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Chng 1: L thuyt c s 1.1. Nhng nim c bn ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Cc phng php biu din hm logic.............................................................................. 7 1.3. Cc phng php ti thiu ho hm logic...................................................................... 9 1.4. Cc h mch logic............................................................................................................................ 13 1.5. Grafcet m t mch trnh t trong cng nghip ......................................... 15 Chng 2: Mt s ng dng mch logic trong iu khin 2.1. Cc thit b iu khin ................................................................................................................. 24 2.2. Cc s khng ch ng c rto lng sc.................................................................. 25 2.3. Cc s khng ch ng c khng ng b rto dy qun........................... 29 2.4. Khng ch ng c in mt chiu...................................................................................... 31 Chng 3: L lun chung v iu khin logic lp trnh PLC 3.1. M u....................................................................................................................................................... 33 3.2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt b PLC........................................................................... 34 3.3. Cc vn v lp trnh................................................................................................................... 37 3.4. nh gi u nhc im ca PLC ....................................................................................... 43 Chng 4: B iu khin PLC CPM1A 4.1. Cu hnh cng....................................................................................................................................... 45 4.2. Ghp ni.................................................................................................................................................... 49 4.3. Ngn ng lp trnh............................................................................................................................. 51 Chng 5: B iu khin PLC S5 5.1. Cu to ca b PLC S5.......................................................................................................... 54 5.2. a ch v gn a ch..................................................................................................................... 55 5.3. Vng i tng.................................................................................................................................... 57 5.4. Cu trc ca chng trnh S5.................................................................................................... 58 5.5. Bng lnh ca S5 95U............................................................................................................ 59 5.6. C php mt s lnh c bn ca S5..................................................................................... 60 Chng 6: B iu khin PLC S7 - 200 6.1. Cu hnh cng........................................................................................................................................ 70 6.2. Cu trc b nh...................................................................................................................................... 73 6.3. Chng trnh ca S7- 200.............................................................................................................. 75 6.4. Lp trnh mt s lnh c bn ca S7- 200 .................................................................... 76 Chng 7: B iu khin PLC S7-300 7.1. Cu hnh cng....................................................................................................................................... 78 7.2. Vng i tng..................................................................................................................................... 81 7.3. Ngn ng lp trnh ............................................................................................................................ 83 7.4. Lp trnh mt s lnh c bn...................................................................................................... 84 Ph lc 1: Cc phn mm lp trnh PLC I. Lp trnh cho OMRON...................................................................................................................... 86 II. Lp trnh cho PLC- S5....................................................................................................................... 92 III. Lp trnh cho PLC S7-200.................................................................................................... 97 IV. Lp trnh cho PLC S7-300.................................................................................................... 101 Ph lc 2: Bng lnh ca cc phn mm 1. Bng lnh ca PLC CPM1A.................................................................................................... 105 2. Bng lnh ca PLC S5.................................................................................................................. 112 3. Bng lnh ca PLC S7 -200...................................................................................................... 117 4. Bng lnh ca PLC S7-300 ....................................................................................................... 128
Phn 1: Logic hai trng thi v ng dng Chng 1: L Thuyt C S 1.1. Nhng khi nim c bn 1. Khi nim v logic hai trng thi Trong cuc sng cc s vt v hin tng thng biu din hai trng thi i lp, thng qua hai trng thi i lp r rt ca n con ngi nhn thc c s vt v hin tng mt cch nhanh chng bng cch phn bit hai trng thi . Chng hn nh ta ni nc sch v bn, gi c t v r, nc si v khng si, hc sinh hc gii v dt, kt qu tt v xu... Trong k thut, c bit l k thut in v iu khin, ta thng c khi nim v hai trng thi: ng v ct nh ng in v ct in, ng my v ngng my... Trong ton hc, lng ho hai trng thi i lp ca s vt v hin tng ngi ta dng hai gi tr: 0 v 1. Gi tr 0 hm c trng cho mt trang thi ca s vt hoc hin tng, gi tr 1 c trng cho trng thi i lp ca s vt v hin tng . Ta gi cc gi tr 0 hoc 1 l cc gi tr logic. Cc nh bc hc xy dng cc c s ton hc tnh ton cc hm v cc bin ch ly hai gi tr 0 v 1 ny, hm v bin c gi l hm v bin logic, c s ton hc tnh ton hm v bin logic gi l i s logic. i s logic cng c tn l i s Boole v ly tn nh ton hc c cng u trong vic xy dng nn cng c i s ny. i s logic l cng c ton hc phn tch v tng hp cc h thng thit b v mch s. N nghin cu cc mi quan h gia cc bin s trng thi logic. Kt qu nghin cu th hin l mt hm trng thi cng ch nhn hai gi tr 0 hoc 1. 2. Cc hm logic c bn Mt hm y = f ( x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n ) vi cc bin x1, x2, ... xn ch nhn hai gi tr: 0 hoc 1 v hm y cng ch nhn hai gi tr: 0 hoc 1 th gi l hm logic.
Hm logic mt bin: y = f ( x )
Vi bin x s nhn hai gi tr: 0 hoc 1, nn hm y c 4 kh nng hay thng gi l 4 hm y0, y1, y2, y3. Cc kh nng v cc k hiu mch rle v in t ca hm mt bin nh trong bng 1.1 Bng 1.1 Tn hm Hm khng Hm o Bng chn l Thut ton logic x 0 1 y0 y1 0 1 0 0 K hiu s Kiu rle Kiu khi in t Ghi ch
y0 = 0 y 0 = xx y1 = x
y1
x x 1
y1 y1
y2 = x
x x
y2 y3
x x 1
y2 y2
y3
y3 = 3 y3 = x + x
Trong cc hm trn hai hm y0v y3 lun c gi tr khng i nn t c quan tm, thng ch xt hai hm y1 v y2.
Hm logic hai bin y = f ( x1 , x 2 )
Vi hai bin logic x1, x2, mi bin nhn hai gi tr 0 v 1, nh vy c 16 t hp logic to thnh 16 hm. Cc hm ny c th hin trn bng1.2
Bng 1.2
Tn hm
Bng chn l x1 x2 y0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Ghi ch
Hm khng Hm Piec Hm cm x1
INHIBIT
y 0 = x1x1 + x2x 2
y1 = x1x 2
Hm lun bng 0
y1
0 0
= x1 + x 2
x1 x 2 y1
x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2
y1
y2
y 2 = x1x 2
x1 x 2 y2
y2 & y2 y3 y4 & y4 y5
x1 Hm o x1 Hm cm x2
INHIBIT
y3
y 3 = x1
x1 y 3 x1 x 2 y4
y4
y 4 = x1x 2
x2 Hm o x2 y5 0 1 0 1
y5 = x 2
x2 y 5
Gio Trnh PLC Hm hoc loi tr XOR Hm Cheffer Hm v AND Hm cng du Hm lp x2 Hm ko theo x2 Hm lp x1 Hm ko theo x1 Hm hoc OR
y6
y 6 = x1x 2 + x1x 2
x1 x 2 y 6 x1 x 2 x2
x1
x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x2 x1 x1 x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x1 x1 x1
y6 y6
=1
y 7 = x1 + x 2
y7 0 1 1 1
y7
= x1x 2
y7 y8
y8
y8 = x1x 2
x1 x 2 y8
& y8
y9
y9
0 0
0 1
1 0
y 9 = x1x 2 + x1x 2
x1 x 2 y 9 x1 x 2 x2 y 10
x2
y11
y10 1
y10 = x 2
y10 y11
Ch ph thuc x2
y11 1 y12 1
0 1
1 0
1 0
y11 = x1 + x 2 y12 = x1
x1
x1 y 12
y12 y13
Ch ph thuc x1
y13 1
y13 = x1 + x 2
x1
x2
y13
y14 1
y14 = x1 + x 2
x1
x2
y14
1
y14
y14
Hm lun bng 1
Hm n v y 1 15
y15 = ( x 1 + x1 ) (x 2 + x 2 )
x1 x 2 y 15
x1 x 2
y15
Ta nhn thy rng, cc hm i xng nhau qua trc nm gia y7 v y8, ngha l y 0 = y15 , y1 = y14 ...
Vi hm logic n bin, mi bin nhn mt trong hai gi tr 0 hoc 1 nn ta c 2 t hp bin, mi t hp bin li nhn hai gi tr 0 hoc 1, do vy s hm logic
n
tng l 2 2 . Ta thy vi 1 bin c 4 kh nng to hm, vi 2 bin c 16 kh nng to hm, vi 3 bin c 256 kh nng to hm. Nh vy khi s bin tng th s hm c kh nng to thnh rt ln. Trong tt c cc hm c to thnh ta c bit ch n hai loi hm l hm tng chun v hm tch chun. Hm tng chun l hm cha tng cc tch m mi tch c tt c cc bin ca hm. Hm tch chun l hm cha tch cc tng m mi tng u c tt c cc bin ca hm. 3. Cc php tnh c bn Ngi ta xy dng ba php tnh c bn gia cc bin logic l: 1. Php ph nh (o): k hiu bng du - pha trn k hiu ca bin. 2. Php cng (tuyn): k hiu bng du +. (song song) 3. Php nhn (hi): k hiu bng du .. (ni tip) 4. Tnh cht v mt s h thc c bn
4.1. Cc tnh cht
Tnh cht ca i s logic c th hin bn lut c bn l: lut hon v, lut kt hp, lut phn phi v lut nghch o. + Lut hon v:
x1 + x 2 = x 2 + x1 x 1 .x 2 = x 2 .x 1
+ Lut kt hp:
x1 + x 2 + x 3 = ( x1 + x 2 ) + x 3 = x1 + ( x 2 + x 3 )
x1 .x 2 .x 3 = ( x1 .x 2 ).x 3 = x1 .( x 2 .x 3 )
x 1 + x 2 .x 3 = ( x 1 + x 2 ).( x1 + x 3 )
Ta c th minh ho kim chng tnh ng n ca lut phn phi bng Bng 1.3 cch lp bng 1.3 x1 x2 x3 ( x 1 + x 2 ).( x 1 + x 3 )
x 1 + x 2 .x 3
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 5
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
x1
nh
Hnh 1.1
x2 x3
+ Lut nghch o:
x 1 .x 2 = x1 + x 2 ; x 1 + x 2 = x 1 .x 2
Ta cng minh ho tnh ng n ca lut nghch o bng cch thnh lp Bng 1.4 bng 1.4: x1 x2
x1 x2
x1 + x 2 x1 .x 2 x1 + x 2 x1 .x 2
1 1 1 0
x1
x2
p = y
Hnh 1.2
x1 x 2
x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + ... = x1 .x 2 .x 3 ...
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x+0= x x.1 = x x .0 = 0
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
x 1 ( x 1 + x 2 ) = x1
x1.x 2 + x1.x 2 = x1 ( x1+ x 2 )( x1 + x 2 ) = x1 x1+ x 2 + x 3 = ( x1 + x 2 ) + x 3 x1.x 2 .x 3 = ( x1.x 2 ).x 3
x1+ x 2 = x1.x 2
x1.x 2 = x1 + x 2
1. Phng php biu din bng bng trng thi: phng php ny cc gi tr ca hm c trnh by trong mt bng. Nu hm c n bin th bng c n + 1 ct (n ct cho bin v 1 ct cho hm) v 2n hng tng ng vi 2n t hp ca bin. Bng ny thng gi l bng trng thi hay bng chn l. V d: mt hm 3 bin y = f ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) vi gi tr ca hm cho trc c biu din thnh bng 1.6: Bng 1.6 u im ca phng php biu din bng bng l d nhn, t nhm ln. Nhc im l cng knh, c bit khi s bin ln.
TT t hp bin
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
x2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
x3 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
y 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
2. Phng php biu din hnh hc Vi phng php hnh hc hm n bin c biu din trong khng gian n chiu, t hp bin c biu din thnh mt im trong khng gian. Phng php ny rt phc tp khi s bin ln nn thng t dng. 3. Phng php biu din bng biu thc i s Ngi ta chng minh c rng, mt hm logic n bin bt k bao gi cng c th biu din thnh cc hm tng chun y v tch chun y .
