c cch sau:

- T khi lng (m) v s mol (n) ca kim loi M =

- T Mhp cht Mkim loi
- T cng thc Faraday M = (n l s electron trao di mi din cuc)
- T a < m < b v d < n < tm M tha mn trong khong xc djnh d
- Lp hm s M = f(n) trong d n l ha trj ca kim loi M (n = 1, 2, 3), nu trong bi ton tm oxit
kim loi MxOy th n = kim loi M
- Vi hai kim loi k tip nhau trong mt chu k hoc phn nhm tm tn 2 kim loi
2) Mt s ch khi gii bi tp:
- Bit s dung mt s djnh lut bo ton nh bo ton khi lng, bo ton nguyn t, bo ton
mol electron,. Bit vit cc phong trnh ion thu gon, phong php ion electron .
- Khi d bi khng cho kim loi M c ha trj khng di th khi kim loi M tc dung vi cc cht
khc nhau c th th hin cc s oxi ha khc nhau dt kim loi M c cc ha trj khc nhau
- Khi hn hp du dc chia lm hai phn khng bng nhau th phn ny gp k ln phn kia
tong ng vi s mol cc cht phn ny cng gp k ln s mol cc cht phn kia
3) Mt s v d minh ha:
! d ": Cho 3,024 gam mt kim loi M tan ht trong dung djch HNO3 long, thu dc 940,8 ml
kh NxOy (sn phm kh duy nht, dktc) c ti khi di vi H2 bng 22. Kh NxOy v kim loi M l:
A. NO v Mg B. NO2 v Al #$ %2& v '( D. N2O v Fe
Hng dn: M(NxOy) = 44 nN2O = 0,042 mol
M M
n+
+ ne 2NO3- + 8e + 10H
+
N2O + 5H2O
Theo dlbt mol electron: ne cho = ne nhn 3,024 No duy nht n = 3
v M = 27 Al )p n #
! d 2: Hn hp X gm Mg v kim loi M. Ha tan hon ton 8 gam hn hp X cn va d 200
gam dung djch HCl 7,3 %. Mt khc cho 8 gam hn hp X tc dung hon ton vi kh Cl2 cn
dng 5,6 lt Cl2 ( dktc) to ra hai mui clorua. Kim loi M v phn trm v khi lng ca n
trong hn hp X l:
A. Al v 75 % B. Fe v 25 % C. Al v 30 % *$ +, v
-. /
Hng dn: nHCl = 0,4 mol ; nCl2 = 0,25 mol ; nMg = x mol ; nM = y mol 24x + My = 8 (1)
- X tc dung vi dung djch HCl (M th hin ha trj n) 2x + ny = 0,4 (2)
- X tc dung vi Cl2 (M th hin ha trj m) 2x + my = 0,5 (3)
- T (2) ; (3) y(m n) = 0,1 m > n No duy nht m = 3 v n = 2 x = y = 0,1 mol
- T (1) M = 56 Fe v % M = 70 % )p n *
! d 3: Hn hp X gm hai mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi kim th hai chu k lin tip. Cho
7,65 gam X vo dung djch HCl d. Kt thc phn ng, c cn dung djch th thu dc 8,75 gam
mui khan. Hai kim loi d l:
A. Mg v Ca B. Ca v Sr #$ 0, v Mg D. Sr v Ba
Hng dn:
- t cng thc chung ca hai mui l CO3. Phong trnh phn ng:
CO3 + 2HCl Cl2 + CO2 + H2O
- T phong trnh thy: 1 mol CO3 phn ng th khi lng mui tng: 71 60 = 11 gam
- Theo d bi khi lng mui tng: 8,75 7,65 = 1,1 gam c 0,1 mol CO3 tham gia phn
ng
+ 60 = 76,5 = 16,5 2 kim loi l Be v Mg )p n #
! d 1: Ha tan hon ton 6 gam hn hp X gm Fe v mt kim loi M (ha trj ) vo dung djch
HCl d, thu dc 3,36 lt kh H2 ( dktc). Nu chi ha tan 1,0 gam M th dng khng dn 0,09 mol
HCl trong dung djch. Kim loi M l:
'$ Mg B. Zn C. Ca D. Ni
Hng dn: nH2 = 0,15 mol
- nX = nH2 = 0,15 mol X = 40
- ha tan 1 gam M dng khng dn 0,09 mol HCl 22,2 < M < 40 < 56 M l
Mg )p n '
! d 2: ha tan hon ton 6,834 gam mt oxit ca kim loi M cn dng ti thiu 201 ml dung
djch HCl 2M. Kim loi M l:
A. Mg B. Cu #$ '( D. Fe
Hng dn: Goi cng thc oxit l MxOy ; nHCl = nH
+
= 0,402 mol
- Ta c nO
2
(trong oxit) = mol nMxOy = mol (Mx + 16y) = Mx =
18y
M = No duy nht v M = 27 Al )p n #
33 4 053 6&7% !8 93M :&;3 67# *<%= !>3 %?>#@ 93M :&;3 67# *<%= !>3 *A%= *B#C
0'DE 938M
") Mt s ch khi gii bi tp:
- Chi c kim loi kim, Ca, Sr, Ba mi tan trong nc nhit d thng
- Cc kim loi m hidroxit ca chng c tnh lng tnh nh Al, Zn, Be, Sn, Pb.tc dung dc
vi dung djch kim (dc)
- Nu d bi cho nhiu kim loi tc dung vi nc to dung djch kim, ri sau d ly dung djch
kim tc dung vi dung djch hn hp axit th:
+ Gii bng cch vit phong trnh ion thu gon
+ nOH

