CHUYN HA LIPID

I CNG
I CNG
Vai tr:
Cung cp nng lng cho c th.Mt khu
phn n hp l cung cp khong 25-30%
nng lng c th.
Ngun d tr nng lng ln nht trong
c th
Tham gia cu trc c th v l bn cht
ca mt s hp cht sinh hc quan trng
I CNG
Nhu cu: khong 1g/1kg th trng/ngy
Tng khi cn chng lnh
1g lipid cung cp khong 9,1 kcal(hn hn
so vi glucid v protid)
Cc dng :
Lipid d tr:ch yu l triglycerid
Lipid mng:PL,C,GL.(Chim khong 10%
trng lng kh ca t chc)
Lipid vn chuyn (lipid ha tan)
TIU HA
Lipid t thc n xung rut non c nh tng
ha nh mui mt, gip tng din tch tip xc b
mt vi cc enzym thy phn d tiu ha hn
Micell
TIU HA
TIU HA
Qa trnh tiu ha thc cht l qu trnh thy
phn lipid:
- Thy phn triglycerid
TIU HA
Thy phn phospholipid v sterid:
TIU HA
Phosphodiestease ca rut c hiu vi lin kt
este gia acid phosphoric v X hoc gia acid
phosphoric v glycerol to diglycerid, acid
phosphoric.
Phosphomonoesterase tip tc thy phn cc
sn phm trn
Cholesterol esterase thy phn sterid thnh acid
bo v cholesterol
HP THU
Glycerol v AB chui ngn (<10C) xuyn qua
thnh rut non vo TMca ti gan.
Cc AB chui di, mono, diglycerid c
dng lm nguyn liu tng hp li
triglycerid mng rut.
Cc lipid mi tng hp nh triglycerid,
cholesterol este ....kt hp vi protein v to
thnh LP(chylomicron)
LP qua bch mch ri vo mu ti gan.
HP THU
HP THU
CHUYN HA ACID BO Thoi ha
Trc tin l hot ha AB thnh dng hot ng
acyl CoA. Sau chuyn cc acyl CoA t bo tng
vo trong ty th.
-Hot ha AB: AB c este ha vi HSCoA ngoi
ty th nh nng lng ca ATP to acyl CoA.

CHUYN HA ACID BO Thoi ha

CHUYN HA AB OXY HA
Sau khi hot ha, acyl CoA vo ty th
oxy ha
Mi ln oxy ha ct ra mt mu 2C
di dng Acetyl CoA, acetyl CoA tip
tc vo chu trnh acid citric to nng
lng
-OXY HA ACID BO
CHUYN HA AB OXY HA
CHUYN HA AB OXY HA
CHUYN HA AB OXY HA
CHUYN HA AB OXY HA
Nng lng t AB:
-S phn t ATP to thnh khi oxy ha hon
ton mt phn t AB c s C chn 2n c tnh
theo cng thc sau:
S ATP = [5(n- 1) + 12n] 2 =17n 7
n phn t acetyl CoA c oxy ha n cng
trong chu trnh citric acid cho 12n ATP
n-1 vng oxy ha cho 5(n-1) ATP
Tr 2ATP c dng trong qu trnh hot ha
AB.
V d : acid stearic
CHUYN HA AB OXY HA
Acetyl CoA tip tc c oxy ha n cng trong
chu trnh acid citric
CHUYN HA AB OXY HA
THOI HA AB BO HA C S C L
Cng tri qua qu trnh oxy ha nh trn
nhng vng oxy ha cui cng to thnh
Acetyl CoA v Propionyl CoA.
Propionyl phi qua nhiu bin i to
thnh Succinyl CoA c th vo chu trnh acid
citric
THOI HA AB BO HA C S C L
THOI HA AB- CC TH CETON
Sau khi thoi ha AB ,acetyl CoA c th c oxy
ha hon ton trong chu trnh acid citric,tham gia
tng hp cholesterol hoc cc th ceton
Cc th ceton gm 3 cht:
Sinh tng hp cc th ceton c thc hin trong ty
th t bo gan:
THOI HA AB- CC TH CETON
S hnh thnh cc th ceton
THOI HA AB- CC TH CETON
S hnh thnh cc th ceton
THOI HA AB- CC TH CETON
Nhim ceton: mc ceton tng cao bt thng trong
nhng trng hp :
i ko di
i tho ng
Nhim ceton c th gy nhim toan nng
Khi nng th ceton trong mu tng cao qu
70mg/dl th c th pht hin th ceton trong nc
tiu
Khi nng ceton trong mu vt qu 100mg/dl
hi th c mi hi ca aceton.
THOI HA AB- CC TH CETON
S phn ca th ceton
Acetoacetate v hydroxybutyrate :
-Sn xut u tin gan
- khuch tn vo mu n cc m
-Ri c th chuyn thnh acetyl CoA
-i vo chu trnh acid citric to nng lng cho m
hot ng.
Acetone:
- Ch sn xut mt s lng nh
- Bi tit ra nc tiu ,hi th
THOI HA AB- CC TH CETON
TNG HP ACID BO I CNG
Thc n khng phi l ngun AB duy nht
Tt c cc c quan trong c th u c th
tng hp AB d tr nng lng lu di v
dng trong cu trc mng t bo
Xy ra mnh m m gan, m , nim mc
rut, yu c, da, thn kinh.
Xy ra bo tng, mt phn t xy ra
trong ty th v microsome
Tng hp AB n gin hn thoi ha AB
TNG HP ACID BO I CNG
S khc nhau gia tng hp v thoi ha AB
-Tng hp AB xy ra bo tng
- Thoi ha AB ch xy ra ty th
-Tt c s tng hp xy ra nh s xc tc ca mt
phc hp enzym:MULTIENZYM ACID BO
SYNTHETASE
-NADH v FADH2 c to thnh trong thoi ha
-NADPH c s dng cho tng hp
TNG HP AB CC BC

