BI 12: TNH T & TRNG T

(ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS)

1. TNH T (ADJECTIVES)
Tnh t (adjectives) l nhng t miu t tnh cht ca ngi, vt, su vt.
Xt v cch vit v cch doc;
Trong ting Anh, c hai loai tnh t, tnh t ngn bao gm mt hoc hai m tit, v du: hot
v tnh t di bao gm t ba m tit tr ln, v du: expensive
Tnh t, ging nh trang t c hai dang so snh: so snh hon, v so snh nht. Cc tnh t ngn thng bin
di cch vit v cch doc khi dang so snh.
V du: hotter (nng hn) v hottest ( nng nht)
Trong khi d, cc tnh t di chi bin di trang t dng trc n.
V du: ore e!"ens#ve ($%t hn) v ost e!"ens#ve ( $%t nht)
V& '(
E!)"*es
So s+nh hn
Co")r)t#ve ,or
So s+nh nht
S-"er*)t#ve ,or
Tnh t ngn
Sh!"t #$%&'t()&*
Hot hotter hottest
Tnh t $+(
,!ng A$%&'t()&*
expensive More expensive Most expensive
CH-C N.NG NG/ 0H10 C2A TNH T
(GRA33AR 45NCTI6NS 64 ADJECTIVES)
Xt v chc nng ng php, tnh t c 2 chc nng chnh l dng trc danh t lm b ng cho danh t
(attributive adjectives): a beautiful flowwer
v dng sau dng t lin h lm vj ng (predicative adjectives) v du: she is nice.
1. A$%&'t()&* #* 7!$(8(&"* 8!" n!9n* (#tt"(:9t()& #$%&'t()&*):
A beautiful 8;!<&"
2. A$%&'t()&* *t#n$ :&h(n$ ;(n=(ng )&":* (>"&$('#t()& #$%&'t()&*)
She (* nice.
a phn tnh t c th va dng trc danh t v lm b ng cho danh t, va c th dng sau dng t lin
h . V du:
Sh& (* n('&? @
Sh& (* # n('& <!7#n @
Tuy nhin, mt s tnh t vj ng (predicative adjectives) chi dng sau dng t lin h v khng dng trc danh
t v ngoc lai, mt s tnh t chi lm b ng cho danh t v khng dng sau dng t lin h. Trn mn hnh
l bng lit k mt s tnh t don chc nng: tc l v nhng tnh t chi lm vj ng cho dng t lin h
Tnh t 'hA ;+7 :B ngC 'h!
$#nh t
Att"(:9t()& #$%&'t()&*:
Tnh t 'hA ;+7 )D ngC
'h! EFng t ;(Gn hH
0"&$('#t()& #$%&'t()&*:
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THE 6I46RD ENG,ISH ACADE3J
THE OXFORD ENGLSH ACADEMY - VETNAM
C8, 343 Doi Can St., Ba Dinh Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam
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atomic
east/west/south/north
eastern/wetern/southern/.
indoor/outdoor
maximum
nationwide
occasional
supplementary
woolen
etc.




afraid
alive
alone
apart
aware
glad
ill
likely
ready
safe
sorry
sure
unable
Hy doc li ca bi ht " dreamed a dream v phn loai cc tnh t trong li bi ht theo chc nng ng php
ca chng trong cu: Tnh t ;+7 :B ngC 'h! $#nh t
Hay Tnh t ;+7 )D ngC 'h! EFng t ;(Gn hH
dreamed a dream in time gone by
When hope was high
And life worth living
dreamed that love would never die
dreamed that God would be forgiving
Then was young and unafraid
when dreams were made and used and wasted
There was no ransom to be paid
No song unsung, no wine untasted
But the tigers come at night
With their voices soft as thunder
As they tear your hope apart
And they turn your dream to shame
p n:
Tnh t lm vj ng cho dng t lin h:
High, forgiving, young, unafraid
Tnh t b ng cho danh t:
soft
Trong doan li bi ht k trn, c 4 tnh t dng sau dng t lin h to be l High, forgiving, young, unafraid
V mt tnh t soft lm b ng cho danh t chnh voices. im ch dy l solf dng sau danh t m n b
ng v pha sau n c mt cum t b ngha cho chnh n as thunder.