= 2nH2
- Nu d bi cho hn hp kim loi kim hoc kim th v kim loi M ha trj n vo nc th c th
c hai kh nng:
+ M l kim loi tan truc tip (nh kim loi kim, Ca, Sr, Ba)
+ M l kim loi c hidroxit lng tnh (nh Al, Zn)
M + (4 n)OH

+ (n 2)H2O MO2
n 4
+ H2 (dua vo s mol kim loi kim hoc
kim th s mol OH

ri bin lun xem kim loi M c tan ht khng hay chi tan mt phn)
2) Mt s v d minh ha:
! d ": Hn hp X gm Na, K, Ba ha tan ht trong nc d to dung djch Y v 5,6 lt kh (
dktc). Tnh V ml dung djch H2SO4 2M ti thiu d trung ha Y
'$ "22 m( B. 100 ml C. 200 ml D. 150 ml
Hng dn: nH2 = 0,25 mol
Ta c nOH

= 2nH2 m nOH

= nH
+
nH2SO4 = = nH2 = 0,25 mol V = 0,125 lt
hay 125 ml )p n '
! d 2: Thuc hin hai th nghim sau:
6h nghiFm ": Cho m gam hn hp Ba v Al vo nc d, thu dc 0,896 lt kh ( dktc)
6h nghiFm 2: Cng cho m gam hn hp trn cho vo dung djch NaOH d thu dc 2,24 lt kh
( dktc) Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Gi trj ca m l:
A. 2,85 gam 0$ 2@GG gam C. 2,72 gam D. 2,80 gam
Hng dn: nH2 th nghim 1 = 0,04 < nH2 th nghim 2 = 0,1 mol th nghim 1 Ba ht,
Al d cn th nghim 2 th c Ba v Al du ht
- Goi nBa = x mol v nAl = y mol trong m gam hn hp
- 6h nghiFm ":
Ba + 2H2O Ba
2+
+ 2OH

+ H2
x 2x x
Al + OH

+ H2O AlO2 + H2
2x 3x
nH2 = 4x = 0,04 x = 0,01 mol
- 6h nghiFm 2: tong tu th nghim 1 ta c: x + = 0,1 y = 0,06 mol
m = 0,01.137 + 0,06.27 = 2,99 gam )p n 0
! d 3: Ha tan hon ton 7,3 gam hn hp X gm kim loi Na v kim loi M (ha trj n khng
di) trong nc thu dc dung djch Y v 5,6 lt kh hidro ( dktc). trung ha dung djch Y cn
dng 100 ml dung djch HCl 1M. Phn trm v khi lng ca kim loi M trong hn hp X l:
A. 68,4 % 0$ 3H@G / C. 63,1 % D. 31,6 %
Hng dn: nH2 = 0,25 mol ; nHCl = 0,1 mol
- Goi nNa = x mol v nM = y mol 23x + My = 7,3 (1)
- Nu M tc dung truc tip vi nc nH2 = nOH