TNG HP AB
AB CN THIT:LINOLEIC v LINOLENIC
C th khng tng hp c phi ly t thc n
Thuc h -3 v -6, c du thc vt v du c
Chuyn thnh acid arachidonic v eicosapetaenoic
tng hp eicosanoids(prostaglandin, leucotrienes,
thromboxane)
CHOLESTEROL SINH TNG HP
c tng hp ch yu gan, v thng thn,
lch, nim mc rut , phi, thn.
Cholesterol l tin cht ca nhiu cht c hot tnh
sinh hc quan trng:
CHOLESTEROL- TNG HP
CHOLESTEROL- VN CHUYN TRONG MU
Cholesterol di chuyn trong mu , c bit trong
thnh phn lipoprotein. Trong mu, c bit
trong gan cholesterol b este ha to thnh
cholesterol este
-Trong mu:
Lecithin lysolecithin
C CE
LACT(Lecithin- cholesterol acyl transferase)
-Ti gan:
Acyl CoA HSCoA
C CE
ACAT (Acyl CoA- cholesterol- Acyl
transferase)
CHUYN HA TG, PL V CC LIPID KHC
TRIGLYCERID
Xy ra mnh m
m gan v m m
CHUYN HA TG, PL V CC LIPID KHC
PHOSPHOLIPID
-Thoi ha:
Di tc dng ca
phospholipaseA,
B,C,D cc PL b
Thy phn thnh
AB, Glycerol,
a.phosphoric,base N
CHUYN HA TG, PL V CC LIPID KHC
PHOSPHOLIPID
Tng hp:
Xy ra ch
yu gan.
Chuyn n
cc m khc
tham gia cu to
mng tb,hoc thoi
ha cho nng lng
VN CHUYN LIPID MU
C 4 loi lipoprotein huyt tng chnh vn chuyn
lipid trong mu l: Chylomicron,VLDL,LDL, HDL.
Thnh phn lipid cc LP thng ging nhau gm
TG,CE,C,PL. nhng khc nhau v tng lng v t
l cc loi lipid trn.
Nguyn tc cu trc:cc phn t hoc cc nhm
chc a nc quay ra ngoi( v bc), phn nhn l
cc phn t , cc gc k nc
VN CHUYN LIPID MU
Thnh phn ca cc LP
VN CHUYN LIPID MU
Cc LP c t l lipid v protein ging nhau nn
chng c t trng v in tch khc nhau, c th
tch ring cc loi bng ly tm hoc in di
VN CHUYN LIPID MU
CHC NNG CA LIPOPROTEIN
Chylomicron: chuyn TG t thc n ng
tiu ha n gan
VLDL: Chuyn TG ni sinh t gan n m
ngoi vi
LDL: chuyn cholesterol n cc t bo ngoi
bin
HDL: chuyn cholesterol t tb ngoi bin v
gan.
VN CHUYN LIPID MU
CHUYN HA LP
Nh vy VLDL, IDL, LDL l cht vn chuyn
cholesterol t gan n cc t bo ngoi bin.
Khi LDL nhiu th nng cholestetrol tng cao
trong mu c th gy ng thnh mch, nguy
c ca bnh x va ng mch, cc LP ny
c gi l cc LP gy x va.
HDL l cht vn chyn ngc cholesterol t t
bo ngoi vi v gan, chng ng cholesterol ,
HDL c coi l cht bo v thnh mch, chng
x va
C IM CHUYN HA LIPID MT S M
M m
Ni d tr phn ln AB.
AB c vn chuyn t gan n m m bi phc hp
VLDL.
AB chuyn thnh triglycerid t bo m d tr.
Glycerol-3 phosphate c t bo yu cu tng
hp triglycerid. Qu trnh ny n t ng glucose.
C IM CHUYN HA LIPID MT S M
C IM CHUYN HA LIPID MT S M
Gan:
L ni to mt, thoi bin v tng hp AB, tng hp
phospholipid, cholesterol este v triglycerid
Tng hp AB , oxy ha AB xy ra ch yu gan to
acetyl CoA, mt phn tip tc t chy trong chu trnh
acid citric
PL c tng hp ch yu gan, vn chuyn, a m
ra khi gan
TG c tng hp gan, c vn chuyn ra khi gan
di dng VLDL.
CHUYN HO PROTEIN
CHUYN HO PROTEIN
S TNG QUT CHUYN HO PROTID
Protein thc n
Acid amin
Protein c th
Cc sn phm
cha nit khc
B khung carbon NH
4
+
Urea
Bi tit
Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate, sn phm
trung gian chu trnh
acid citric
ATP Glucose
THOI HO PROTEIN
NHU CU PROTEIN CA C TH
- C th cn 30 60 g/ngy (khong 1g/kg/ngy)
- Vai tr:
Tng hp protein cu trc v chc nng: collagen,
myosin
Tng hp protein c hot tnh sinh hc: enzym,
hormon
Tng hp cht c hot tnh sinh hc: histamin,
serotonin
Cung cp 12% tng nng lng c th ( ng vt n
tht 90%)
- Acid amin d tha (t thc n) khng c d tr
Suy dinh dng nng lng protein:
- Th marasmus: suy kit tng qut do thiu c nng lng
v protein.
- Th kwashiorkor: c trng bng ph, nng lng nhp
vo nhng thiu c cht v lng protein.
Thc t thng gp dng trung gian ca 2 th ny.
NGUN GC ACID AMIN TRONG C TH
Acid amin ngoi sinh Acid amin ni sinh
- T ng vt, thc vt v vi sinh
vt (to, men bia) hp thu vo c
th qua qu trnh tiu ho
- Tng hp trong c th
- Thu phn t protein t bo (men
catepsin c trong lysosom, gy hin
tng t tiu)
TIU HO V HP THU PROTEIN
Tiu ho:
Proteinase (protease): l cc peptidase thu phn protein thnh
peptid ri thnh acid amin t do:
- Endopeptidase: ct cc lin kt peptid bn trong chui: pepsin,
trypsin, chymotrypsin, thng c hiu cho acid amin
- Exopeptidase: ct lin kt peptid u tn
Aminopeptidase: u N tn
Carboxypeptidase: u C tn
Hp thu:
Acid amin t do
Nim mc rut non
Tnh mch ca
Gan
M, t bo
Tiu ho protein
Enzym tiu ha c tit ra di dng tin enzym
(proenzym) khng hot ng. Khi c a vo
lng rut, cc tin enzym s c hot ha thnh
dng hot ng.
VNG LUN CHUYN PROTEIN
Protein c th
Acid amin
Thoi ho
protein
Ti s dng
tng hp protein
Thoi ho
ngi ln, 1-2% tng lng protein c th thoi ho
mi ngy (ch yu t c), to acid amin t do:
- 75-80% c ti s dng tng hp protein mi
- 20-25% to urea
Protein t bo lun c i mi.
Cn bng nit (nitrogen balance)
ngi trng thnh, khi protein n
nh do lng protein tng hp v protein
thoi ho lin tc v cn bng.
CN BNG NIT
L s khc bit gia tng lng nit nhp v tng
lng nit mt qua phn, nc tiu v m hi.
- Dng: nhp > xut. VD: tr nh ang pht trin, ph
n c thai, ngi bnh hi phc.
- m: nhp < xut. VD: ngi gi, sau phu thut, ung
th tin trin, n khng .
Ngi ln bnh thng: nhp = xut
THOI HO NIT CA ACID AMIN
SN PHM CA THOI HO NIT
NG VT
- ammonia
- acid uric
- urea
u th ammonia: c xng (Teleostei) (thi nh trao i
lin tc vi mi trng nc)
u th acid uric: chim (cn gi nc, gi trng lng
thp)
u th urea: ngi (tan nhiu trong nc, khng c)
Acid -amin
Acid -ceto
-Cetoglutarate L-Glutamate
NH
3
CO
2
Urea
Dng di chuyn ca nit trong d ho acid amin
(Sinh tng hp urea)
Chuyn amin
Kh amin
oxi ho
Chu trnh urea
CHUYN AMIN