Cch vit hm di dng tng chun y
- Hm tng chun y ch quan tm n t hp bin m hm c gi tr bng 1. S ln hm bng 1 s chnh l s tch ca cc t hp bin. - Trong mi tch, cc bin c gi tr bng 1 c gi nguyn, cn cc bin c gi tr bng 0 th c ly gi tr o; ngha l nu x i = 1 th trong biu thc tch s c vit l x i , cn nu x i = 0 th trong biu thc tch c vit l x i . Cc tch ny cn gi l cc mintec v k hiu l m. - Hm tng chun y s l tng ca cc tch . V d: Vi hm ba bin bng 1.6 trn ta c hm dng tng chun y l:
f = x1 .x 2 .x 3 + x 1 .x 2 .x 3 + x 1 .x 2 .x 3 + x 1 .x 2 .x 3 = m 0 + m 2 + m 3 + m 6
- Hm tch chun y ch quan tm n t hp bin m hm c gi tr bng 0. S ln hm bng khng s chnh l s tng ca cc t hp bin. - Trong mi tng cc bin c gi tr 0 c gi nguyn, cn cc bin c gi tr 1 c ly o; ngha l nu x i = 0 th trong biu thc tng s c vit l x i , cn nu x i = 1 th trong biu thc tng c vit bng x i . Cc tng c bn cn c gi tn l cc Maxtec k hiu M. - Hm tch chun u s l tch ca cc tng . V d: Vi hm ba bin bng 1.6 trn ta c hm dng tch chun y l:
f = ( x1 + x 2 + x 3 )( x1 + x 2 + x 3 )( x1 + x 2 + x 3 )( x1 + x 2 + x 3 ) = M1 + M 4 + M 5 + M 7
4. Phng php biu din bng bng Karnaugh (ba can) Nguyn tc xy dng bng Karnaugh l: - biu din hm logic n bin cn thnh lp mt bng c 2n , mi tng ng vi mt t hp bin. nh s th t cc trong bng tng ng vi th t cc t hp bin. - Cc cnh nhau hoc i xng nhau ch cho php khc nhau v gi tr ca 1 bin. - Trong cc ghi gi tr ca hm tng ng vi gi tr t hp bin. V d 1: bng Karnaugh cho hm ba bin bng 1.6 nh bng 1.7 sau:
x1 x2, x3
0
00
1
01
3
11
2
10 1 1
0
4
1
5 7
1
6
00
1
01
3
11
2
10 1 1
00
4
1
5 7
1
6
01 11 10
12
8
13 9
15
14
11
10
1 8
1.3. Cc phng php ti thiu ho hm logic Trong qu trnh phn tch v tng hp mch logic, ta phi quan tm n vn ti thiu ho hm logic. Bi v, cng mt gi tr hm logic c th c nhiu hm khc nhau, nhiu cch biu din khc nhau nhng ch tn ti mt cch biu din gn nht, ti u v s bin v s s hng hay tha s c gi l dng ti thiu. Vic ti thiu ho hm logic l a chng t mt dng bt k v dng ti thiu. Ti thiu ho hm logic mang ngha kinh t v k thut ln, c bit khi tng hp cc mch logic phc tp. Khi chn c mt s ti gin ta s c s bin cng nh cc kt ni ti gin, gim c chi ph vt t cng nh gim ng k xc sut hng hc do s phn t nhiu. V d: Hai s hnh 1.3 u c chc nng nh nhau, nhng s a s tip im cn l 3, ng thi cn thm 1 rle trung gian p, s b ch cn 2 tip im, khng cn rle trung gian. Thc cht vic ti thiu ho hm logic l tm dng biu din i s n gin nht ca hm v thng c hai nhm phng php l:
x1
x2
p = y b,
Hnh 1.3
x1 x 2
p a,
- Phng php bin i i s - Phng php dng thut ton. 1. Phng php ti thiu ho hm logic bng bin i i s phng php ny ta phi da vo cc tnh cht v cc h thc c bn ca i s logic thc hin ti gin cc hm logic. Nhng do tnh trc quan ca phng php nn nhiu khi kt qu a ra vn khng khng nh r c l ti thiu hay cha. Nh vy, y khng phi l phng php cht ch cho qu trnh ti thiu ho. V d: cho hm
y l phng php thng dng v n gin nht, nhng ch tin hnh c vi h c s bin n 6 . phng php ny cn quan st v x l trc tip trn bng Karnaugh. Qui tc ca phng php l: nu c 2n c gi tr 1 nm k nhau hp thnh mt khi vung hay ch nht th c th thay 2n ny bng mt ln vi s 9
lng bin gim i n ln. Nh vy, bn cht ca phng php l tm cc k nhau cha gi tr 1 (cc c gi tr hm khng xc nh cng gn cho gi tr 1) sao cho lp thnh hnh vung hay ch nht cng ln cng tt. Cc bin nm trong khu vc ny b loi b l cc bin c gi tr bin i, cc bin c dng l cc bin c gi tr khng bin i (ch l 0 hoc 1). Qui tc ny p dng theo th t gim dn ln cc , sao cho cui cng ton b cc cha gi tr 1 u c bao ph. Cng c th tin hnh ti thiu theo gi tr 0 ca hm nu s lng ca n t hn nhiu so vi gi tr 1, lc by gi hm l hm ph nh. V d: Ti thiu hm
00
2
01
6
11
4
10 1
0
1
1
3
B
7
A + Tm nhm cc (hnh ch nht) cha cc c gi tr bng 1, ta c hai nhm, nhm A v nhm B. + Loi bt cc bin cc nhm: Nhm A c bin z = 1 khng i vy n c gi li cn hai bin x v y thay i theo tng ct do vy mintec mi A ch cn bin z: A = z . Nhm B c bin x v z thay i, cn bin y khng i vy mintec mi B ch cn bin y : B = y . Kt qu ti thiu ho l: f = A + B = z + y
Phng php Quine Mc. Cluskey
y l phng php c tnh tng qut, cho php ti thiu ho mi hm logic vi s lng bin vo ln.
a, Mt s nh ngha
+ nh: l mt tch cha y cc bin ca hm, nu hm c n bin th nh l tch ca n bin. nh 1 l nh m hm c gi tr bng 1. nh 0 l nh m hm c gi tr bng 0. nh khng xc nh l nh m ti hm c th ly mt trong hai gi tr 0 hoc 1.
10
+ Tch cc tiu: l tch c s bin l cc tiu hm c gi tr bng 1 hoc khng xc nh. + Tch quan trng: l tch cc tiu m gi tr hm ch duy nht bng 1 tch ny.
b, Ti thiu ho bng phng php Quine Mc. Cluskey
r phng php ta xt v d minh ho, ti thiu ho hm f ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ) vi cc nh bng 1 l L = 2, 3, 7, 12, 14, 15 v cc nh c gi tr hm khng xc nh l N = 6, 13. Cc bc tin hnh nh sau: Bc 1: Tm cc tch cc tiu
Lp bng biu din cc gi tr hm bng 1 v cc gi tr khng xc nh ng vi m nh phn ca cc bin theo th t s s 1 tng dn (bng 1.10a). Xp thnh tng nhm theo s lng ch s 1 vi th t tng dn. (bng 1.10b ta c 4 nhm: nhm 1 c 1 s cha 1 ch s 1; nhm 2 gm 3 s cha 2 ch s 1; nhm 3 gm 3 s cha 3 ch s 1, nhm 4 c 1 s cha 1 ch s 1). So snh mi t hp th i vi t hp th i +1, nu hai t hp ch khc nhau mt ct th kt hp 2 t hp thnh mt t hp mi, ng thi thay ct s khc nhau ca 2 t hp c bng mt gch ngang (-) v nh du v vo hai t hp c (bng 1.10c). V c s ton hc, y thu gn cc t hp ta dng tnh cht: xy + xy = x C tip tc cng vic. T bng 1.10c ta chn ra cc t hp ch khc nhau 1 ch s 1 v c cng gch ngang (-) trong mt ct, ngha l c cng bin va c gin c bng 1.10c, nh vy ta c bng 1.10d.
Bng 1.10
a
S thp C s 2 x1x2x3x4 phn S ch s 1
b
S thp phn C s 2
x1x2x3x4
d
x1x2x3x4 2,3,6,7 2,6,3,7 6,7,14,15 6,14,7,15 12,13,14,15
2 3 6* 12 7 13 * 14 15
1 2
2 3 6 12 7 13 14 15
0-1-1111- -
3 4
11
Cc t hp tm c bng 1.10d l t hp cui cng, cc t hp ny khng cn kh nng kt hp na, y chnh l cc tch cc tiu ca hm cho. Theo th t x1x 2 x 3 x 4 , ch c du (-) c lc b, cc tch cc tiu c vit nh sau: 0-1- (ph cc nh 2,3,6,7) ng vi: x1x 3 -11- (ph cc nh 6,7,14,15) ng vi: x 2 x 3 11- - (ph cc nh 12,13,14,15) ng vi: x1x 2 Bc 2: Tm cc tch quan trng Vic tm cc tch quan trng cng c tin hnh theo cc bc nh. Gi Li l tp cc nh 1 ang xt bc nh th i, lc ny khng quan tm n cc nh c gi tr khng xc nh na. Zi l tp cc tch cc tiu ang bc nh th i. Ei l tp cc tch quan trng bc nh th i.
Vi i = 0
L 0 = (2,3,7,12,14,15)
Z 0 = ( x1x 3 , x 2 x 3 , x1x 2 )
Xc nh cc tch quan trng E0 t tp L0 v Z0 nh sau: + Lp bng trong mi hng ng vi mt tch cc tiu thuc Z0, mi ct ng vi mt nh thuc L0. nh du x vo cc trong bng ng vi tch cc tiu bng 1.11 (tch x1x 3 ng vi cc nh 2,3,7; tch x 2 x 3 ng vi cc nh 7,14,15; tch x1x 2 ng vi cc nh 12,14,15 bng 1.10)
Bng 1.11 Z0 L0
2 (x)
3 (x)
7 x x
12
14
15
x (x) x
x x
Xt tng ct, ct no ch c mt du x th tch cc tiu (hng) ng vi n l tch quan trng, ta i thnh du (x). Vy tp cc tch quan trng bc ny l:
E 0 = ( x1 x 3 , x1 x 2 )
Vi i = 1
Tm L1 t L0 bng cch loi khi L0 cc nh 1 ca E0.