= 0,5 > nHCl = 0,1 loi

- Nu M l kim loi c hidroxit lng tnh (n = 2 hoc 3):
M + (4 n)OH

+ (n 2)H2O MO2
n 4
+ H2
y (4 n)y ny/2
- Do OH

d nn kim loi M tan ht v nOH

d = x (4 n)y mol x (4 n)y = 0,1 (2) v x +

ny = 0,5 (3) y = 0,1 mol
- Thay ln lt n = 2 hoc 3 vo (1) ; (2) ; (3) chi c n = 3 ; x = 0,2 ; M = 27 l tha mn %M
= 36,9 % )p n 0
333 4 053 6&7% !8 93M :&;3 67# *<%= !>3 *A%= *B#C 'I36
") 9im (JKi tc dng vLi dung dMch aNit:
a) i vi dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long:
M + nH
+
M
n+
+ n/2H2
(M dng trc hidro trong dy th din cuc chun)
b) i vi H2SO4 c, HNO3 (ai! c" !#nh oi h"a $%nh)&
- Kim loi th hin nhiu s oxi ha khc nhau khi phn ng vi H2SO4 dc, HNO3 s dt s oxi
ha cao nht
- Hu ht cc kim loi phn ng dc vi H2SO4 dc nng (tr Pt, Au) v H2SO4 dc ngui (tr
Pt, Au, Fe, Al, Cr.), khi d S
+6
trong H2SO4 bj kh thnh S
+4
(SO2) ; So hoc S
-2
(H2S)
- Hu ht cc kim loi phn ng dc vi HNO3 dc nng (tr Pt, Au) v HNO3 dc ngui (tr Pt,
Au, Fe, Al, Cr.), khi d N
+5
trong HNO3 bj kh thnh N
+4
(NO2)
- Hu ht cc kim loi phn ng dc vi HNO3 long (tr Pt, Au), khi d N
+5
trong HNO3 bj kh
thnh N
+2
(NO) ; N
+1
(N2O) ; N
o
(N2) hoc N
-3
(NH
4+
)
c) 'i$ lo%i !an !(ong n)c (Na, ', *a, Ca,+) !,c d-ng vi ai!& c 2 trng hp
- Nu dung djch axit dng d: chi c phn ng ca kim loi vi axit
- Nu axit thiu th ngoi phn ng gia kim loi vi axit (xy ra trc) cn c phn ng kim loi
d tc dung vi nc ca dung djch
2) Mt s ch khi gii bi tp:
- Kim loi tc dung vi hn hp axit HCl, H2SO4 long (H
+
dng vai tr l cht oxi ha) th to ra
mui c s oxi ha thp v gii phng H2: M + nH
+
M
n+
+ n/2H2 (nH
+
= nHCl + 2nH2SO4)
- Kim loi tc dung vi hn hp axit HCl, H2SO4 long, HNO3 vit phong trnh phn ng di
dng ion thu gon (H
+
dng vai tr mi trng, NO3 dng vai tr cht oxi ha) v so snh cc ti
s gia s mol ban du v h s ti lng trong phong trnh xem ti s no nh nht th cht d
s ht trc (d tnh theo)
- Cc kim loi tc dung vi ion NO3 trong mi trng axit H
+
xem nh tc dung vi HNO3
- Cc kim loi Zn, Al tc dung vi ion NO3 trong mi trng kim OH

gii phng NH3
4Zn + NO3 + 7OH

4ZnO2
2
+ NH3 + 2H2O
(4Zn + NO3 + 7OH

+ 6H2O 4[Zn(OH)4]
2
+ NH3)
8Al + 3NO3 + 5OH

+ 2H2O 8AlO2 + 3NH3

(8Al + 3NO3 + 5OH

+ 18H2O 8[Al(OH)4]

+ 3NH3
- Khi hn hp nhiu kim loi tc dung vi hn hp axit th dng djnh lut bo ton mol electron v
phong php ion electron d gii cho nhanh. So snh tng s mol electron cho v nhn d
bin lun xem cht no ht, cht no d
- Khi hn hp kim loi trong d c Fe tc dung vi H2SO4 dc nng hoc HNO3 cn ch xem
kim loi c d khng. Nu kim loi (Mg Cu) d th c phn ng kim loi kh Fe
3+
v Fe
2+
. V
du: Fe + 2Fe
3+
3Fe
2+
; Cu + 2Fe
3+
Cu
2+
+ 2Fe
2+

- Khi ha tan hon hon hn hp kim loi trong d c Fe bng dung djch HNO3 m th tch axit
cn dng l nh nht mui Fe
2+

- Kim loi c tnh kh mnh hon s u tin phn ng trc
- Nu d bi yu cu tnh khi lng mui trong dung djch, ta p dung cng thc sau:
mmui = mcation + manion to mui = mkim loi + manion to mui
(manion to mui = manion ban du manion to kh)
- Cn nh mt s cc bn phn ng sau:
2H
+
+ 2e H2 NO3- + e + 2H
+
NO2 + H2O
SO4
2
+ 2e + 4H
+
SO2 + 2H2O NO3- + 3e + 4H
+
NO + 2H2O
SO4
2
+ 6e + 8H
+
S + 4H2O 2NO3- + 8e + 10H+ N2O + 5H2O
SO4
2
+ 8e + 10H
+
H2S + 4H2O 2NO3- + 10e + 12H
+
N2 + 6H2O
NO3- + 8e + 10H
+
NH4
+
+ 3H2O
- Cn nh s mol anion to mui v s mol axit tham gia phn ng:
nSO4
2
to mui = . nX (a l s electron m S
+6
nhn d to sn phm kh X)
nH2SO4 phn ng = 2nSO2 + 4nS + 5nH2S
nNO3

