Tim Tap Xac Dinh Cua Ham So

Hm s v th- Trn Xun Bang - GV Ton THPT Chuyn Qung Bnh
Hm s v th - Trn Xun Bang - GV Ton THPT Chuyn Qung Bnh

1
Ch I. HM S V TH

I. TP XC NH CA HM S.
1. Hm s dng y =
( )
( )
f x
g x
. (1)
TX: D =
{ } { }
g g g
x D g(x) 0 D \ x D g(x) = 0 e = = e
2. Hm s dng y = ( ) f x . (2)
TX: D =
{ }
f
x D f(x) 0 e >
3. Hm s c dng y = lnf(x).
TX: D =
{ }
f
x D f(x) > 0 e
Do vy ta chuyn cc bi ton tm tp xc nh ca hm s vo ch phng trnh v h
phng trnh, bt phng trnh v h bt phng trnh.
II. TP GI TR CA HM S.
1. Tm tp gi tr bng nh ngha.
N. Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn D. y l mt gi tr thuc tp gi tr ca f(x) khi v ch
khi phng trnh f(x) = y c nghim thuc D.
PP. Tm iu kn y phng trnh f(x) = y c nghim. Phng php ny thng dng cho
cc hm s c tp xc nh R.
V d 1. Tm tp gi tr ca hm s y =
2 1
1
x
x

.
Gii: TX. R \ { } 1 .
Phng trnh y =
2 1
1
x
x

2 1
1
yx y x
x
=

( 2) 1
1
y x y
x
=
y = 2
Vy tp gi tr ca hm s l R \ { } 2 .
2
2 1
2 1
x x
x

+
.
Gii: TX. R \
1
2

`
)
.
Phng trnh y =
2
2 1
2 1
x x
x

+

2
2yx + y = 2x - x - 1
1
x
2

2
2 (2 1) 1 0
1
2
x y x y
x
+ =

4y
2
+ 4y + 1 + 8y + 8 > 0 4y
2
+ 12y + 9 > 0: Bt phng trnh ny tho vi mi y.
Vy tp gi tr ca hm s l R.
2
1
x
x
.
Gii: TX. R \ { } 1 .

2
y =
2
1
x
x

2
yx - y = x
x 1

2
0
1
x yx y
x
+ =
y
2
- 4y > 0 y s 0 hoc y > 4.
Vy tp gi tr ca hm s l ( ; 0) (4; ) +
V d 4. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m phng trnh (m-1)sinx + m(cosx - 2) = 0 c nghim

Gii:
Phng trnh tng ng m(sinx+ cosx - 2) = sinx (1)
Do sinx + cosx s 2 nn sinx + cosx - 2 < 0. Suy ra sinx + cosx - 2 = 0
(1)
sin
sin cos 2
x
x x +
= m (2)
t y =
sin
sin cos 2
x
x x +

TX: R
Gi y l mt gi tr thuc tp gi tr ca hm s.
Khi phng trnh y =
sin
sin cos 2
x
x x +
c nghim.
y =
sin
sin cos 2
x
x x +
(y - 1)sinx + ycosx - 2y = 0
Phng trnh ny c nghim khi ch khi (y - 1)
2
+ y
2
> (- 2y)
2

2y
2
+ 2y - 1 s 0

- 1 - 3 - 1 + 3
y
2 2
s s
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi
- 1 - 3 - 1 + 3
m
2 2
s s
BTII.1.
1) Tm tp gi tr ca hm s
a)
2
2
1
1
x
y
x
=
+

b)
2
2
1
x
y
x
=
+

2) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau y c nghim :

sinx - 2cosx + 1
= 1 - 2m
sinx + 2

HD. Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn D. Phng trnh f(x) = k c nghim trn D khi v ch
khi k thuc tp gi tr ca f(x).
3) Chng minh - 1
2
2
cos 2 cos
1
2 cos 1
x x
x x

+
s s
+
, vi (0; ) e
HD. Tm tp gi tr ca hm s
2
2
cos 2 cos
2 cos 1
x x
y
x x

+
=
+


3
4)* Tm a tp gi tr ca hm s
2
1 x
y
x a
+
=
+
cha on [0; 1]
5)* Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s
3
4
2
12 ( )
36
x x a
y
x
(
=
(
+

HD. Tm tp gi tr ca hm s
3
4
2
12 ( )
36
x x a
y
x
(
=
(
+

.
2. Tm tp gi tr bng phng php bt ng thc.

PP. Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh v lin tc trn D.
Nu m s f(x) s M, x D e th tp xc nh ca f(x) l [m; M]
Nu m s f(x), x D e th tp xc nh ca f(x) l [m; +)
Nu f(x) s M th tp xc nh ca f(x) l ( - ; M]
Ch nu khng c du bng trong cc bt ng thc trn th phi thm iu kin v gii hn.
V d: f(x) > m, x D e th khng th kt lun ngay tp gi tr ca f(x) l (m; +)
m phi c thm iu kin
0
lim
x x
f(x) = m.
2
2
1
x
x +
.
Gii: Ta c
2
2
1 1
1
x
x
s s
+
, x R e , y =
2
2
1
x
x +
lin tc trn R. Vy tp gi tr ca hm s y =
2
2
1
x
x +
l [-1; 1].
V d 2. y =
2 2
1 1 x x x x + + +
Gii: Ta c: y =
2 2
2
1 1
x
x x x x + + + +
=
2 2
2
1 3 1 3
( ) ( )
2 4 2 4
x
x x + + + +
s
s
2 2
2
1 1
( ) ( )
2 2
x
x x + +
=
2
1 1
2 2
x
x x + +
s
2
1 1
2 2
x
x x + +
=
2
2
x
x
= 1

Du bng khng xy ra v h sau v nghim:
0
1 1
0 ( )( ) 0
2) 2
0
x
x x x
x
=
= v + >

Mt khc ta c
2 2
lim( 2 1 2 1)
x
x x x x
+ + + =
2 2
2
lim
1 1
x
x
x x x x
+ + + +
= - 1

2 2
lim( 2 1 2 1)
x
x x x x
+
+ + + =
2 2
2
lim
1 1
x
x
x x x x
+
+ + + +
= 1
Hm s cho lin tc trn R
Vy tp gi tr ca hm s l (- 1; 1)

4
BTII.2. Tm tp gi tr cc hm s sau
1) y =
2 2
2 3 2 3 x x x x + + +
2) y =
2
4 x
3) y = ( 2)(3 2 ) x x +
4) y = 3 6 x x + +

3. Tm tp gi tr bng phng php kho st s bin thin ca hm s.

PP. Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh v lin tc trn D. Kho st v lp bng bin thin, ta s thy
ngay tp gi tr ca hm s.
2
2
1
x
x +
.
Gii: TX: R
Ta c y' =
2 2
2 2
2(1 ) 4
(1 )
x x
x
+
+
=
2
2 2
2(1 )
(1 )
x
x
+

Bng bin thin:
Thy ngay tp gi tr [ -1; 1]
V d 2. y =
2 2
1 1 x x x x + + +
Gii: TX: R
Ta c: y' =
2
2 1
2 1
x
x x
+
+ +
-
2
2 1
2 1
x
x x
+

* Nu
1
2
s x
1
2
s th y' > 0
* Nu x
1
2
> th y' > 0 (x
2
- x + 1)(2x + 1)
2
> (x
2
+ x + 1)(2x - 1)
2

-2x
2
+ 2x + x
2
- x + 1 >2x
2
+ 2x - x
2
- x - 1
x
2
1 s - 1 1 x s s
hay
1
2
1 x < s th y' > 0
* Nu x < -
1
2
th y' > 0
(x
2
- x + 1)(2x + 1)
2
s (x
2
+ x + 1)(2x - 1)
2

-2x
2
+ 2x + x
2
- x + 1 s2x
2
+ 2x - x
2
- x - 1
x
2
1 s x 1 s hoc x > 1.
hay vi x < -
1
2
th y' > 0
Bng bin thin:

Vy tp gi tr ca hm s l (- 1; 1)
BTII.3. Tm tp gi tr cc hm s sau
1) y =
2 2
2 3 2 3 x x x x + + + +
x - - 1 1 +
y' - 0 + 0 -

y
0 1

-1 0

x - +
y' +

y

1

- 1


5
2) y = x +
2
4 x
3) y = x +
2
4 x +
4) y = 4 4 x x +

III. IM C BIT CA TH.
1. im c nh.
N. im M(x
0
; y
0
) c gi l im c nh ca th hm s y = f(m, x), trong m l
tham s, nu M(x
0
; y
0
) thuc mi th ca hm s y = f(m, x).
PP. M(x
0
; y
0
) thuc mi th ca hm s y = f(m, x) khi v ch khi y
0
= f(m, x
0
), m .
hay phng trnh y
0
= f(m, x
0
), tho m .
Vy M(x
0
; y
0
) l im c nh ca th hm s y = f(m, x) khi ch khi phng trnh y
0
= f(m,
x
0
), tho m . T y suy ra x
0
, y
0
.
V d 1. Tm im c nh ca h ng thng: y = m(x - 1) + m - 1
Gii: M(x
0
; y
0
) l im c nh ca th hm s y = m(x - 1) + m - 1 khi ch khi phng trnh
y
0
= m( x
0
- 1) + m - 1, tho m .
mx
0
- 1 - y
0
= 0 tho m x
0
= 0, y
0
= 1.
V d 2. Cho hm s y = x
3
- 3(m + 1)x
2
+ 2(m
2
+ 4m + 1)x - 4m(m +1 ) (1)
1) Chng minh rng th lun lun i qua mt im c nh.
2) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m th hm s (1) ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit c
honh ln hn 1.
Gii:
1) M(x
0
; y
0
) l im c nh ca th hm s
y = x
3
- 3(m + 1)x
2
+ 2(m
2
+ 4m + 1)x - 4m(m +1 )
khi ch khi phng trnh : y
0
= x
3
0
- 3(m + 1)x
2
0
+ 2(m
2
+ 4m + 1)x
0
- 4m(m +1 ) tho m .
(2x
0
- 4)m
2
- (3 x
2
0
- 8 x
0
+ 4)m + x
3
0
- 3 x
2
0
+ 2 x
0
- y
0
= 0 tho m .

