TIU LUN X HI HC I CNG

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC NNG LM THNH PH H CH MINH

BI TIU LUN X HI HC I CNG

TI: NHIM MI TRNG

GVHD:

ThS. NGUYN C THNH

SVTH:

NGUYN HONG TRI

MSSV:

12114300

TP. H CH MINH
Thng 11 nm 2013

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LI M U
X hi loi ngi ang tin gn hn vi s pht trin bn vng, l vic va pht
trin kinh k hin i song song vi bo v mi trng sinh thi. Tuy nhin, tnh trng
nhim mi trng vn ang din honh hnh khp mi ni trn hnh tinh xanh ca
chng ta. Mi trng sinh sng, hot ng v pht trin ca con ngi vn ang ngy
cng b tn ph mc d cng ng quc t vn ra sc ku gi bo v mi trng. Do ,
vi nm gn y, thut ng an ninh sinh thi xut hin v tr thnh mt trong nhng
mc tiu chin lc pht trin ca nhiu quc gia.
Sau cch mng cng nghip, nn kinh t th gii thay da i tht vi tc tng
trng thn k ca nhiu nc. Song s li dng t nhin ca con ngi cng ngy cng
ph hoi mi trng nghim trng hn. Mt lot cc vn v an ninh sinh thi, mi
trng v ti nguyn mang tnh ton cu v khu vc nh s thay i kh hu mang tnh
ton cu, tng ozone b ph hng, ti nguyn nc b thiu nghim trng v khng hong
nng lng e do n s pht trin bn vng ca con ngi. nhim mi trng tr
thnh m vn ln v buc ni quc gia phi lin kt vi nhau cng tm phng thc
gii quyt. Hn th, vn nn ny c nh hng trc tip hoc gin tip n nn kinh t th
gii v i sng chnh tr quc t.
Bi tiu lun cung cp mt ci nhn ton cnh hin trng vn nhim mi
trng. Nguyn nhn no lm mi trng sinh thi b nhim v tn ph. Thc trng ca
vn ra sao trn phm vi nc ta.

MC LC
LI M U................................................................................................................ 2
2

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MC LC..................................................................................................................... 2
CHNG 1: THC TRNG NHIM MI TRNG.....................................................4
CHNG 2: NGUYN NHN V THC TRNG NHIM MI TRNG HIN NAY.......6
2.1 nhim nc..................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Ngun gc nhim...................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Tc nhn nhim........................................................................................ 7
2.1.3 Thc trng nhim nc ta....................................................................12
2.2 nhim khng kh........................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 Nguyn nhn nhim................................................................................ 14
2.2.2 Tc hi ca nhim mi trng khng kh................................................16
2.3 nhim t..................................................................................................... 17
2.3.1 nhim do cht thi cng nghip.............................................................17
2.3.2 nhim do cht thi nng nghip.............................................................19
2.3.3 nhim do cht thi th.......................................................................21
2.3.4 nhim t do du m............................................................................. 22
2.3.5 nhim do cc cht c ho hc khc.....................................................22
2.3.6 nhim do cht phng x.........................................................................22
CHNG 3: HU QU CHUNG CA NHIM MI TRNG.....................................23
3.1 n sc kho con ngi................................................................................... 23
3.2 n kinh t....................................................................................................... 23
CHNG 4: KT LUN.............................................................................................. 24
Ti liu tham kho..................................................................................................... 25

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CHNG 1: THC TRNG NHIM MI TRNG

1.1 Khi nim nhim mi trng:
nhim mi trng l s c mt ca cc cht l, c hi gy nn nhng bin
i nghim trng v cht lng ca cc yu t ca mi trng t, nc, khng kh
vt qua ngng chu ng t nhin ca sinh th (dn n bin dng hoc cht hng
lot) v con ngi ( m au, bnh tt, suy gim sc kho, thm ch c cht ngi).
Ngng chu ng t nhin ca cc loi sinh vt khc nhau khng ging nhau.
i vi con ngi, ngng chu ng c xc nh bng nhng tiu chun mi
trng l nhng quy nh v chun mc, gii hn cho php i vi cc yu t ca
mi trng nh t, nc, khng khlm cn c qun l mi trng, nhm m
bo sc sng ca sinh th, bo v sc kho, s sng v kh nng lao ng ca con
ngi.
1.2 Cc dng nhim mi trng