to mui = a.nX (a l s electron m N

+5
nhn d to ra sn phm kh X)
nHNO3 phn ng = 2nNO2 + 4nNO + 10nN2O + 12nN2
3) Mt s v d minh ha
! d ": Cho 3,68 gam hn hp gm Al v Zn tc dung vi mt lng va d dung djch H2SO4
10 %, thu dc 2,24 lt kh H2 ( dktc). Khi lng dung djch thu dc sau phn ng l:
A. 101,68 gam B. 88,20 gam #$ "."@1O gam D. 97,80
gam
Hng dn: nH2 = nH2SO4 = 0,1 mol m (dung djch H2SO4) = 98 gam m (dung djch sau
phn ng) = 3,68 + 98 - 0,2 = 101,48 gam )p n #
! d 2: Ho tan hon ton 14,6 gam hn hp X gm Al v Sn bng dung djch HCl (d), thu
dc 5,6 lt kh H2 ( dktc). Th tch kh O2 ( dktc) cn d phn ng hon ton vi 14,6 gam
hn hp X l:
A. 2,80 lt B. 1,68 lt C. 4,48 lt *$ 3@G2 (t
Hng dn: Goi nAl = x mol ; nSn = y mol 27x + 119y = 14,6 (1) ; nH2 = 0,25 mol
- Khi X tc dung vi dung djch HCl:
! d 3: Cho 7,68 gam hn hp X gm Mg v Al vo 400 ml dung djch Y gm HCl 1M v H2SO4
0,5M. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu dc 8,512 lt kh ( dktc). Bit trong dung djch,
cc axit phn li hon ton thnh cc ion. Phn trm v khi lng ca Al trong X l:
'$ 2H@22 / B. 49,22 % C. 50,78 % D. 43,75 %
Hng dn: nH
+
= 0,8 mol ; nH2 = 0,38 mol nH
+
phn ng = 0,76 mol < 0,8 mol axit d, kim
loi ht
- Goi nMg = x mol ; nAl = y mol % Al =
%
)p n '
! d 1: Cho 0,10 mol Ba vo dung djch cha 0,10 mol CuSO4 v 0,12 mol HCl. Sau khi cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton, loc ly kt ta nung nhit d cao dn khi lng khng di thu
dc m gam cht rn. Gi trj ca m l:
A. 23,3 gam 0$ 2H@2 gam C. 24,9 gam D. 25,2 gam
Hng dn: Cc phn ng xy ra l:
Ba + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2 BaCl2 + CuSO4 BaSO4 + CuCl2
0,06 0,12 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06
Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2 Ba(OH)2 + CuSO4 BaSO4 + Cu(OH)2
0,04 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,04
Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O
0,04 0,04
m (cht rn) = mBaSO4 + mCuO = (0,06 + 0,04).233 + 0,04.80 = 26,5 gam )p n 0
! d 2: Th tch dung djch HNO3 1M (long) t nht cn dng d ho tan hon ton 18 gam hn
hp gm Fe v Cu trn theo ti l mol 1 : 1 l: (bit phn ng to cht kh duy nht l NO)
A. 1,0 lt B. 0,6 lt #$ .@O (t D. 1,2 lt
Hng dn: nFe = nCu = 0,15 mol
- Do th tch dung djch HNO3 cn dng t nht mui Fe
2+
ne cho = 2.(0,15 + 0,15) = 0,6
mol
- Theo dlbt mol electron nH
+
= nHNO3 = mol VHNO = 0,8 lt )p n #
! d H: Ha tan 9,6 gam Cu vo 180 ml dung djch hn hp HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0,5M, kt thc
phn ng thu dc V lt ( dktc) kh khng mu duy nht thot ra, ha nu ngoi khng kh. Gi
trj ca V l:
A. 1,344 lt B. 4,032 lt #$ 2@."H (t D. 1,008 lt
Hng dn: nCu = 0,15 mol ; nNO3 = 0,18 mol ; nH
+
= 0,36 mol
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO3 3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4H2O Do H
+
ht ;
Cu d
0,36 0,09
VNO = 0,09.22,4 = 2,016 lt )p n #
! d -: Cho hn hp gm 1,12 gam Fe v 1,92 gam Cu vo 400 ml dung djch cha hn hp
gm H2SO4 0,5M v NaNO3 0,2M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu dc dung djch X
v kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht). Cho V ml dung djch NaOH 1M vo dung djch X th lng
kt ta thu dc l ln nht. Gi trj ti thiu ca V l:
'$ 3H. m( B. 240 ml C. 400 ml D. 120 ml
Hng dn: nFe = 0,02 mol ; nCu = 0,03 mol ne cho = 0,02.3 + 0,03.2 = 0,12 mol ; nH
+
= 0,4
mol ; nNO3 = 0,08 mol (on NO3 trong mi trng H
+
c tnh oxi ha mnh nh HNO3)
- Bn phn ng: NO3 + 3e + 4H
+
NO + 2H2O Do kim loi kt v
H
+
d
0,12 0,16
nH
+
d = 0,4 0,16 = 0,24 mol nOH

(to kt ta max) = 0,24 + 0,02.3 + 0,03.2 = 0,36

V = 0,36 lt hay 360 ml )p n '
! d O: Cho 24,3 gam bt Al vo 225 ml dung djch hn hp NaNO3 1M v NaOH 3M khuy du
cho dn khi kh ngng thot ra th dng li v thu dc V lt kh ( dktc).Gi trj ca V l:
A. 11,76 lt B. 9,072 lt C. 13,44 lt *$ "2@"2 (t
Hng dn: nAl = 0,9 mol ; nNO3 = 0,225 mol ; nOH

= 0,675 mol
8Al + 3NO3 + 5OH

+ 18H2O 8[Al(OH)4]

+ 3NH3 (1) Do
NO3 ht
Bd: 0,9 0,225 0,675
P: 0,6 0,225 0,375 0,225

D: 0,3 0 0,3
Al + OH

(d) + H2O AlO2 + H2 (2)