12
Tm Z1 t Z0 bng cch loi khi Z0 cc tch trong E0 v cc tch nm trong hng c chn t E0. Khi tm c L1 v Z1, lm li nh bc i = 0 ta s tm c tch quan trng E1. Cng vic c tip tc cho n khi Lk = 0. Trong v d ny v E 0 = ( x1x 3 , x1x 2 ) m cc nh 1 ca x1x 3 l 2,3,7; cc nh 1 ca x1x 2 l 12,14,15 (b qua nh 6, 13 l cc nh khng xc nh); do L1 = 0, qu trnh kt thc. Kt qu dng hm ti thiu chnh l tng ca cc tch cc tiu. Vy hm cc tiu l:
f = x1x 3 + x1x 2
1.4. Cc h mch logic Cc php ton v nh l ca i s Boole gip cho thao tc cc biu thc logic. Trong k thut thc t l bng cch ni cng logic ca cc mch logic vi nhau (theo kt cu ti gin nu c). thc hin mt bi ton iu khin phc tp, s mch logic s ph thuc vo s lng u vo v cch gii quyt bng loi mch logic no, s dng cc php ton hay nh l no. y l mt bi ton ti u nhiu khi c khng ch mt li gii. Tu theo loi mch logic m vic gii cc bi ton c nhng phng php khc nhau. V c bn cc mch logic c chia lm hai loi: + Mch logic t hp + Mch logic trnh t 1. Mch logic t hp Mch logic t hp l mch m u ra ti bt k thi im no ch ph thuc t hp cc trng thi ca u vo thi im . Nh vy, mch khng c phn t nh. Theo quan im iu khin th mch x y1 1 Mch t t hp l mch h, h khng c phn hi, x y2 ngha l trng thi ng m ca cc phn t 2 hp M trong mch hon ton khng b nh hng M xn ym ca trng thi tn hiu u ra. S mch logic t hp nh hnh 1.4
Hnh 1.4
Vi mch logic t hp tn ti hai loi bi ton l bi ton phn tch v bi ton tng hp. + Bi ton phn tch c nhim v l t mch t hp c, m t hot ng v vit cc hm logic ca cc u ra theo cc bin u vo v nu cn c th xt ti vic ti thiu ho mch. + Bi ton tng hp thc cht l thit k mch t hp. Nhim v chnh l thit k c mch t hp tho mn yu cu k thut nhng mch phi ti gin. Bi ton tng hp l bi ton phc tp, v ngoi cc yu cu v chc nng logic, vic tng
13
hp mch cn ph thuc vo vic s dng cc phn t, chng hn nh phn t l loi: rle - cng tc t, loi phn t kh nn hay loi phn t l bn dn vi mch... Vi mi loi phn t logic c s dng th ngoi nguyn l chung v mch logic cn i hi phi b sung nhng nguyn tc ring lc tng hp v thit k h thng. V d: v mch logic t hp nh hnh 1.5 2. Mch logic trnh t Mch trnh t hay cn gi l mch dy x (sequential circuits) l mch trong trng 1 thi ca tn hiu ra khng nhng ph thuc xn tn hiu vo m cn ph thuc c trnh t tc ng ca tn hiu vo, ngha l c nh cc trng thi. Nh vy, v mt thit b th mch trnh t khng nhng ch c cc phn t ng m m cn c c cc phn t nh. S nguyn l mch logic trnh t nh hnh 1.6
x1
x2
x3
y1
x3
x2
x1
y2
Hnh 1.5
Mch t hp
y1 y2 ym
Hnh 1.6
Xt mch logic trnh t nh hnh 1.7. Ta xt hot ng ca mch khi thay i trng thi ng m ca x1 v x2. Biu hnh 1.7b m t hot ng ca mch, trong biu cc nt m biu hin tn hiu c gi tr 1, cn nt mnh biu hin tn hiu c gi tr 0.
x1 x2 y x2 y
x1 y x2 y z z
3 2
5 2 1
5 6
9 1
a,
b,
Hnh 1.7
T biu hnh 1.7b ta thy, trng thi z = 1 ch t c khi thao tc theo trnh t x1 = 1 , tip theo x 2 = 1. Nu cho x 2 = 1 trc, sau cho x1 = 1 th c y v z u khng th bng 1. m t mch trnh t ta c th dng bng chuyn trng thi, dng hnh trng thi Mealy, hnh trng thi Moore hoc dng phng php lu . Trong phng php lu c dng trc quan hn. T lu thut ton ta d dng chuyn sang dng hnh trng thi Mealy hoc hnh trng thi Moore. v t c th thit k c mch trnh t. Vi mch logic trnh t ta cng c bi ton phn tch v bi ton tng hp.
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1.5. Grafcet - m t mch trnh t trong cng nghip 1. Hot ng ca thit b cng nghip theo logic trnh t Trong dy truyn sn xut cng nghip, cc thit b my mc thng hot ng theo mt trnh t logic cht ch nhm m bo cht lng sn phm v an ton cho ngi v thit b. Mt qu trnh cng ngh no cng c th c ba hnh thc iu khin hot ng sau: + iu khin hon ton t ng, lc ny ch cn s ch huy chung ca nhn vin vn hnh h thng. + iu khin bn t ng, qu trnh lm vic c lin quan trc tip n cc thao tc lin tc ca con ngi gia cc chui hot ng t ng. + iu khin bng tay, tt c hot ng ca h u do con ngi thao tc. Trong qu trnh lm vic m bo an ton, tin cy v linh hot, h iu khin cn c s chuyn i d dng t iu khiu bng tay sang t ng v ngc li, v nh vy h iu khin mi p ng ng cc yu cu thc t. Trong qu trnh lm vic s khng bnh thng trong hot ng ca dy truyn c rt nhiu loi, khi thit k ta phi c gng m t chng mt cch y nht. Trong s cc hot ng khng bnh thng ca chng trnh iu khin mt dy truyn t ng, ngi ta thng phn bit ra cc loi sau: + H hng mt b phn trong cu trc iu khin. Lc ny cn phi x l ring phn chng trnh c ch h hng, ng thi phi lu tm cho dy truyn hot ng lc c h hng v sn sng chp nhn li iu khin khi h hng c sa cha xong. + H hng trong cu trc trnh t iu khin. + H hng b phn chp hnh (nh h hng thit b chp hnh, h hng cm bin, h hng cc b phn thao tc...) Khi thit k h thng phi tnh n cc phng thc lm vic khc nhau m bo an ton v x l kp thi cc h hng trong h thng, phi lun c phng n can thip trc tip ca ngi vn hnh n vic dng my khn cp, x l tc nghn vt liu v cc hin tng nguy him khc. Grafcel l cng c rt hu ch thit k v thc hin y cc yu cu ca h t ng cho cc qu trnh cng ngh k trn. 2. nh ngha Grafcet Grafcet l t vit tt ca ting Php Graphe fonctionnel de commande tape transition (chui chc nng iu khin giai on - chuyn tip), do hai c quan AFCET (Lin hp Php v tin hc, kinh t v k thut) v ADEPA (t chc nh nc v pht trin nn sn xut t ng ho) hp tc son tho thng 11/1982 c ng k t chc tiu chun ho Php. Nh vy, mng grafcet c tiu
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chun ho v c cng nhn l mt ngn ng thch hp cho vic m t hot ng dy ca qu trnh t ng ho trong sn xut. Mng grafcet l mt hnh chc nng cho php m t cc trng thi lm vic ca h thng v biu din qu trnh iu khin vi cc trng thi v s chuyn i t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc, l mt hnh nh hng c xc nh bi cc phn t l: tp cc trng thi, tp cc iu kin chuyn trng thi. Mng grafcet m t thnh chui cc giai on trong chu trnh sn xut. Mng grafcet cho mt qu trnh sn xut lun lun l mt hnh khp kn t trng thi u n trng thi cui v t trng thi cui v trng thi u. 3. Mt s k hiu trong grafcet - Mt trng thi (giai on) c biu din bng mt hnh vung c nh s th t ch trng thi. Gn lin vi biu tng trng thi l mt hnh ch nht bn cnh, trong hnh ch nht ny c ghi cc tc ng ca trng thi hnh 1.8a v b. Mt trng thi c th tng ng vi mt hoc nhiu hnh ng ca qu trnh sn xut.
- Trng thi khi ng c th hin bng 2 hnh vung lng vo nhau, th t thng l 1 hnh 1.8c. - Trng thi hot ng (tch cc) c thm du . trong hnh vung trng thi hnh 1.8d.
Khi ng ng c a,
Hm ng c b,
Hnh 1.8
3.
c,
d,
- Vic chuyn tip t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc ch c th c thc hin khi cc iu kin chuyn tip c tho mn. Chng hn, vic chuyn tip gia cc trng thi 3 v 4 hnh 1.9a c thc hin khi tc ng ln bin b, cn
3 b 4 a,
5 c 6 b,
Hnh 1.9
7 d 8 c,
9 t/9/2s 10 d,
16
chuyn tip gia trng thi 5 v 6 c thc hin sn tng ca bin c hnh 1.9b, hnh 1.9c l tc ng sn gim ca bin d. Chuyn tip gia trng thi 9 v 10 hnh 1.9d s xy ra sau 2s k t khi c tc ng cui cng ca trng thi 9 c thc hin.
- K hiu phn nhnh nh hnh 1.10. s phn nhnh li tn ti hai loi l s r nhnh v s song song.
S r nhnh l phn s c hai iu kin lin h gia ba trng thi nh hnh 1.10a v b. S song song l s ch c mt iu kin lin h gia 3 trng thi nh hnh 1.10c v d. hnh 1.10a , khi trng thi 1 ang hot ng, nu chuyn tip t12 tho mn th trng thi 2 hot ng; nu chuyn tip t13 tho mn th trng thi 3 hot ng. hnh 1.10b nu trng thi 7 ang hot ng v c t79 th trng thi 9 hot ng, nu trng thi 8 ang hot ng v c t89 th trng thi 9 hot ng. hnh 1.10c nu trng thi 1 ang hot ng v c t123 th trng thi 2 v 3 ng thi hot ng. hnh 1.10d nu trng thi 7 v 8 ang cng hot ng v c t789 th trng thi 9 hot ng.
1. t12 2 a, 3 t13
7. t79 9 b,
8. t89
1. t123 2 c,
Hnh 1.10
7.
8. t789 9 d,
17
Hnh 1.11a biu din grafcet cho php thc hin bc nhy, khi a trng thi 2 ang hot ng nu c iu kin a th qu trnh s chuyn hot ng t trng thi 2 sang trng thi 5 b qua cc trng thi trung gian 3 v 4, nu iu kin a khng c tho mn th qu trnh chuyn tip theo trnh t 2, 3, 4, 5. Hnh 1.11b khi trng thi 8 ang hot ng nu tho mn iu kin f th qu trnh chuyn sang trng thi 9, nu khng tho mn iu kin 8 th qu trnh quay li trng 7. 4. Cch xy dng mng grafcet
2
a
6 d 7 b e 8 c f 9 b,
Hnh 1.11
5 a,
xy dng mng grafcet cho mt qu trnh no th trc tin ta phi m t mi hnh vi t ng bao gm cc giai on v cc iu kin chuyn tip, sau la chn cc dn ng v cc cm bin ri m t chng bng cc k hiu, sau kt ni chng li theo cch m t ca B- B+ B d grafcet. b0 V d: kp cht chi tit c v khoan trn b1 mt l hnh 1.12 th trc tin ngi iu khin n nt khi ng d khi a1 R0 R A+ ng chu trnh cng ngh t ng, qu trnh bt u t giai on 1: A A0 c + Giai on 1: S1 pttng A chuyn ng theo chiu A+ kp cht chi tit c. Aa0 Khi lc kp t yu cu c xc nh Hnh 1.12 bi cm bin p sut a1 th chuyn sang giai on 2. + Giai on 2: S2 u khoan B i xung theo chiu B+ v mi khoan quay theo chiu R, khi khoan su, xc nh bng nt b1 th kt thc giai on 2, chuyn sang giai on 3. + Giai on 3: S3 mi khoan i ln theo chiu B- v ngng quay. Khi mi khoan ln cao, xc nh bng b0 th khoan dng v chuyn sang giai on 4. + Giai on 4: S4 pttng A tr v theo chiu A- ni lng chi tit, v tr tr v c xc nh bi a0, khi pttng ngng chuyn ng, kt thc mt chu k gia cng. 18
Gio Trnh PLC Ta c s grafcet nh hnh 1.13 5. Phn tch mng grafcet
5.1. Qui tc vt qua, chuyn tip
2 S0 c S1 A+ a1 S2
n nt khi ng giai on kp vt chi tit c kp cht
- Mt trng thi trc ch chuyn tip sang trng thi sau khi n ang hot ng (tch cc) v c iu kin chuyn tip. - Khi qu trnh chuyn tip sang trng thi sau th giai on sau hot ng (tch cc) v s kh b hot ng ca trng thi trc (giai on trc ht tch cc).