transaminase
(vitamin B6)
M ng vt: 2 enzyme ph bin nht v hot ng mnh nht l
glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) v glutamate pyruvate
transaminase (GPT)
-Cetoglutarate
Pyruvate
Alanine
Glutamate
Aspartate
Oxaloacetate
GPT GOT
GPT, GOT
GPT
GOT
GPT=glutamate pyruvate transaminase=ALT=alanine transaminase
GOT=glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase=AST=aspartate transaminase
GOT, GPT - ng dng lm sng
Xc nh hot transaminase SGOT (AST) v
SGPT (ALT) v ch s GOT/GPT (De Ritis) trong
cc bnh l tim, gan hay c vn
GOT v GPT l cc enzym ni bo, bnh thng
trong huyt thanh < 40 UI/l.
Xt nghim trnh v hng cu.
Nhi mu c tim: ch yu tng GOT, ch s
GOT/GPT > 1, tng gp 2-25 ln, tng sm, cao
nht t 16-48 gi.
Vim gan siu vi: tng c GPT v GOT; GPT
tng nhiu GOT/GPT < 1, tng gp trm ln,
sm trc vng da, tng ko di, chuyn thnh
mn tnh.
Kh carboxyl to amin
Ph bin vi sinh vt
Cc amin khi ht tc dng, s b
kh amin v oxy ho:
Kh carboxyl to amin
Chuyn ch NH
3
NH
3
:
Ni sinh: Kh amin oxy ho cc acid amin
Thoi ho base nit
Ngoi sinh: vi khun c enzym thu phn protein trong
rut (NH
3
/TM ca > NH
3
/tun hon 5-10 ln)
glutamine:
Khng c, khng mang in tch, nn d vn chuyn
qua mng.
L cht vn chuyn NH
4
+
ch yu/mu
Ngun cung cp nhm amin cho tng hp acid amin
TNG HP glutamine
Mg
2+
- Chuyn ch NH
3
trong mu. NH
3
t do trong mu: 1-2 mg/l
- L c ch kh c NH
3
ch yu ca no (to urea khng
ng vai tr quan trng). Nhng nu NH
3
mu cao khng
glutamate no tng hp glutamate t -cetoglutarat
kit qu cc cht trung gian trong chu trnh acid citric.
VN CHUYN glutamine TRONG MU
Acid amin
NH
3
glutamine
(60-100 mg/l)
NH
3
t do
(1-2 mg/l)
Acid
glutamic
NH
3
NH
3
Urea NH
4
Cl
Nc tiu
M
MU
GAN THN
Alanin vn chuyn NH
4
+
m c cng hot ng mnh l c v gan
(chu trnh Glucose-Alanin)
NG DNG
NH
3
tng trong mu gy tn thng t bo thn kinh
NH
3
qua hng ro mu no, kt hp glutamate to
glutamine gy gim keto glutarat ca no, dn ti gim
oxaloacetat, nh hng n chu trnh Krebs, thiu nng lng
cho no, tn thng t bo.
Tng glutamine trong no, gim d tr glutamate (glu cn
thit cho to cc neurotransmitter nh -aminobutyrat
(GABA)).
Tng glutamine no, thay i cht gy thm thu trong t
bo hch glial, gy ph no.
NH
3
tng trong trng hp:
- Suy t bo gan nng: x gan giai on
cui, nhim c, nhim virus gy hoi t
cp..
- Ni thng ca ch
- Di truyn do thiu enzym ca chu trnh
urea
Chu trnh Urea
Chu trnh Ornithin
1932, Hans Krebs
Ch yu xy ra gan
5 giai on (1, 2: xy ra trong ty th
3, 4, 5: trong bo tng)
Chu trnh Urea
1
2
3
4
5
Chu trnh Urea
Chu
trnh
Urea
CPS I: carbamyl
phosphat synthetase
OTC: ornithin
transcarbamylase
CHU TRNH UREA
1: carbamoyl phosphate
synthetase
2: ornithine transcarbamoylase
3: arginosuccinate synthetase
4: arginosuccinase
5: arginase
Phng trnh tng qut:
CO
2
+ NH
4
+
+ 3ATP + Asp + 2H
2
O Urea + 2ADP + 2Pi + AMP + PPi + fumarate
RI LON CHUYN HO LIN QUAN N
CHU TRNH UREA
Tng ammonia mu type 1: thiu carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
Tng ammonia mu type 2: thiu ornithine transcarbamoylase
Tng citrulline mu: thiu arginosuccinate synthetase
Tng acid arginosuccinic mu v nc tiu: thiu arginosuccinase
Tng arginine mu: thiu arginase trong hng cu
Triu chng ca cc bnh l di truyn do khim khuyt mt trong cc
enzym ca chu trnh urea thng xut hin ngay sau sinh gm co git,
ri lon vn ng, l m, b km, thm ch hn m hay t vong nu
khng c pht hin. Nng nht l khim khuyt carbamoyl
phosphate synthetase.
Urea cycle defects (UCDs)
Urea-ng dng lm sng
Urea l sn phm thoi ho ch yu t protein, c to
thnh t NH
3
v ch yu gan.
Kh nng to urea ca gan rt ln (tn thng 2/3, kh
nng to urea vn bnh thng).
Urea c to ra, vo mu, lc thn v thi ra nc tiu.
Bnh thng:
Urea mu: 3,5 7 mmol/l
(0,2 - 0,4 g/l)
BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
Tng hay gim urea c lin quan mt s tnh trng bnh l.
Lin quan gia chu trnh Urea v chu trnh Krebs
THOI HO SN CARBON
NH
3
keto acid
Amin ho cc keto acid to cc
acid amin
Ala
Gln
Urea
To cht bo hay glucose
Amin ho hay chuyn amin
to acid amin khng cn thit
Vo chu trnh Krebs to CO
2
v H
2
O
Acid amin
TNG HP ACID AMIN
Qu trnh tng hp acid amin
L qu trnh gn nhm amin vo sn
carbon tng ng
Nhm amin: t thc n (VSV, thc vt, ng
vt). Sau , c s dng to acid amin mi
di dng nhm amin ca glutamine hoc
glutamate
Khung carbon : t cc sn phm chuyn
ha trung gian
ACID AMIN CN THIT V KHNG CN THIT
Acid amin cn thit Acid amin khng cn thit
C th ng vt c v khng tng
hp c, cn phi ly t thc n
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
C th ng vt c v tng hp
c
Glycine
Alanine
Cystein
Acid glutamic
Glutamine
Acid aspartic
Asparagine
Tyrosine
Proline
Serine
Arg v His c tng hp trong chu trnh UREA, nhng tc rt
thp khng p ng nhu cu pht trin tr em
Khi qut tng hp acid amin
Tng hp ca hu ht acid amin bt
u t cc sn phm trung gian ca
TCA
Ty theo cht ban u, tng hp acid
amin c phn thnh cc nhm khc
nhau
Khi qut tng hp acid amin
CHUYN HO CHUYN BIT CA
MT S ACID AMIN
GLUTAMATE (1)
PLP : Pyridoxal phosphate
Tng hp GABA :
-aminobutyric acid l cht c
ch dn truyn thn kinh chnh
ca h TKTW Thiu GABA
mt kim ch, ng kinh
C ch ca GABA : tnh
thm ca knh Cl-
BENZODIAZEPINES (
ng kinh) : tnh thm mng
i vi Clo tc dng ca
GABA
To Glutathione ti gan
Glutamate (2)
Glutathion tham gia cc qu trnh oxy ho sinh hc:
Chuyn ho HISTIDINE
Tng hp
Histamin:
Histamin c phng
thch p ng vi mt
tnh trng d ng
Histamin gy dn mch,
co c trn (th th H
1