Nh d ni trn, mt s tnh t va c th l tnh t vj ng ca dng t lin h, va c th lm b ng cho
danh t. Mt s nh trong s cc tnh t ny, chuyn ngha khi chuyn chc nng ng php.
V du:
at a .ert)#n time (vo mt thi dim nht djnh no d)
Are you .ert)#n? (Anh c chc th khng?)
Bng mt s tnh t mang ngha khc nhau vj tr khc nhau trong cu:
KLng t"MN' KLng *#9
a re)* hero (chi mc d: degree) The wood is re)* (tht ch khng phi
gi: real not falsse)
You "oor thing! (chi su cm thng:
sympathy)
The result was "oor (chi cht long
km: not good)
Those people are "oor (ngho)
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a *)te bus (chuyn xe but cui ngy:
near the end of the day)
the *)te president (vj tng thng d cht
= dead)
The bus was *)te (xe but dn chm:
not on time)
the "resent situation (tnh hnh ngy
nay = now)
was "resent (lc d ti c mt)
Tnh t cn c mt chc nng na, l doc dng nh mt danh t d chi mt tp hop ngi, hoc mt khi
nim.
V du:
Th& "('h also cry.
( Ngi giu cng khc)
"Take from th& "('h and give to th& >!!"
(Ly ca ngi giu d chia cho ngi ngho)
VO TR C2A TNH T
(06SITI6N 64 ADJECTIVES)
- Tnh t dng sau dng t lin h lm vj ng.
V du: t sounds good!
- Cc tnh t thng dng trc danh t v lm b ng cho danh t chnh trong cum danh t. Trt tu ca cc
tnh t dng lm b ng trc danh t chnh tun theo nguyn tc OpSSACCOMP.
V du: nice small new round blue German steel sports car
6>(n(!n
(1)
S(P&
(2)
Ag&
(Q)
Sh#>&
(R)
C!;!9"
(S)
C!9nt"T
(U)
3#t&"(#;
(V)
09">!*&
(W)
HEAD
N65N
n#.e s)** ne
/
ro-n' 0*-e 1er)
n
stee* s"orts C)r
- Tuy nhin, trong mt cum danh t, mt s tnh t c th dng sau danh t chnh. Di dy l mt s trng
hop m tnh t dng sau mt danh t trong mt cum danh t.
Trng hop th nht l khi cc tnh t doc hnh thnh t dang phn t 2 (past participles) v dang Ving ca
dng t v l dang gin loc ca mnh d quan h dng lm b ng pha sau. V du
1. Oh look! there is only one 'h!'!;#t& ;&8t
2. We can't go yet! There are still three >&!>;& 7(**(ng .
Ta c th vit lai cc cu v du ny dang dy d nh sau:
1. Oh look! there is only one 'h!'!;#t& that was ;&8t
2 We can't go yet! There are still three >&!>;& who were 7(**(ng .
Trng hop th 2 l khi tnh t b ng cho danh t dang so snh dy d. V du:
There was a '"!<$ :(gg&" th#n ;#*t T&#"?
v du ny, tnh t "bigger dng sau danh t chnh "crowd v dang so snh v chnh bn thn n doc b
sung ngha bi mt cum t phi sau l th#n ;#*t T&#"?
Trng hop th 3 l tnh t dng sau danh t v doc ngn cch bi du phy. Cch sp dt ny doc dng
d nhn manh vo cc tnh t dt pha sau. V du:
This is the perfect *!;9t(!n, *(7>;& :9t &88&'t()&?
Trng hop th 4 l khi tnh t doc dng trong cc cum t din t su do lng.
V du:
The table is 1.5 7&t&"* wide.
He is 1.7 7&tt&"* tall.
Trng hop th 5 l mt s tnh t dang qu kh phn t nh mentioned, concerned, involved, indicated c
th dng sau danh t.
V du:
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1. There's been an outbreak of flu, but there are only fifteen >&!>;& '!n'&"n&$
2. After the fight, the police arrested the 7&n (n)!;)&$ .
- Tnh t cn dng sau tn ng ca mt s ngoai dng t nh call, find, get, hate, leave, like, make, paint and
want. V du:
They painted the house re'.