0,3 0,3 0,45
T (1) ; (2) V = (0,225 + 0,45).22,4 = 15,12 lt )p n *
! d G: Ha tan hon ton 100 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Cu , Ag trong dung djch HNO3 (d). Kt
thc phn ng thu dc 13,44 lt hn hp kh Y gm NO2, NO, N2O theo ti l s mol tong ng
l 3 : 2 : 1 v dung djch Z (khng cha mui NH4NO3). C cn dung djch Z thu dc m gam mui
khan. Gi trj ca m v s mol HNO3 d phn ng ln lt l:
A. 205,4 gam v 2,5 mol B. 199,2 gam v 2,4 mol
#$ 2.2@1 gam v 2@1 mJ( D. 199,2 gam v 2,5 mol
Hng dn: nY = 0,6 mol nNO2 = 0,3 mol ; nNO = 0,2 mol ; nN2O = 0,1 mol
- nNO

to mui = nNO + 3.nNO + 8.nN O = 0,3 + 3.0,2 + 8.0,1 = 1,7 mol mZ = mKl + mNO

to mui =
100 + 1,7.62 = 205,4 gam (1)
- nHNO phn ng = 2.nNO + 4.nNO + 10.nN O = 2.0,3 + 4.0,2 + 10.0,1 = 2,4 mol (2)
- T (1) ; (2) )p n #
! d ".: Cho 6,72 gam Fe vo 400 ml dung djch HNO3 1M, dn khi phn ng xy ra hon ton,
thu dc kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v dung djch X. Dung djch X c th ho tan ti da m
gam Cu. Gi trj ca m l:
'$ "@G2 gam B. 3,20 gam C. 0,64 gam D. 3,84
gam
Hng dn: nFe = 0,12 mol ne cho = 0,36 mol; nHNO3 = 0,4 mol ne nhn = 0,3 mol
- Do ne cho > ne nhn Fe cn d dung djch X c Fe
2+
v Fe
3+

- Cc phn ng xy ra l:
Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
0,1 0,4 0,1
Fe (d) + 2Fe
3+
3Fe
2+

0,02 0,04
Cu + 2Fe
3+
(d) Cu
2+
+ 2Fe
2+
0,03 0,06
mCu = 0,03.64 = 1,92 gam )p n '
! d "": Ho tan hon ton 12,42 gam Al bng dung djch HNO3 long (d), thu dc dung djch
X v 1,344 lt ( dktc) hn hp kh Y gm hai kh l N2O v N2. Ti khi ca hn hp kh Y so vi
kh H2 l 18. C cn dung djch X, thu dc m gam cht rn khan. Gi trj ca m l:
A. 38,34 gam B. 34,08 gam #$ ".H@3O gam D.
97,98 gam
Hng dn: nAl = 0,46 mol ne cho = 1,38 mol ; nY = 0,06 mol ; Y = 36
- D dng tnh dc nN2O = nN2 = 0,03 mol ne nhn = 0,03.(8 + 10) = 0,54 mol < ne cho
dung djch X cn cha mui NH4NO3 nNH
4+
= NO3 = mol
- Vy mX = mAl(NO ) + mNH NO = 0,46.213 + 0,105.80 = 106,38 gam )p n #
(Hoc c th tnh mX = mKl + mNO to mui + mNH = 12,42 + (0,03.8 + 0,03.10 + 0,105.8 +
0,105).62 + 0,105.18 = 106,38 gam)
333 4 053 6PQ !8 93M :&;3 67# *<%= !>3 *A%= *B#C MAR3
") 9im (JKi tc dng vLi dung dMch mui:
- iu kin d kim loi M dy dc kim loi X ra khi dung djch mui ca n:
xM (r) + nX
x+
(dd) xM
n+
(dd) + nX (r)
+ M dng trc X trong dy th din cuc chun
+ C M v X du khng tc dung dc vi nc diu kin thng
+ Mui tham gia phn ng v mui to thnh phi l mui tan
- Khi lng cht rn tng: m = mX to ra mM tan
- Khi lng cht rn gim: m = mM tan mX to ra
- Khi lng cht rn tng = khi lng dung djch gim
- Ngoi l:
+ Nu M l kim loi kim, kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba) th M s kh H
+
ca H2O thnh H2
v to thnh dung djch bao kim. Sau d l phn ng trao di gia mui v bao kim
+ trng thi nng chy vn c phn ng: 3Na + AlCl3 (khan) 3NaCl + Al
+ Vi nhiu anion c tnh oxi ha mnh nh NO3-, MnO4-,.th kim loi M s kh
cc anion trong mi trng axit (hoc bao)
- Hn hp cc kim loi phn ng vi hn hp dung djch mui theo th tu u tin: kim loi kh
mnh nht tc dung vi cation oxi ha mnh nht d to ra kim loi kh yu nht v cation oxi
ha yu nht
- Th tu tng dn gi trj th kh chun (
o
) ca mt s cp oxi ha kh:
Mg
2+
/Mg < Al
3+
/Al < Zn
2+
/Zn < Cr
3+
/Cr < Fe
2+
/Fe < Ni
2+
/Ni < Sn
2+
/Sn < Pb
2+
/Pb < 2H
+
/H2 < Cu
2+
/Cu <
Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
< Ag
+
/Ag < Hg
2+
/Hg < Au
3+
/Au
2) Mt s ch khi gii bi tp:
- Phn ng ca kim loi vi dung djch mui l phn ng oxi ha kh nn thng s dung
phong php bo ton mol electron d gii cc bi tp phc tp, kh bin lun nh hn hp
nhiu kim loi tc dung vi dung djch cha hn hp nhiu mui. Cc bi tp don gin hon nh
mt kim loi tc dung vi dung djch mt mui, hai kim loi tc dung vi dung djch mt mui,.c
th tnh ton theo th tu cc phong trnh phn ng xy ra
- S dung phong php tng gim khi lng d tnh khi lng thanh kim loi sau phn ng,.
- T s mol ban du ca cc cht tham gia phn ng bin lun cc trng hp xy ra
- Nu cha bit s mol cc cht phn ng th dua vo thnh phn dung djch sau phn ng v
cht rn thu dc bin lun cc trng hp xy ra
- Kim loi kh anion ca mui trong mi trng axit (bao) th nn vit phong trnh dng ion thu
gon
- Kim loi (Mg Cu) dy dc Fe
3+
v Fe
2+
. V du: Fe + 2Fe
3+
3Fe
2+
; Cu + 2Fe
3+
Cu
2+
+
2Fe
2+