S3
Bb0
S4
Aa0
Vi cc iu kin hot ng Hnh 1.13 nh trn th c nhiu khi s khng hot ng c hoc hot ng khng tt. Ngi ta gi: + S khng hot ng c l s c nhnh cht. (S c nhnh ch c th vn hot ng nu nh khng i vo nhnh cht). + S khng sch l s m ti mt v tr no c pht lnh hai ln. V d 1: S hnh 1.14 l s c nhnh cht. S ny khng th lm vic c do S2 v S4 khng th cng tch cc v gi s h ang trng thi ban u S0 nu c iu kin 3 th S0 ht tch cc v chuyn sang S3 tch cc. Sau nu c iu kin 4 th S3 ht tch cc v S4 tch cc. Nu lc ny c iu kin 1 th S1 cng khng th tch cc c v S0 ht tch cc. Do khng bao gi S2 tch cc c na m S5 tch cc th phi c S2 v S4 tch cc km iu kin 5 nh vy h s nm im v tr S4. Mun s trn lm vic c ta phi chuyn mch r nhnh thnh mch song song. S1 2 S2 S4 5 S5 6
Hnh 1.14
S0 1 S3 4 3
V d 2: S hnh 1.15 l s khng sch. Mng ang trng thi ban u nu c iu kin 1 th s chuyn trng thi cho c S1 v S3 tch cc. Nu c iu kin 3 ri 4 th s chuyn cho S5 tch cc. Khi cha c iu kin 6 m li c iu
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S0 1
S0 1 3 S3 2 S2 4 5 S5 6 7
Hnh 1.16
S1 2 S2 5 S5
S3 3 S4
S1
4 S4 6
Hnh 1.15
kin 2 ri 5 trc th S5 li chuyn tch cc ln na. Tc l c hai ln lnh cho S5 tch cc, vy l s khng sch. V d 3: S hnh 1.16 l s sch. s ny nu c S3 tch cc (iu kin 3) th nu c iu kin 1 cng khng c ngha v S0 ht tch cc. Nh vy, mch r sang nhnh 2, nu ln lt c cc iu kin 4 v 6 th S5 s tch cc sau nu c iu kin 7 th h li tr v trng thi ban u.
5.2. Phn tch mng grafcet
Nh phn tch trn th nhiu khi mng grafcet khng hot ng c hoc hot ng khng tt. Nhng i vi cc mng khng hot ng c hoc hot ng khng tt vn c th lm vic c nu nh khng i vo nhnh cht. Trong thc t sn xut mt h thng c th ang hot ng rt tt, nhng nu v l do no m h thng phi thay i ch lm vic (do s c tng phn hoc do thay i cng ngh...) th c th h thng s khng hot ng c nu l nhnh cht. Vi cch phn tch s nh trn th kh nh gi c cc mng c phc tp ln. Do ta phi xt mt cch phn tch mng grafcet l dng phng php gin im. thnh lp gin im ta i theo cc bc sau: + V mt u tin cho gin im, ghi s 0. Xut pht t giai on u trn grafcet c coi l ang tch cc, giai on ny ang c du ., khi c mt iu kin c thc hin, s c cc giai on mi c tch cc th:
- nh du . vo cc giai on va c tch cc trn grafcet. - Xo du . giai on ht tch cc trn grafcet.
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- To mt mi trn gin im sau iu kin va thc hin. - Ghi ht cc giai on tch cc ca h (c du .) vo mi va to.
+ T cc thnh lp khi mt iu kin no li c thc hin th cc giai on tch cc li c chuyn i, ta li lp li bn bc nh trn. + Qu trnh c nh vy tip tc, ta c th v hon thin c gin im (s to thnh mch lin tc, sau khi kt thc li tr v im xut pht) hoc khng v hon thin c. Nhn vo gin im ta s c cc kt lun sau: - Nu trong qu trnh v n giai on no khng th v tip c na (khng hon thin s ) th s l s c nhnh cht, v d 2. - Nu v c ht m v tr no c cc im lm vic cng tn th l s khng sch v d 3. - Nu v c ht v khng c v tr no c cc im lm vic cng tn th l s lm vic tt, s sch v d 1. V d 1: V gin im cho s sch hnh 1.17a.
S0 1 S1 2 S2 5 S5 6 a,
Hnh 1.17
thi im u h ang giai on S0 (c du .), khi iu kin 1 c thc hin th c S1 v S3 cng chuyn sang tch cc, nh du . vo S1 v S3, xo du . S0. Vy, sau iu kin 1 ta to mi v trong ny ta ghi hai trng thi tch cc l 1,3. Nu cc iu kin khc khng din ra th mch vn trng thi 1 v 3.
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Khi h ang 1,3 nu iu kin 4 c thc hin th giai on 4 tch cc (thm du .), giai on 3 ht tch cc (mt du .). Vy sau iu kin 4 to mi (ni vi 1,3), ny ghi hai trng thi tch cc cn li trn grafcet l 1,4. Khi h ang 1,3 nu iu kin 2 c thc hin th giai on 2 tch cc (thm du .), giai on 1 ht tch cc (mt du .). Vy sau iu kin 2 to mi (ni vi 1,3), ny ghi hai trng thi tch cc cn li trn grafcet l 2,3. Khi h ang 1,4 hoc 2,3 nu c iu kin 5 th qu trnh vn khng chuyn tip v chuyn giai on 5 phi c S2 v S4 cng tch cc kt hp iu kin 5. Khi h ang 1,4 nu iu kin 2 c thc hin th giai on 2 tch cc (thm du .), giai on 1 ht tch cc (mt du .). Vy sau iu kin 2 to mi (ni vi 1,4), ny ghi hai trng thi tch cc cn li trn grafcet l 2,4. Khi h ang 2,3 nu iu kin 4 c thc hin th giai on 4 tch cc (thm du .), giai on 3 ht tch cc (mt du .). Vy sau iu kin 4 to mi (ni vi 2,3), ny ghi hai trng thi tch cc cn li trn grafcet l 2,4. Khi h ang 2,4 nu iu kin 5 c thc hin th giai on 5 tch cc (thm du .), giai on 2 v 4 ht tch cc (mt du .). Vy sau iu kin 5 to mi (ni vi 2,4), ny ghi trng thi tch cc cn li trn grafcet l 5. Khi h ang 5 nu iu kin 6 c thc hin th giai on 0 tch cc (thm du .), giai on 5 ht tch cc (mt du .), h tr v trng thi ban u. T gin im ta thy khng c no c 2 im lm vic cng tn v v c c s , vy l s sch. V d 2: V gin im cho s c nhnh cht hnh 1.14 Gin im nh hnh 1.18. Trong trng hp ny ta khng th v tip c na v S5 tch cc phi c c S2 v S4 cng tch cc cng iu kin 5. Nhng khng c no c 2,4. V d 3: V gin im cho s khng sch hnh 1.5 0
1
1
3
3
S0 1 4 3 S3 2 S2 S4 5 S5 6
Hnh 1.14
2
2 Hnh 1.18 4
S1
Cch tin hnh v gin im nh trn, gin im nh hnh 1.19. T gin im ta thy c nhiu im c 2 im lm vic trng nhau (cng tn), vy l s khng sch. gin im hnh 1.19 c th tip tc v gin s m rng. 22
S0 1 0 1 2 5 6 2
133 0,3 3,5 2,3 1,3
S1 3 2 4
1,5
S3 3 S4 5 4 S5
3 2
2,4
1,4
S2
3 5
4,5
4 2
2,5
6
1,0
3 6
0,4
4 5
5,5
6 2 6 5
2,0
1
113
6
Hnh 1.15
3
134
4 6
0,5
1
123
6 6
0,0 Hnh 1.19
5,0
Ch : h thng lm vic tt th trong mng grafcet mt phn mch np bt buc phi c: + Khi m ra l song song th kt thc phi l song song. + Khi m ra l r nhnh th kt thc phi l r nhnh.
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Chng 2: Mt s ng dng mch logic trong iu khin 2.1. Cc thit b iu khin 1. Cc nguyn tc iu khin Qu trnh lm vic ca ng c in truyn ng mt my sn xut thng gm cc giai on: khi ng, lm vic v iu chnh tc , dng v c th c c giai on o chiu. Ta xt ng c l mt thit b ng lc, qu trnh lm vic v c bit l qu trnh khi ng, hm thng c dng in ln, t thn ng c in va l thit b chp hnh nhng cng va l i tng iu khin phc tp. V nguyn l khng ch truyn ng in, khi ng v hm ng c vi dng in c hn ch trong gii hn cho php, ta thng dng ba nguyn tc khng ch t ng sau:
- Nguyn tc thi gian: Vic ng ct thay i tc ng c da theo nguyn tc thi gian, ngha l sau nhng khong thi gian xc nh s c tn hiu iu khin thay i tc ng c. Phn t cm bin v khng ch c bn y l rle thi gian. - Nguyn tc tc : Vic ng ct thay i tc ng c da vo nguyn l xc nh tc tc thi ca ng c. Phn t cm bin v khng ch c bn y l rle tc . - Nguyn tc dng in: Ta bit tc ng c do mmen ng c xc nh, m mmen li ph thuc vo dng in chy qua ng c, do vy c th o dng in khng ch qu trnh thay i tc ng c in. Phn t cm bin v khng ch c bn y l rle dng in.
Mi nguyn tc iu khin u c u nhc im ring, ty tng trng hp c th m chn cc phng php cho ph hp. 2. Cc thit b iu khin iu khin s lm vic ca cc thit b cn phi c cc thit b iu khin. ng ct khng thng xuyn ta thng dng ptmt. Trong ptmt h thng tip im c b phn dp h quang v cc b phn t ng ct mch bo v qu ti v ngn mch. B phn ct mch in bng tc ng in t theo kiu dng in cc i. Khi dng in vt qu tr s cho php chng s ct mch in bo v ngn mch, ngoi ra cn c rle nhit bo v qu ti. Phn t c bn ca rle nhit l bn lng kim gm hai ming kim loi c dn n nhit khc nhau dn li vi nhau. Khi bn lng kim b t nng (thng l bng dng in cn bo v) s b bin dng (cong), bin dng ti ngng th s tc ng vo cc b phn khc ct mch in. Cc rle in t, cng tc t tc dng nh lc ht in t. Cu to ca rle in t thng gm cc b phn chnh sau: cun ht; mch t tnh lm bng vt liu st t; phn ng cn gi l phn ng v h thng cc tip im.
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Mch t ca rle c dng in mt chiu chy qua lm bng thp khi, cn mch t ca rle xoay chiu lm bng l thp k thut in. chng rung v lc ht ca nam chm in c dng xung trn mt cc ngi ta t vng ngn mch. Sc in ng cm ng trong vng ngn mch s to ra dng in v lm cho t thng qua vng ngn mch lch pha vi t thng chnh, nh lc ht phn ng khng b gin on, cc tip im lun c tip xc tt. Tu theo nguyn l tc ng ngi ta ch to nhiu loi thit b iu khin khc nhau nh rle dng in, rle in p, rle thi gian.... H thng tip im c cu to khc nhau v thng m bc hay thic m bo tip xc tt. Cc thit b ng ct mch ng lc c dng in ln, h thng tip im chnh c b phn dp h quang, ngoi ra cn c cc tip im ph ng ct cho mch iu khin. Tu theo trng thi tip im ngi ta chia ra cc loi tip im khc nhau. Mt s k hiu thng gp nh bng 2.1. TT Tn gi 1 Tip im cu dao, my ct, ptmt Thng m Thng ng 2 Tip im cng tct, khi ng t, rle Thng m Thng m khi m c thi gian Thng m khi ng c thi gian Thng ng Thng ng khi m c thi gian Thng ng khi ng c thi gian 3 Tip im c b phn dp h quang 4 5 6 7 Tip im c b phn tr li v tr ban u bng tay Nt n thng m Nt n thng ng Cun dy rle, cng tc t, khi ng t Phn t nhit ca rle nhit K hiu
2.2. Cc s khng ch ng c rto lng sc Tu theo cng sut v yu cu cng ngh m ng c khng ng b rto lng sc c th c ni trc tip vo li in, dng i ni sao-tam gic, qua in khng, qua bin p t ngu, ngy nay thng dng cc b khi ng mm khi ng ng c. 1. Mch khng ch n gin Vi ng c cng sut nh ta c th ng trc tip vo li in. Nu ng c ch quay theo mt chiu th mch ng ct c th dng cu dao, ptmt vi 25
thit b ng ct ny c nhc im l khi ang lm vic nu mt in, th khi c in tr li ng c th t khi ng. trnh iu ta dng khi ng t n ng ct cho ng c. Xt s ng ct c o chiu dng khi ng t kp nh hnh 2.1.