ph qun, rut), tng tnh
thm thnh mch,kch
thch tit acid d dy (th
th H
2
)
CHUYN HO
TRYPTOPHAN
Acid nicotinic = Niacin =
Vitamin B3: tin cht ca NAD
v NADP (coenzym ca cc
phn ng oxy ha kh)
Chuyn ho TRYPTOPHAN
Tng hp Serotonin:
Xy ra h TKT, ng
tiu ha
Chc nng dn truyn TK
Chuyn ho TRYPTOPHAN
Tng hp Melatonin:
c tng hp TB tuyn
yn
Tng cng gic ng do c
ch s tng hp v bi tit
Dopamin v GABA TB no
vo ban m
S TNG QUT CHUYN HO
PHENYLALANINE V TYROSINE
CHUYN HO PHENYLALANINE
TNG HP MELANINE
THOI HO TYROSINE
Homogentisat = Alcapton
HORMONE TUYN GIP
TNG HP
CATECHOLAMINE
COMT: catechol-O-methyltransferase
MAO: monoamine oxidase
CHUYN HO CREATIN
THN - GAN
C

Tng hp Creatin v Creatinin

Creatin
Do gan to ra
98% creatin v c (20-30% creatin, 70-
80% creatin P)
L ngun d tr nng lng ca c
To creatin P trong ty th/c
Phng thch nng lng to ATP trong
bo cht/c
Creatinin
Sn phm kh nc (khng cn enzyme)
ca creatin
1,5% creatin chuyn thnh
creatinin/ngy (1,8g).
Lng creatinin ph thuc vo lng c
(tui, gii)
nh gi chc nng lc ca thn
To mui mt:
To porphyrin:
To purin, pyrimidin:
To acid nicotinic (vit PP) t Tryptophan
To MET di dng hot ha giu nng lng, d
dng cho nhm CH
3
trong tng hp cht (cystein)
hay methyl ha nhiu cht quan trng nh:
BNH L DI TRUYN LIN QUAN N
CHUYN HA ACID AMIN
Phenylketonuria (Phenyl ceton niu)
Suy tuyn gip bm sinh
MAPLE SYRUS URINE DISEASE
Alcaptonuria (Alcapton niu)
Bch tng (Albinism)
BNH L DI TRUYN LIN QUAN N CHUYN HA ACID AMIN
Phenylketonuria (Phenyl ceton niu)
Phenylketonuria (Phenyl ceton niu)
Nguyn nhn:
- Khim khuyt di truyn v to PAH (NST 12q22-24).
- Khim khuyt v enzyme ca tetrahydrobiopterin.
Tyr tr thnh aa cn thit
Phenylalanin tng cao trong mu
Phenyllactic v phenylacetic tng cao trong nc tiu
Tn sut:1:20.000 tr s sinh
Nu khng c pht hin v ngn nga sm, tr s b
chm pht trin v mt tr tu
Pht hin sm, tr c iu tr bng ch n hn ch
Phe s pht trin bnh thng.
Suy tuyn gip bm sinh
Trong suy gip bm sinh
(hypothyroidism), tuyn
gip khng sn xut
hormon gip (v d T
4
).
TSH cao do tuyn gip
kch thch v thiu
feedback t T
4
v T
3
(v
nng thp).
Suy tuyn gip bm sinh
- Ph bin l chm pht trin tr tu. Tuy nhin, khng triu
chng lc sinh. Nu khng c pht hin sm s dn ti
chng ngu n (cretinism), chm pht trin c v tr tu v th
lc.
- Tn sut chung 1:3500
- Sng lc bng TSH hoc T
4
t mu mu
kh, ly vo ngy th 3-5
- Ph bin l sng lc TSH, khng nh bng T
4
- Gi tr cut-off 15-20mU/l TSH /mu ton phn.
- Nu c iu tr sm, tin lng tt iu tr cng sm
cng tt. iu tr hormon tuyn gip, T
4
hay T
3
, r
- Theo di quan trng nht l trong nm u
MAPLE SYRUS URINE DISEASE
1/760 nhng gia nh Mennonites.
Thiu enzym BCKAD (Branched-chain ketoacid
dehydrogenase) .
Sau sinh c nhng bt thng v thn kinh nh
co git, hn m, c th t vong.
Tng leucin, isoleucin v valin (aa c nhnh)
trong huyt tng v trong nc tiu.
Xut hin cc dng oxo-acid bt thng/nc tiu
(mi l)
iu tr:
Nhanh chng lm gim leucin v cc BCAA khc.
Cung cp nng lng, cc thc phm dinh
dng khng cha BCAA cho tr.
Alcaptonuria (Alcapton niu)
Ri lon di truyn bm sinh do thiu
homogentisate oxygenase
Tch t homogentisate, bi tit ra nc tiu, c
mu en do homogentisate b oxy ha
Tch t acid homogentisic trong m lin kt, gy
vim khp thoi ha
Tn sut : 1:200.000
MAPLE SYRUS URINE DISEASE
Protein mu
Nng protein ton phn/huyt thanh:
65-85 g/l
1. Protein mu gim :
- Gim cung cp: Ri lon tiu ha, RL hp thu...
- Gim tng hp: Bnh l v GAN
- Mt protein: qua ng niu, tiu ha, mt mu..
-Tng phn hy: Tiu ng, cng gip trng
2. Tng protein/mu :
- C c mu
- Protein bt thng: Bence Jone protein (Kahler)
Protein niu
Bnh thng: < 150mg/24h: protein NT (-), vt
Bnh l: >>150mg/24h, ko di
Tng thm tch protein ca mng cu thn, c th do:
1. Bnh l thn: Vim cu thn, hc thn h
2. Xut hin protein bt thng, TLPT thp
Tng khuch tn protein do gim tc dng mu ti
thn: Suy tim, tng huyt p, ng lu
Ri lan ti hp thu ng thn (him)
Tn thng ng tit niu
CHUYN HO HEMOGLOBIN
TNG HP HEMOGLOBIN
TNG HP GLOBIN
Gen m ha cc chui globin:
|, , o v c nm trn nhnh ngn nhim sc
th 11
o v , nm trn nhnh ngn nhim sc th 16
Phi Thai Ngi ln
Hb Gower 1 (
2