He pushed a window o"en .
It made them h)""2.
I found him ,r#en'*2.
Bi tp thc hnh:
Hy xem mt doan trong bi ht "Love me tender quen thuc v xem vj tr ca cc tnh t trong bi.
Love me tender,
Love me sweet,
Never let me go.
You have made my life complete,
and love you so.
h!a bi:
Cc tnh t tender v sweet du dng sau tn ng me ca ngoai dng t love
Tong tu, tnh t complete, dng sau tn ng my life ca dng t made.
Love me t&n$&"X
Love me *<&&tX
Never let me go.
You have made my life '!7>;&t&,
A$%&'t()&* &n$(ng (n Y(ng #n$ Y&$:
Cc tnh t c dui ing thng mang ngha ch dng: tc n c dc dim d v thng doc dng cho vt
hoc su vt. Cn cc tnh t c dui ed thng mang tnh bj dng, tc l doc lm cho hoc bj lm cho c
dc dim d hoc cm gic d.
V du: The film is $(*#>>!(nt(ng.
( b phim gy tht vong)
We are $(*#>>!(nt&$ with the film.
( chng ti bj tht vong v b phim)
SZ =[t h\> g(C# tnh t )+ g(N( t t"!ng ']9?
Mt s tnh t di vi gii t pha sau n. Thm ch, trong mt cu, chi thay di gii t dng sau tnh t, th ngha
ca c cu thay di. V du:
m sorry about his response.
( Ti ly lm tic v phn ng ca cu y)
m sorry for his response.
(Ti thong hai cho phn ng ca cu y.)
Bng lit k mt s tnh t v gii t kt hop vi nhau.
>"&>!*(t(!n: &^#7>;&* !8 #$%&'t()&*:
about angry,annoyed,anxious,certain,confideny,excited,happy,pleased,
right,sorry,upset,nervous.
at amaed,angry,annoyed,bad,excellent,good,hopeless,lucky,skilled,
skilful,surprised,useless.
by amused,bored,impressed,shocked,surpised.
for famous,late,ready,sorry,responsible,suitable.
from absent,different,safe,tired.
in interested,involved.
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on keen,reliant.
of afraid,ashamed,aware,capable,certain,confident,critical,envious,
fond,full,guilty,incapable,jealous,kind,nice,proud,scared,short,
stupid,sure,suspicious,terrified,tired,typical.
to accustomed,engaged,generous,inferior,kind,married,polite,
possible,rude,superior,similar.
towards friendly,patroniing.
with angry,annoyed,bored,busy,content,crowded,delighted,disappointed,
familiar,friendy,furiuos,happy,occupied,pleased,satisfied.
Bi tp tr"c n#hi$m:
Ch3n t45 .( t4 th&.h h6" (7ng v8# A ho9. :; C; D) $< hon thnh =# .>- s)-?
1? I_7 #8"#($ I #7 n!t ```````````t! t#;= #:!9t th(* 7#tt&"?
A. qualifying B. qualified C.quality D. qualitative
2. Th& 'h(;$"&n <&"& :!"&$ `````` <#t'h(ng th#t 8(;7 #g#(n #n$ #g#(n?
A. with B. in C. for D. about
R? S9*#n (* )&"T !8 t&;;(ng !th&" >&!>;& <h#t t! $!?
A? fed up B? interested C? bored D? fond
Q? I 8&&; *! #n$ *;&&>T t!$#T :&'#9*& I <!"=&$ ;#t& ;#*t n(ght?
A? tirednessB? tiringC? tired D? tire
h!a bi:
C]9 1: Xt ng cnh, ch trng cn din dng sau dng t lin h nn phi l mt tnh t hoc danh t. Tuy
nhin, p n C? a9#;(tT (cht long) v D? a9#;(t#t()& (djnh long) l khng ph hop v ngha. Chi cn dp
n A? a9#;(8T(ng v B? a9#;(8(&$?
Nh d ni phn trc ca bi, cc tnh t gc dng t v c dui ing thng c ch dng v dng cho
vt hoc su vt. nn dp n A? a9#;(8T(ng cng bj loai, v ch ng ca cu ny chi ngi.
