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Bi 1.

Bi tp s dng cng thc nguyn hm, tch phn


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CHNG II. NGUYN HM V TCH PHN
BI 1. BI TP S DNG CNG THC NGUYN HM, TCH PHN
I. NGUYN HM V TCH PHN BT NH
1. nh ngha:
- Gi s y = f(x) lin tc trn khong (a, b), khi hm s y = F(x) l mt nguyn
hm ca hm s y = f(x) khi v ch khi F'(x) = f(x), xe(a, b).
- Nu y = F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca hm s y = f(x) th tp hp tt c cc nguyn
hm ca hm s y = f(x) l tp hp I =
{ }
+ e F(x) c c R v tp hp ny cn c k
hiu di du tch phn bt nh = = +
}
I f(x)dx F(x) c
2. Vi phn:
2.1 Gi s y = f(x) xc nh trn khong (a, b) v c o hm ti im xe(a,b).
Cho x mt s gia Ax sao cho (x + Ax) e (a,b), khi ta c:
Cng thc vi phn theo s gia:
( )
( ) ( )
' = A

' = A

dy y x x
df x f x x

Cng thc bin i vi phn:
Chn hm s y = x dy = dx = x.Ax = Ax dx = Ax.
Vy ta c:
( )
( ) ( )
' = A

' = A

dy y x x
df x f x x

( )
( ) ( )
' =

' =

dy y x dx
df x f x dx

Nu hm s f(x) c vi phn ti im x th ta ni f(x) kh vi ti im x.
Do
( ) ( )
' = A df x f x x nn f(x) kh vi ti im x f(x) c o hm ti im x
2.2. Tnh cht: Gi s u v v l 2 hm s cng kh vi ti im x. Khi :

( ) ( )
( )

= = + =
2
udv vdu
u
d u v du dv ; d uv udv vdu ; d
v
v

2.3 Vi phn ca hm hp
Nu
=

y f(u)
u g(x)
v f, g kh vi th ( ) ( ) ( )
'
' = = dy f u du f u u x dx
Chng II. Nguyn hm v tch phn Trn Phng
2
3. Quan h gia o hm nguyn hm v vi phn:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
' = + = =
}
f x dx F x c F x f x dF x f x dx
4. Cc tnh cht ca nguyn hm v tch phn
4.1. Nu f(x) l hm s c nguyn hm th
( )
( )
( )
'
=
}
f x dx f x ;
( )
( )
( )
=
}
d f x dx f x dx
4.2. Nu F(x) c o hm th:

( ) ( ) ( )
= +
}
d F x F x c
4.3. Php cng: Nu f(x) v g(x) c nguyn hm th:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( + = +
} } }
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx
4.4. Php tr: Nu f(x) v g(x) c nguyn hm th:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( =
} } }
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx
4.5. Php nhn vi mt hng s thc khc 0:
( ) ( )
=
} }
kf x dx k f x dx , k = 0
4.6. Cng thc i bin s: Cho y = f(u) v u = g(x).
Nu
( ) ( )
= +
}
f x dx F x c th ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
' = = +
} }
f g x g x dx f u du F u c
5. Nhn xt: Nu
( ) ( )
= +
}
f x dx F x c vi F(x) l hm s cp th ta ni tch phn bt
nh
( )
}
f x dx biu din c di dng hu hn. Ta c nhn xt:
Nu mt tch phn bt nh biu din c di dng hu hn th hm s di du
tch phn l hm s cp v iu ngc li khng ng, tc l c nhiu hm s di
du tch phn l hm s cp nhng tch phn bt nh khng biu din c di
dng hu hn mc d n tn ti. Chng hn cc tch phn bt nh sau tn ti

} } } } }
2
x
dx sin x cos x
e dx ; ; sin x dx ; dx ; dx
ln x x x
nhng chng khng th biu din c
di dng hu hn.
Bi 1. Bi tp s dng cng thc nguyn hm, tch phn
3
II. TCH PHN XC NH
1. nh ngha:
Gi s hm s f(x) xc nh v b chn trn on [a, b]. Xt mt phn hoch t bt k
ca on [a, b], tc l chia on [a, b] thnh n phn tu bi cc im chia:

= < < < < =


0 1 n 1 n
a x x ... x x b . Trn mi on

(
k 1 k
x , x ly bt k im

e (
k k 1 k
x , x
v gi

A =
k k k 1
x x l di ca

(
k 1 k
x , x . Khi :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=
A = A + A + + A

n
k k 1 1 2 2 n n
k 1
f f f ... f gi l tng tch phn ca hm f(x) trn
on [a, b]. Tng tch phn ny ph thuc vo phn hoch t, s khong chia n v
ph thuc vo cch chn im
k
.
Nu tn ti
( )
A
=
A

k
n
k k
Max 0
k 1
lim f (l mt s xc nh) th gii hn ny gi l tch phn xc
nh ca hm s f(x) trn on [a, b] v k hiu l:
( )
}
b
a
f x dx
Khi hm s y = f(x) c gi l kh tch trn on [a, b]
2. iu kin kh tch:
Cc hm lin tc trn [a, b], cc hm b chn c hu hn im gin on trn [a, b]
v cc hm n iu b chn trn [a, b] u kh tch trn [a, b].
3. ngha hnh hc:
Nu f(x) > 0 trn on [a, b] th
( )
}
b
a
f x dx l din tch ca hnh thang cong gii hn
bi cc ng: y = f(x), x = a, x = b, y = 0

O
y
x
0
a=x
1
1
x
2

x
2
... ...
k-1
x x
k
x
n
x
n-1
=b ... ...
k-1

k n-1

n
C
1
2
C
3
C
k-1
N
k
N
n-1
C
n
C
n
N
N
1
C
k
B
1
2
B
B
k
B
n B
k+1
... ...
Chng II. Nguyn hm v tch phn Trn Phng
4
4. Cc nh l, tnh cht v cng thc ca tch phn xc nh:
4.1. nh l 1: Nu f(x) lin tc trn on [a, b] th n kh tch trn on [a, b]
4.2. nh l 2: Nu f(x), g(x) lin tc trn on [a, b] v f(x) s g(x),xe[a, b]
th
( ) ( )
s
} }
b b
a a
f x dx g x dx . Du bng xy ra f(x) g(x), xe[a, b]
4.3. Cng thc Newton - Leipnitz:
Nu
( ) ( )
= +
}
f x dx F x c th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= =
}
b
b
a
a
f x dx F x F b F a
4.4. Php cng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( + = +
} } }
b b b
a a a
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx
4.5. Php tr:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( =
} } }
b b b
a a a
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx
4.6. Php nhn vi mt hng s khc 0:
( ) ( )
=
} }
b b
a a
kf x dx k f x dx , k = 0
4.7. Cng thc o cn tch phn:
( ) ( )
=
} }
b a
a b
f x dx f x dx ;
( )
=
}
a
a
f x dx 0
4.8. Cng thc tch cn tch phn:
( ) ( ) ( )
= +
} } }
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx
4.9. Cng thc i bin s:
Cho y = f(x) lin tc trn on [a, b] v hm x = (t) kh vi, lin tc trn on [m,
M] v
| |
( )
| |
( )
e e
= =
t m,M t m,M
Min t a; Max t b;
( ) ( )
= = m a; M b.
Khi ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ' ( =

} }
b M
a m
f x dx f t t dt
4.10. Cng thc tch phn tng phn:
Gi s hm s u(x), v(x) kh vi, lin tc trn [a, b], khi :

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
' ' =
} }
b b
b
a
a a
u x v x dx u x v x v x u x dx
Bi 1. Bi tp s dng cng thc nguyn hm, tch phn
5
III. Bng nguyn hm m rng
( )
o+
o + | |
+ = + o =
|
o + \ .
}
1
1 ax b
ax b dx c , 1
a 1

( ) ( )
+ = +
}
1
cos ax b dx sin ax b
a
+ c
= + +
+
}
dx 1
ln ax b c
ax b a
+ c
( ) ( )

+ = + +
}
1
sin ax b dx cos ax b c
a

+ +
= +
}
ax b ax b
1
e dx e c
a

( ) ( )
+ = + +
}
1
tg ax b dx ln cos ax b c
a

+ +
= +
}
ax b ax b
1
m dx m c
alnm

( ) ( )
+ = + +
}
1
cotg ax b dx ln sin ax b c
a

= +
+
} 2 2
dx 1 x
arctg c
a a a x

( )
( )