2
) Hb F (
2

2
) Hb A (
2

2
)
Hb Gower 2 (
2

2
) Hb A
2
(
2

2
)
Hb Portland (
2

2
)
TNG HP HEME
Heme c tng hp t glycine v succinyl-CoA.

OOC CH
2
CH
2
C S-CoA
O
+

OOC CH
2
NH
3
+

OOC CH
2
CH
2
C
O
CH
2
NH
3
+
CO
2
CoA-SH
H
+ succinyl-CoA glycine
o-aminolevulinate (ALA)
o-Aminolevulinic
Acid Synthase
To o-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)
(ty th)
Kt hp glycine v
succinyl-CoA, kh
carboxyl. CoA v
carboxyl ca glycine
b loi b
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
N
H
C
O
P
O
O
O
OH
CH
3
C
H O

+
H
2
N
H
C
O
P
O
O
O
O

CH
3
HC

+
H
2
N
H
2
C
H
+
COO

glycine-PLP Schiff base (aldimine)

PLP: coenzyme cho ALA
synthase
glycine trong lin kt Schiff
base vi PLP aldehyde
To porphobilinogen (PBG)
C
C
N
H
CH
C
CH
2
COO

CH
2
CH
2
COO

H
2
C
NH
3
+
CH
2
CH
2
COO

C
CH
2
O
NH
3
+
CH
2
CH
2
COO

C
CH
2
O
NH
3
+
+

porphobilinogen
(PBG)
2 o-aminolevulinate
(ALA)
2 H
2
O
PBG Synthase
PBG synthase = ALA dehydratase
PORPHOBILINOGEN SYNTHASE
Cn s tham gia ca Zn
2+
.
B c ch bi Pb
2+
. Ng c ch lm tng tng hp
ALA (do khng tng hp c heme gii c ch
phin m ALA synthase).
Biu hin thn kinh ca ng c ch do ALA v tc
dng trc tip ca ch
C ch c no ca ALA:
- Cu trc tng t GABA (-
aminobutyric acid) cht dn
truyn thn kinh
- ALA t oxi ho pht sinh gc oxy
t do
CH
2
CH
2
COO

C
CH
2
O
NH
3
+
CH
2
CH
2
COO

CH
2
NH
3
+

ALA GABA
NH
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
COO
-
HN
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
CH
2
HN
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
COO
-
NH
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
COO
-
N
H
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
S Enz
N
H
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
KT GN PBG
HO
NH
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
-
OOC
HN
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
CH
2
HN
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
COO
-
NH
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
COO
-
hydroxymethylbilane
Thu phn dipyrromethane ca enzyme, gii phng
hydroxymethylbilane gm 4 vng pyrrole
HO
NH
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
-
OOC
HN
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
CH
2
HN
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
COO
-
C NH
C
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
COO
-
NH
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
-
OOC
HN
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
CH
2
HN
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
COO
-
COO
-
C NH
C
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
-
OOC
Uroporphyrinogen III
Synthase
hydroxy- uroporphyrinogen
methylbilane III
TO UROPORPHYRINOGEN III
- ng vng
- xoay mt pyrrole to tetrapyrrole bt i xng

NH
CH
CH
2
H
3
C
N
CH
3
CH CH
2
HN
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
CH
3
N
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
H
3
C
protoporphyrin IX
NH
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
-
OOC
HN
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
CH
2
HN
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
COO
-
COO
-
NH
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
CH
2
-
OOC
uroporphyrinogen III
TO PROTOPORPHYRIN IX

NH
CH
CH
2
H
3
C
N
CH
3
CH CH
2
HN
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
CH
3
N
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
H
3
C
N
CH
CH
2
H
3
C
N
CH
3
CH CH
2
N
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
CH
3
N
CH
2
CH
2
COO
-
H
3
C
Fe
Ferrochelatase
protoporphyrin IX heme
2H
+
Fe
++