0
2
0 0
3 2
0 0 0 0
2 4 0
3 8 4 0
3 2 0
x
x x
x x x y
=
+ =
+ =
x
0
= 2, y
0
= 0.
2) T 1) cho ta thy khi y = 0 phng trnh:
x
3
- 3(m + 1)x
2
+ 2(m
2
+ 4m + 1)x - 4m(m +1 ) = 0 c 1 nghim x = 2
V th phng trnh tng ng vi ( x - 2)[x
2
- (3m + 1)x + 2m(m +1)] = 0
Thy ngay 3 nghim x = 2, x = 2m, x = m + 1.
Ta phi c:
2 2
1 2
2 1
2 1
1 1
m
m
m m
m
m
=
+ =
= +
>
+ >
m >
1
2
. m 1 =
Bi tp III.1.1
Cho hm s y = x
3
+ mx
2
+ (m
2
- 3m)x - m
2
+ 2m - 1 (1)
1) Tm cc im m th (1) lun lun i qua vi mi m.

6
2) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m th hm s (1) ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit.
Bi tp III.1.2. Tm im c nh ca th cc hm s sau y
1) y = x
4
+ mx
2
- m - 5
2) y =
2
2
x x n
x n
+
+

3) y =
2
2 (1 ) 1 x m x m
x m
+ + +

4) y = x
3
- (m + 1)x
2
- (2m
2
- 3m + 2)x + 2m( 2m - 1)
2. im khng c th no i qua.
N. im M(x
0
; y
0
) c gi l im khng c th no ca th hm s y = f(m, x), trong
m l tham s, i qua nu M(x
0
; y
0
) khng thuc mi th ca hm s y = f(m, x).
PP. M(x
0
; y
0
) khng thuc mi th ca hm s y = f(m, x) khi v ch khi y
0
= f(m, x
0
),
khng tho m hay phng trnh y
0
= f(m, x
0
), v nghim m.
T y suy ra x
0
, y
0
.
V d 1. Tm tt c cc im trong mt phng m khng c th no ca h ng thng:
y = m(x - 2) + m
2
- 1 i qua
Gii: Gi M(x
0
; y
0
) l im nh th y
0
= m(x
0
- 2) + m
2
- 1, v nghim m
m
2
+ (x
0
- 2)m - 1 - y
0
= 0, v nghim m
(x
0
- 2)
2
- 4(1 + y
0
) < 0
y
0
>
1
4
(
2
0 0
4 x x )
l phn trong ca parabol y =
1
4
(
2
4 x x )
(phn mt phng cha im (0; 1)
V d 2. Tm tt c cc im trn ng thng y = 1 sao cho khng c th no ca h y =
2 2
m x + 1
x
i qua.
Gii: Gi M(x
0
; 1) l im nh th 1 =
2 2
0
0
m x + 1
x
, v nghim m
Phng trnh
2 2
0 0
0
x m = x - 1
x 0
(1)
Thy ngay h (1) v nghim m ch khi x
0
= 0 hoc x
0
< 1.
l tp hp nhng im thuc ng thng y = 1, c honh x < 1.
Bi tp III.2.1.
1) Tm tt c cc im trn mt phng sao cho khng c th no ca h th sau y i qua:
2
x + mx - 8
y =
x - m
.
2) Tm tt c cc im trn mt phng sao cho khng c th no ca h th sau y i qua:
2
(m - 2)x - (m - 2m + 4)
y =
x - m
.

3. im ch c mt s th i qua.
f(x)=(x^2-4x)/4
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x
f(x)

7
N. im M(x
0
; y
0
) c k th ca h th hm s y = f(m, x) i qua nu M(x
0
; y
0
) thuc
vo ng k th ca h.
PP. im M(x
0
; y
0
) c k th ca h th hm s y = f(m, x) khi v ch khi phng trnh
y
0
= f(m, x
0
) c ng k nghim m.
V d. Chng minh rng nhng im trong mt phng bn phi trc tung c ng hai th
ca h th hm s
2 2
(m + 1)x - m
y =
x - m
i qua.
Gii: Gi A(x
0
; y
0
) , trong x
0
> 0. Xt phng trnh
2 2
0
0
0
(m + 1)x - m
y =
x - m
(1)
(1)
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 4 2 2 2
2 2 4 2
2 2 4 2 3
yx - ym = mx + x - m m - (x + y)m - x + xy = 0
(1)
x - m 0 x - m 0
= (x + y) + 4x - 4xy = x + 2x y + y + 4x - 4xy =
= y + 2(x - 2x)y + x + 4x
' = (x - 2x) x - 4x = - 4x

= =

< 0, x > 0.
> 0, x > 0, y.

Suy ra (1) c hai nghim phn bit.
Bi tp III.3.1.
1) Chng minh rng nhng im trong mt phng v khng thuc trc tung c ng hai th
ca h th hm s
2 2
x - mx - m
y =
x + m
i qua.
2) Nhng im thuc ng thng y = 1, c bao nhiu th ca h th hm s sau i qua:
y = x
4
- 2mx
2
+ m
2
+ 1 i qua.
3) Cho hm s
2 2
- x + mx - m
y =
x - m
, (C
m
)
a) Kho st hm s khi m = 1.
b) Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu. Khi vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai
im cc i v cc tiu ca hm s.
c) Tm trn mt phng cc im c ng hai th ca h (C
m
) i qua.
IV. VN I XNG.
1. Trc i xng.
Ta ch xt trc i xng l ng thng vung gc trc honh.
L: th hm s y = f(x) c trc i xng l ng thng x = x
0
khi v ch khi qua php bin
i
0
x = x + X
y = Y
hm s cho tr thnh Y = f(x

0
+ X) l mt hm s chn.
V d 1: Chng t rng th hm s y = x
4
- 4x
3
- 2x
2
+ 12x - 1 c trc i xng. T suy ra
honh giao im ca th vi trc honh.
Gii:
Gi s ng thng x = x
0
l trc i xng ca th hm s.
Khi qua php bin i:
0
x x X
y Y
= +
hm s cho tr thnh:
Y = (x
0
+ X)
4
- 4(x
0
+ X)
3
- 2(x
0
+ X)
2
+ 12(x
0
+ X) - 1

8
=
4 3 2 2 3 4
0 0
4 6 4
o o
x x X x X x X X + + + + -
-
3 2 2 3
0 0 0
4 12 12 4 x x X x X X -
-
2 2
0 0
2 4 2 x x X X +

0
12 12
1
x X + +

Y l hm s chn ca X
0
3 2
0 0 0
4 4 0
4 12 4 12 0
x
x x x
=

+ =

Suy ra: x
0
= 1.
Vy th hm s c trc i xng l ng thng x = 1.
*Honh giao im ca th vi trc honh.
Theo trn, khi x
0
= 1 th Y = X
4
- 8X
2
+ 6
Honh giao im ca thi vi trc honh l nghim phng trnh:
y = 0 Y = 0 X
4
- 8X
2
+ 6 = 0
X
2
= 4 10
X = 4 10 , X = 4 10 +
Suy ra phng trnh c 4 nghim: x = 1 4 10 , x = 1 4 10 +
Honh 4 giao im vi trc honh l : x = 1 4 10 , x = 1 4 10 +
***T v d 1 trn y ta suy ra mt phng php gii phng trnh bc bn nu v tri ca
phng trnh l mt hm m th cu n c trc i xng.
V d 2: Gii phng trnh x
4
+ 8x
3
+ 12x
2
- 16x + 3 = 0
t y = x
4
+ 8x
3
+ 12x
2
- 16x + 3.
Gi s ng thng x = x
0
l trc i xng ca th hm s.
Khi qua php bin i:
0
x x X
y Y
= +
hm s cho tr thnh:
Y = (x
0
+ X)
4
+ 8(x
0
+ X)
3
+ 12(x
0
+ X)
2
- 16(x
0
+ X) + 3 =
=
4 3 2 2 3 4
0 0
4 6 4
o o
x x X x X x X X + + + + -

3 2 2 3
0 0 0
8 24 24 8 x x X x X X + + + + +

2 2
0 0
12 24 12 x x X X + + + +

0
16 16
3
x X +
+

Y l hm s chn, suy ra: x
0
= - 2
Y = X
4
- 12X
2
+ 35
Y = 0 X
2
= 5, X
2
= 7 X = 5 , X = 7
Suy ra bn nghim X = - 2 5 , X = - 2 7

Bi tp tng t:
BT1. Chng t rng th hm s y = 2x
4
- 16x
3
+ 43x
2
- 44x + 14 c trc i xng. T
suy ra honh giao im ca th vi trc honh.