TIU LUN X HI HC I CNG

nhim mi trng sng tn ti di cc dng nhim nc, nhim khng

kh, nhim t, nhim ting n, nhim phng x, cc tia v tr
1.2.1 nhim nc
L dng nhim nguy him nht, bi v ton b s sng trn tri t gn lin
vi nc. nhim nc l s bin i ca cht lng nc bi cc cht l, c hi n
nc, gy nguy him n s sng ca cc sinh vt, n s sng v sinh hot ca con
ngi, tc ng tiu cc n sn xut nng nghip, cng nghip, ng nghip v cc hot
ng thng mi, ngh ngi, gii tr Nu xt theo cc tc nhn gy nhim th nhim
nc c cc loi nh nhim v c, nhim hu c, nhim ho cht, nhim sinh hc,
nhim bi cc tc nhn vt l
1.2.2 nhim khng kh
L s c mt ca cc tc nhn l, c hi trong kh quyn, lm bin i thnh
phn v cht lng ca khng kh theo chiu hng xu i vi s sng. nhim khng
kh cng c hai ngun gc: ngun gc t nhin (do ni la, chy rng, gi bi, cc qu
trnh phn hu cc cht hu c trong t nhin) v ngun gc nhn to do cc hot ng
sn xut v tiu dng ca con ngi gy nn.
1.2.3 nhim t
L s bin i thnh phn cht lng lp t ngoi cng ca thch quyn, di
tc ng tng hp nc, khng kh b nhim, rc thi c hi, cc sinh vt v vi sinh
vttheo chiu hng tiu cc i vi s sng ca sinh vt v con ngi.
Sa mc ho l mt trong nhng biu hin nguy him ca s suy thoi v
nhim t. Hin tng sa mc ho din ra c bit mnh cc vng thng xuyn b kh
hn. Hin nay, trn th gii c ti 3,6 t ha t ang chu nh hng ca s suy thoi t.

TIU LUN X HI HC I CNG

CHNG 2: NGUYN NHN V THC TRNG NHIM MI TRNG

HIN NAY
Bi tiu lun tp trung vo 3 loi nhim cn ch nht hin nay l: nhim nc,
nhim khng kh v nhim t.
2.1 nhim nc
Nc chim din tch b mt tri t,l mt trong nhng mn qu qu gi nht m
thin nhin ban tng cho con ngi. Nc l ti nguyn vt liu quan trng nht ca loi
ngi v sinh vt trn tri t. Con ngi mi ngy cn 250 lt nc cho sinh hot, 1.500
lt nc cho hot ng cng nghip v 2.000 lt cho hot ng nng nghip. Nc chim
99% trng lng sinh vt sng trong mi trng nc v 44% trng lng c th con
ngi. sn xut 1 tn giy cn 250 tn nc, 1 tn m cn 600 tn nc v 1 tn cht
bt cn 1.000 tn nc.
Ngoi chc nng tham gia vo chu trnh sng trn, nc cn l cht mang nng lng
(hi triu, thu nng), cht mang vt liu v tc nhn iu ho kh hu, thc hin cc chu
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trnh tun hon vt cht trong t nhin. C th ni s sng ca con ngi v mi sinh vt
trn tri t ph thuc vo nc.
2.1.1 Ngun gc nhim
nhim nc c ngun gc t nhin: Do ma, tuyt tan, gi bo, l lt ,cc thm ha ni
la, ng t lm thay i cnh quan mi trng, tiu dit nhiu loi, x thi vo khng
kh cc cht gy nhim nh SO2, bi,..... a vo mi trng nc cht thi bn, cc
sinh vt v vi sinh vt c hi k c xc cht ca chng.
nhim nc c ngun gc nhn to: Qu trnh thi cc cht c hi ch
yu di dng lng nh cc cht thi sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip, giao thng vo
mi trng nc.
2.1.2 Tc nhn nhim
Theo bn cht cc tc nhn gy nhim, ngi ta phn ra cc loi nhim nc: nhim
v c, hu c, nhim ho cht, nhim sinh hc, nhim bi cc tc nhn vt l.
a. nhim nc sinh hc do cc ngun thi th hay k ngh c cc cht thi sinh

hot, phn, nc ra ca cc nh my ng, giy...