TO HEM
Hem synthase = ferrochelatase
THOI HO HEMOGLOBIN
TIU HO HEMOGLOBIN
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
enzyme
tiu ho
Heme
Hematin Phn
Globin
Peptid,
acid amin
Hp thu
THOI HO HEMOGLOBIN: TNG QUT
- i sng hng cu 120 ngy
- Hng cu cht
i thc bo
H vng ni m
(tu xng, gan, lch)
Thoi ho hemoglobin
Bilirubin t do
Bilirubin lin hp
Heme Globin
Acid amin
Ti s
dng
Rut
St
THOI HO HEMOGLOBIN: TNG QUT
BILIRUBIN T DO
- mu vng
- khng tan trong nc (2 gc
propionate to lin kt H ni
phn t)
- t do: cha kt hp vi acid
glucuronic
- c h thn kinh
- phn ng nhn bit diazo
chm bilirubin gin tip
Albumin
MU
GAN
- 250 300 mg c to ra/ngy
- ngun gc:
85% t ph hu hng cu gi,
15% t s to nguyn hng cu khng hiu
qu, chuyn ho protein cha heme
(myoglobin, cytochrome, peroxidase)
- vn chuyn trong mu bi albumin. n mng
t bo gan, bilirubin tch khi phc hp vi
albumin, c vn chuyn tch cc vo trong t
bo.
- d tha: m ngoi mch: vng da; no: tn
thng no
BILIRUBIN T DO
TO BILIRUBIN
LIN HP
- 85% diglucuronate,
15% monoglucoronate
- tan trong nc
- khng c
- phn ng diazo
nhanh bilirubin trc
tip
MT RUT
PHN NG DIAZO
(PHN NG VAN DEN BERGH)
Bilirubin lin hp Diazo sulfanilic acid Azobilirubin ( ta) +
Bilirubin t do
Diazo sulfanilic
acid
Azobilirubin ( ta)
+ Alcohol
+
Bilirubin trc tip
Bilirubin gin tip
BIN I CA BILIRUBIN RUT
Bilirubin lin hp
Bilirubin t do
Urobilinogen
(mesobilirubinogen,
urobilinogen, stercobilinogen)
(khng mu)
GAN
Bilirubin
THN
Urobilin
(vng)
NC TiU
Stercobilin
(vng)
PHN
-glucuronidase vi
khun/rut gi
kh
oxi ho
80%
ti hp thu
20%
oxi ho
MT
Chu trnh
gan rut
RI LON CHUYN HO HEMOGLOBIN
Bnh thng trong huyt thanh:
- Bilirubin ton phn (Bi TP) < 10 mg/l
- Bilirubin gin tip (Bi GT) hay t do (Bi TD) 2-8
mg/l (85% bi TP)
- Bilirubin trc tip (Bi TT) hay lin hp (Bi LH) 0-2
mg/l (15% bi TP)
Bi TP > 20-25 mg/l: vng da
VNG DA TRC GAN
Nguyn nhn: tn huyt
- Bnh hemoglobin (HbS, Thalassemia, Minkowski Chauffard)
- Thiu G6PD
- Bnh min dch (truyn nhm nhm mu, bt ng nhm mu Rh)
- Bnh mc phi (st rt, st xut huyt, nhim trng, nhim c dung
mi hu c)
- Vng da sinh l tr s sinh (h thng lin hp, th th mng t
bo gan cha pht trin bnh thng): ngy th 2-3 sau sinh
Xt nghim:
- Mu: Bi TD tng cao; Bi LH tng nh/bnh thng
- Nc tiu, phn: urobilinogen tng
VNG DA TI GAN
Nguyn nhn:
- Bnh di truyn thiu ht men lin hp bilirubin UDP glucoronyl
transferase
Hi chng Crigler-Najjar (loi I, II): hot tnh men b gim
Bnh Gilbert: gim thu nhn bilirubin vo t bo gan, hot
tnh men gim
Xt nghim Bi TD tng cao
- Bnh mc phi: vim gan do virus, nhim c gan do ho cht
(chloroform, acetaminophen), x gan, ung th gan
Xt nghim:
- Mu: Bi TD v LH u tng
- Nc tiu: urobilinogen tng (gim ti to bilirubin), sc t mt
(+) (do tc mt trong gan)
VNG DA SAU GAN
Nguyn nhn:
- Tc ng dn mt: si mt, ung th u tu, hch to chn
p ng dn mt
Xt nghim:
- Mu: Bi LH tng l chnh
- Nc tiu: mui mt (+), sc t mt (+)
- Phn, nc tiu nht mu.
Tnh trng Bilirubin
huyt
thanh
Urobilinogen
nc tiu
Bilirubin
nc
tiu
Urobilinogen
phn
Bnh thng TT: 0-2
mg/l
GT: 2-8
mg/l
0-4 mg/24h (-) 40-280
mg/24h
Thiu mu
tn huyt
Tng GT Tng (-) Tng
Vim gan Tng TT v
GT
Gim (+) Gim
Vng da tc
mt
Tng TT (-) (+) Vt, (-)
Ch c bilirubin t do mi qua c hng ro mu-no bnh no tng
bilirubin mu (kernicterus) l do tng bilirubin t do.
Ch c bilirubin lin hp mi c th xut hin trong nc tiu vng da c
bilirubin nc tiu: tng bilirubin LH; vng da khng c bilirubin nc tiu: tng
bilirubin khng lip hp
CHUYEN HOA
ACID NUCLEIC
1. THOAI HOA ACID NUCLEIC
1.1. S o tong quat
Acid nucleic (ADN, ARN)
H
2
O Nuclease
Nucleotid
Pvc Nucleotidase
Nucleosid
Nucleosidase
Base N + Pentose
Base N + Pentose
Purin Pyrimidin
Acid uric NH
3
, CO
2
Ure
1.2. Thoai hoa base purin
nucleosidase
Xanthin oxidase
2 loi phn ng ch yu: kh amin thu phn v oxy ho
ADA
deficiency
(ADA)
H
Xanthin oxidase
X
a
n
t
h
i
n