9
S: x = 2
1
2
, x = 2 2 .
BT2. Gii phng trnh 6x
4
+ 24x
3
+ 23x
2
- 2x - 1 = 0
S: x = - 1
2
3
, x = - 1
3
2
.
BT3. Chng t rng th hm s y = x
4
+ 8x
3
+ 12x
2
- 16x + 3 c trc i xng. T suy
ra honh giao im ca th vi trc honh.
BT4. Tm tt c cc gi tr a th hm s sau c trc i xng:
y = ax
4
+ 4x
3
- 2ax
2
+ 1
2. Tm i xng.
L: th hm s y = f(x) c tm i xng l M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) khi v ch khi qua php bin i
0
0
x = x + X
y = y + Y
hm s cho tr thnh Y = f(x

0
+ X) - y
0
l mt hm s l.
V d 1: Chng t rng th hm s y = 4x
3
- 2x
2
+ 12x - 1 c mt tm i xng.

Gii:
Vi M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) : Qua php bin i
0
0
x = x + X
y = y + Y
hm s cho tr thnh
3 2
0 0 0
Y = 4(x + X) - 2(x + X) + 12(x + X) + 1 - y
0
=
= 4
3 2 2 3
0 0
12 12 4
o
x x X x X X + + + -

2 2
0 0
2 4 2 x x X X +
+ 1 - y
0

Y l mt hm s l
0
3 2
0 0 0
12x - 2 = 0
4x - 2x + 1 - y = 0

0
0
1
x =
6
97
y =
98

Vy, th hm s c ng mt tm i xng l
0
1 97
M ;
6 98
| |
|
\ .

**Ch : Bi ton yu cu tm tm i xng hay chng minh th c tm i xng ta u i
tm tm i xng.
i vi hm s bc ba, bn c th ch ra tm i xng l im un ca th, nhng nh th
khng chng minh c " c ng mt tm i xng".
V d 2: Tm tm i xng ca th hm s
2
x - 2x
y =
x - 1
.
Gii:

10
Gi s M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) l tm i xng. Qua php bin i
0
0
x = x + X
y = y + Y
hm s cho tr thnh
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0
2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
( ) 2( ) 2( 1) 2
( ) 1 1
(2 2) 2
1
x X x X X x X x x
y Y
x X x X
X x y X x x x y y
Y
x X
+ + + +
+ = =
+ +
+ + +
=
+

Y phi l mt hm s l, trong khi mu thc ch c th l mt hm s l, do t thc phi l
mt hm s chn. Suy ra:
0 0
0 0 0
1 0 1
2 2 0 0
x x
x y y
= =

= =

Vy tm i xng duy nht ca th l M
0
(1, 0).
**Ch : Nu bn dng tnh cht giao im ca hai tim cn l tm i xng thy M
0
(1, 0),
ri cho d bn dng nh l trn chng minh M
0
(1, 0) l tm i xng ca th, v qua php
bin i
x = 1 + X
y = 0 + Y
hm s cho tr thnh
2 2
(1 ) 2(1 ) 1 X X X
Y
X X
+ +
= = l mt hm s l
th li gii vn cha trn vn bi bn cha tr li c cu hi: cn na khng ?
V d : Chng minh rng M(- 1; - 2) l tm i xng ca th hm s
2
x
y =
x + 1
.
Gii:
Qua php bin i
x = -1 + X
y = 2 + Y
hm s cho tr thnh
2 2 2
( 1 ) 2 1 1
2
( 1 ) 1
X X X X
Y Y
X X X
+ + +
+ = = =
+ +

Y l mt hm s l. Suy ra pcm.
Bi tp tng t:
BT1. Chng t rng th cc hm s sau u c mt tm i xng:
1) y =
2 - 3x
2x - 3
2) y =
2
2x + x - 1
x - 1

3) y = 2x
3
- 3x
2
+ 1
BT2. Tm tm i xng ca th cc hm s:
1) y =
2 + 3x
2x - 3
2) y =
2
2x - x - 1
x + 2

3) y = x
3
- x
2
+ x - 1

**Ch : Cn v im M'(x'; y') l im i xng ca M(x: y) qua
i) M
0
(x
0
; y
0
) l
0
0
x + x' = 2x
y + y' = 2y
c bit qua O(0; 0) l

x + x' = 0
y + y' = 0

ii) ng thng y = m l
x = x'
y + y' = 2m
c bit qua trc honh l

x = x'
y = - y'


11
3i) ng thng x = m l
x + x' = 2m
y = y'
c bit qua trc tung l

x = - x'
y = y'

4i) Phn gic y = x l
x' = y
y' = x
, phn gic y = - x l
x' = - y
y' = - x

5i) ng thng Ax + By + C = 0 : Xem Phng php to trong mt phng.

V d1 : Tm tt c cc cp im M,N trn th hm s
2
2
1
x x
y
x
+ +
=
i xng qua I (0; 5/2)

Gii: Gi M(x
1
. y
1
), N(x
2
. y
2
). Ta c
2
1 1
1
1
2
1
x x
y
x
+ +
=
,
2
2 2
2
2
2
1
x x
y
x
+ +
=
, x
1
+ x
2
= 0, y
1
+ y
2
= 5
Suy ra: x
1
= - x
2
, y
1
= 5 - y
2
,
2
1 1
1
1
2
1
x x
y
x
+ +
=
, 5 -
2
1 1
1
1
2
1
x x
y
x
+ +
=

Suy ra: 5
2
1 1
1
2
1
x x
x
+ +
=
+
2
1 1
1
2
1
x x
x
+ +

V d2 : Tm phng trnh ng cong i xng vi ng cong
2
2
2
x x
y
x
+
=
qua ng
thng y = 2.
Gii: Gi th hm s
2
2
2
x x
y
x
+
=
l (C), th i xng qua ng thng y = 2 l ( D)

M'(x'; y') e ( D) -M(x; y) i xng M'(x'; y') v M(x; y) e (C)
2
2
1
'
4 '
x x
y
x
x x
y y
+
=

Suy ra
2 2 2
' ' 2 ' ' 2 ' 3 ' 2
4 ' ' 4
' 1 ' 1 ' 1
x x x x x x
y y
x x x
+ + +
= = =

hay
2
3 2
2
x x
y
x
+
=
l hm s
c th ( D).
Bi tp tng t:
BT1. Vi gi tr no ca m th trn th hm s y = x
3
- (m + 3)x
2
+ mx + m + 5 c cp im
i xng nhau qua O. Tm cp im khi m = 1.
BT2. Cho hm s y = x
3
+ 2x
2
- 4x - 3.
Chng t th ct trc honh ti A(-3; 0). Tm B i xng A qua tm i xng ca th.
BT2. Vit phng trnh ng cong i xng ng cong y = x
3
+ 3x
2
- 4 qua ng thng x =
1

V. VN TIP XC.
1. Tip tuyn ca th .
1.1. Tip tuyn ti M
0
(x
0;
y
0
).
Cho hm s y = f(x) c th (C). Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M
0
(x
0;
y
0
) e (C) l:
y = f '(x
0
)( x - x
0
) + f(x
0
)

12

1.2. Tip tuyn i qua M
0
(x
0;
y
0
).
Cho hm s y = f(x) c th (C). Gi d ng thng i qua M
0
(x
0;
y
0
). Khi phng trnh ca
d l y = k( x - x
0
) + y
0
. d l tip tuyn ca (C) khi v ch khi h phng trnh sau c nghim:

0 0
( ) ( ) ( )
'( )
f x k x x f x
f x k
= +

(nghim x ca h l honh tip im).
VD1. Vit phng trnh cc tip tuyn ca th hm s
2
1
x
y
x
=
, (C) :
1) Ti M(3; 9/2).
2) i qua N(2; 0)
Gii: Ta c y ' =
2
2
2
( 1)
x x
x

.
1) y'(3) = 3/2. Suy ra phng trnh tip tuyn l
3 9
( 3)
2 4
y x = + hay
3 9
2 4
y x =
2) Gi d ng thng i qua N(2; 0). Khi phng trnh d l y = k(x - 2).
d l tip tuyn ca (C) khi v ch khi h phng trnh sau c nghim:

2
2
2
( 2) (1)
1
2
(2)
( 1)
x
k x
x
x x
k
x

Thay k (2) vo (1) ta c:
2 2
2 2
0
0
2
( 2)
4
1 ( 1) ( 1) ( 2)
3
x
x
x x x
x
x x x x x x
=
=

=

= =

i) x = 0 suy ra k = 0. Ta c tip tuyn y = 0.
ii) x =
4
3
suy ra k =
8
9
. Ta c tip tuyn y =
8
9
(x - 2).
VD2. Tm trn ng thng y = 4 nhng im c th k c hai tip tuyn n th hm s
2
1
x
y
x
=
v hai tip tuyn ny vung gc vi nhau.