A B C CD
D T4
KT N5
RN1 RN2
KN T 5 T1 T2 T3 N1 N2 N3 N4
RN2
RN1
C
Hnh 2.1
Cu dao trn mch ng lc l cu dao cch ly (cu dao ny ch yu ng ct khng ti, cch ly khi sa cha). Cc tip im T1, T2, T3 ng ng c chy thun, cc tip im N1, N2, N3 ng ng c chy ngc (o th t hai trong ba pha li in). Cc tip im T5 v N5 l cc kho lin ng v in khng ch cc ch chy thun v ngc khng th cng ng thi, nu ang chy thun th T5 m, N khng th c in, nu ang chy ngc th N5 m, T khng th c in. Ngoi cc lin ng v in khi ng t kp cn c lin ng c kh, khi cun T ht th ly c kh kho khng cho cun N ht na khi cun N ht th ly c kh kho khng cho cun T ht na. Trong mch dng hai rle nhit RN1 v RN2 bo v qu ti cho ng c, khi ng c qu ti th rle nhit tc ng lm cc tip im ca n bn mch iu khin m, cc cun ht mt in ct in ng c. khi ng ng c chy thun (hoc ngc) ta n nt KT (hoc KN), cun ht T c in, ng cc tip im T1... T3 cp in cho ng c chy theo chiu thun, tip im T4 ng li t duy tr. dng ng c ta n nt dng D, cc cun ht mt in, ct in ng c, ng c t dng. o chiu ng c trc ht ta phi n nt dng D, cc cun ht mt in mi n nt o chiu.
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2. Mch khng ch o chiu c gim st tc . Xt s khng ch ng c lng sc quay theo hai chiu v c hm ngc. Hm ngc l hm xy ra lc ng c cn ang quay theo chiu ny (do qun tnh), nhng ta li ng in cho ng c quay theo chiu ngc li m khng ch cho ng c dng hn ri mi ng in cho ng c o chiu. Hm ngc c kh nng hm nhanh v c th to mmen hm ln (do s dng c hai ngun nng lng l ng nng v in nng to thnh nng lng hm), tuy vy dng in hm s ln v trong ng dng c th phi lu hn ch dng in hm ny. S hnh 2.2 thc hin nhim v . Trong s c thm rle trung gian P. Hai rle tc (gn vi ng c), rle tc thun c tip im KT v rle tc ngc c tip im KN, cc rle ny khi tc cao th cc tip im rle kn, tc thp th tip im rle h.
A B C CD D P1 P2
KT1 KN1
P
N5
KT2 KN2
RN1 RN2
T4
KN3
T1 T2 T3
N1 N2 N3
KT3
N4
T5
RN2
RN1
P3
KT KN
Hnh 2.2
Khi khi ng chy thun ta n nt khi ng thun KT, tip im KT1 h, KT3 h ngn khng cho cun ht N v P c in, tip im KT2 kn cp in cho cun ht T, cc tip im T1... T3 kn cp in cho ng c chy thun, Tip im T4 kn t duy tr, tip im T5 h cm cun N c in. Khi ang chy thun cn chy ngc ta n nt khi ng ngc KN, tip im KN1 h khng cho P c in, tip im KN2 h ct in cun ht T lm mt in ch chy thun, tip im KN3 kn cp in cho cun ht N cp in cho ch chy ngc v tip im N4 kn t duy tr. Nu mun dng ta n nt dng D, cp in cho cun ht P, cun ht P ng tip im P1 t duy tr, h P2 ct ng ngun ang cp cho cun ht T hoc N, nhng lp tc P3 kn cun ht N hoc T li c cp in, nu khi trc ng c ang chy thun (cun T lm vic) tc ang ln th KT kn, cun N c
27
cp in ng in cho ch chy ngc lm ng c dng nhanh, khi tc gim thp th KT m ct in cun ht N, ng c dng hn. Khi cc rle nhit tc ng th ng c dng t do. 3. Khng ch ng c lng sc kiu i ni / c o chiu Vi mt s ng c khi lm vic nh mc ni th khi khi ng c th ni hnh sao lm in p t vo dy cun gim 3 do dng in khi ng gim. S hnh 2.3 cho php thc hin i ni / c o chiu.
D A B C
KT1
KN1
N5
T4
KT2 KN2
T1
N1
S1 T6 N6
N4 Tg1 Tg2
T5
N S
5
S5
4 6
Hnh 2.3
Tg
Trong s c khi ng t T ng cho ch chy thun, khi ng t N ng cho ch chy ngc, khi ng t S ng in cho ch khi ng hnh sao, khi ng t ng in cho ch chy tam gic. Rle thi gian Tg duy tr thi gian, c hai tip im Tg1 l tip im thng kn m chm thi gian t1 , Tg2 l tip im thng m ng chm thi gian t 2 vi t1 > t 2 . Khi cn khi ng thun ta n nt khi ng thun KT, tip im KT2 ngn khng cho cun N c in, tip im KT1 kn ng in cho cun thun T, ng cc tip im T1...T3 a in p thun vo ng c, T4 t duy tr, T5 ngn khng cho N c in, T6 cp in cho rle thi gian Tg, ng thi cp in ngay cho cun ht S, ng ng c khi ng kiu ni sao, tip im S5 m cha cho cun . Khi Tg c in th sau thi gian ngn t 2 th Tg2 ng chun b cp in cho cun ht . Sau khong thi gian duy tr t 1 th tip im Tg1 m ra cun ht S mt in ct ch khi ng sao ca ng c, tip im S5 kn cp in cho cun ht , a ng c vo lm vic ch ni tam gic v t duy tr bng tip im 4.
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Khi cn o chiu (nu ang chy thun) ta n nt khi ng ngc KN, T mt in lm T6 m qu trnh li khi ng theo ch ni sao nh trn vi cun ht N, cc tip im N1 ... N3 i th t hai trong ba pha (i pha A v B cho nhau) lm chiu quay i chiu. Khi mun dng ta n nt dng D, ng c dng t do. 2.3. Cc s khng ch ng c khng ng b rto dy qun Cc bin php khi ng v thay i tc nh ng c rto lng sc cng c th p dng cho ng c rto dy qun. Nhng nh vy khng tn dng c u im ca ng c rto dy qun l kh nng thay i dng khi ng cng nh thay i tc bng cch thay i in tr ph mc vo mch rto. Do vi ng c rto dy qun gim dng khi khi ng cng nh thay i tc ng c ngi ta dng phng php thay i in tr ph mc vo mch rto. 1. Khi ng ng c rto dy qun theo nguyn tc thi gian Cch ny thng dng cho h thng c cng sut trung bnh v ln. S khng ch nh hnh 2.4.
K1 K2 K3
RN2 RN1
RN2 RN1
K4 K5 2K3 1Tg
C
2K1 1K1 2K2 R1 1K2 R2
1T
1K
1K3 2Tg
2T
2K
2K4
Hnh 2.4
Trong s c 2 rle nhit RN1 v RN2 bo v qu ti cho ng c, hai rle thi gian 1Tg v 2Tg vi hai tip im thng m ng chm duy tr thi gian loi in tr ph mch rto. khi ng ta n nt khi ng K cp in cho cun ht K cc tip im K1, K2, K3 ng cp in cho ng c, ng c khi ng vi hai cp in tr ph, tip im K4 t duy tr, tip im K5 cp in cho cc rle thi gian. Sau khong thi gian chnh nh tip im thng m ng chm 1Tg ng li cp in cho 1K loi in tr ph R2 ra khi mch rto, tip im 1K3 ng cp in cho rle thi gian 2Tg. Sau thi gian chnh nh tip im thng m ng chm 2Tg ng li cp in cho 2K loi nt in tr R1 khi mch khi 29
ng, ng c lm vic trn c tnh c t nhin. Tip im 2K4 t duy tr, 2K5 ct in cc rle thi gian. Khi mun dng n nt dng D, ng c c ct khi li v dng t do. 2. Thay i tc ng c rto dy qun bng thay i in tr ph Trong cng nghip c nhiu my sn xut dng truyn ng ng c rto dy qun iu chnh tc nh cu trc, my cn.... v y thng dng thm khu hm ng nng dng my. Hm ng nng l cch hm s dng ng nng ca ng c ang quay to thnh nng lng hm. Vi ng c rto dy qun, mun hm ng nng th khi ct in phi ni cc cun dy xtato vo in p mt chiu to thnh t thng kch thch cho ng c to mmen hm. S nguyn l ca h thng nh hnh 2.5.
+ A B C
H1 H2
R
1S1 2S 3S K5
RN2 RN1 5
KC K4 K5
3 4 1 2
RN2 RN1
1S
3S1
2S 3S 1K
2S1
C
2K1 1K1 2K2 r1 1K2 r2
7 9 11
8 10
1K
12
2K
1Tg 2Tg
2S 3S
a,
3 2 3 2 1 0 1
KC
c,
1 2 3
2S
3S
1Tg
2Tg
b,
Hnh 2.5
ng c rto dy qun c th quay theo hai chiu, theo chiu thun nu 1S, 2S ng v theo chiu ngc nu 1S, 3S ng. Cng tc t H ng ngun mt chiu lc hm ng nng, cng tc t 1K, 2K ct in tr ph trong mch rto lm thay i tc ng c khi lm vic. Khi hm ng nng ton b in tr ph r1 v r2 c a vo mch rto hn ch dng in hm, cn in tr ph R trong mch mt chiu t gi tr m men hm. Trong h thng c b khng ch ch huy kiu chuyn mch c kh KC. B KC c nguyn l cu to l mt tr trn c kh, c th quay hai chiu, trn trc 30
c gn cc tip im ng v kt hp vi cc tip im tnh to thnh cc cp tip im c ng ct tu thuc vo v tr quay ca tr. th ng m tip im ca b khng ch KC c th hin trn hnh 2.5c. V d v tr 0 ca b khng ch ch c tip im 1-2 ng, tt c cc v tr cn li ca cc tip im u ct hoc cp tip im 9-10 s ng cc v tr 2, 3 bn tri v 2, 3 bn phi. Hot ng ca b khng ch nh sau: Khi ng in cp ngun cho h thng. Ban u b khng ch c t v tr 0 cng tc t K c in, cc tip im K mch khng ch ng li, chun b cho h thng lm vic. Nu mun ng c quay theo chiu thun th ta quay b KC v pha tri, nu mun ng c quay ngc th ta quay b KC v pha phi. Gi thit ta quay b KC v v tr 2 pha tri, lc ny cc tip im 3-4, 5-6, 9-10 ca b KC kn, cc cun dy cng tc t 1S, 2S, 1K v cc rle thi gian 1Tg, 2Tg c in, cc tip im 1S, 2S mch ng lc ng li, cun dy xtato c ng vo ngun 3 pha, tip im 1K trong mch rto ng li ct phn in tr ph r2 ra, ng c c khi ng v lm vic vi in tr ph r1 trong mch rto, tip im 1Tg m ra, 2Tg ng li chun b cho qu trnh hm ng nng khi dng. Nu mun dng ng c th quay b KC v v tr 0, cc cng tc t 1S, 2S, 1K v cc rle thi gian 1Tg, 2Tg mt in, ng c c ct khi ngun in 3 pha vi ton b in tr r1, r2 c a vo rto, ng thi tip im thng kn ng chm 1Tg ng li (ng chm mt thi gian ngn m bo h c ct khi li in), tip im thng m m chm 2Tg cha m ( t 2 > t 1 ) cng tc t H c in tip im H1, H2 ng li cp ngun mt chiu cho xtato ng c v ng c c hm ng nng. Sau thi gian chnh nh t 2 tip im thng m m chm m ra tng ng vi tc ng c nh, cun dy H mt in, ngun mt chiu c ct khi cun dy xtato, kt thc qu trnh hm ng nng. Trong thc t, ngi ta yu cu ngi vn hnh khi quay b khng ch KC qua mi v tr phi dng li mt thi gian ngn h thng lm vic an ton c v mt in v c. 2.4. Khng ch ng c in mt chiu Vi ng c in mt chiu khi khi ng cn thit phi gim dng khi ng. gim dng khi khi ng c th a thm in tr ph vo mch phn ng. Ngy nay nh k thut in t v tin hc pht trin ngi ta ch to cc b bin i mt chiu bng bn dn cng sut ln lm ngun trc tip cho ng c v iu khin cc b bin i ny bng mch s logic kh trnh. Cc b bin i ny ni trc tip vo ng c, vic khng ch khi ng, hm v iu chnh tc u thc hin bng cc mch s kh trnh rt thun tin v linh hot. Tuy nhin, mt s mch n gin vn c th dng s cc mch logic nh hnh 2.6 khi ng ng c ta n nt khi ng K lc cng tc t K c in, cc tip im thng m K1 ng li cp in cho ng c vi 2 in tr ph, K2 ng li t duy tr, K3 ng li, K4 m ra lm rle thi gian 3Tg mt in, sau thi gian chnh nh tip im thng ng ng chm 3Tg1 ng li lm cng tc t 1K c in, ng tip im 1K1 loi in tr ph r2 khi mch ng c v lm rle thi gian 2Tg mt in, sau thi gian chnh nh tip im thng 31
D K2 K3
K RN
C
H1 Rh
r1 RN
K
1Tg
2Tg
1K 2K 3Tg
a,
b,
Hnh 2.6
ng ng chm 2Tg1 ng li cp in cho cng tc t 2K ng tip im 2K2 loi r1 ra khi mch ng lc qu trnh khi ng kt thc. dng ng c ta n nt dng D lc cng tc t K mt in, tip im K1 mch ng lc m ra ct phn ng ng c khi ngun in. ng thi tip im K2, K3 m ra lm rle thi gian 1Tg mt in bt u tnh thi gian hm, K4 ng li lm cng tc t H c in ng tip im H1 a in tr hm Rh vo thc hin qu trnh hm. Sau thi gian chnh nh tip im thng m m chm 1Tg1 m ra, cng tc t H mt in kt thc qu trnh hm, h thng khng ch v mch ng lc tr v trng thi ban u chun b cho ln khi ng sau.