- Fe + 2Ag
+
Fe
2+
+ 2Ag. Nu Fe ht, Ag
+
cn d th: Fe
2+
+ Ag
+
Fe
3+
+ Ag
3) Mt s v d minh ha:
! d ": Nhng mt thanh kim loi M ha trj nng m gam vo dung djch Fe(NO3)2 th khi
lng thanh kim loi gim 6 % so vi ban du. Nu nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dung djch
AgNO3 th khi lng thanh kim loi tng 25 % so vi ban du. Bit d gim s mol ca Fe(NO3)2
gp di d gim s mol ca AgNO3 v kim loi kt ta bm ht ln thanh kim loi M. Kim loi M
l:
A. Pb B. Ni C. Cd *$ Dn
Hng dn: Goi nFe
2+
p = 2x mol nAg
+
p = x mol
M + Fe
2+
M
2+
+ Fe
2x 2x 2x
m = 2x.(M 56) %mKl gim = (1)
M + 2Ag
+
M
2+
+ 2Ag
0,5x x x
m = 0,5x.(216 M) %mKl tng = (2)
- T (1) ; (2) M = 65 Zn )p n *
! d 2: Cho m gam hn hp bt cc kim loi Ni v Cu vo dung djch AgNO3 d. Khuy k cho
dn khi phn ng kt thc thu dc 54 gam kim loi. Mt khc cng cho m gam hn hp bt cc
kim loi trn vo dung djch CuSO4 d, khuy k cho dn khi phn ng kt thc, thu dc kim loi
c khi lng bng (m + 0,5) gam. Gi trj ca m l:
'$ "2@2 gam B. 16 gam C. 12,5 gam D. 18,5 gam
Hng dn: Goi nNi = x mol ; nCu = y mol c trong m gam hn hp
Ni + 2Ag
+
Ni
2+
+ 2Ag (1)
Cu + 2Ag
+
Cu
2+
+ 2Ag (2)
Ni + Cu
2+
Ni
2+
+ Cu (3)
- T (3) (64 59).x = 0,5 x = 0,1 mol ()
- T (1) nAg(1) = 0,2 mol mAg(1) = 21,6 gam mAg(2) = 54 21,6 = 32,4 gam nAg(2) = 0,3
mol y = 0,15 mol ()
- T () ; () m = 0,1.59 + 0,15.64 = 15,5 gam )p n '
! d 3: Ha tan hn hp bt kim loi gm 8,4 gam Fe v 6,4 gam Cu vo 350 ml dung djch
AgNO3 2M. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu dc m gam cht rn. Gi trj ca m l:
'$ -.@2 gam B. 54 gam C. 75,6 gam D. 64,8
gam
Hng dn: nFe = 0,15 mol ; nCu = 0,1 ; nAg+ = 0,7 mol
Fe + 2Ag
+
Fe
2+
+ 2Ag (1)
0,15 0,3 0,15 0,3
Cu + 2Ag
+
Cu
2+
+ 2Ag
0,1 0,2 0,2
Fe
2+
+ Ag
+
Fe
3+
+ Ag (3)
0,15 0,15 0,15
T (1) ; (2) m = (0,3 + 0,2 + 0,15).108 = 70,2 gam Sp n '
! d 1: Cho 2,24 gam bt st vo 200 ml dung djch cha hn hp gm AgNO3 0,1M v
Cu(NO3)2 0,5M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu dc dung djch X v m gam cht rn
Y. Gi trj ca m l:
A. 2,80 gam 0$ 1@.O gam C. 2,16 gam D. 0,64
gam
Hng dn: nFe = 0,04 mol ; nAg
+
= 0,02 mol ; nCu
2+
= 0,1 mol
Th tu cc phn ng xy ra l: (Fe
2+
/Fe < Cu
2+
/Cu < Fe
3+
< Fe
2+
< Ag
+
< Ag)
Fe + 2Ag
+
Fe
2+
+ 2Ag (1)
0,01 0,02 0,02
Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu (2)
0,03 0,03
T (1) ; (2) mY = 0,02.108 + 0,03.64 = 4,08 gam )p n 0
! d 2: Cho hn hp gm 1,2 mol Mg v x mol Zn vo dung djch cha 2 mol Cu
2+
v 1 mol Ag
+