Gii. V y' =
2
2
2
( 1)
x x
x

nn x = 2 l mt im cc tr v d M(2; 4) l mt im cc tr ca
th hm s. Suy ra ng thng y = 4 l mt tip tuyn ca th.
Gi A(a; 4) l im thuc ng thng y = 4. ng thng i qua A to vi ng thng y = 4
gc 45
0
ngha l to vi trc honh gc 45
0
th c h s gc bng 1 hoc -1.
i) Tip tuyn c h s gc bng 1: y = x - a + 4
Xt h phng trnh
2
2
2
4
1
2
1
( 1)
x
x a
x
x x
x
= +
v nghim.

13
Suy ra khng c tip tuyn c h s gc bng 1 to vi ng thng y = 4 gc 45
0
.
ii) Tip tuyn c h s gc bng - 1: y = - x + a + 4
Xt h phng trnh
2
2
2
4 (1)
1
2
1 (2)
( 1)
x
x a
x
x x
x
= + +

T (2) suy ra 2x
2
- 4x + 1 = 0 x = 1
1
2

T (1) suy ra
2 2 2
2 5 4 (2 4 1) 3
4
1 1 1
x x x x x x
a x
x x x
+ + +
= + = =

Do :
i) Khi x = 1 +
1
2
. Suy ra a = 2 2 1 . Ta c A( 2 2 1 ; 4).
ii) Khi x = 1 -
1
2
. Suy ra a = 2 2 1 . Ta c A( 2 2 1 ; 4).
VD3. Cho y = 2x
3
- 3(m + 3)x
2
+ 18mx - 8
1) Tm m th tip xc vi trc honh.
2) Chng minh rng trn parabol y = x
2
c hai im khng thuc th (1) d m ly bt
k gi tr no
Gii: th tip xc vi trc honh khi ch khi h sau c nghim
3 2
2
2 3( 3) 18 8 0 (1)
( 3) 3 0 (2)
x m x mx
x m x m
+ + =
+ + =

T (2) suy ra x = 3, x = m. Thay vo (1):
i) x = 3: 54 - 27(m +3) + 54m - 8 = 0 27m = 35 m =
35
27

ii) x = m: 2m
3
- 3(m + 3)m
2
+ 18m
2
- 8 = 0 m
3
- 9m
2
+ 8 = 0 m = 1, m = 8.
2. Hai th tip xc.
N. Cho hm s y = f(x) c th (C), hm s y = g(x) c th (D).
(C) v (D) c gi l tip xc nhau ti im chung M
0
(x
0;
y
0
) nu cc tip tuyn ca (C) v
(D) ti M
0
(x
0;
y
0
) trng nhau.
l: Cn v (C) v (D) tip xc l h phng trnh sau c nghim:
( ) ( )
'( ) '( )
f x g x
f x g x
=

(nghim ca h l honh tip im)
VD1. Cho hm s
2
1
1
x x
y
x
+
=
(C)
1) Tm trn trc tung nhng im t c th k c t nht mt tip tuyn n th (C).
2) Tm tt c cc gi tr a (C) tip xc parabol y = x
2
+ a.
Gii:
1) Gi im thuc trc tung A(0; a). ng thng d qua A: y = kx + a

14
d l tip tuyn ca (C) khi ch khi h phng trnh sau c nghim:
2
2
2
1
(1)
1
2
(2)
( 1)
x x
kx a
x
x x
k
x
+
= +

Thay k (2) vo (1):
2 2
2 2 2
2
1 2
( 1)( 1) ( 2 ) ( 1)
1 ( 1)
x x x x
x a x x x x x x a x
x x
+
= + + = +

ax
2
- 2(a + 1)x + a - 1 = 0.
i) a = 0: Phng trnh c nghim
ii) a = 0: Phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi A' > 0 3a + 1 > 0 a > -
1
3
.
2) (C) tip xc parabol khi ch khi h phng trnh sau c nghim:

2
2
2
2
1
(1)
1
2
2 (2)
( 1)
x x
x a
x
x x
x
x
+
= +

T (2) suy ra x = 0 hoc
2
2
2
( 1)
x
x

=
x = 0 hoc 2x
2
- 5x + 4 = 0 x = 0.
Thay vo (1) ta c a = - 1.
VD2. Cho hm s y = (x -1)
2
(x + 1)
2
, (C)
1) Tm trn trc tung nhng im t c th k c t nht mt tip tuyn n th (C).
2) Tm tt c cc gi tr b (C) tip xc parabol y = 2x
2
+ b.
Gii:
1) Gi im thuc trc tung A(0; a). ng thng d qua A: y = kx + a
d l tip tuyn ca (C) khi ch khi h phng trnh sau c nghim:
4 2
3
2 1 (1)
4 4 (2)
x x kx a
x x k
+ = +

Thay a (2) vp (1): 3x
4
- 2x
2
= 1 - a (3)
t f(x) = 3x
4
- 2x
2
, Suy ra f '(x) = 12x
3
- 4x
Hm s t cc tiwr ti x =
1
3
. Suy ra minf(x) = -
1
3

H phng rnh c nghim khi ch khi phng trnh (3) c nghim 1 - a > -
1
3
a
4
3
s .
2) (C) tip xc parabol y = 2x
2
+ b h phng trnh sau c nghim

4 2 2
3
2 1 2 + b (1)
4 4 4 (2)
x x x
x x x
+ =

T (2) suy ra x = 0 , x = 2
i) x = 0: b = 1
ii) x = 2 : b = - 3
Bi tp tng t:
BT1. Cho hm s y = x
4
+ mx
2
- (m + 1) c th (C
m
)
1) Tm im c nh ca th.

15
2) Gi A l im c nh c honh dng ca (C
m
). Tm m tip tuyn ti A ca
(C
m
) song song vi ng thng y = 2x.
BT2. Cho hm s y =
1
3
x
3
- mx
2
+ (2m - 1)x - m + 2 c th (C
m
)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v thi (C) ca hm s khi m = 2.
2) Qua A(4/9; 4/3) k c my tip tuyn n (C). Vit phng trnh cc tip tuyn .
3) Vi gi tr no ca m th hm s (1) nghch bin trn (- 2; 0)
BT3. Cho cc hm s y = mx
2
- mx - 2 v
2
1
mx
y
x

=
+

1) Chng minh rng hai th ca hai hm s trn c cng mt im c nh.
2) Tm m im c nh trn tr thnh tip im. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn chung ti
tip im.
BT4. Cho hm s y = 2x
3
- 3(m + 1)x
2
+ 18mx - 8 (1)
1) Tm tt c cc gi tr m th hm s (1) tip xc trc honh.
2) Chng minh rng trn parabol y = x
2
c hai im khng thuc th hm s (1) d m ly
bt k gi tr no.
HD.
1) th hm s (1) tip xc trc honh khi ch khi h phng trnh sau c nghim:

3 2
2
2 3( 3) 18 8 0 (1)
( 3) 3 0 (2)
x m x mx
x m x m
+ + =
+ + =

rng (2) c 2 nghim x = 3, x = m.
2) Gi im nh th l M
0
(x
0
; y
0
) h phng trnh sau v nghim m:

3 2
0 0 0 0
2
0 0
2 3( 3) 18 8 (1)
(2)
y x m x mx
y x
= + +

Suy ra phng trnh
2 3 2
0 0 0 0
2 3( 3) 18 8 x x m x mx = + + v nghim m

3 2
0 0 0
2 (3 10) 18 8 0 x m x mx + + = v nghim m

2 3 2
0 0 0 0
(18 3 ) 2 10 8 0 x x m x x + = v nghim m
BT5. Cho hm s y = - x
4
+ 2mx
2
- 2m + 1 c th (C
m
)
1) Chng minh rng th hm s lun lun i qua hai im c nh A, B.
2) Tm m cc tip tuyn ca (C
m
) ti A v B vung gc vi nhau.
BT6. Tm m hai ng cong y = x
3
- 1 v y = - mx
2
tip xc vi nhau. T suy ra m > 0
phng trnh x
3
+ mx
2
- 1 = 0 c nghim duy nht.
BT7. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn chung ca cc cp ng cong sau:
1) y = x
2
- 2x + 3 v y = x
2
- 4x + 5
2) y = x
2
- 5x + 6 v y = - x
2
- x - 14
***Ch : ng thng y = px + q l tip tuyn ca parabol y = ax
2
+ bx + c khi v ch khi
phng trnh ax
2
+ bx + c = px + q hay ax
2
+ (b - p)x + c - q = 0 c nghim kp, tc l
A= (b - p)
2
- 4a(c - q) = 0
VD. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A(1; 2) v tip xc parabol y = 2x
2
+ x + 1.
Gii: ng thng d i qua A: y = k(x - 1) + 2
d l tip tuyn ca parabol khi ch khi phng trnh 2x
2
+ x + 1 = k(x - 1) + 2 c nghim kp.
2x
2
+ (1 - k)x + k - 1 = 0 c nghim kp (1 - k)
2
- 2(k - 1) = 0 k = 1, k = 3.
Hai tip tuyn : y = x + 1, y = 3x - 1.

