nh non-volatile th ti s dng c yu cu. Mt s ln hn (> 1Mb) EPROMs c sn vi mt h thng chuyn mch ngn hng cho php truy cp vo nhiu a im hn c th trc tip truy cp bng cch s dng dng a ch. Ny c thc hin bng cch s dng mt chu k ghi ti cc bit a ch trn vo mt cht bn trong EPROM. 13. FLASH EPROM Flash EPROMs l mt bin th ca EPROM tiu chun, ngoi tr vic h c sa i h khng cn phi c tip xc vi nh sng tia cc tm b xa. Nh mt EPROM, ton b con

chip c xo hon ton ti mt thi gian, nhng ty xo c thc hin bng in s dng in p cc cao o ngc loi b cc electron t cng. H cng d dng hn cho chng trnh v xa trong cc thit k ng dng s dng mch h tr b sung tng i n gin. 14. Electrically Erasable PROM (EEPROM / E2PROM) EEPROM, hoc E2PROMs l PROMs in xa c, c th c xo hon ton v c vit bng in mt byte ti mt thi im. C ch s dng tng t nh EPROM ngoi tr cc khu vc cch ly c thc hin rt mng, v trnh t ca mt vi angstrom. Ph c vn chuyn s dng mt hiu ng gi l Fowler-Nordheim ng hm, ni cch in l mng nht. Cc hot ng tng t nh mt EPROM ngoi tr hu ht cc loi c th c xo hon ton v lp trnh trong mch, s dng ngun cung cp in 5 volt v mt giao din xe but vi x l tiu chun. i vi nhiu thit b, mi byte phi c xa bng cch vit nhng ngi n mt v tr trc khi n c th c lp trnh. Trong khi cc thit b ny s c v l gn nh l tng nh khng bin ng c / ghi k nim, chng ti li c mt vi hn ch. EEPROM bit c mt s gii hn ca chu k ghi trc khi h nhn c "mc kt" trong trng thi lp trnh. H thng m bo cho 10.000 n 100.000 chu k ghi, m s ch mt vi giy nu mt chng trnh b mc kt trong mt vng lp bng vn bn cht ch EEPROM. Vn ny l do thc t l ph c th b mc kt trong cc khuyt tt trong cc cht cch in trong cc khu vc cng dn n mt s bit b "mc kt" trong trng thi lp trnh. Cc vn khc l h ang lm chm vit, thng dng nhiu micro giy hoc thm ch mili giy xa v vit, so vi 100ns in hnh ca SRAM. 15. u im v nhc im Nhng li th ca cc thit b ny l n c d dng nh nhau c v vit nh mt b nh RAM tiu chun, khng gii hn c / ghi chu k, v khng bin ng. Kh khn bao gm nhng hn ch cuc sng v mi trng lu tr p t bi cc pin v truy cp chm d liu trong ng dng nng lng. Ghi chu k b v hiu ha trong mt thi gian nht nh sau khi c in t n mt in p c xc nh trc ngn chn tn hiu ghi gi mo b h hng d liu trong khi b vi x l trong qu trnh initialising chnh n. L kt qu ca thi k u ny khi b nh l " write-protected," b vi x l c th khng lu tr d liu nh chng trnh con v cc a ch tr li ngt trn stack. iu ny c th dn n hot ng khng th on trc, tr khi phn mm c thit k cho php s chm tr cn thit sau khi bt ngun m bo rng b nh s chp nhn mt chu k ghi. S gia tng ca cng ngh b nh l do s tha hip trong cc thit b b nh hin ti. B nh l tng s l chi ph thp, mt cao, truy cp ngu nhin, thi gian truy cp nhanh, c / ghi, v khng bay hi, khng hn ch c / ghi chu k. Mi phng trong s cc thit b b nh tho lun c ti u ha kt hp mt s 16. Device Programmers

Mt thit b c bit cn thit chng trnh hu ht cc loi PROMs v yu cu v tn hiu thi gian v in p. Cc lp trnh PROM hoc chng trnh ghi PROM mt thit b vi cc m hnh d liu t mt PROM ch, mt cng ni tip, hoc mt tp tin trn a. "PROM burner or blower " l mt thut ng c ngun gc khi lp trnh cu ch lin kt PROMs yu cu rng cc cu ch b t chy hoc b thi chng trnh mi bit trong b nh. Lp trnh thit b c hai hnh thc: mt cng c my tnh bn vi cng ni tip I / O v a vi d liu u vo, hoc mt my tnh tng thch plug-in th. Cc n v trn bn l linh hot hn, nhng cc plug-in th t tn km. Cc n v linh hot nht trong c hai loi ny c mt ngun nng lng c th lp trnh v mch cm gic trn mi pin thit b, v t tn km nht l nhng chng trnh ch c mt loi thit b. Mt s programer c kh nng lp trnh PLD (thit b logic lp trnh) v vi iu khin vi EPROM trn chip ngoi PROMs tiu chun. Th tc lp trnh mt EPROM c s dng trc thng l: 1) Hy b cc nhn hiu bao gm cc ca s thch anh trn EPROM 2) t EPROM trong mt UV EPROM eraser trong vng 20 pht xa d liu hin c 3) Bt lp trnh EPROM 4) Chn cc loi thit b c lp trnh 5) Ti m hnh d liu vo cc lp trnh t my tnh thng qua mt cng ni tip 6) t EPROM vo cm thch hp trong cc programer 7) Bt u cc programer, v ch i bt c ni no t vi giy n hai mi pht 8) Cc programer ch ra rng EPROM c lp trnh ng cch 9) Hy b cc EPROM v bao gm cc ca s vi mt nhn xc nh EPROM 10) Ci t EPROM trong cc bng mch, ni n s hot ng Th tc cho mi programer khc nhau v chi tit, nhng qu trnh tng th vn gi nguyn. 17. So snh b nh ng b v khng ng b Mt b nh khng ng b l mt trong nhng m khng i hi bt k tn hiu ng h v cung cp sn lng ca n vi mt s chm tr ca mt thi gian truy cp (b nh thi gian tuyn truyn logic ni b) sau khi cc a ch v kim sot dng n nh. Nht SRAM, nh SRAM m t trn, l khng ng b, nhng mt s t l ng b v c ng h cho ni b cht lu tr a ch v vit cho php cc tn hiu. DRAM c ng b bi v h yu cu RAS v CAS strobes ti cc d liu ni b cht. Ni chung phn khng ng b d dng hn thit k vi v hn ch v thi gian n gin v kh nng tng thch trc tip vi hu ht cc bus vi x l.