ON TAP THI HOC KY II

HOA HOC 8
A. LY THUYET:
Cau 1: Tnh chat hoa hoc cua hidro:
1) Tac dung vi oxi:
2H2 +
O2
t
2H2O
2) Tac dung vi oxit kim loai:
H2
+
CuO t Cu +
H2O
t
TQ: H2
+
oxit kim loai

Kim loai +
(mot so)
Cau 2: Tnh chat hoa hoc cua oxi:
1) Tac dung vi phi kim:
Vi photpho: 4P
+
5O2
Vi lu huynh:
S
+
2) Tac dung vi kim loai:
3Fe +
2O2
3) Tac dung vi hp chat:
CH4 +
2O2
Kh metan

xanh.

t
2P2O5
t
O2

SO2
t

Fe3O4

CO2 +

Cau 3: Tnh chat hoa hoc cua nc:

1) Tac dung vi kim loai:
2Na +
2H2O

2NaOH
Ca +
2H2O

Ca(OH)2
TQ: Kim loai +
H2O
baz +
(K, Na, Ba, Ca)
2) Tac dung vi oxit baz:
Na2O +
H2 O

2NaOH
CaO +
H2 O

Ca(OH)2
TQ: Oxit baz
+
H2O baz
(Na2O, K2O, CaO, BaO)
Dung dch baz lam cho giay quy

+
H2
+
H2
H2

tm hoa

3) Tac dung vi oxit axit:

SO3 +
H2O H2SO4
P2O5 +
3H2O 2H3PO4
N2O5 +
H2O 2HNO3
TQ: Oxit axit +
H2O Axit
(SO2, SO3, P2O5, N2O5, CO2)
Dung dch axit lam cho giay quy tm hoa o.

Cau 4: ieu che kh oxi:

H2O

2H2O

cao.

1) Trong phong th nghiem: phan huy KClO 3, KMnO4 nhiet o

MnO2, t

2KClO3

Kali clorat
2KMnO4
t
Kali permanganat
2) Trong cong nghiep:

2KCl +

3O2

K2MnO4

MnO2

+ O 2

p, xut

2H2O

2H2 + O2
Cau 5: ieu che kh hidro trong phong th nghiem:
Kim loai +
axit

Muoi
+ H2
(tr Cu, Ag )
(HCl, H2SO4 loang)
Zn +
2HCl

ZnCl2
+
H2
Fe
+
2HCl

FeCl2
+
H2
2Al +
6HCl

2AlCl3
+
3H2
Lu y: Fe tac dung vi dung dch HCl, H2SO4 loang ch tao
muoi sat (II).
Cau 6: Phan biet phan ng hoa hp va phan
ng phan huy. Cho v du.
Phan ng hoa hp la phan ng hoa hoc trong o ch co 1
chat mi c tao thanh t 2 hay nhieu chat ban au.
Vd: 4P
+
5O2 t 2P2O5
Phan ng phan huy la phan ng hoa hoc trong o t 1 chat
sinh ban au ra 2 hay nhieu chat mi.
Vd: 2KClO3 t 2KCl +
3O2
Cau 7: Phan biet phan ng oxi hoa kh va
phan ng the. Cho v du.
Phan ng oxi hoa kh la phan ng hoa hoc trong o xay ra
ong thi s oxi hoa va s kh.
Vd: H2
+
CuO t Cu +
H2O
Phan ng the la phan ng hoa hoc gia n chat va hp
chat, trong o nguyen t cua n chat thay the cho nguyen t
cua mot nguyen to khac trong hp chat.
Vd: Zn +
2HCl ZnCl2 +
H2
NHN BIT CHT
-

Phng php trnh by bi tp nhn bit dung dch :

Ly mi dung dch mt t lm mu th
a qi tm vo tng mu th :
+ Mu no lm qi tm ha l dung dch axit ..
+ Mu no lm qi tm ha xanh l dunmg dch baz..
+ Mu khng lm qi tm i mu l dung dch mui..
Bai 7 : Nhan biet cac chat ng trong cac lo b mat nhan bang
phng phap hoa hoc va viet cac PTHH minh hoa (neu co).

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Cac
Cac
Cac
Cac
Cac

chat kh: H2, O2, CO2.

dung dch: NaOH, NaCl, HCl.
dung dch: H2SO4, Ca(OH)2, NaCl.
chat long: H3PO4, H2O, KOH.
chat ran: CaO, P2O5, NaCl.