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Chng 3: l lun chung v iu khin logic lp trnh PLC 3.1. M u S pht trin ca k thut iu khin t ng hin i v cng ngh iu khin logic kh trnh da trn c s pht trin ca tin hc m c th l s pht trin ca k thut my tnh. K thut iu khin logic kh trnh PLC (Programmable Logic Control) c pht trin t nhng nm 1968 -1970. Trong gia on u cc thit b kh trnh yu cu ngi s dng phi c k thut in t, phi c trnh cao. Ngy nay cc thit b PLC pht trin mnh m v c mc ph cp cao. Thit b iu khin logic lp trnh c PLC l dng thit b iu khin c bit da trn b vi x l, s dng b nh lp trnh c lu tr cc lnh v thc hin cc chc nng, chng hn, cho php tnh logic, lp chui, nh gi, m, v cc thut ton iu khin my v cc qu trnh cng ngh. PLC c thit k cho cc k s, khng yu cu cao kin thc v my tnh v ngn ng my tnh, c th vn hnh. Chng c thit k cho khng ch cc nh lp trnh my tnh mi c th ci t hoc thay i chng trnh. V vy, cc nh thit k PLC phi lp trnh sn sao cho chng trnh iu khin c th nhp bng cch s dng ngn ng n gin (ngn ng iu khin). Thut ng logic c s dng v vic lp trnh ch yu lin quan n cc hot ng logic v d nu c cc iu kin A v B th C lm vic... Ngi vn hnh nhp chng trnh (chui lnh) vo b nh PLC. Thit b iu khin PLC s gim st cc tn hiu vo v cc tn hiu ra theo chng trnh ny v thc hin cc quy tc iu khin c lp trnh. Cc PLC tng t my tnh, nhng my tnh c ti u ho cho cc tc v tnh ton v hin th, cn PLC c chuyn bit cho cc tc v iu khin v mi trng cng nghip. V vy cc PLC: + c thit k bn chu c rung ng, nhit, m v ting n. + C sn giao din cho cc thit b vo ra. + c lp trnh d dng vi ngn ng iu khin d hiu, ch yu gii quyt cc php ton logic v chuyn mch. V c bn chc nng ca b iu khin logic PLC cng ging nh chc nng ca b iu khin thit k trn c s cc rle cng tc t hoc trn c s cc khi in t l: + Thu thp cc tn hiu vo v cc tn hiu phn hi t cc cm bin. + Lin kt, ghp ni cc tn hiu theo yu cu iu khin v thc hin ng m cc mch ph hp vi cng ngh. + Tnh ton v son tho cc lnh iu khin trn c s so snh cc thng tin thu thp c. + Phn pht cc lnh iu khin n cc a ch thch hp. 33
Ring i vi my cng c v ngi my cng nghip th b PLC c th lin kt vi b iu khin s NC hoc CNC hnh thnh b iu khin thch nghi. Trong h thng trung tm gia cng, mi quy trnh cng ngh u c b PLC iu khin tp trung. 3.2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt b PLC 1. Cu hnh phn cng H thng PLC thng dng c nm b phn c bn gm: b x l, b nh, b ngun, giao din vo/ra v thit b lp trnh. S h thng nh hnh 3.1
1.1. B x l
B x l cn gi l b x l trung Ngun tm (CPU), l linh cung cp kin cha b vi x l. B x l bin Hnh 3.1 dch cc tn hiu vo v thc hin cc hot ng iu khin theo chng trnh c lu trong b nh ca CPU, truyn cc quyt nh di dng tn hiu hot ng n cc thit b ra. Nguyn l lm vic ca b x l tin hnh theo tng bc tun t, u tin cc thng tin lu tr trong b nh chng trnh c gi ln tun t v c kim sot bi b m chng trnh. B x l lin kt cc tn hiu v a kt qu ra u ra. Chu k thi gian ny gi l thi gian qut (scan). Thi gian vng qut ph thuc vo tm vc ca b nh, vo tc ca CPU. Ni chung chu k mt vng qut nh hnh 3.2 4. Chuyn d liu t b m o ra TB ngoi vi 3. Truyn thng v kim tra li 1. Nhp d liu t TB ngoi vi vo b m 2. Thc hin chng trnh
Hnh 3.2 S thao tc tun t ca chng trnh dn n mt thi gian tr trong khi b m ca chng trnh i qua mt chu trnh y , sau bt u li t u. nh gi thi gian tr ngi ta o thi gian qut ca mt chng trnh di 1Kbyte v coi l ch tiu so snh cc PLC. Vi nhiu loi thit b thi gian tr ny c th ti 20ms hoc hn. Nu thi gian tr gy tr ngi cho qu trnh 34
iu khin th phi dng cc bin php c bit, chng hn nh lp li nhng ln gi quan trng trong thi gian mt ln qut, hoc l iu khin cc thng tin chuyn giao b bt i nhng ln gi t quan trng khi thi gian qut di ti mc khng th chp nhn c. Nu cc gii php trn khng tho mn th phi dng PLC c thi gian qut ngn hn.
1.2. B ngun
B ngun c nhim v chuyn i in p AC thnh in p thp cho b vi x l (thng l 5V) v cho cc mch in trong cc module cn li (thng l 24V).
1.3. Thit b lp trnh
Thit b lp trnh c s dng lp cc chng trnh iu khin cn thit sau c chuyn cho PLC. Thit b lp trnh c th l thit b lp trnh chuyn dng, c th l thit b lp trnh cm tay gn nh, c th l phn mm c ci t trn my tnh c nhn.
1.4. B nh
B nh l ni lu gi chng trnh s dng cho cc hot ng iu khin. Cc dng b nh c th l RAM, ROM, EPROM. Ngi ta lun ch to ngun d phng cho RAM duy tr chng trnh trong trng hp mt in ngun, thi gian duy tr tu thuc vo tng PLC c th. B nh cng c th c ch to thnh module cho php d dng thch nghi vi cc chc nng iu khin c kch c khc nhau, khi cn m rng c th cm thm.
1.5. Giao din vo/ra
Giao din vo l ni b x l nhn thng tin t cc thit b ngoi vi v truyn thng tin n cc thit b bn ngoi. Tn hiu vo c th t cc cng tc, cc b cm bin nhit , cc t bo quang in.... Tn hiu ra c th cung cp cho cc cun dy cng tc t, cc rle, cc van in t, cc ng c nh... Tn hiu vo/ra c th l tn hiu ri rc, tn hiu lin tc, tn hiu logic... Cc tn hiu Nt bm v cc cng tc logic gii hn B chuyn mch, cng tc hnh trnh, gii hn B PLC Cc tham s iu khin nh t0 p sut, p lc Cc tn hiu bo ng ...
Cc cun ht
Cc n
Cc van
Hnh 3.3
35
Mi im vo ra c mt a ch duy nht c PLC s dng. Cc knh vo/ra c cc chc nng cch ly v iu ho tn hiu sao cho cc b cm bin v cc b tc ng c th ni trc tip vi chng m khng cn thm mch in khc. Tn hiu vo thng c Tn hiu ghp cch in (cch ly) nh vo linh kin quang nh hnh 3.4. Di tn hiu nhn vo cho cc PLC c ln c th l 5v, 24v, 110v, 220v. Cc PLC c nh thng ch nhp tn hiu 24v.
PLC Ghp ni quang Tn hiu n CPU Diode bo v Mch phn p
Tn hiu ra cng c Hnh 3.4 ghp cch ly, c th cch ly kiu rle nh hnh 3.5a, cch ly kiu quang nh hnh 3.5b. Tn hiu ra c th l tn hiu chuyn mch 24v, 100mA; 110v, 1A mt chiu; thm ch 240v, 1A xoay chiu tu loi PLC. Tuy nhin, vi PLC c ln di tn hiu ra c th thay i bng cch la chn cc module ra thch hp.