16

3. H ng thng tip xc mt ng cong c nh.
Bi ton. Chng minh rng h ng thng (d
m
) lun lun tip xc mt ng cong c
nh.
Phng php. Tm nhng im trong mt phng m h ng thng (d
m
) khng i qua
vi mi m. Bin ca tp hp cn tm l ng cong c nh cn tm.
VD1. Chng minh rng tim cn xin ca h: y =
2 2
( 1) m x m
x m
+
lun lun tip xc mt parabol

c nh.
Gii: H tim cn xin (d
m
) : y = (m + 1)x + m
2
+ m
M(x: y) l im thuc mt phng sao cho khng c ng thng ca (d
m
) i qua khi v ch khi
phng trnh y = (m + 1)x + m
2
+ m v nghim m m
2
+ (x + 1)m + x - y = 0 v nghim m
A= (x + 1)
2
- 4(x - y) < 0 y < -
1
4
(x - 1)
2
.
Ta chng minh (d
m
) tip xc vi parabol y = -
1
4
(x - 1)
2
.
Tht vy, xt phng trnh: (m + 1)x + m
2
+ m = -
1
4
(x - 1)
2

4(m + 1)x + 4m
2
+ 4 m = - (x - 1)
2

x
2
+ 2(2m + 1)x 4m
2
+ 4 m + 1 = 0
Phng trnh ny c nghim kp vi mi m. Suy ra iu phi chng minh.
VD2. Chng minh rng h ng thng ph thuc thm s :
( 1) cos ( 1) sin 4 0 x y + = (d)
lun lun tip xc mt ng trn c nh.
Gii: M(x; y) l im thuc mt phng sao cho khng c ng thng no ca h i qua
phng trnh ( 1) cos ( 1) sin 4 0 x y + = v nghim .
(x - 1)
2
+ (y - 1)
2
< 16
Xt ng trn: (x - 1)
2
+ (y - 1)
2
= 16 c tm I(1; 1), R = 4.
Ta c d(I, d) =
2 2
4
4
cos sin
=
+
= R. Suy ra h ng thng d tip xc ng trn c nh:
(x - 1)
2
+ (y - 1)
2
= 16
Bi tp tng t:
BT1. Chng minh h ng thng 4x - 2my + m
2
= 0 lun lun tip xc mt parabol c nh.
BT2. Chng minh rng tim cn xin ca h: y =
2
mx x m
x m
+ +
+
lun lun tip xc mt parabol c
nh.
BT3. Chng minh h ng thng cos sin cos sin 2 0 x y + + = lun lun tip xc mt
ng trn c nh.

VI. VN TNG GIAO CA HAI TH.
- L. Cho hm s y = f(x) c th (C), hm s y = g(x) c th (D).
Xt h phng trnh
( )
( )
y f x
y g x
=
(h cho bit to im chung (nu c) ca (C) v (D) (nu c))


17
T h phng trnh suy ra phng trnh: f(x) = g(x) ( phng trnh cho bit honh im
chung (nu c) ca (C) v (D)).
(C) v (D) c bao nhiu im chung khi v ch khi h
( )
( )
y f x
y g x
=
hay phng trnh f(x) = g(x)

c by nhiu nghim.
T y c hai bi ton:
i) Bin lun s im chung ca hai th (C) v (D) da vo h phng trnh
( )
( )
y f x
y g x
=
hay phng trnh f(x) = g(x).

ii) Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh f(x) = g(x) hay h phng trnh
( )
( )
y f x
y g x
=
da
vo s im chung ca hai th (C) v (D) .
VD1. Cho hm s y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ mx +1, (C
m
)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s khi m = 3.
2) Chng minh rng vi mi m th (C
m
) lun lun ct th hm s y = x
3
+ 2x
2
+ 7
ti hai im phn bit A, B. Tm qu tch trung im I ca on AB.
3) Xc nh m (C
m
) ct ng thng y = 1 ti 3 im C(0; 1), D, E sao cho cc tip
tuyn ca (C
m
) ti D, E vung gc vi nhau.
Gii. 2) Xt phng trnh x
3
+ 3x
2
+ mx +1 = x
3
+ 2x
2
+ 7 x
2
+ mx - 6 = 0 (*)
Thy ngay phng trnh ny lun lun c hai nghim phn bit. Suy ra pcm.
Gi A(x
1
; y
1
), B(x
2
; y
2
) l cc im chung. Khi x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca (*)
x
1
+ x
2
= - m, x
1
x
2
= - 6 v:

3 2
1 1 1
2 7 y x x = + + ,
3 2
2 2 2
2 7 y x x = + +
Gi I(x; y) l trung im ca AB th : x =
1 2
1
( )
2 2
m
x x + = m = - 2x, x
1
+ x
2
= 2x
( ) ( )
3 3 2 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1
2 2
y y
y x x x x
+
= = + + + + 7 =
( ) ( )
3 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1
3 ( ) 2 7
2
x x x x x x x x x x
(
+ + + + +
(

= ( )
2
3
1
8 3( 6)(2 ) 2 2( 6) 7
2
x x x ( + +

= 4x
3
+ 4x
2
+ 18x + 19.
Suy ra qu tch y = 4x
3
+ 4x
2
+ 18x + 19.
3) Xt phng trnh x
3
+ 3x
2
+ mx +1 = 1 x
3
+ 3x
2
+ mx = 0

2
0 (1)
3 0 (2)
x
x x m
=
+ + =

Vi (1), ta c C(0; 1)
(2) c hai nghim phn bit khi ch khi 9 - 4m > 0 m < 4/9
Gi A(x
1
; y
1
), B(x
2
; y
2
) l cc im chung khc C. Khi x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca (2)
x
1
+ x
2
= - 3 x
1
x
2
= - m v:

2
1 1 1
' 3 6 y x x m = + + ,
2
2 2 2
' 3 6 y x x m = + +
Theo gi thit :
( )( )
' ' 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2
1 3 6 3 6 y y x x m x x m = = + + + + . Khai trin dng tng v tch ca x
1
,
x
2
. p dng Viet. Ta c cc gi tr cn tm ca m.
VD2. Cho hm s y = x
3
- 3x
2
+ 2
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s.

18
2) Da vo (C) bin lun theo m s nghim phng trnh x
3
- 3x
2
+ 1 - m = 0
Gii: 1) Bn hy t gii.
2) pt x
3
- 3x
2
+ 2 - 1 - m = 0
x
3
- 3x
2
+ 2 = 1 + m
t y = x
3
- 3x
2
+ 2 c th (C)
y = 1 + m l h ng thng
vung gc trc tung v ct trc
tung ti 1+m.
Da vo th ta c kt qu:
i) 1 + m < - 2 hoc 1 + m > 2
m < - 3 hoc m > 1: 1 nghim.
ii) 1 + m = - 2 hoc 1 + m = 2 m = - 3 hoc m = 1: 2 nghim.
3i) - 2 < 1 + m < 2 - 3 < m < 1: 3 nghim.
VD3. Cho hm s
2
1
x
y
x
=

1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s.
2) Da vo (C) bin lun theo a s nghim phng trnh:
2
1
x
x a
x
= +

2) t
2
1
x
y
x
=
c th (C)
y = - x + a l h ng thng c h s
gc bng - 1 khng i, ct trc trung ti a.
Ch hai v tr tip tuyn:
ng thng y = - x + a l tip
tuyn khi ch khi h pt sau c nghim:
2
2
2
1
2
1
( 1)
x
x a
x
x x
x
= +
3 2 2 3 2 2
Suy ra: 2x
2
- 4x + 1 = 0

1
1
2
x =
Suy ra
2 2 2
2 (2 4 1) 3 1
1 1 1
x x x x x x
a x
x x x
+ +
= + = =

1
1
2
x = + a = 2 2 3 +
1
1
2
x = a = 3 2 2
i) a < 3 2 2 hoc a > 3 2 2 : Hai nghim phn bit.
ii) 3 2 2 < a < 3 2 2 : V nghim.
f(x)=x^3-3x^2+2
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x
f(x)

y =1+m 1+m
f(x)=(x^2)/(x-1)
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x
f(x)