o
x
i
d
a
s
e
Ngi
Chim Acid uric NT
Mot so bo sat
San pham
thoai hoa cuoi cung
Mot so bo sat khac
a so V co vu Alantoin
Nhuyen the
Uricase
Sn phm thoi ha cui cng ca purin khc nhau gia cc
loi.
a s cc loi V c v, acid uric c chuyn thnh
allantoin tan trong nc nh uricase.
ngi, thiu uricase nn sn phm cui cng ca thoi
ha purin l acid uric.
Bnh thng:
-Acid uric/mau ~ 3 6 mg%
-Acid uric /NT ~ 500-800 mg/ 24 gi
Benh gut (goutte, gout, thong phong):
Acid uric/mau ||: >10mg% 15-20mg%
Co tinh the Natri Urat sun, xng ac biet la cac khp
Viem khp cap
Soi ng tieu.
2.TONG HP ACID NUCLEIC
Nguyen lieu:
H
3
PO
4
: t thc an
Ribose: t con ng HMP---->Ribose-5- P
Base N: c the tong hp.
Hai con ng tng
hp purin nucleotid
3 giai on:
G 1: Tng hp PRPP t ribose-5-P
G 2: Tri qua nhiu p to thnh IMP
G 3: To thnh AMP v GMP t IMP
TH purin nucleotid t
ribose 5-phosphat
Gm 3 c ch c ch
ngc (c ch enzym)
3 G
G3 :
IMP AMP cn c GTP
IMP GMP cn c ATP
s tng hp 2
nucleotid ny c khuynh
hng cn bng.
1
2
3
IU HA TNG HP
PURIN NUCLEOTID
HGPRT
TH purin nucleotid t vic ti s dng base
nit v nucleosid t do
Allopurinol allopurinol ribonucleotid bt hot (*)
Trong HC Lesch-Nyhan: hot tnh HGPRT gim (*) khng xy ra, nn
allopurinol khng c tc dng.
PRPP
HGPRT
2.2. Tong hp Pyrimidin va Pyrimidin nucleotid
2 giai oan:
dUMP
dTMP
d
1
2
Megaloblastic anemia:
do thiu CTP, TMP, UTP
gim sn xut HC
iu tr bng Uridin
IU HA TNG HP
PYRIMIDIN NUCLEOTID
1
2
C
T
P