Rle Cu ch Tn hiu ra Ghp ni quang Tn hiu ra
PLC
2. Cu to chung ca PLC Cc PLC c hai kiu cu to c bn l: kiu hp n v kiu modulle ni ghp. Kiu hp n thng dng cho cc PLC c nh v c oooooooooooo cung cp di dng nguyn chic hon chnh gm b ngun, b x l, b nh v cc giao oooooooooooo din vo/ra. Kiu hp n Hnh 3.6 thng vn c kh nng ghp ni c vi cc module ngoi m rng kh nng ca PLC. Kiu hp n nh hnh 3.6.
cp ni vi bn ngoi
Chn cm vo Chn cm ra
Kiu module gm cc module ring cho mi chc nng nh module ngun, module x l trung tm, module ghp ni, module vo/ra, module m, module 36
PID... cc module c lp trn cc rnh v c kt ni vi nhau. Kiu cu to ny c th c s dng cho cc thit b iu khin lp trnh vi mi kch c, c nhiu b chc nng khc nhau c gp vo cc module ring bit. Vic s dng cc module tu thuc cng dng c th. Kt cu ny kh linh hot, cho php m B ngun B x l Cc module vo/ra... rng s lng u ni vo/ra bng cch b sung cc module vo/ra hoc tng Hnh 3.7 cng b nh bng cch tng thm cc n v nh. 3.3. Cc vn v lp trnh 1. Khi nim chung Mt PLC c th s dng mt cch kinh t hay khng ph thuc rt ln vo thit b lp trnh. Khi trang b mt b PLC th ng thi phi trang b mt thit b lp trnh ca cng mt hng ch to. Tuy nhin, ngy nay ngi ta c th lp trnh bng phn mm trn my tnh sau chuyn sang PLC bng mch ghp ni ring. S khc nhau chnh gia b iu khin kh trnh PLC v cng ngh rle hoc bn dn l ch k thut nhp chng trnh vo b iu khin nh th no. Trong iu khin rle, b iu khin c chuyn i mt cch c hc nh u ni dy iu khin cng. Cn vi PLC th vic lp trnh c thc hin thng qua mt thit b lp trnh v mt ngoi vi chng trnh. C th ch ra qui trnh lp trnh theo gin hnh 3.8. Biu chc nng Biu thi gian
Cn b k thut
Biu cng tc
Biu bn dn
Biu dy
T iu khin
PLC
B nh
My vi tnh
B lp trnh
Hnh 3.8
37
Gio Trnh PLC + M hnh cc chc nng + M hnh biu ni dy + M hnh logic
Vic la chn m hnh no trong cc m hnh trn cho thch hp l tu thuc vo loi PLC v iu quan trng l chn c loi PLC no cho php giao lu tin li v trnh c chi ph khng cn thit. a s cc thit b lu hnh trn th trng hin nay l dng m hnh dy hoc biu ni dy. Nhng PLC hin i cho php ngi dng chuyn t mt phng php nhp ny sang mt phng php nhp khc ngay trong qu trnh nhp. Trong thc t khi s dng biu ni dy th vic lp trnh c v n gin hn v n c cch th hin gn ging nh mch rle cng tc t. Tuy nhin, vi nhng ngi c sn nhng hiu bit c bn v ngn ng lp trnh th li cho rng dng m hnh dy d dng hn, ng thi vi cc mch c ln th dng m hnh dy c nhiu u im hn. Mi nh ch to u c nhng thit k v phng thc thao tc thit b lp trnh ring, v th khi c mt loi PLC mi th phi c thi gian v cn phi c hun luyn lm quen vi n. 2. Cc phng php lp trnh T cc cch m t h t ng cc nh ch to PLC son tho ra cc phng php lp trnh khc nhau. Cc phng php lp trnh u c thit k n gin, gn vi cc cch m t c bit n. T ni chung c ba phng php lp trnh c bn l phng php bng lnh STL, phng php biu bc thang LAD v phng php lu iu khin CSF. Trong , hai phng php bng lnh STL v biu bc thang LAD c dng ph bin hn c.
2.1. Mt s k hiu chung
Cu trc lnh: Mt lnh thng c ba phn chnh v thng vit nh hnh 3.9 (c loi PLC c cch vit hi khc): 004
1 2
I
3
00.2
1. a ch tng i ca lnh (thng khi lp trnh Hnh 3.9 thit b lp trnh t a ra) 2. Phn lnh l ni dung thao tc m PLC phi tc ng ln i tng ca lnh, trong lp trnh LAD th phn ny t th hin trn thanh LAD, khng c ghi ra. 3. i tng lnh, l phn m lnh tc ng theo yu cu iu khin, trong i tng lnh li c hai phn: 4. Loi i tng, c trng hp sau loi i tng c du :, loi i tng nh tn hiu vo, tn hiu ra, c (rle ni)... 5. Tham s ca i tng lnh xc nh c th i tng, cch ghi tham s cng ph thuc tng loi PLC khc nhau.
38
Cc k hiu trong lnh, qui c cch vit vi mi quc gia c khc nhau, thm ch mi hng, mi thi ch to ca hng c th c cc k hiu ring. Tuy nhin, cch ghi chung nht cho mt s quc gia l:
M: + K hiu u vo l I (In), u ra l Q (out trnh nhm O l khng) + Cc lnh vit gn ting Anh v d ra l out + Lnh ra (gn) l out + Tham s ca lnh dng c s 10 + Pha trc i tng lnh c du % + Gia cc s ca tham s khng c du chm. V d: AND% I09; out%Q10.
Nht: + u vo k hiu l X, u ra k hiu l Y + Cc lnh hu nh c vit tt t ting anh + Lnh ra (gn) l out + Tham s ca lnh dng c s 8. V d: A X 10; out Y 07
Ty c + u vo k hiu l I, u ra k hiu l Q
+ Cc lnh hu nh c vit tt t ting Anh + Lnh ra (gn) l = + Tham s ca lnh dng c s 8 + Gia cc s ca tham s c du chm phn bit khe v knh V d: A I 1.0; = Q 0.7 Ngoi cc k hiu kh chung nh trn th mi hng cn c cc k hiu ring, c b lnh ring. Ngay cng mt hng cc thi ch to khc nhau cng c c im khc nhau vi b lnh khc nhau. Do , khi s dng PLC th mi loi PLC ta phi tm hiu c th hng dn s dng ca n. Mt s k hiu khc nhau vi cc lnh c bn c th hin r trn bng 3.1
2.2. Phng php hnh thang LAD (Ladder Logic)
Phng php hnh thang c dng ca biu nt bm. Cc phn t c bn ca phng php hnh thang l: + Tip im: thng m Thng kn
39
Siemens Telemecanique A AN A AN O ON = L LN A AN O ON =
Spreher v Schuh STR STR NOT AND AND NOT OR OR NOT OUT
Ch thch Khi u vi tip im thng m Khi u vi tip im thng kn Phn t ni tip c tip im m Phn t ni tip c tip im ng Phn t song song c tip im m Phn t song song c tip im ng Ly tn hiu ra
+ Cun dy (m t cc rle) + Hp (m t cc hm khc nhau, cc lnh c bit) Mng LAD l ng ni cc phn t thnh mt mch hon chnh, theo th t t tri sang phi, t trn xung di. Qu trnh qut ca PLC cng theo th t ny. Mi mt nc thang xc nh mt s hot ng ca qu trnh iu khin. Mt s LAD c nhiu nc thang. Trn mi phn t ca biu hnh thang LAD c cc tham s xc nh tu thuc vo k hiu ca tng hng sn xut PLC. V d: mt nc ca phng php hnh thang nh hnh 3.10
X400 X401 a, X402 y430 I0.0 I0.1 b, I0.2 Q3.0
I:001/01 I:002/01 I:011/01 O:010/01
c,
Hnh 3.10a l kiu k hiu ca Misubishi (Nht) Hnh 3.10b l kiu k hiu ca Siemens (Ty c) Hnh 3.10c l k hiu ca Allen Bradley
2.3. Phng php lit k lnh STL (Statement List)
Phng php STL gn vi biu logic. phng php ny cc lnh c lit k th t. Tuy nhin, phn bit cc on chng trnh ngi ta thng dng cc m nh, mi m nh tng ng vi mt nc thang ca biu hnh 40
thang. khi u mi on (tng ng nh khi u mt nc thang) ta s dng cc lnh khi u nh LD, L, A, O... (bng 3.1). Kt thc mi on thng l lnh gn cho u ra, u ra c th l u ra cho thit b ngoi vi c th l u ra cho cc rle ni. V d: Mt on STL ca PLC S5 (Siemens) 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 A A = LD A = LD O I 0.0 I 0.1 Q 1.0 I 0.1 I 0.2 Q 1.0 X 400 X 403
X403 Hnh 3.13 Hnh 3.12 I 0.1 I 0.0 I 0.1 Q 1.0
Hnh 3.11
Hnh 3.14
Phng php lu iu khin CSF trnh by cc php ton logic vi cc k hiu ho c tiu chun ho nh hnh 3.15. Phng php lu iu khin thch hp vi ngi quen vi php tnh iu khin bng i s Booole. 3. Cc rle ni
I0.0 I0.1
&
Q0.0
Trong cc loi PLC c nhiu thut ng dng ch cc linh kin loi ny, v d: rle ph, b vch du, c hiu, lu tr bt, bit nh... y l linh kin cung 41
cp cc chc nng c bit gn lin vi PLC v c dng ph bit trong lp trnh. Rle ni ny tng t nh cc rle trung gian trong s rle cng tc t. Rle ni cng c coi l cc u ra nhn cc lnh gn u ra, nhng thc cht u ra ny khng a ra ngoi (khng phi thit b ngoi vi) m ch nm ni ti trong PLC. PLC nh c th c ti hng trm rle ni, cc rle ni u c nui bng ngun d phng khi mt in. Mt s k hiu cc rle ni: Hng Tn gi Misubishi Rle ph hoc b nh du Siemens C hiu Sprecher v Schuh Cun dy Telemecanique Bit Toshiba Rle ni Bradley Lu tr bit V d: s dng rle ni (ca Misibishi) 0 LD 1 OR 2 ANI 3 OUT 4 LD 5 AND 6 OUT 4. Cc rle thi gian X X X M M X Y 400 403 404 100 100 401 433 K hiu M F C B R B
X400 X403 M100 X401 Y433
V d M100; M101 F0.0; F0.1 C001; C002 B0; B1 R000; R001 B3/001; B3/002
X404 M100
Hnh 3.16
Trong cc h thng iu khin lun lun phi s dng rle thi gian duy tr thi gian cho qu trnh iu khin. Trong cc PLC ngi ta cng gn cc rle thi gian vo trong . Tuy nhin, thi gian y c xc nh nh ng h trong CPU. Cc rle thi gian cng c cc tn gi khc nhau nhng thng gi nht l b thi gian (Time). Cc nh sn xut PLC khng thng nht v cch lp trnh cho cc rle thi gian ny. Mi loi PLC (thm ch trong cng hng) cng c cc k hiu v cch lp trnh rt khc nhau cho rle thi gian. S lng rle thi gian trong mi PLC cng rt khc nhau. im chung nht i vi cc rle thi gian l cc hng u coi rle thi gian l cc u ra ni, do rle thi gian l u ra ca nc thang, hay ca mt on chng trnh. 5. Cc b m B m cho php m tn sut xut hin tn hiu vo. B m c th c dng trong trng hp m cc sn phm di chuyn trn bng chuyn v s sn phm xc nh cn chuyn vo thng. B m c th m s vng quay ca trc, hoc s ngi i qua ca. Cc b m ny c ci t sn trong PLC.
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C hai loi b m l b m tin v b m li. Cc nh sn xut PLC cng s dng cc b m theo nhng cch c khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cng nh cc b thi gian, b m cng c coi l u ra ca PLC v y cng l u ra ni, xut tn hiu ra ngoi phi qua u ra ngoi vi (c chn ni ra ngoi PLC). 3.4. nh gi u nhc im ca PLC Trc y, b PLC thng rt t, kh nng hot ng b hn ch v qui trnh lp trnh phc tp. V nhng l do m PLC ch c dng trong nhng nh my v cc thit b c bit. Ngy nay do gim gi lin tc, km theo tng kh nng ca PLC dn n kt qu l ngy cng c p dng rng ri cho cc thit b my mc. Cc b PLC n khi vi 24 knh u vo v 16 knh u ra thch hp vi cc my tiu chun n, cc trang thit b lin hp. Cn cc b PLC vi nhiu kh nng ng dng v la chn c dng cho nhng nhim v phc tp hn. C th k ra cc u im ca PLC nh sau: + Chun b vo hot ng nhanh: Thit k kiu module cho php thch nghi nhanh vi mi chc nng iu khin. Khi c lp ghp th PLC sn sng lm vic ngay. Ngoi ra n cn c s dng li cho cc ng dng khc d dng. + tin cy cao: Cc linh kin in t c tui th di hn cc thit b cin. tin cy ca PLC ngy cng tng, bo dng nh k thng khng cn thit cn vi mch rle cng tc t th vic bo dng nh k l cn thit. + D dng thay i chng trnh: Nhng thay i chng trnh c tin hnh n gin. sa i h thng iu khin v cc quy tc iu khin ang c s dng, ngi vn hnh ch cn nhp tp lnh khc, gn nh khng cn mc ni li dy (tuy nhin, c th vn phi ni li nu cn thit). Nh h thng rt linh hot v hiu qu. + nh gi nhu cu n gin: Khi bit cc u vo v cc u ra th c th nh gi c kch c yu cu ca b nh hay di chng trnh. Do , c th d dng v nhanh chng la chn PLC ph hp vi cc yu cu cng ngh t ra. + Kh nng ti to: Nu dng nhiu PLC vi qui cch k thut ging nhau th chi ph lao ng s gim thp hn nhiu so vi b iu khin rle. l do gim phn ln lao ng lp rp. + Tit kim khng gian: PLC i hi t khng gian hn so vi b iu khin rle tng ng.