dn khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu dc mt dung djch cha ba ion kim loi. Trong cc
gi trj sau dy, gi trj no ca x tho mn trng hp trn:
A. 1,8 B. 1,5 #$ "@2 D. 2,0
Hng dn:
- Dung djch cha 3 ion kim loi Mg
2+
, Zn
2+
, Cu
2+

- ne cho = (2,4 + 2x) mol v ne nhn = 1 + 2.2 = 5 mol
- Yu cu bi ton tha mn khi ne cho < ne nhn hay (2,4 + 2x) < 5 x < 1,3 x =1,2
)p n #
! d H: Cho m gam bt Fe vo 800 ml dung djch hn hp gm Cu(NO3)2 0,2M v H2SO4 0,25M.
Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu dc 0,6m gam hn hp bt kim loi v V lt kh NO
(sn phm kh duy nht, dktc). Gi trj ca m v V ln lt l:
A. 17,8 v 4,48 0$ "-@O v 2@21 C. 10,8 v 4,48 D. 10,8 v
2,24
Hng dn: nCu
2+
= 0,16 mol ; nNO3 = 0,32 mol ; nH
+
= 0,4 mol
- Cc phn ng xy ra l:
Fe + 4H
+
+ NO3 Fe
3+
+ NO + 2H2O (1)
0,1 0,4 0,1 0,1 0,1
VNO = 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 lt ()
Fe + 2Fe
3+
3Fe
2+
(2)
0,05 0,1
Fe + Cu
2+
Fe
2+
+ Cu (3)
0,16 0,16
- T (1) ; (2) ; (3) nFep = 0,1 + 0,05 + 0,16 = 0,31 mol
- Hn hp bt kim loi gm Fe d v Cu (m 0,31.56) + 0,16.64 = 0,6m m = 17,8 gam ()
- T () ; () )p n 0
3! 4 053 6PQ !8 93M :&;3 67# *<%= !>3 &I36 93M :&;3 TQCU% V%= %C3W6 %CXM)
") Mt s ch khi gii bi tp:
- Phn ng nhit nhm: Al + oxit kim loi oxit nhm + kim loi
(Hn hp X) (Hn hp Y)
- Thng gp:
+ 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
+ 2yAl + 3FexOy y Al2O3 + 3xFe
+ (6x 4y)Al + 3xFe2O3 6FexOy + (3x 2y)Al2O3
- Nu phn ng xy ra hon ton, ty theo tnh cht ca hn hp Y to thnh d bin lun. V
du:
+ Hn hp Y cha 2 kim loi Al d ; oxit kim loi ht
+ Hn hp Y tc dung vi dung djch bao kim (NaOH,.) gii phng H2 c Al d
+ Hn hp Y tc dung vi dung djch axit c kh bay ra th c kh nng hn hp Y cha
(Al2O3 + Fe) hoc (Al2O3 + Fe + Al d) hoc (Al2O3 + Fe + oxit kim loi d)
- Nu phn ng xy ra khng hon ton, hn hp Y gm Al2O3, Fe, Al d v Fe2O3 d
- Thng s dung:
+ jnh lut bo ton khi lng: mhhX = mhhY
+ jnh lut bo ton nguyn t (mol nguyn t): nAl (X) = nAl (Y) ; nFe (X) = nFe (Y) ; nO (X) = nO (Y)
2) Mt s v d minh ha:
! d ": Nung nng m gam hn hp Al v Fe2O3 (trong diu kin khng c khng kh) dn khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton , thu dc hn hp rn Y. Chia Y thnh hai phn bng nhau:
QhYn ": tc dung vi dung djch H2SO4 long (d) sinh ra 3,08 lt kh H2 ( dktc)
QhYn 2: tc dung vi dung djch NaOH (d) sinh ra 0,84 lt kh H2 ( dktc) Gi trj ca m l:
'$ 22@-2 gam B. 21,40 gam C. 29,40 gam D. 29,43
gam
Hng dn: nH2(1) = 0,1375 mol ; nH2(2) = 0,0375 mol
- Hn hp rn Y tc dung vi NaOH gii phng H2 Al d v v phn ng xy ra hon ton nn
thnh phn hn hp rn Y gm: Al2O3, Fe v Al d
- Goi nFe = x mol ; nAl d = y mol c trong 1/2 hn hp Y
- T d ta c h phong trnh:
- Theo dlbt nguyn t di vi O v Fe: nAl2O3 = nFe2O3 = = 0,05 mol
- Theo dlbt khi lng: m = (0,05.102 + 0,1.56 + 0,025.27).2 = 22,75 gam )p n '
! d 2: Nung nng m gam hn hp gm Al v Fe3O4 trong diu kin khng c khng kh. Sau
khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu dc hn hp rn X. Cho X tc dung vi dung djch NaOH