= + +
+
} 2
dx 1
cotg ax b c
a sin ax b

+
= +

} 2 2
dx 1 a x
ln c
2a a x a x

( )
( )
= + +
+
} 2
dx 1
tg ax b c
a cos ax b

( )
= + + +
+
}
2 2
2 2
dx
ln x x a c
x a

= + +
}
2 2
x x
arcsin dx x arcsin a x c
a a

= +

}
2 2
dx x
arcsin c
a
a x

= +
}
2 2
x x
arccos dx x arccos a x c
a a

= +

}
2 2
dx 1 x
arccos c
a a
x x a
( )
= + +
}
2 2
x x a
arctg dx x arctg ln a x c
a a 2

+ +
= +
+
}
2 2
2 2
dx 1 a x a
ln c
a x
x x a

( )
= + + +
}
2 2
x x a
arc cotg dx x arc cotg ln a x c
a a 2

( ) ( )
| |
+ = + + +
|
\ .
}
b
ln ax b dx x ln ax b x c
a

( )
+
= +
+
}
dx 1 ax b
ln tg c
sin ax b a 2

= + +
}
2 2 2
2 2
x a x a x
a x dx arcsin c
2 2 a

( )
+
= +
+
}
dx 1 ax b
ln tg c
sin ax b a 2

( )

= +
+
}
ax
ax
2 2
e asinbx bcos bx
e sinbx dx c
a b

( )
+
= +
+
}
ax
ax
2 2
e acos bx bsinbx
e cos bx dx c
a b

Chng II. Nguyn hm v tch phn Trn Phng
6
IV. NHNG CH KHI S DNG CNG THC KHNG C TRONG SGK 12
Cc cng thc c mt trong II. m khng c trong SGK 12 khi s dng phi chng
minh li bng cch trnh by di dng b . C nhiu cch chng minh b
nhng cch n gin nht l chng minh bng cch ly o hm
1. V d 1: Chng minh:

= +
+
} 2 2
dx 1 x a
ln c
2a x a x a
;
+
= +

} 2 2
dx 1 a x
ln c
2a a x a x

Chng minh:
| | | |
= = = +
| |
+ + + \ . \ .
} } } } 2 2
dx 1 1 1 1 dx dx 1 x a
dx ln c
2a x a x a 2a x a x a 2a x a x a

( )
| | + | |
= + = = +
| |
+ + \ . \ .
} } } } 2 2
dx 1 1 1 1 dx d a x 1 a x
dx ln c
2a a x a x 2a a x a x 2a a x a x

2. V d 2: Chng minh rng:
( )
= + +
+
}
2 2
2 2
dx
ln x x a
x a
+ c
Chng minh: Ly o hm ta c:
( )
( )
'
'
+ +
(
+ + + =

+ +
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 x a
ln x x a c
x x a
=
+ + | |
= + = =
|
+ + + + + + +
\ .
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 x 1 x x a 1
1
x x a x a x x a x a x a

3. V d 3: Chng minh rng: = +
+
} 2 2
dx 1
u c
a a x
(vi =
x
tgu
a
)
t =
x
tgu
a
,
( )
t t
e u ,
2 2

( )
( )
= = = +
+ +
} } } 2 2 2 2
d atgu dx 1 1
du u c
a a a x a 1 tg u

4. V d 4: Chng minh rng: = +

}
2 2
dx
u c
a x
(vi =
x
sinu
a
, a > 0)
t =
x
sinu
a
,ue
t t (

(

,
2 2

( )
( )
= = = +

} } }
2 2
2 2
dx d asinu
du u c
a x a 1 sin u

Bnh lun: Trc nm 2001, SGK12 c cho s dng cng thc nguyn hm
= +
+
} 2 2
dx 1 x
arctg c
a a a x
v = +

}
2 2
dx x
arcsin c
a
a x
(a > 0) nhng sau khng ging bt
c nc no trn th gii, h li cm khng cho s dng khi nim hm ngc arctg x,
arcsin x. Cch trnh by trn khc phc lnh cm ny.
Bi 1. Bi tp s dng cng thc nguyn hm, tch phn
7
V. CC DNG TCH PHN N GIN
V.1. CC K NNG C BN:
1. Biu din lu tha dng chnh tc:
=
1
n
n
x x ; = =
m m
n n k m m
n nk
x x ; x x

= =
1
n
n
n
n
1 1
x ; x
x x
;

=
m
n
n m
1
x
x
;

=
m
nk
n k m
1
x
x

2. Bin i vi phn:
dx = d(x 1) = d(x 2) = = d(x p)
adx = d(ax 1) = d(ax 2) = = d(ax p)
( ) ( )
| |

= = = =
|
\ .