Gi c H rle
+ C tnh cht nhiu chc nng: PLC c u im chnh l c th s dng cng mt thit b iu khin c bn cho nhiu h thng iu khin. Ngi ta thng dng PLC cho cc qu trnh t ng linh hot v d dng thun tin trong tnh ton, so snh cc gi tr tng quan, thay i chng trnh v thay i cc thng s.
H PLC
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+ V gi tr kinh t: Khi xt v gi tr kinh t ca PLC ta phi cp n s lng u ra v u vo. Quan h v gi thnh vi s lng u vo/ra c dng nh hnh 3.17. Nh vy, nu s lng u vo/ra qu t th h rle t ra kinh t hn, nhng khi s lng u vo/ra tng ln th h PLC kinh t hn hn. Khi tnh n gi c ca PLC th khng th khng k n gi ca cc b phn ph khng th thiu nh thit b lp trnh, my in, bng ghi... c vic o to nhn vin k thut. Ni chung nhng phn mm thit k lp trnh cho cc mc ch c bit l kh t. Ngy nay nhiu hng ch to PLC cung cp chn b ng gi phn mm c th nghim, nhng vic thay th, sa i cc phn mm l nhu cu khng th trnh khi, do , vn cn thit phi c k nng phn mm. Phn b gi c cho vic lp t mt PLC thng nh sau:
- 50% cho phn cng ca PLC - 10% cho thit k khun kh chng trnh - 20% cho son tho v lp trnh - 15% cho chy th nghim - 5% cho ti liu.
Vic lp t mt PLC tip theo ch bng khong 1/2 gi thnh ca b u tin, ngha l hu nh ch cn chi ph phn cng. C th so snh h iu khin rle v h iu khin PLC nh sau:
H rle:
H PLC
Thi gian lp t lu Thay i kh khn Kh theo di v kim tra cc h thng ln, phc tp Cn bo qun thng xuyn Kch thc ln
+ Thay i d dng qua cng ngh phch cm + Lp t n gin + Thay i nhanh qui trnh iu khin + Kch thc nh + C th ni vi mng my tnh
- Gi thnh cao
B thit b lp trnh thng t, s dng t. 44
Chng 4: B iu khin PLC - CPM1A 4.1. Cu hnh cng 1. Cu to ca h PLC - CPM1A. PLC - CPM1A thuc h OMRON do Nht bn sn xut. y l loi PLC n khi c th lp ghp thm cc module v lp ghp nhiu PLC vi nhau. n v c bn ca PLC CPM1A nh hnh 4.1
6
IN 0CH 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11
1 2 3
PWR RUN
ERR COMM
ALM
omron
SYSMAC CPM1A
05 06 07
OUT 10CH 00
01 02
03 04
5
Hnh 4.1: Hnh khi mt trc PLC CPM1A
Trong : 1. Cc n bo h thng: + n PWR (xanh): bo ngun. + n RUN (xanh): PLC ang ch chy hoc kim tra, (n tt th PLC ang ch lp trnh hoc c li). + n ERR/ALM (): + sng: C li, PLC khng hot ng. + Nhp nhy, hoc tt: PLC ang hot ng. + COMM (da cam): D liu ang c truyn ti cng ngoi vi. 2. Cng ghp ni vi my tnh hoc thit b lp trnh (c np y). 3. Cc n ch th v a ch ra, (sng nu c tn hiu ra). 4. Chn ni cho u ra (c np y). 5. Cc n ch th v a ch vo, (sng nu c tn hiu vo). 6. Chn ni cho u vo (c np y).
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Trong h CPM1A c cc PLC sau: M hiu CPM1A-10CDR-A CPM1A-10CDR-D CPM1A-20CDR-A CPM1A-20CDR-D CPM1A-30CDR-A CPM1A-30CDR-D CPM1A-40CDR-A CPM1A-40CDR-D
2.2. Thng s chung
Ngun cung cp AC DC AC DC AC AD AC DC
S u vo 6 12 18 24
S u ra 4 8 12 16
Tng s I/O 10 20 30 40
10-u I/O
20-u I/O
30-u I/O
40-u I/O
100 n 240v AC, 50/60 Hz 24v DC 85 n 264 v AC 20,4 n 26,4v DC max 30 VA max 60 VA max 20 W max 60 A 300 mA
max 6 W Dng in max 30 A Ngun cp ra p 24 VDC (ch c kiu AC) Dng 200 mA in tr cch ly bn xung lc Nhit mi trng
20 M min. (ti 500v DC) gia cc AC v cc tip a. 147m/s2 (20G) ba ln mi chiu X, Y v Z Nhit lm vic: 0 n 55C0 Nhit bo qun:-20 n 75C0 m mi trng 10% to 90% (with no condensation) Mi trng lm vic Khng lm vic trong mi trng kh t Thi gian cho gin on Kiu AC: min 10ms; Kiu DC: min 2ms. ngun (Thi gian gin on tnh khi ngun nh hn 85% nh mc) Trng lng Kiu AC Max 400 g Max 500 g Max 600 g Max 700 g CPU Kiu DC Max 300 g Max 400 g Max 500 g Max 600 g
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Mc di lnh Kiu lnh Thi gian thc hin Dung lng chng trnh vo Ch CPU ra cc C module i m rng Vo dng bit Ra dng bit T bit (vng IR ) Bit c bit (vng SR) Bit tm thi (vng TR) Bit gi (vng HR) Bit b tr (Vng AR) Bit lin kt (vng LR) Timers/Counters
10-u I/O
20-u I/O
30-u I/O
40-u I/O
T 1 n 5 t cho 1 lnh Lnh c bn: 14; lnh c bit: 77 kiu, tng 135 lnh Lnh c bn: 0.72 n 16.2 s Lnh c bit: 12.375 s (lnh MOV) 2,048 t (Words) 18 input 24 input1 12 output 16 output 54 input 60 input 36 output 40 output 00000 n 00915 (Words 0 n 9) 01000 n 01915 (Words 10 to 19) 512 bits: IR20000 to 23115 (words IR 200 to IR 231) 384 bits: SR 23200 to 25515 (words SR 232 to IR 255) 8 bits (TR0 to TR7) 6 input 4 output ----12 input 8 output ------
320 bits: HR 0000 to HR 1915 (words HR 00 to HR 19) 256 bits:AR 0000 to AR 1515 (words AR 00 to AR 15) 256 bits: LR 0000 to LR 1515 (words LR 00 to LR 15) 128 Timers/counters (TIM/CNT 000 to TIM/CNT 127) 100-ms Timers: TIM 000 to TIM 127 10-ms Timers: TIM 00 to TIM 127 Nh d liu Read/Write:1,024 words (DM 0000 to DM 1023 ) Read-only: 512 words (DM 6144 to DM 6655) X l ngt 2 im (thi gian 4 im (thi gian phn ng: Max: 0.3 phn ng: Max ms) 0.3 ms.) Bo v b nh HR, AR, S liu trong vng nh ni dung v s m c bo v khi ngun b gin on. Sao lu b nh T in d phng: s liu nh (c/vit), bit gi, bt nh b tr, b m (20 ngy trong iu kin nhit 250C) Chc nng t chun CPU b hng, I/O li ng dn, li b nh. on Chng trnh kim tra Khng c lnh kt thc, li ca chng trnh (lin tc kim tra trong thi gian lm vic) B m tc cao 1 b: 5 kHz 1 pha, hoc 2.5 kHz 2 pha Kiu tng dn: 0 n 65, 535 (16 bits) Kiu tng/gim: -32,767 n 32,767 (16 bits) Nhp hng s thi C th t 1 ms, 2 ms, 4 ms, 8 ms, 16 ms, 32 ms, 64 ms, gian hoc 128 ms t tn hiu Analog 2 ng (0 to 200 BCD)
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D liu IR Vo Ra lm vic
T IR 000 n IR 009 (10 words) IR 010 n IR 019 (10 words) Ir 200 n IR 231 (32 words) SR 232 n SR 255 (24 words)
Bit IR 00000 n IR 00915 (160 bits) IR 01000 n IR 01915 (160 bits) Ir 20000 n IR to 23115 (512 bits) SR 23200 n 25515 (384 bits)
Cc t bit ny c th s dng tu trong chng trnh SR Nhng bit ny phc v cho chc nng c bit nh c v bit iu khin. TR --TR 0 n TR 7 Bit ny c s dng trng (8 bits) thi ng m trong chng trnh phn nhnh HR HR 00 n HR 19 HR 0000 n HR Nhng bt ny lu gi trng (20 words) 1915 (320 bits) thi ng m khi mt ngun ngoi. Ar AR 00 n HR 15 AR 0000 n HR Nhng bit ny phc v cho (16 words) 1515 (256 bits) chc nng c bit nh c v bit iu khin. LR LR 00 n LR 15 LR 00000 n LR S dng kt ni 1:2 vi PC (16 words) 1515 (256 bits) khc. Timer/ TC 000 n TC 127 (timer/counter) S ging nhau s dng cho couter c time v couter. DM c DM 0000 DM --DM l d liu ch truy cp /vit 0999 dng t. Cc d liu dng t c ct gi khi mt ngun. DM 1022 DM 1023 (1,002 words) Ghi DM 1000 n DM --S dng ghi thi gian s li 1021 (22 words) c v li xut hin. T y c th c/ghi khi li xut hin. Ch DM 6144 n DM --Khng th ghi ln chng c 6599 (456 words) trnh Ci Dm 6600 n DM --S dng n nhiu vng tham t 6655 (%6 words) s iu khin lm vic ca PC PC Ch : 1. Bit IR v LR khi cha s dng cho cc chc nng chnh th c th s dng nh bit lm vic. 2. Ni dung ca vng HR, LR, Counter, v vng c/ghi DM c th c lu gi bng t in nhit 250C, vi thi gian 20 ngy. 3. Khi truy nhp cc s PV, TC th d liu dng t; khi truy cp vo c th d liu dng bit. 4. D liu trong DM 6144 n DM 6655 khng th ghi t chng trnh nhng c th thay i t thit b ngoi Peripheral Device.
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Bng sau cho bit cc bit vng IR dng cho module vo ra m rng ca CPM1A v cc loi module m rng. S vo/ra ca CPU 10 im ni CPU (a ch) Vo Ra 6 im: 4 im: 00000 01000 00005 01003 12 im: 8 im: 00000 01000 00011 01007 18 im: 12 im: 00000 01000 00011 01007 00100 01100 00105 01103 im ni vng m rng (a ch) Vo Ra ----Ngun S module
AC DC AC DC
20
---
---
30
40
36 im: 00200 00211 00300 00311 20 im: 16 im: 00400 00411 00000 01000 00011 01007 00100 01100 00111 01107
CPM1A_40CDR-A
CPM1A_40CDR-D
4.2. Ghp ni PLC CPM1A c th ghp ni vi 32 b PLC cng loi thnh h thng. lp trnh cho PLC th c th ghp ni n vi thit b lp trnh cm tay, b lp trnh chuyn dng hoc my tnh tng thch. 1. Kt ni vi thit b lp trnh cm tay: Ta ni trc tip cp ca thit b cm tay vo PLC nh hnh 4.2
PLC CPM1A
PRO27 OMRON
IN 0CH 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11
PWR
ERR
ALM
omron
SYSMAC CPM1A
RUN
COMM
OUT