3 2 2

2 2 3 +

19
3i) a = 3 2 2 :
1
1
2
x = ; a = 2 2 3 + :
1
1
2
x = + .
VD4. Cho hm s y =
3
1
3
x , (C)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (C).
2) Tu theo m, bin lun s nghim phng trnh
x
3
- 3mx - 3m = 0
2) Phng trnh
3
1
3
x = mx + m
t y =
3
1
3
x c th (C).
y = mx + m l h ng thng quay xung quanh I( - 1; 0) c nh v c h s gc m.
rng khi ng thng y = mx + m l tip tuyn th h s gc m = 9/4.
i) m < 9/4 : 1 nghim
ii) m = 9/4 : x = - 3/2
3i) m > 9/4: 3 nghim phn bit
Bi tp tng t:
BT1. Cho hm s
2
4 3
2
x x
y
x
+ +
=
+

1) Kho st s bin thin vv th (C) ca hm s.
2) Tm tt c cc gi tri k ng thng y = kx + 1 ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A,B.
3) Tm qu tch trung im I ca on AB.
BT2. Cho hm s
3 4
1
x
y
x
+
=

1) Kho st s bin thin vv th (C) ca hm s.
2) Tm tt c cc gi tri a ng thng y = ax + 3 khng c im chung no vi (C).
3) T mt im A thuc trc tung c th k c bao nhiu tip tuyn n (C).
BT3. Cho hm s
2
( 0)
x x a
y a
x a
+ +
= =
+
(1)
1) Xc nh a tim cn xin i qua (2; 0). Khi hy kho st s bin thin vv
th (C) ca hm s.
2) Tm tt c cc gi tri a th hm s (1) ct ng thng y = x - 1 ti hai im
phn bit. Gi y
1
, y
2
l tung cc giao im , tm h thc lin h y
1
, y
2
khng ph thuc a.
BT4. Cho hm s y = x
2
+ (2m + 1)x + m
2
- 1
1) Chng minh rng vi mi m th hm s lun lun ct ng thng y = x ti hai
im phn bit v khong cch gia hai im ny khng i.
2) Chng minh rng vi mi m th lun lun tip xc mt ng thng c nh. Xc
nh phng trnh ng thng .
HD. 2) ng thng y = ax + b l tip tuyn c nh khi ch khi :
Phng trnh x
2
+ (2m + 1)x + m
2
- 1 = ax + b c nghim kp vi mi m.

Phng trnh x
2
+ (2m - a + 1)x + m
2
- 1 - b = 0 c nghim kp vi mi m.
f(x)=x^3/3
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x
f(x)

m=9/4

20
A= (2m - a + 1)
2
- 4(m
2
- 1 - b) = 0 , mi m.
4(1 - a)m + (1 - a)
2
+ 4(1 + b) = 0 , mi m.
a = 1, b = - 1.
BT5. Cho hm s y = x
4
+ 2x
2
- 3.
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C).
2) Da vo (C) bin lun theo a s nghim phng trnh: cos
4
t + 2cos
2
t + a - 1 = 0
3) Da vo (C) bin lun theo a s nghim t > 0 ca phng trnh: e
4t
+ 2e
2t
+ 2a - 3 = 0
BT6. Cho hm s y = 2 x x
2) Da vo (C) bin lun theo m s nghim phng trnh: 2 x x = mx
BT7. Cho hm s
2
2
1
x x
y
x
+
=

2) T th (C) hy suy ra thi (D) ca hm s
2
2
1
x x
y
x
+
=

3) Da vo (C), bin lun theo a s nghim phng trnh
2
2
1
x x
x
+
= ax - a + 1.
VII. VN QU TCH I S.
- Bi ton: Tm qu tich nhng im M(x; y) :
( )
( )
x m
y m
, m tham s.
- Phng php gii: Kh m trong h trn c lin h y = f(x).
- Ch :
1) Qu tich nhng im M(x; y) :
0
( )
x x
y m
=
, m tham s, l ng thng x = x
0
.
2) Qu tich nhng im M(x; y) :
0
( ) x m
y y
=
, m tham s, l ng thng y = y
0
.
3) Nu tham s m c iu kin th phi suy ra iu kin ca x hoc y hn ch qu tch.
VD1. Tm qu tch nh parabol y = x
2
- (m - 1)x - m
2
- 4
Gii: nh parabol I(x; y):
2 2
1
( 1)
2
( 1) 4
x m
y x m x m

Suy ra: y = x
2
- (2x+1 - 1)x - (2x + 1)
2
- 4 = - 5x
2
- 4x - 4.
Qu tch l y = - 5x
2
- 4x - 4.
VD2. Cho hm s
2
2 ( 2)
1
x m x
y
x
+
=

1) Vi gi tr no ca m th hm s t cc i, cc tiu.
2) Tm qu tch cc im cc i v cc im cc tiu.
Gii:

21
1)
2
2
2 4 2
y'=
( 1)
x x m
x
+
. Hm s c cc tr
2
2 4 2 0
1 0
x x m
x
+ =
c hai nghim phn

bit A = 2m > 0 m > 0.
2) Vi m > 0. Cc im cc tr x
1
, x
2
l nghim phng trnh: 2x
2
- 4x + 2 - m = 0 (1)
i) Qu tch cc i.
Gi M(x; y) l im cc i ca th. Ta c:

2 2
2
2
1
2
( 2 ) (2 2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2(2 2 ) 2
2 2
m
x
m x
y m m m x x
= + = + = + =

Ta c y = 2x
2
v x < 1.
ii) Qu tch cc tiu.
Gi N(x; y) l im cc i ca th. Ta c:

2 2
2
2
1
2
( 2 ) (2 2)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2(2 2) 2
2 2
m
x
m x
y m m m x x
= +
= + = + + = + + =

Ta c y = 2x
2
v x > 1.
Bi tp tng t:
BT1. Tm qu tch nh cc parabol y = 2x
2
- 2(m + 1)x + (m - 1)
2
.
BT2. Cho hm s
2
2 1
2 1
x mx
y
x
+ +
=
.
Tm tt c cc gi tr m hm s cho c cc tr. Tm qu tch cc im cc tr ca th
hm s.
BT3. Cho hm s
2
4
2
x x m
y
x
+ +
=
+
. Chng minh rng, vi mi m lm cho hm s c cc tr th
cc im cc tr ca th hm s lun lun thuc mt ng thng c nh.
BT4. Cho hm s
2
2 1
1
m
y x
x
= +
.
Tm tt c cc gi tr m hm s cho c cc tr. Tm qu tch cc im cc tr ca th
hm s.
BT5. Cho hm s
2
2 4
2
x mx m
y
x
+
=
+
, (1)
1) Tm tt c cc gi tr m hm s cho c cc tr. Tm qu tch cc im cc tr ca
th hm s.
2) Tm nhng im m th hm s (1) i qua vi mi m.

VIII. VN SUY TH.
Cho hm s y = f(x) c th (C).
T th (C) ca hm s y = f(x) suy ra th hm s:
1) y = - f(x) bng cch ly i xng qua trc honh th (C).
2) y = f(- x) bng cch ly i xng qua trc tung th (C).

22
3) y = ( ) f x bng cch:
- Gi nguyn th (C) phn nm pha trn trc honh (c nhng im thuc trc honh)
- Ly i xng qua trc honh phn ca (C) nm pha di trc honh.
4) y = f( x ) bng cch:
- Gi nguyn th (C) phn nm pha bn phi trc tung (c nhng im thuc trc tung)
- Ly i xng qua trc tung phn ca (C) va gi nguyn .
5) y = f(x)
- Gi nguyn th (C) phn nm pha trn trc honh (c nhng im thuc trc honh)
- Ly i xng qua trc honh phn ca (C) va gi nguyn .
VD. T th (C) ca hm s
2
1
x
y
x
=
, hy suy ra th cc hm s di y:
1)
2
1
x
y
x
=
, 2)
2
1
x
y
x
=
+
, 3)
2
1
x
y
x
=
, 4)
2
1
x
y
x
=
, 5)
2
1
x
y
x
=

Gii: t
2
( )
1
x
f x
x
=
. Khi :
1)
2
1
x
y
x
=
= - f(x) 3)
2
1
x
y
x
=
= ( ) f x
2)
2
1
x
y
x
=
+
= f(- x) 4)
2
1
x
y
x
=
= f( x )
5) y = f(x)
Ta c cc th.

IX. CC CU HI KHC.

1. V cp im thuc hai nhnh th c khong cch nh nht.
VD1. Tm trn hai nhnh th hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x

=
cp im c khong cch nh nht.

Gii: Gi cp im cn tm l M(x
1
; y
1
), N(x
2
; y
2
). Gi I(1; 2) l giao im hai tim cn.
Qua php chuyn h trc theo OI
:
1
2
x X
y Y
= +
= +
hm s cho tr thnh
1 2
2
X
Y
X
+
+ =
1 2 1
2
X
Y
X X
+
= =
1
Y
X
= .
Trong h trc mi IXY: M(X
1
; Y
1
), N(X
2
; Y
2
), trong
1 2
1 2
1 1
, Y Y
X X
= = . Ta c th xem
X
1
< 0 v X
2
> 0. Khi :

2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
( )
1 1
4 1 4 4 2
( )
MN X X Y Y X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
| | (
= + = + = +
| (
\ .
( | |
> + = >
| (
\ .