S nhim sinh hc th hin bng s nhim bn do vi khun rt nng, t thnh vn
ln cho v sinh cng cng ch yu cc nc ang pht trin. Cc bnh cu trng,
vim gan do siu vi khun tng ln lin tc nhiu quc gia cha k n cc trn dch
t. Cc s nhim bnh c tng cng do nhim sinh hc ngun nc. Th d
thng hn, vim rut siu khun. Cc nc thi t l st sinh cha mt lng ln
mm bnh.

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u thuyn Th Quang ang l im nng v nhim mi trng Nng do nc thi

t cc nh my trong KCN dch v thu sn Th Quang. nh: HC
a. nhim ha hc do cht v c
Do thi vo nc cc cht nitrat, phosphat dng trong nng nghip v cc cht thi do
luyn kim v cc cng ngh khc nh Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cu, Hg l nhng cht c
cho thy sinh vt.
S nhim do thi vo nc nhng cht nh nitrat, phosphate, cc dng sulfit,
thu ngn, ch c bit l cc d cht trong phn bn, thuc tr su hay thuc bo
v thc vt.

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b. nhim bi cc cht hu c
S nhim bi cc hydrocarbon l do cc hin tng khai thc m du, vn

chuyn bin v cc cht thi b nhim xng du.

Cc vc nc t lin cng b nhim bn bi hydrocarbon. S thi ca cc nh my
lc du, hay s thi du nht xe tu, hoc l do v lm ri vi xng du. Tc
thm ca xng du ln gp 7 ln ca nc, s lm cc lp nc ngm b nhim.
c tnh c khong 3.6 triu tn du th thi ra bin hng nm (Baker,1983). Mt tn du
loang rng 12 km2 trn mt bin, do bin lun lun c mt lp mng du trn mt
(Furon,1962).

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Cht ty ra:bt git tng hp v x bng.

10

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Bt git tng hp ph bin t nm 1950. Chng l cc cht hu c c cc (polar)

v khng c cc (non-polar). C 3 loi bt git: anionic, cationic v non-ionic.
Bt git anionic c s dng nhiu nht, n c cha TBS (tetrazopylne benzen
sulfonate), khng b phn hy sinh hc.
X bng l tn gi chung ca mui kim loi vi acid bo. Ngoi cc x
bng Natri v Kali tan c trong nc, thng dng trong sinh hot, cn cc x
bng khng tan th cha calci, st, nhm...s dng trong k thut (cc cht bi
trn, sn, verni).

c. nhim vt l
-

Cc cht rn khng tan khi c thi vo nc lm tng lng cht l lng, tc

lm tng c ca nc.

Nhiu cht thi cng nghip c cha cc cht c mu, hu ht l mu hu c, lm

gim gi tr s dng ca nc v mt y t cng nh thm m.

Ngoi ra cc cht thi cng nghip cn cha nhiu hp cht ho hc nh mui st,
mangan, clor t do, hydro sulfur, phnol... lm cho nc c v khng bnh thng.

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Cc cht amoniac, sulfur, cyanur, du lm nc c mi l. Thanh to lm nc c

mi bn, mt s sinh vt n bo lm nc c mi tanh ca c.