Do vy dp n dng l B? a9#;(8(&$ (c d trnh d chuyn mn)
C]9 2, ch trng cn din l mt gii t dng sau tnh t bored.
Xem lai bng nhm gii t v tnh t di vi nhau m chng ta va hoc, ta thy bored c th di vi gii t by v
with.
Tuy nhin, trong s cc dp n d cho khng c gii t by, vy dp n dng l A? b(th
C]9 R, ch trng cn din gm l mt tnh t dng trc gii t !8?
Trong s cc dp n d choX A? 4&$ 9> phi di vi gii t <(th thnh cum:
4&$ 9> <(th *!7&th(ng ('hcn ngcn 'c( gd Ee)
p n B? (nt&"&*t&$ phi di vi gii t in thnh cum: (nt&"&*t&$ (n *!7&th(ngf$!(ng *!7&th(ng
Kc> cn C? B!"&$ chi di vi gii t by hoc with (thy ci g d t nhat)
Chi c dp n D? 8!n$ l di vi gii t of thnh cum: fond of something/doing something (hng th vi ci g d
hoc vi vic lm ci g d)
Vy dp n dng l D? 8!n$
C]9 Q, Ch trng cn din l mt tnh t dng sau dng t lin h 8&&; v trang t chi mc d *!
Vy nn danh t t("&$n&** (su mt mi) v dng t t("& (7Ht 7g() Eh9 :D ;!i(?
Nh d ni phn trc ca bi, cc tnh t gc dng t v c dui ing thng c ch dng v dng cho
vt hoc su vt. nn dp n B? t("(ng cng bj loai, v ch ng ca cu ny chi ngi.
Do vy dp n dng l C? t("&$?
Ch3n t45 .( t4 th&.h h6" (7ng v8# A ho9. : ho9. C) $< hon thnh $o?n v@n s)-.
H#njn# Ch#ng
Chang entered the nternational Cello Competition in Paris in 14. She was just eleven years (1).
Since she wasnt much (2) than her cello, everyone was (3) by her (4) talent. After she
won the competition, she began playing concerts in different places around the world. She played her first
concert in Seoul in 15 and her first concert at Carnegie Hall in New York in 1. She has played with
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some of (5) orchestras and conductors in the world. She has also recorded several CDs and won
several more pries.
1. A. age B. old
2. A. big B. bigger
3. A. astounded B. astounding
4. A. huge B. hug
5. A. famous B. the most famous
h!a bi:
Chang entered the nternational Cello Competition in Paris in 14. She was just eleven years (1) !;$? Since she
wasnt much (2) :(gg&" than her cello, everyone was (R) #*t!9n$&$ by her (Q) h9g& talent. After she won the
competition, she began playing concerts in different places around the world. She played her first concert in
Seoul in 15 and her first concert at Carnegie Hall in New York in 1. She has played with some of (S) th&
7!*t 8#7!9* orchestras and conductors in the world. She has also recorded several CDs and won several
more pries.
Ck7 tnh t ;+ nhCng tl> h\> t 'e 'hL' nmng nhM 7Ft tnh t?
V du:
1. She was a wealthy <!7#n.
2. She was a <!7#n of great wealth.
Trong v du th nht, tnh t wealthy b ngha cho danh t woman.
Trong tnh t th 2, cum t of great wealth cng b ngha cho danh t woman.
V mt ngha, c 2 cu c ngha ging ht nhau: C y d l mt phu n giu c.
Cum t of great wealth l cum tnh t bt du bng trang t.
%m t&nh t' #(m ) nh*m ch&nh:
Nhm th nht l cc cum t bt du bng mt gii t. V du:
A kind 7#n a 7#n with a kind heart
A white '!#t a '!#t of white color
A jungle t"#'= a t"#'= through the %9ng;&
Nhm th 2 l cc cum tnh t bt du bng mt dng t thm dui ing ( Ving) hay phn t 2 ca dng t (V3).
Nhm ny chnh l dang gin loc ca cc mnh d quan h b ngha cho danh t chnh (adjective clauses). V
du:
a stone h!9*& a h!9*& built of stone.
a hill t"(:&a t"(:& dwelling in the hills.
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