1 x p
x 1 x 2
dx d d d
a a a
a

V.2. CC BI TP MU MINH HO
1.

}
3
x
dx
x 1
( )
+ | |
= = + + +
|

\ .
} }
3
2
x 1 1 1
dx x x 1 dx
x 1 x 1

=
( )
( )

+ + + = + + + +

} }
2 3 2
d x 1
1 1
x x 1 dx x x x ln x 1 c
x 1 3 2

2.
( )
= ( + + +
} }
1
x 4x 7 dx 4x 7 7 4x 7 dx
4

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( (
= + + + = + + +
(

}
3 5 3 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
4x 7 7 4x 7 d 4x 7 4x 7 7 4x 7 c
16 16 5 3

3.
( )
( )
( )
= =
+
+
} } 17
2 2 2
d 2 x dx 1
I
2x 5 2
2 x 5
| |
= +
|
\ .
1 10
arctg x c
5
10

4.
( )
( )
( )
x
dx
2 + 5
| |
= = = +
|
+ + + \ .
} } }
x x
x
x x x x x
1 d 2 1 1 1 1 2
d 2 ln c
ln2 5ln2 5ln2 2 2 5 2 5 2 2 5

5.
( ) ( ) (
= + = +

} } }
5
3 2 3
cos x
dx cos x 1 sinx dx 1 sin x cos x cos x sinx dx
1 sinx


( ) ( ) ( )
= = +
} }
3 4
2 3
sin x cos x
1 sin x d sinx cos xd cos x sinx c
3 4

Chng II. Nguyn hm v tch phn Trn Phng
8
V.3. CC BI TP DNH CHO BN C T GII
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + +
=
} 1
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4
J dx
x x
;

=
+
} 2
7x 3
J dx
2x 5
;
+
=

}
2
3
3x 7x 5
J dx
x 2

( )
+ + +
= = =


} } }
3 2 2 2
4 5 6
10
2x 5x 7x 10 4x 9x 10 2x 3x 9
J dx ; J dx ; J dx
x 1 2x 1
x 1

( ) ( )
+ + +
= =
+
} }
3 2 3 2
7 8
15 30
x 3x 4x 9 2x 5x 11x 4
J dx ; J dx
x 2 x 1

| |
= = +
|
\ .
1
0
2 4x 3 2 1 3
arctg arctg arctg
39 39 39 39 39

( )
( )
( )
( )
+
= + = = +
+
} } }
2
4
3
2 4 5
5 9
12 13 14
4
7
x 3x 5
J 2x 3 . x 1 dx ; J dx ; J x . 2x 3 dx
2x 1

( )
= = =
+

} } }
9 3
15 16 17
4 2 2
10
5
x x x
J dx ; J dx ; J dx
x x 1 x x 1
2 3x

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= = =
+
+ + +
} } } 18 19 20
2 2 2 2
dx dx dx
J ; J ; J
x 2 x 5
x 2 x 6 x 2 x 3

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= = =
+ + +
} } } 21 22 23
2 2 2 2 2 2
x dx dx dx
J ; J ; J
x 3 x 7 3x 7 x 2 2x 5 x 3

= = = + =
+
+
} } } }
ln2 ln2 ln2 ln2
2x x
x
24 25 26 27
x
x x
1 0 0 0
dx e dx 1 e
J ; J ; J e 1 dx ; J dx
1 e
e 1 e 1

( ) ( )

+ +
= = = =
+ + +
} } } }
2 2
x x
1 1 1 1 x
28 29 30 31
x 2x 2x x 3x
0 0 0 0
1 e dx 1 e
e dx dx
J ; J ; J ; J dx
1 e 1 e e e e

+
+
= = = =
+
} } } }
ln2 ln4 1 e
3x
32 33 34 35
x 3 x x x
0 0 0 1
dx dx e dx 1 lnx
J ; J ; J ; J dx
x e e 4e 1 e

( )
= + = =
} } }
3 1 1
6
5 2 5 3 3 2
36 37 38
0 0 0
J x 1 x dx ; J x 1 x dx ; J x 1 x dx
( )

+
= = = = +
+ +
} } } }
2
x
1 1 1 1
2x x
39 40 41 42
x x x x
0 0 0 0
2 1 dx
dx dx
J ; J ; J ; J e 1 e dx
4 3 4 2 4

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