2.1.3 Thc trng nhim nc ta

Tc cng nghip ho v th ho kh nhanh v s gia tng dn s gy p lc
ngy cng nng n di vi ti nguyn nc trong vng lnh th. Mi trng nc nhiu
th, khu cng nghip v lng ngh ngy cng b nhim bi nc thi, kh thi v cht
thi rn. cc thnh ph ln, hng trm c s sn xut cng nghip ang gy nhim
mi trng nc do khng c cng trnh v thit b x l cht thi. nhim nc do sn
xut cng nghip l rt nng. V d: ngnh cng nghip dt may, ngnh cng nghip
giy v bt giy, nc thi thng c pH trung bnh t 9-11; ch s nhu cu xy sinh
ho (BOD), nhu cu xy ho hc (COD) c th ln n 700mg/1 v 2.500mg/1; hm
lng cht rn l lng... cao gp nhiu ln gii hn cho php
Hm lng nc thi ca cc ngnh ny c cha xyanua (CN-) vt n 84 ln,
H2S vt 4,2 ln, hm lng NH3 vt 84 ln tiu chun cho php nn gy nhim
nng n cc ngun nc mt trong vng dn c.
Mc nhim nc cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, cm cng nghip tp
trung l rt ln.
Tnh trng nhim nc cc th thy r nht l thnh ph H Ni v thnh
ph H Ch Minh. cc thnh ph ny, nc thi sinh hot khng c h thng x l tp
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trung m trc tip x ra ngun tip nhn (sng, h, knh, mng). Mt khc, cn rt nhiu
c s sn xut khng x l nc thi, phn ln cc bnh vin v c s y t ln cha c h
thng x l nc thi; mt lng rc thi rn ln trong thnh ph khng thu gom ht
c l nhng ngun quan trng gy ra nhim nc. Hin nay, mc nhim trong
cc knh, sng, h cc thnh ph ln l rt nng.
V tnh trng nhim nc nng thn v khu vc sn xut nng nghip, hin
nay Vit Nam c gn 76% dn s ang sinh sng nng thn l ni c s h tng cn lc
hu, phn ln cc cht thi ca con ngi v gia sc khng c x l nn thm xung
t hoc b ra tri, lm cho tnh trng nhim ngun nc v mt hu c v vi sinh vt
ngy cng cao. Theo bo co ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, s vi khun
Feca coliform trung bnh bin i t 1.500-3.500MNP/100ml cc vng ven sng Tin
v sng Hu, tng ln ti 3800-12.500MNP/100ML cc knh ti tiu.
Trong sn xut nng nghip, do lm dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt, cc
ngun nc sng, h, knh, mng b nhim, nh hng ln n mi trng nc v
sc kho nhn dn.
Cc quy nh v qun l v bo v mi trng nc cn thiu (chng hn nh
cha c cc quy nh v quy trnh k thut phc v cho cng tc qun l v bo v ngun
nc). C ch phn cng v phi hp gia cc c quan, cc ngnh v a phng cha
ng b, cn chng cho, cha quy nh trch nhim r rng. Cha c chin lc, quy
hoch khai thc, s dng v bo v ti nguyn nc theo lu vc v cc vng lnh th
ln. Cha c cc quy nh hp l trong vic ng gp ti chnh qun l v bo v mi
trng nc, gy nn tnh trng thiu ht ti chnh, thu khng chi cho bo v mi
trng nc.
2.2 nhim khng kh
Mc nhim khng kh ti cc th thay i theo tng gi trong ngy, gia cc
thng trong nm. S thay i ny c nguyn nhn mt phn do hot ng giao thng v
sn xut cng nghip, mt phn do iu kin thi tit khu vc.
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2.2.1 Nguyn nhn nhim

C 2 nguyn nhn chnh: ngun t nhin v ngun nhn to.
a. Ngun t nhin
Ni la: Ni la phun ra nhng nham thch nng v nhiu kh bi giu sunfua,
metan v nhng loi kh khc. Khng kh cha bi lan to rt xa v n c
phun ln rt cao.

Chy rng: Cc m chy rng v ng c bi cc qu trnh t nhin xy ra do

sm chp, c st gia thm thc vt kh nh tre, c. Cc m chy ny thng
lan truyn rng, pht thi nhiu bi v kh.

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Gi bo: Bi bi gy nn do gi mnh v bo, ma bo mn t sa mc, t

trng v gi thi tung ln thnh bi. Nc bin bc hi v cng vi song bin
tung bt mang theo bi mui lan truyn vo khng kh.
Cc qu trnh phn hu, thi ra xc ngk vt, thc vt t nhin cng pht thi
nhiu cht kh, cc phn ng ho hc gia nhng kh t nhin hnh thnh cc kh
sunfua, nitrit, cc loi mui, Cc loi bi, kh ny u gy nhim khng kh.
b. Ngun nhn to
Pht thi kh nhim t hot ng giao thng vn ti: l ngun gy nhim ln
nht th, ch yu gy ra nhim cc kh c hi nh Co, NO x, hi xng du
(HmCn, VOCs), bi ch, benzene v bi PM2,5.
Pht thi nhim t cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip: pht sinh t cc nh
my, x nghip ch yu do qu trnh t cc nhin liu ho thch (than v du
kh cc loi).
nhim t cc hot ng dn sinh: hot ng ca cc h gia nh nh un nu
bng than, du, ci cng gp phn gy nhim khng kh th, mc d khng
ln so vi cc ngun khc.