c

c
h

n
g

c

e
n
z
y
m

a
s
p
a
r
t
a
t
e

t
r
a
n
s
c
a
r
b
a
m
o
y
l
a
s
e
.
CTP c ch aspartate
transcarbamoylase (hnh
bn)
UMP c ch CAP
synthase
TTP khng c vai tr
trong c ch ngc trn s
tng hp pyrimidin
Nhiu thuc dng trong iu tr (ho tr K) tc dng ln enzym
ca qu trnh tng hp nucleotid
2.3. Tong hp cac deoxyribonucleotid
kh oxy C
2
Ribonucleotid Deoxyribonucleotid
Qua trnh khac nhau cac loai:
*E.coli:
NDP dNDP
*Lactobacillus:
NTP dNTP
*Tong hp cac dNTP t dNDP:
dNDP dNTP
ATP ADP
KH RIBONUCLEOTID THNH
DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTID
Kh nhm 2-hydroxyl ca ribonucleotid diP
Phc hp enzym ribonucleotid reductase
S tao thanh cac Nucleosid di va triphosphat:
Bng p phosphoryl ha
2.4. Tong hp ADN
2.4.1.S nhan oi ban bao ton
- Mo hnh: cau truc xoan oi
- Watson va Crick: gia thuyet ve c che ban
bao ton cua s tong hp ADN.
2.4.2.Cau truc chac ba cua ADN (replication fork)
Qua trnh nhan oi ADN, 5 giai oan:
1. Nhan biet iem m au va thao xoan tach
biet 2 si ADN me (he thong Replicase)
2 loai protein chnh tham gia qua trnh nay:
ADN helicase, tach ri hai si
Protein gan ADN si n (single strand DNA
binding protein hay SSB protein), gi cho 2
si ADN n trang thai ri nhau va on nh
2. Tao ARN moi nh primase
Primase ket hp ADN helicase tao primosom
3.Tong hp hai si ADN mi nh ADN polymerase
(ADN Polymerase III)
-si dan,
-si sau oan Okazaki
4. Loai ARN moi nh ADN polymerase I. Sau o cac
oan ADN mi tiep tuc c keo dai.
5. Noi nhng oan ADN mi nh ADN ligase
2.4.4. Sa cha ADN :
E.coli, t le sai sot 1/10
9
10
10
nucleotid.
Nh ADN polymerase I va III co the lui lai
tach va loai bo nucleotid sai, gan nucleotid
ung.
ARN polymerase khong co tac dung t sa
cha.
S nhan oi ADN tb nhan that va tb nhan s
eu tng t nh nhau.
2.5.Tong hp ARN (S chuyen ma)
CCCACAGCCGCCAGTTCCGCTG
CGCATTTT
ADN-si m ha
GGGTGTCGGCGGTCAAGGCGAC
GCGTAAAA
ADN-si khun
CCCACAGCCGCCAGUUCCGCUG
CGCAUUUU
ARN m
ieu chnh ARN:
ARNm c ieu chnh rat t hoac khong can ieu
chnh sau khi ARN c tong hp. Mot so ARN
c giai ma ngay trong qua trnh chuyen ma.
tien ARNt va tien ARNr:
- b cat oan bi nuclease va c ieu chnh thanh
nhng si ARN mi.
- them mot so nucleotid vao au ARN.V du, CCA
c them vao au 3 cua mot so phan t ARNt nao
cha co san trnh t chuoi nay au.
- thay oi ve base va ribose cua ARNr.
mot so base c methyl hoa ;
- tao base hiem ARNt
SINH TONG HP PROTEIN
Tong hp protein: rat can thiet cho s ton tai, tang
trng va phat trien cua te bao.
Protein co nhieu chc nang quan trong:
- xuc tac phan ng hoa hoc (enzym),
- xay dng te bao va mo (protein cau truc),
- bao ve c the (khang the) .
Protein co tnh ac hieu rat cao:
truyen lai cho the he sau (di truyen), ngha la te bao
con tong hp c nhng protein co cau truc va tnh
chat giong het nhng protein cua te bao me.
Lun thuyt trung tm
Ngun: Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition.
M di truyn chun
Ngun: Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition.
S chuyen ma va giai ma
S chuyen ma: s phien ma, s sao chep, transcription
- la s tong hp ARNm
- khuon: ADN (cha cac ma)
- enzym: ARN polymerase hay transcriptase.
S giai ma: s phien dch, translation.
- la s tong hp protein
- Khuon: ARNm.
Transcriptase ngc va ARN polymerase hng ARN
Transcriptase ngc:
- mot so virut gay ung th mo V
- enzym xuc tac s tong hp ADN
- khuon: phan t ARN virut
- tao: ADN bo sung (cDNA, complementary DNA)
ARN polymerase hng ARN (ARN replicase)
- cua E.coli b nhiem virut
- enzym xuc tac s tao thanh mot ARN bo sung
- khuon: ARN virut
- tao: ARN bo sung vi ARN virut.
S hoat hoa va van chuyen acid amin
Acid amin se c hoat hoa thanh nhng dang phan t giau nang lng.
Qua trnh hoat hoa nay la rat can thiet v acid amin t do th khong the
t ket hp trc tiep c vao chuoi polypeptid ang c keo dai.
- Enzym xuc tac: Amino acyl synthetase
2 giai oan:
-Hoat hoa aa :
Mg++
E + R-CH-COOH + ATP (RCHCOO~AMP)E + PP
NH2 NH2
Adenylat aa
- Tao phc hp aa-ARNt:
(RCHCOO~AMP) E + ARNt AMP + E + RCHCOO-ARNt
NH2 NH2
- xay ra bao tng, vi s tham gia cua 20 aa, 20 ARNt, ATP,
Mg
++
va 20 aa-ARNt synthetase.
Qua trnh bieu hien gen
nhan s
nhan that
3.5.3.Protein sau khi c tong hp:
Thuy phan cat fMet hoac Met,
Tao lien ket disulfur gia 2 cystein; protein t xoan va
cuon khuc tao nen cac cau truc bac II, III, IV.
Co the co mot so acid amin c bien oi:
prolin, lysin hydroxyprolin, hydroxylysin.
Tao glucoprotein:
glucid + protein glucoprotein
Mot so protein c phosphoryl hoa.
3.5.4.S phan bo protein
Sau khi c cac bao quan
tong hp, protein
ra ngoai te bao
3.5.5. Tac dung cua mot so khang sinh
-c che s STH protein vi khuan vi khuan khong
phat trien c.
-Moi loai khang sinh co tac dung len mot khau nhat
nh cua qua trnh STH protein.
V du:
Chat c che Tac dung ac hieu
Ch tac dung tren te
bao nhan s:
Rifamycin
Tetracyclin
Streptomycin
c che s di chuyen cua ARN polymerase
(ngan can s sinh tong hp ARN).
c che s gan aminoacyl-ARNt vao v tr
A cua ribosom (bc 1).
Ngan can s chuyen phc hp m au
sang giai oan keo dai (bc 1); gay oc
nham ma.
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Tac dung tren te bao
nhan s va te bao
nhan that:
Puromycin
Actinomycin D
Ch tac dung len te
bao nhan that:
Cycloheximide
c che phan ng xuc tac bi peptidyl
transferase (bc 2).
c che phan ng chuyen v (bc 3).
Gan vao si polypeptid ang hnh thanh, lam cho
no b phong thch sm hn va d dang.
Gan vao ADN va ngan can s di chuyen cua ARN
Polymerase (ngan can s tong hp ARN).
c che peptidyl transferase.
Rifamycin
ARN Polymerase
ADN ARN PROTEIN
M au Keo dai Ket thuc
1 2 3
Tetra
Strepto Ery
Chloram
Pep.Trans
ferase
LIN QUAN V
IU HO CHUYN HO
i cng:
Cc cht u c con ng chuyn ho ring.
Con ng chuyn ho ca cc cht c nhng
im chung, lin quan cht ch to nn mng
li chuyn ho chung rt phc tp ca c th
www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/pathway/map/map01100.html
S lin quan
gia cc con
ng chuyn
ho cc cht
i cng
Qu trnh chuyn ho cc cht c kim sot
cht ch nh c ch iu ho mc c th
hoc t bo.
S iu ho chuyn ho cc cht theo nhu cu
ca c th.
S thng nht chuyn ha
Th hin :
Chu trnh ACID CITRIC
AcetylCoA CO
2
, H
2
O + Q
H HP T BO: T CHY G, L, P theo
nhng c ch chung, h thng enzym chung
to H
2
O, ATP
HOT HA, TCH TR V S DNG NNG
LNG: nh qu trnh phosphoryl ha, h
thng ADP-ATP.
Cc giai on
ca qu trnh
thoi ho
G1: To acetyl-CoA t acid bo,
glucose, v acid amin
G2: Oxi ho nhm acetyl trong chu trnh
acid citric tch ra tng cp nguyn t
hydro.
G3: NADH v FADH
2
mang tng cp
nguyn t H n chui h hp t bo to
H
2
O. Qu trnh ny tch tr nng lng
dng ATP.
S bin i qua li gia G, L, P: thng qua cc cht ng ba ng
Cht ng ba ng : sn phm thoi ha chung
: tin cht chung
GLUCID LIPID
Cht ng 3 ng
PROTID
TD: PYRUVAT, ACETYLCoA, OAA, GLYCEROL
COOH COOH COOH COOH
l l l l
H
2
N- CH C=O C=O H2N- CH
l l l l
CH
3
+ CH
2
CH
3
+ CH
2
l l
CH
2
CH
2
l l
COOH COOH
Ala oCETO GLUTARAT PYRUVAT Glu
Alanin oceto glutarat Aspartat
ALAT GPT GOT ASAT
Pyruvat L Glutamat Oxalo acetat
CH
2
OH CH
2
OH CH
2
OH
l l l
CHOH CHOH C=O
l l l
CH
2
OH CH
2
O- P CH
2
O- P
PDA
GPT
Glycerol
kinase
ATP ADP
Dehydrogenase
NADHH
+
NAD
+
Pyruvat tn to glucid
acetyl CoA AB
PGA tn to glucid
pyruvat Ala
Tuy nhin cc cht khng th thay th nhau hon
ton c v:
- Glucid l ngun nng lng ch yu ca c th
- Lipid: cc AB cn thit c th khng tng hp c
- Protid: cc AA cn thit c th khng tng hp c
ch dinh dng hp l, cht vi t l nht
nh.
T L KHU PHN THC N THCH HP
Nm Tng Q %
P L G
1972 2300
Kcal
12 13 75
1997 2700
Kcal
10-12 15 - 20 65 - 75
NHN
TNG HP
ADN
ARN
NAD
+
TY TH
CHHTB
|Oxh AB
CTAC
To th ceton
BO DCH
ng phn
HMP
Tng hp AB
TY TH V BO DCH
Tn to G
CT ur
To Hem
ATP
RIBOSOM
Tng hp protein
ATP
PO
Quan h chuyn ha gia cc bo quan
TH TY : ni chuyn ha nng lng (ATP)
NHN : tng hp ADN, ARN, NAD
+
RIBOSOM : STH Protein