23
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
2
4
1 2
2 1 2
1 2
1
1 1
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X X
X X
=
= =

=
= =

Suy ra X
2
=1, X
1
= - 1, Y
2
= 1, Y
1
= - 1. Do x
2
= 2, x
1
= 0, y
2
= 3, y
1
= 1.
Nh th M( 0; 1), N(2; 3)
VD2. Tm trn hai nhnh th hm s
1
1
y x
x
= +

Gii: Gi cp im cn tm l M(x
1
; y
1
), N(x
2
; y
2
). Gi I(1; 1) l giao im hai tim cn.
Qua php chuyn h trc theo OI
:
1
1
x X
y Y
= +
= +
hm s cho tr thnh
1
1 1 Y X
X
+ = + +

1
Y X
X
= + .
Trong h trc mi IXY: M(X
1
; Y
1
), N(X
2
; Y
2
), trong
1 1 2 2
1 2
1 1
, Y X Y X
X X
= + = + . Ta
c th xem X
1
< 0 v X
2
> 0. Khi :

2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 MN X X Y Y X X X X X X
X X X X
(
| | | |
( = + = + + = +
| |
(
\ . \ .

2 2
2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 1 2 1
( ) 2 4 2 X X X X
X X X X X X X X
( (
| | | |
( ( = + > +
| |
( (
\ . \ .

1 2
1 2
1
4 2 2X X
X X
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
4 2 2 2 > +
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
( )
1 2
1 2 1 2
2
4
1 2
1 2 2
1 2
1
1 1
2
2 2
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X
X X
= = =

=
= =

1 2
2
4
1
2
X X
X
=

4 4
2 1 2 2
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
, , 2, 2
2 2 2 2
X X Y Y = = = + =

4 4
2 1 2 1
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
1 , 1 , 1 2, 1 2
2 2 2 2
x x y y = + = = + + =

4 4
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
1 ;1 2 , 1 ;1 2
2 2 2 2
M N
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ . \ .

Bi tp tng t:
BT1. Tm trn hai nhnh th
1 2
2 4
x
y
x

BT2. Tm trn hai nhnh th
2
2
1
x x
y
x
+
=
+

24

2. V phng trnh ng i qua cc im cc tr.
2.1. Cho hm s
2
ax + bx + c
y =
mx + n
(am = 0, t khng chia ht mu) c cc tr
Khi ng thng
1
y = (2ax + b)
m
i qua hai im cc tr ca th hm s ca
hm s cho.
Tht vy: Gi s rng hm s t cc tr ti x
0
. Hin nhin l y'(x
0
) = 0.

2
2
2
0 0 0 0
0 2
0
2
0 0 0 0
(2ax + b)(mx + n) - m(ax + bx + c)
y' =
(mx + n)
(2ax + b)(mx + n) - m(ax + bx + c)
0 '( )
(mx + n)
(2ax + b)(mx + n) - m(ax + bx + c) = 0
y x = =

2
0 0
0
0
0 0
ax + bx + c 1
(2ax + b)
mx + n m
1
y(x ) (2ax + b)
m
=
=

ng thc cui cho ta suy ra pcm.

2.2. Cho hm a thc y = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d ( a = 0) c cc tr. Nu bng php
chia a thc: ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d cho o hm ca n l 3ax
2
+ 2bx + c c d mx + n
th ng thng y = mx + n l ng thng i qua hai im cc tr ca th ca
hm s cho.
Tht vy, gi s rng hm s t cc tr ti x
0
. Hin nhin l y'(x
0
) = 0.
Khi t : ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d = (3ax
2
+ 2bx + c)Q(x) + mx + n
suy ra:
3 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
y(x ) = ax + bx + cx + d = y'(x )Q(x ) + mx + n = mx + n

2.3 Tng qut: Cho hm a thc y = P(x) c cc tr.
Nu bng php chia a thc P(x) = P'(x).Q(x) + r(x) th th hm s y = r(x) i
qua cc im cc tr ca th hm s y = P(x) cho.

VD1. Cho hm s
2
x - 2x + m + 2
y =
x + m - 1

1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s khi m = - 1.
2) Vit phng trnh cc tip tuyn ca (C) k t A(6; 4).
3) Tm tt c cc gi tr m hm s cho c cc tr. Vit phng trnh ng thng i
qua cc im cc tr ca th hm s cho.
Gii: 3)
2 2
2 2
(2x-2)(x+m-1)- (x -2x+m+2) 2( 1) 3
'
(x + m-1) (x + m-1)
x m x m
y
+
= =

25

2
2( 1) 3 0 (1)
' 0
x + m - 1 0 (2)
x m x m
y
+ =
=

=

Hm s cho c cc tr khi v ch khi phng trnh (1) c 2 nghim phn bit tho (2)

2
2
2
' ( 1) 3 0
1 0
(1- m) +2(m-1)(1-m) - 3m 0
m m
m m
A = + >
+ + >
: Tho mi m.
Gi s M(x; y) l im cc tr ca th hm s cho.
0 =
2
2
(2x -2 )(x + m - 1)- (x - 2x + m + 2)
'
(x + m - 1)
y =

2
2
(2x - 2 )(x + m - 1)- (x - 2x + m + 2) = 0
x - 2x + m + 2
2x - 2 y = 2x - 2
x + m - 1
=

Suy ra, ng thng y = 2x -2 l ng thng i qua cc im cc tr.
VD2. Cho hm s y = - x
3
+ 3mx
2
+ 3(1 - m
2
)x + m
3
- m
2
(1)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s khi m = 1.
2) Tm k phng trnh - x
3
+ 3x
2
+ k
3
= 0 c 3 nghim phn bit.
3) Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cc tr ca th hm s (1).
(H&C - A2002)
Gii: 3) Cch 1. y' = - 3x
2
+ 6mx + 3(1 - m
2
) = -3(x - m)
2
+ 3
y' = 0 x = m - 1, x = m + 1.
Hai im cc tr l M(m - 1; - m
2
+ 3m - 2), N(m + 1; - m
2
+ 3m +2)
ng thng MN c phng trnh y = 2x - m
2
+ m
Cch 2. Gi s M(x; y) l im cc tr ca th hm s cho.
suy ra 0 = y' = - 3x
2
+ 6mx + 3(1 - m
2
)
Ta c y = - x
3
+ 3mx
2
+ 3(1 - m
2
)x + m
3
- m
2
= (x/3 - m/3)(- 3x
2
+ 6mx + 3 - 3m
2
) + 2x - m
2
+ m
= 2x - m
2
+ m
Suy ra, ng thng y = 2x - m
2
+ m l ng thng i qua cc im cc tr.

Bi tp tng t:

BT1. Cho hm s y = x
3
+ mx
2
+ 3mx + 5.
Tm tt c cc gi tr m hm s c cc tr. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai
im cc tr ca th hm s cho.
BT2. Cho hm s
2
x - x + m + 1
y =
x - m
(1)
1) Tm tt c cc gi tr m hm s (1) c cc tr.
2) Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cc tr ca th ca hm s (1).
3) Tm q tch cc im cc tr ca th hm s (1).
BT3. Trong cc bi tp mc VII t BT2 n BT5 hy vit phng trnh ng thng i qua
cc im cc tr ca th hm s.
3. V cc im cc tr phi tho mn mt s iu kin no .
VD1. Cho hm s
2
x - mx + m
y =
x - m
, (m = 0) (1)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (1) khi m = - 1.

26
2) Tm tt c cc gi tr m hm s (1) c cc tr ng thi cc cc tr tri du nhau.
HD. 2) y' =
2 2
2
x - 2mx + m - m
(x - m)

Hm s c cc tr khi ch khi phng trnh y' = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit m > 0.
Gi x
1
, x
2
l cc im cc tr. Khi x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca phng trnh: x
2
- 2mx + m
2
+ m = 0.
Cc cc tr tng ng y
1
= 2x
1
- m, y
2
= 2x
2
- m.
Ta phi c y
1
y
2
= (2x
1
- m)(2x
2
- m) < 0
VD2. Cho hm s
2 2 2
x - m x + 2m 5m + 3
y =
x
, (1)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s (1) khi m = 2. Vit phng trnh tip
tuyn ca (C) i qua A(1; 0).
2) Tm tt c cc gi tr m hm s (1) c cc tr ng thi im cc tr thuc khong (0; 2m).
VD3. Cho hm s y = x
4
- 2mx
2
+ 2m + m
4
.
1) Tm tt c cc gi tr m hm s c cc i v cc tiu.
2) Vit phng trnh parabol cc im cc tr ca th hm s cho.
3) Tm tt c cc gi tr m hm s c cc i v cc tiu ng thi cc im cc tr
ca th hm s l nh ca mt tam gic u.
HD. 1) y' = 4x
3
- 4mx = 4x(x
2
- m).
Thy ngay hm s c cc i v cc tiu khi ch khi m > 0.
2) x
4
- 2mx
2
+ 2m + m
4
= (4x
3
- 4mx)
4
x
- mx
2
+ 2m + m
4