CTHH AXIT
HCl
HBr
H2S
HNO3
H2CO3
H2SO4
H3PO4
H2SO3

BANG TOM TAT MOT SO AXIT

TEN AXIT
GOC AXIT TEN GOC AXIT
Axit clohidric
Clorua
Cl
Axit bromhidric
Bromua
Br
Axit sunfuhidric
Sunfua
=S
Axit nitric
Nitrat
NO3
Axit cacbonic
Cacbonat
= CO3
Axit sunfuric
Sunfat
= SO4
Axit photphoric
Photphat
PO4
Axit sunfur
Sunfit
= SO3

Cu 1:
Cu 2:
C 3 l ring bit ng cc cht kh sau: kh oxi O 2, kh cacbonic CO2, khng kh. Bng cch
no c th nhn bit c tng cht kh trong mi l.
Gii
Dng que m ang chy ln lt cho vo tng l kh.
- L kh no lm cho ngn la que m chy mnh hn l l oxi.
- L kh no lm cho ngn la que m khng thay i l l khng kh.
- L kh no lm cho ngn la que m tt l l kh cacbonic.
Cu 3:
C 3 l ring bit ng cc cht kh sau: kh oxi O 2, kh hidro H2, khng kh. Bng cch no c
th nhn bit c tng cht kh trong mi l.
Gii
Dng que m ang chy ln lt cho vo tng l kh.
- L kh no lm cho ngn la que m chy mnh hn l l oxi.
- L kh no lm cho ngn la que m khng thay i l l khng kh.
- L kh no lm chy vi ngn la mu xanh nht l l kh hidro.
Cu 4:
Nhn bit cc cht ng trong cc l b mt nhn bng phng php ha hc v vit cc PTHH
minh ha (nu c)
a) Cc dung dch: NaOH, KCl, HCl.
Gii
Phn loi: Axit: HCl, Baz: NaOH, Mui: KCl.
Trnh by:
- Ly mi dung dch mt t lm mu th
- a giy qu tm vo tng mu th:
+ Mu no lm qu tm ha l dung dch axit: HCl
+ Mu no lm qu tm ha xanh l dung dch baz: NaOH

+ Mu khng lm qu tm i mu l dung dch mui: KCl

b) Cc dung dch: H2SO4, Ca(OH)2, NaCl.
Gii
Phn loi: Axit: H2SO4, Baz: Ca(OH)2, Mui: NaCl.
Trnh by:
- Ly mi dung dch mt t lm mu th
- a giy qu tm vo tng mu th:
+ Mu no lm qu tm ha l dung dch axit: H2SO4
+ Mu no lm qu tm ha xanh l dung dch baz: Ca(OH)2
+ Mu khng lm qu tm i mu l dung dch mui: NaCl
Cu 5: M t hin tng khi cho km tc dng vi axit clohidric (HCl)
Gii
- C cc bt kh xut hin trn b mt mnh km ri thot ra khi cht lng, mnh km tan dn.
Zn
+
2 HCl
ZnCl2 + H2
Cu 6: M t hin tng th nghim khi cho kh hidro i qua bt ng(II) oxit (CuO) nung nng
nhit cao.
Gii
- Khi cho kh hidro i qua bt ng (II) oxit nung nng nhit cao. Bt CuO mu en
chuyn dn thnh lp ng kim loi mu gch v c nhng git nc c to thnh trong
ng nghim t trong cc nc.
H2 + CuO
t Cu + H2O
Cu 7:
1) Axit: la hp chat ma phan t gom co 1 hay nhieu
nguyen t hidro lien ket vi goc axit, cac nguyen t hiro nay
co the thay the bang cac nguyen t kim loai.
Axit khng c oxi
- Ten axit = axit
+ ten phi kim
+
hiric
Axit c nhiu nguyn t oxi
- Ten axit = axit

ten phi kim

Axit c t nguyn t oxi

- Ten axit = axit

ten phi kim +

ic

2) Baz: la hp chat ma phan t gom co 1 nguyen t kim

loai lien ket vi 1 hay nhieu nhom hidroxit (-OH).
- Ten baz = ten kim loai
+
hiroxit
(kem hoa tr)
3) Muoi: la hp chat ma phan t gom co 1 hay nhieu
nguyen t kim loai lien ket vi 1 hay nhieu goc axit.
- Ten muoi = ten kim loai
(km hoa tr)

ten goc axit

CTHH
HCl
NaOH
H2SO4
KCl
CuSO4
Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3
Al(OH)3
H3PO4
Ba(OH)2
Fe(NO3)3
HNO3
Fe3(PO4)2

Axit
X

Phn loi
Baz

Mui

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

Tn gi
axit clohiric
natri hiroxit
axit sunfuric
kali clorua
ng (II) sunfat
canxi hiroxit
natri cacbonat
nhm hiroxit
axit photphoric
bari hiroxit
st (III) nitrat
axit nitric
st (II) phophat