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2.2.2 Tc hi ca nhim mi trng khng kh

Mi trng khng kh c ngha sng cn duy tr s sng trn tri t, trong c s
sng ca con ngi. Mt khi mi trng khng kh b nhim s ko theo rt nhiu
nhng tc hi nghim trng v sc kho cng ng, pht trin kinh t v bn thn thin
nhin, mi trng.
-

nh hng n sc kho cng ng: nhim khng kh c nh hng rt ln n

sc kho con ngi, c bit i vi ng h hp. V lm gim sc kho v tui
th ca con ngi.

nh hng n pht trin kinh t: thit hi kinh t do nhim khng kh nh

hng n sc kho bao gm cc khon chi ph: chi ph khm v thuc cha bnh,
tn tht mt ngy cng lao ng, tn tht thi gian ngi nha chm sc ngi
m; thit hi kinh t do nh hng n hoa mu do b cn nh sng quang hp;
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nh hng n cng trnh xy dng v cc dng vt liu do ma acid; thit hi i

vi hot ng du lch do xy dng ba bi, khng c k hoch, gia tng rc cc
loi ph thi, ph hu san h;
-

nh hng dn n bin i kh hu: Kh CO 2 sinh ra r cc nh my v cc

phng tin qua li cn lm tng hiu ng nh knh. Tri t ngy mt nng dn
ln. Ph hu dn cc khu du lch t nhin m n sn c. Nu vic pht thi kh nh
knh ca th gii trong thi gian ti khng gian i th d bo nhit Tri t s
tng khong 30C trong th k ny, dn ti bang tan cho nc bin dng ln, lt li
v hn hn s din ra thng xuyn hn.
2.3 nhim t
2.3.1 nhim do cht thi cng nghip

Qu trnh cng nghip ho cng pht trin th cc cht thi sinh ra cng nhiu hn, i
vo mi trng t, lm nhim t. Cht thi cng nghip c 3 dng:
-

Rn: x, qung, sn phm cng nghip d, sn phm ph

Kh: kh thi t ng khi v trong cc qu trnh sn xut.

Lng: nc thi.

a. nhim do cht kh
Qu trnh t chy nhin liu ho thch sinh ra nhiu cht thi dng kh nh:
SO2, CO2, NOx, H2S,v bi
Kh NOx trong khng kh ho tan gy ra ma acid, di tc dng ra tri ca
ma acid cng cc yu t t nhin v nhn to khin cho t ngy cng b mt vi, cc
bazo v hi chua.=> t b acid ho vi cng cao.
Tc hi ca ma acid:
-

Cht dinh dng ca thc vt b suy gim: Ma acid lm thay th ion H + vi cc

ion kim loi quan trng i vi cy nh Ca 2+, K+, NH4, Mg2+ lm gim kh nng
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trao i cation trong cc bazo bo ho, lm gim hp thu SO 4, em n s ho tan

sulfat. Trong ma acid c cha CO 2 c kh nng ho tan Ca 2+ rt mnh, ma cng
nhiu lng vi bm trong t cng gim.
-

Gii phng cc kim loi c hi: khi t b acid ho, ion Al 3+ t do trong t c
gii phng i vo mi trng nc, lng ion ny s gy hi cho r cy, cc ion
kim loi khc cng tng ln lm nhim mi trng t, nh hng n h sinh
vt sng trong t.

Ion photphat b gi cht hn trong t: ion nhm ho tan tng ln cng c nh

hng ti thc vt. N bao bc nhng ion photphat dinh dng cn thit v lm
gim kh nng hp th PO4 ca thc vt. Hm lng photphat gim cn do qu
trnh phn hu trong t chm li trong iu kin mi trng axit. Cng PO 4 cc
cht dinh dng khc nh Mo, Bo, Se cng gim kh nng i ti thc vt t b
acid ho.

b. Nc thi:
-

Trong nc thi cng nghip c cht rng l lng v cht rn ho tan c cha cc
cht hu c v v c nh: huydrat cacbon, du, m, cc cht bo, cht ng b
mt, hp cht bay hi, kim loi nng, cht dinh dng, kim, clo

Di tc dng ca cc hin tng ho tan, thm thu cc cht trong nc thi i

vo trong t lm suy thoi cht lng, ph => gy nhim mi trng t.

c. Cht thi rn
-

Do kim loi nng:

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Kh nng gy c hi ca cc kim loi nng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nhau:

hm lng ca chng, cc con ng xm nhp, dng tn ti v thi gian c th
gy c hi.
2.3.2 nhim do cht thi nng nghip
tng nng sut v phng trnh dch bnh cho cy trng, con ngi s dng

nhiu loi phn bn ho hc v cc loi thuc bo v thc vt trong nng nghip. Trong
qu trnh s dng, cc cht d tha khng c cy trng hp th nh hng ti cht
lng t v gy nhim t.

