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I. OpenCV 1.

Gii thiu Hn mt thp k qua, c rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v bi ton xc nh khun mt ngi t nh en trng, nh xm, n nh mu nh ngy nay. Cc nghin cu i t bi ton n gin l nh ch cha mt khun mt ngi nhn thng vo thit b thu hnh v u t th thng ng, cho n nh mu vi nhiu khun mt ngi trong cng nh, khun mt c quay mt gc nh, hay b che khut mt phn, v vi nh nn ca nh phc tp (nh chp ngoi thin nhin) nhm p ng nhu cu tht s cn thit ca con ngi. Bi ton xc nh khun mt ngi (Face detection) l mt k thut my tnh xc nh cc v tr v cc kch thc ca khun mt trong nh bt k (nh k thut s). K thut ny nhn bit cc t trng khun mt v b qua nhng th khc nh: ton nh, cy ci, c th... Mt s ng dng ca bi ton xc nh khun mt l: h thng tng tc gia ngi v my (iu kin my tnh qua cc c ng ca khun mt), h thng nhn dng ngi (gip cho cc c quan an ninh qun l con ngi), h thng quan st theo di, h thng qun l vic ra vo cho cc c quan v cng ty, h thng kim tra ngi li xe c ng gt hay khng, h thng phn tch cm xc trn khun mt, v h thng nhn dng khun mt cho cc my nh k thut s... Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php nhn dng khun mt ngi, da vo cc tnh cht ca cc phng php, ta c th chia ra lm bn hng tip cn chnh nh sau: Hng tip cn da trn tri thc: m ho hiu bit ca con ngi v cc loi khun mt v to ra cc tp lut xc nh khun mt. Hng tip cn da trn t t khng thay i: mc tiu cc thut ton tm ra cc t trng m t cu trc khun mt ngi (cc t trng khng thay i vi t th, v tr t thit b thu hnh, sng ti thay i...). Hng tip cn da trn so khp mu: dng cc mu chun hay cc t trng ca khun mt ngi. Hng tip cn da trn din mo: phng php hc t mt tp nh hun luyn mu xc nh khun mt ngi. Chng trnh xc nh v tr khun mt ngi trong bi vit ny s dng hng tip cn da trn mo, s dng b phn loi mnh AdaBoost l s kt hp ca cc b phn loi yu da trn cc t trng Haar-like xc nh khun mt. M ngun c da trn th vin m ngun m OpenCV ca Intel ci t. 2. C s l thuyt 2.1. c trng Haar-like Do Viola v Jones cng b, gm 4 c trng c bn xc nh khun mt ngi. Mi c trng Haarlike l s kt hp ca hai hay ba hnh ch nht "trng" hay "en" nh trong hnh sau:

Hnh 1: 4 t trng Haar-like c bn s dng cc t trng ny vo vic xc nh khun mt ngi, 4 t trng Haar -like c bn c m rng ra, v c chia lm 3 tp c trng nh sau: 1. c trng cnh (edge features):

2. c trng ng (line features):

3. c trng xung quanh tm (center-surround features):

Hnh 2: Cc c trng m rng ca cc c trng Haar-like c s Dng cc c trng trn, ta c th tnh c gi tr ca c trng Haar-like l s chnh lch gia tng ca cc pixel ca cc vng en v cc vng trng nh trong cng thc sau: f(x) = Tngvng en(cc mc xm ca pixel) - Tngvng trng(cc mc xm ca pixel) S dng gi tr ny, so snh vi cc gi tr ca cc gi tr pixel th, cc c trng Haar like c th tng/gim s thay i in-class/out-of-class (bn trong hay bn ngoi lp khun mt ngi), do s lm cho b phn loi d hn. Nh vy ta c th thy rng, tnh cc gi tr ca c trng Haar -like, ta phi tnh tng ca cc vng pixel trn nh. Nhng tnh ton cc gi tr ca cc c trng Haar-like cho tt c cc v tr trn nh i hi chi ph tnh ton kh ln, khng p ng c cho cc ng dng i hi tnh run-time. Do Viola v Jones a ra mt khi nim gi l Integral Image, l mt mng 2 chiu vi kch thc bng vi kch ca nh cn tnh cc c trng Haar-like, vi mi phn t ca mng ny c tnh bng cch tnh tng ca im nh pha trn (dng-1) v bn tri (ct-1) ca n. Bt u t v tr trn, bn tri n v tr di, phi ca nh, vic tnh ton ny n thun ch a trn php cng s nguyn n gin, do tc thc hin rt nhanh.