Suy ra parabol i qua cc im cc tr l y = - mx
2
+ 2m + m
4
.
3) Ba im cc tr ca hm s l - m , 0, m .
Khi ba im cc tr ca th:
B(- m ; m
4
- m
2
+ 2m), A(0; m
4
+ 2m) , C( m ; m
4
- m
2
+ 2m).
Do tnh cht i xng ca th nn thy ngay tam gic ABC cn nh A.
Cn v tam gic ABC u l ZABC = 60
0
h s gc ca (AB) bng 3
3
B A
B A
y y
x x

2
3
m
m
=
3
3 m =

VD4. Cho hm s y = 2x
3
+ ax
2
-12x - 13.
f(x)=x^4-4x^2+5
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x
f(x)
C
B
A

27
1) Tm tt c cc gi tr a hm s c cc i v cc tiu ng thi cc im cc tr ca
th hm s cch u trc tung. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cc tr.
2) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s khi a =3.
Gii: 1) y' = 6x
2
+ 2ax - 12. (1)
Thy ngay phng trnh y' = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit vi mi a. Suy ra hm s lun lun c hai
cc tr. Gi x
1
, x
2
l cc im cc tr ca hm s. Khi x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca (1).
Cc im cc tr ca th hm s cch u trc tung x
1
+ x
2
= 0 a = 0.
Bn t vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cc tr.
VD5. Cho hm s
2
x + mx - m + 8
y =
x- 1

1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s khi m = - 1.
2) Vit phng trnh parabol i qua im cc i, cc tiu ca (C) v tip xc ng thng
2x - y - 10 = 0.
3) Trong trng hp tng qut, hy xc nh m cc i v cc tiu ca th hm s v
hai pha ca ng thng 9x - 7y - 1 = 0.
Gii: 2) Hai im cc tr ca (C) l M(4; 7) v N(-2; - 5)
Gi s parabol l y = ax
2
+ bx + c (a = 0), (P)
M(4; 7) v N(-2; - 5) thuc (P)
16 4 7
4 2 5
a b c
a b c
+ + =
+ =

4 4 5 (1)
2 2 (2)
a b c
a b
+ =
+ =

ng thng 2x - y - 10 = 0 tip xc parabol h sau c nghim
2
2 10 (3)
2 2 (4)
ax bx c x
ax b
+ + =
+ =

T (2) v (4) suy ra x = 1 thay vo (3) ta c a + b + c = - 8
T suy ra a = 1, b = 0, c = - 9.
Cch 2. Hai im cc tr ca (C) l M(4; 7) v N(-2; - 5)
Gi s parabol l y = ax
2
+ bx + c (a = 0), (P)
M(4; 7) v N(-2; - 5) thuc (P)
16 4 7
4 2 5
a b c
a b c
+ + =
+ =

4 4 5 (1)
2 2 (2)
a b c
a b
+ =
+ =

ng thng 2x - y - 10 = 0 tip xc parabol pt sau c nghim kp:

2
2 10 (3) ax bx c x + + =
(b - 2)
2
- 4a(c + 10) = 0
Cch 3. Hai im cc tr ca (C) l M(4; 7) v N(-2; - 5)
Parabol i qua M, N c pt dng : y = a(x - 4)(x + 2) + bx + c (a = 0), (P)
3)
2
x + mx - m + 8
y =
x- 1

2 2
2 2
(2x + m)(x - 1) - (x + mx - m + 8) x 2 8
y' =
(x - 1) (x - 1)
x
=
y' = 0 x
2
- 2x - 8 = 0
Gi x
1
, x
2
1
, x
2
l nghim ca phng trnh: x
2
- 2x - 8 = 0
Cc cc tr tng ng y
1
= 2x
1
+ m, y
2
= 2x
2
+ m.
Ta phi c (9x
1
- 7y
1
- 1)(9x
2
- 7y
2
- 1) < 0 (- 5x
1
- 7m - 1)(- 5x
2
- 7m - 1) < 0
25x
1
x
2
+ 5(7m + 1)(x
1
+ x
2
) + (7m + 1)
2
< 0 25(- 8) + 10(7m + 1) + (7m + 1)
2
< 0
49m
2
+ 84m - 189 < 0 7m
2
+ 12m - 27 < 0 - 3 < m < 9/7
VD6. Cho hm s
2
mx + 2mx + m + 1
y =
x - 1
, (C)
1) Tm m (C) c c tim cn ng ln tim cn xin.

28
2) Tm m (C) c cc i v cc tiu nm gc phn t th nht v gc phn t th ba
ca mt phng Oxy.
3) Tm m (C) ct Ox ti hai im phn bit. Tm h s gc ca cc tip tuyn ti cc im
.
Gii: 1) Ta c y = mx + 3m +
4 1
1
m
x
+

c tim cn ng th 4m + 1 = 0. c tim cn xin th 4m + 1 = 0 v m = 0.
Suy ra m = - 1/4 v m = 0.
2) y' =
2
2
2 3 1
( 1)
mx mx m
x

2
2 3 1 0 (1)
' 0
x - 1 0 (2)
mx mx m
y
=
=

=

Hm s cho c cc tr khi v ch khi phng trnh (1) c 2 nghim phn bit tho (2)

2
0
1
' 4 3 0 0
4
4 1 0
m
m m m m
m
=
A = + > < v >
+ =

Gi x
1
, x
2
1
, x
2
l nghim ca phng trnh: mx
2
- 2mx - 3m - 1 = 0
Cc cc tr tng ng y
1
= 2mx
1
+ 2m, y
2
= 2mx
2
+ 2m.
rng hai im cc tr ca th nm v hai pha ca ng thng x = 1.
im cc tiu M ca th nm pha trn im cc i N ca th.
i) Vi m < - 1/4 : N nm bn phi ng thng x = 1 nn khng th thuc gc phn t
th ba. Nhng khi M thuc vo gc phn t th ba th N khng th thuc gc phn t th nht.
Vy m < - 1/4 khng tho.
ii) m > 0: M nm bn phi ng thng x = 1 th thuc gc phn t th ba.
Suy ra M thuc gc phn th th nht, N thuc gc phn t th ba.
( rng khi vi x
1
< 1 < x
2
th M(x
2
; y
2
), N(x
1
; y
1
))

2
1
1
0 (3)
0 (4)
0 (5)
y
x
y
>
<
<
vi
2
1
4
1
m m
x
m
+
=
(3) l hin nhin khio m > 0
(4) l hin nhin v (1) c hai nghim tri du khi m > 0
(5)
2
2
1
4
2 1 2 4 2 4
m m
y m m m m m
m
| |
+
= + = + |
|
\ .
< 0 hin nhin khi m > 0
Tm li: m > 0 tho iu kin bi ton.
VD7. Cho hm s
2 2
mx + (2 - m )x - 2m - 1
y =
x - m
, (1)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (1) khi m = -1. T suy ra th hm s

2
- x - x + 1
y =
- x + 1


29
2) Tm m (1) c cc tr. Chng minh rng vi m va tm c, trn th hm s (1)
lun lun tm c hai im m tip tuyn ca th ti hai im vung gc nhau.
HD. 2) Hm s y = mx + 2 -
1
x m
, y' = m +
2
1
( ) x m

m < 0 th hm s c cc tr.
Trn th hm s (1) lun lun tm c hai im m tip tuyn ca th ti hai im
vung gc nhau khi v ch hai phng trnh sau ng thi c nghim:

2
2
1
(1)
( )
1 1
(2)
( )
m k
x m
m
x m k
+ =
+ =

(1)
2
1
= k - m
(x - m)
. Phng trnh ny c nghim khi ch khi k > m
(2)
2
1 1
= - - m
(x - m) k
. Phng trnh ny c nghim khi ch khi:

1 1 + km 1
- - m > 0 < 0 k < 0 k > -
k k m
v

rng vi m < 0, h
k > m
1
k < 0 k > -
m
lun lun c nghim k.

Vy, hai phng trnh (1) v (2) ng thi c nghim.

Tim Tap Xac Dinh Cua Ham So

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tim Tap Xac Dinh Cua Ham So

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hm s v th- Trn Xun Bang - GV Ton THPT Chuyn Qung Bnh

Hm s v th - Trn Xun Bang - GV Ton THPT Chuyn Qung Bnh

hm s cho tr thnh Y = f(x

hm s cho tr thnh Y = f(x

c bit qua O(0; 0) l

c bit qua trc honh l

c bit qua trc tung l

i xng qua I (0; 5/2)

l (C), th i xng qua ng thng y = 2 l ( D)

v hai tip tuyn ny vung gc vi nhau.

lun lun tip xc mt parabol

(h cho bit to im chung (nu c) ca (C) v (D) (nu c))

hay phng trnh f(x) = g(x)

hay phng trnh f(x) = g(x).

c hai nghim phn

cp im c khong cch nh nht.

cp im c khong cch nh nht.

cp im c khong cch nh nht.

A = + > < v >

lun lun c nghim k.

You might also like