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a. S dng phn bn v nhim mi trng t

Nhiu nghin cu ch ra rng, cy trng ch s dng hu hiu ti a 10% lng
phn bn vo t. Phn cn li s b ra tri theo nc hoc nm li trn t gy
nhim mi trng.
-

nh hng ti pH ca t: khi pH tng dn n l ngho cc ion v lm xut

hin nhiu cht c m ch yu l Al 3+, Fe3+, Mn2+ di ng c hi cho cy trng,m
lm gim hot tnh sinh hc ca t.

Gy nhim nitrat: phn m rt d chuyn ho thnh NO 3. Mt phn nitrat c

thc vt hp th lm cht dinh dng nhng nu tch lu qu nhiu nitrat NO 3 s
sinh ra qu trnh denitrat (kh nitrat) bi vi sinh to nn nitrit (NO 2) l cht s theo
dy chuyn thc phm i vo ng vt gy nh hng ti sc kho.

Phn hu c t nhin gy nhim vi sinh vt: Vic ti phn bc gy nhim sinh

hc nghim trng cho mi trng t, mi trng khng kh v nc.

b. nhim do thuc bo v thc vt

-

Thuc bo v thc vt hay thuc tr su l cc hp cht ho hc c ch to

dit tr sinh vt gy hi cho cy trng.

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Hin nay chng loi thuc bo v thc vt c s dng rt a dng. Tuy nhin,
ch yu vn l: nhm photpho hu c, cc nhm clo hu c, nhm cacbamat v
clorophenoxy acid ( l cht dit c).

Do bn cht ca thuc bo v thc vt l nhng cht ho hc tiu dit su bnh,

nn d t hay nhiu khi vo mi trng t cng gy nhim mi trng sinh thi
t. Hnh thnh v tn ti cc dng cu trc sinh ho khc nhau hoc cc dng
hp cht lin kt trong mi trng m nhng hp cht mi trng c tnh c hn
hn, xm nhp vo cy trng v tch lu qu, ht c, sau theo dy chun thc
phm i vo gy hi cho ngi, vt (ung th, qui thai, t bin gen). Lm cho
tnh cht c l ca t gim st (t cng), cng ging nh tc hi ca phn bn
ho hc d tha trong t. Dit khun co, bo v thc vt nhng ng thi cng
tiu dit nhiu vi sinh vt c li trong t, lm hot tnh sinh hc trong t gim.
2.3.3 nhim do cht thi th
nhim mi trng t ti cc bi chn lp c th do mi hi thi sinh ra do phn

hu rc lm nh hng ti sinh vt trong t, gim lng oxy trong t.

Cc cht c hi sn phm ca qu tnh ln men khuch tn, thm v li trong
t.
Nc r t cc hm v chon lp c ti lng nhim cht hu c cao ( thng qua
ch s BOD, COD) cng nh cc kim loi nng nh Cu, Zn, Al, Fe, Cd, Hg v c cc
cht nh P, N,cng cao. Nc r ny s ngm xung t gy nhim t v nc
ngm.
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nhim t cn c th do bn cng rnh ca h thng thot nc ca thnh ph

m thnh phn cc cht hu c, v c, kim loi to nn cc hn hp phc cht v n
cht kh phn hu.
2.3.4 nhim t do du m
Du thm vo lng t chim ch mao qun t, y khng kh, nc ra ngoi mi
trng t, thay i tnh cht ca h sinh thi t.
Du thm qua t nhim mch nc ngm.
Du l hp chat cao phn t c th tiu dit trc tip sinh vt trong t ( tr sinh
vt phn gii du).
2.3.5 nhim do cc cht c ho hc khc
- Cht c mu da cam: hu dit thm thc vt, do n ph hu ph nhiu,
kim cu t, lm cho t b laterit ho, lm gim hm lng mn, nito tng s,
photphat d tiu v lm tng tc chua ca t.
- Cht bo qun g: thng l creosot, PCP
- nhim do cc loi thuc n: do vic chon lp cht n cc bi thi cc cht n
lm cho cc vng t b nhim nghim trng.
2.3.6 nhim do cht phng x
- nhim t cht thi phng x: bt ngun t trung tm v nh my ht nhn, tu
ngm in t, cc tn la c u n ht nhnht thi gian s dng nhng bn thn
cc cht thi ny cn cha cht phng x.
- T t than: mt s m than cha Urani, Thi c tnh phng x mnh v gy
nhim nng n i vi t.
- Ngun phng x t nhin: ngun phng x t nhin c trong lng t, tc ng di
dng kh hay dng bc x.
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CHNG 3: HU QU CHUNG CA NHIM MI TRNG