Hnh 3: Cch tnh Integral Image ca nh Sau khi tnh c Integral Image, vic tnh tng cc gi tr mc xm ca mt vng bt k no trn nh thc hin rt n gin theo cch sau: Gi s ta cn tnh tng cc gi tr mc xm ca vng D nh trong hnh 4, ta c th tnh nh sau: D = A + B + C + D (A+B) (A+C) + A Vi A + B + C + D chnh l gi tr ti im P4 trn Integral Image, tng t nh vy A+B l gi tr ti im P2, A+C l gi tr ti im P3, v A l gi tr ti im P1. Vy ta c th vit li biu thc tnh D trn nh sau:

Hnh 4: V d cch tnh nhanh cc gi tr mc xm ca vng D trn nh Tip theo, chn cc c trng Haar-like dng cho vic thit lp ngng, Viola v Jones s dng mt phng php my hc c gi l AdaBoost. AdaBoost s kt hp cc b phn loi yu to thnh mt b phn loi mnh. Vi b phn loi yu ch cho ra cu tr li chnh xc ch hn vin on mt cch ngn nhin mt cht, cn b phn loi mnh c th a ra cu tr li chnh xc trn 60%. 2.2. AdaBoost

AdaBoost l mt b phn loi mnh phi tuyn phc da trn hng tip cn boosting c Freund v Schapire a ra vo nm 1995 [2]. Adaboost cng hot ng trn nguyn tc kt hp tuyn tnh cc weak classifiers hnh thnh mt strong classifier. L mt ci tin ca tip cn boosting, AdaBoost s dng thm khi nim trng s (weight) nh du cc mu kh nhn dng. Trong qu trnh hun luyn, c mi weak classifiers c xy dng, thut ton s tin hnh cp nht li trng s chun b cho vic xy dng weak classifier k tip: tng trng s ca cc mu b nhn dng sai v gim trng s ca cc mu c nhn dng ng bi weak classifier va xy dng. Bng cch ny weak classifer sau c th tp trung vo cc mu m cc weak classifiers trc n lm cha tt. Sau cng, cc weak classifers s c kt hp ty theo mc tt ca chng to nn strong classifier. Viola v Jones dng AdaBoost kt hp cc b phn loi yu s dng cc c trng Haarlike theo m hnh phn tng (cascade) nh sau:

Hnh 5: M hnh phn tn kt hp cc b phn loi yu xc nh khn mt Trong , hk l cc b phn loi yu, c biu din nh sau:

x: ca s con cn xt Ok: ngng (O = teta) fk: gi tr ca c trng Haar-like pk: h s quyt nh chiu ca phng trnh AdaBoost s kt hp cc b phn loi yu thnh b phn loi mnh nh sau: H(x) = sign(a1h1(x) +a2h2(x) + ... + anhn(x)) (a = alpha)

Vi: at >= 0 l h s chun ho cho cc b phn loi yu

Hnh 6: Kt hp cc b phn loi yu thnh b phn loi mnh 3. H thng xc nh v tr khun mt ngi

Hnh 7: H thng xc nh v tr khun mt ngi (Face detection system) Nh trong hnh trn, t nh gc ban u, ta s c tnh Integral Image, l mng 2 chiu vi phn t (x, y) s c tnh bng tng ca cc phn t (x', y') vi x' < x v y' < y, mc ch l tnh nhanh tng ca cc gi tr mc xm ca mt vng hnh ch nht bt k trn nh gc. Cc vng nh con ny s c a qua cc hm Haar c bn c lng c trng, kt qu c lng s c a qua b iu chnh AdaBoost loi b nhanh cc c trng khng c kh nng l c trng ca khun mt ngi. Ch c mt tp nh cc c trng m b iu chnh AdaBoost cho l c kh nng l c trng ca khun mt ngi mi c chuyn sang cho b quyt nh kt qu (l tp cc b phn loi yu c cu trc nh trong hnh 5). B quyt nh s tng hp kt qu l khun mt ngi nu kt qu ca cc b phn loi yu tr v l khun mt ngi. Mi b phn loi yu s quyt nh kt qu cho mt c trng Haar-like, c xc nh ngng nh sao cho c th vt c tt c cc b d liu mu trong tp d liu hun luyn (s lng nh khun mt trong tp hun luyn c th rt ln). Trong qu trnh xc nh khun mt ngi, mi vng nh con s c kim tra vi cc c trng trong chui cc c trng Haar-like, nu c mt c trng Haar-like no cho ra kt qu l khun mt ngi th cc c trng khc khng cn xt na. Th t xt cc c trng trong chui cc c trng Haar-like s c da vo trng s (weight) ca c trng do AdaBoost quyt nh da vo s ln v th t xut hin ca cc c trng Haar-like.

V d.

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