3.1 n sc kho con ngi
S suy thoi ca cht lng nc, khng kh v nhng nguy him khc v mi
trng nh hng trc tip hoc gin tip ln sc kho con ngi, dn n cc
bnh c lin quan, bao gm c cc cn bnh gy ra bi vi trng v cn trng do s
thay i ca kh hu nh st rt, vng da
Theo t chc y t th gii hng nm c khong hn 2 triu ngi cht v cc cn
bnh lin quan n mi trng.
3.2 n kinh t
nhim mi trng lm suy gim sc kho con ngi, t dn n gim nng
sut lao ng, c bit l sn xut nng nghip. Mt khc, s suy thoi ca cht lng
mi trng s lm gim hiu qu cc ngun ti nguyn cho sn xut nh s tn tht
ngh c ( do nhim nc), gim pht trin ca rng do t b xi mn
Chi ph cho y t v khc phc hu qu ca nhim mi trng khng ngng tng
ln.
S nhim mi trng tc ng ngc tr li mi trng t nhin. Dn n cc
hin tng: hiu ng nh knh, l thng tng ozone, ma acid, sa mc ho, s a dng
sinh hc b gim stMt s bin i nguy him nht do tc ng ngc ca nhim
mi trng chnh l s bin i kh hu ton cu. N khng nhng e do s tn vong
ca con ngi m cn uy hip c tng lai Tri t.

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CHNG 4: KT LUN
Thc trng nhim mi trng hin nay c th d dng nhn thy. Nn kinh t
pht trin cng mnh, mun bn vng th cng cn ch n vic bo v mi trng
sinh thi. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra nhim l c th khc phc!
i vi Vit Nam, mt s bin php khc phc:
-

Thc hnh chnh sch v php lut bo v mi trng.

Tng cng ti chnh, u t.

y mnh hot ng kim sot, nh gia mc nhim ti cc khu vc trng

im kp thi a ra bin php x l.

Vn rc thi cng nghip, nng nghip cn c ch gim thiu ti a.

Nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng v vic bo v mi trng.

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Ti liu tham kho

-

Ting ku cu ca Tri t ( Nguyn Phc Tng)

t v mi trng ( L Vn Khoa, Nguyn Vn C).

http://vi.scribd.com/doc/119780719/%C4%90%E1%BB%80-TAI-O-NHI%E1%BB
%84M-MOI-TR%C6%AF%E1%BB%9CN-N%C6%AF%E1%BB%9A
http://www.doko.vn/luan-van
http://vi.scribd.com/doc/54186123/ti%E1%BB%83u-lu%E1%BA%ADn-o-nhi%E1%BB
%85m-moi-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t
http://vi.scribd.com/doc/119780719/%C4%90%E1%BB%80-TAI-O-NHI%E1%BB
%84M-MOI-TR%C6%AF%E1%BB%9CNG-N%C6%AF%E1%BB%9A#download
http://vi.scribd.com/doc/134202744/Tinh-tr%E1%BA%A1ng-o-nhi%E1%BB%85m-moitr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-khong-khi44#download
http://www.tusach.thuvienkhoahoc.com
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_m%C3%B4i_tr
%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng
http://blog.yume.vn/xem-blog/cac-bien-phap-chong-o-nhiem-nguonnuoc.nguyentam083.35CD742E.html
http://svmt.vicongdong.vn/29301371/O-nhiem-moi-truong-nuoc-va-bien-truoc-tac-dongphat-trien
http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn/newsdetail/Moi-truong/395722/van-de-cap-bach-la-giaiquyet-o-nhiem-moi-truong-nuoc.htm
http://www.dardqnam.gov.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=969:giiphap-nao-cho-gim-thiu-o-nhim-moi-trng-trong-sn-xut-nong-nghip&catid=105:tin-this&Itemid=6
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