(d) thu dc dung djch Y, cht rn Z v 3,36 lt kh H2 ( dktc). Suc kh CO2 (d) vo dung djch
Y, thu dc 39 gam kt ta. Gi trj ca m l:
A. 45,6 gam B. 57,0 gam #$ 1O@3 gam D. 36,7
gam
Hng dn: nH2 = 0,15 mol ; nAl(OH)3 = 0,5 mol
- T d suy ra thnh phn hn hp rn X gm: Fe, Al2O3 (x mol) v Al d (y mol)
- Cc phn ng xy ra l:
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2
Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4]
CO2 + Na[Al(OH)4] Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3
- nH2 = 0,15 mol y = 0,1 mol
- Theo dlbt nguyn t di vi Al: 2x + y = 0,5 x = 0,2 mol
- Theo dlbt nguyn t di vi O: nO(Fe O ) = nO(Al O ) nFe3O4 = mol
- Theo dlbt nguyn t di vi Fe: nFe = 3nF3O4 = 3.0,15 = 0,45 mol
- Theo dlbt khi lng: m = 0,45.56 + 0,2.102 + 0,1.27 = 48,3 gam )p n #
! d 3: Thuc hin phn ng nhit nhm hn hp X gm Al v mt oxit st FexOy (trong diu kin
khng c khng kh) thu dc 92,35 gam cht rn Y. Ha tan Y trong dung djch NaOH (d) thy
c 8,4 lt kh H2 ( dktc) thot ra v cn li phn khng tan Z. Ha tan 1/2 lng Z bng dung
djch H2SO4 dc, nng (d) thy c 13,44 lt kh SO2 ( dktc) thot ra. Bit cc phn ng xy ra
hon ton. Khi lng Al2O3 trong Y v cng thc oxit st ln lt l:
A. 40,8 gam v Fe3O4 B. 45,9 gam v Fe2O3
#$ 1.@O gam v +,2&3 D. 45,9 gam v Fe3O4
Hng dn: nH2 = 0,375 mol ; nSO2(c Z) = 2.0,6 = 1,2 mol
- T d suy ra thnh phn cht rn Y gm: Fe, Al2O3, Al d v phn khng tan Z l Fe
- nH2 = 0,375 mol nAl d = 0,25 mol
- nSO2 = 1,2 mol nFe = mol
- mAl2O3 = 92,35 0,8.56 0,25.27 = 40,8 gam (1) nAl2O3 = 0,4 mol
- Theo dlbt nguyn t di vi O nO(Fe O ) = 0,4.3 = 1,2 mol
- Ta c: cng thc oxit st l Fe2O3 (2)
- T (1) ; (2) )p n #
! d 1: Trn 5,4 gam bt Al vi 17,4 gam bt Fe3O4 ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm (trong
diu kin khng c khng kh). Gi s chi xy ra phn ng kh Fe3O4 thnh Fe. Ha tan hon
ton cht rn sau phn ng bng dung djch H2SO4 long (d) thu dc 5,376 lt kh H2 ( dktc).
Hiu sut phn ng nhit nhm v s mol H2SO4 d phn ng l:
A. 75 % v 0,54 mol B. 80 % v 0,52 mol
C. 75 % v 0,52 mol *$ O. / v .@21 mJ(
Hng dn: nAl = 0,2 mol ; nFe3O4 = 0,075 mol ; nH2 = 0,24 mol
- Phn ng xy ra khng hon ton: 8Al + 3Fe3O4 4Al2O3 + 9Fe
x 0,5x (mol)
- Hn hp cht rn gm:
- Ta c phong trnh: .2 + (0,2 x).3 = 0,24.2 x = 0,16 mol Hphn ng = %
(1)
- nH
+
phn ng = 2.nFe + 3.nAl + 6.nAl2O3 + 8.nFe3O4 = 0,36 + 0,12 + 0,48 + 0,12 = 1,08 mol
nH2SO4phn ng = mol (2)
- T (1) ; (2) )p n *
! 4 MZ6 053 6&7% 93%C S3[%
") %i dung t\ng ]ut:
M hn hp rn (M, MxOy) M
+n
+ sn phm kh
m gam m1 gam (n l s oxi ha cao nht ca M)
(M l kim loi Fe hoc Cu v dung djch HNO3 (H2SO4 dc nng) ly va d hoc d)
- Goi: nM = x mol ; ne (2) nhn = y mol ne nhng = x.n mol
- Theo dlbt khi lng t (1) nO = mol
- ne nhn = ne (oxi) + ne (2) = .2 + y = + y mol
- Theo dlbt mol electron: ne nhng = ne nhn x.n = + y
- Nhn c hai v vi M ta dc: (M.x).n = + M.y m.n =
m. = m = ()
- Thay M = 56 (Fe) ; n = 3 vo () ta dc: m ^ .@-$m" _ 2@H$` T")
- Thay M = 64 (Cu) ; n = 2 vo () ta dc: m ^ .@O$m" _ H@1$` T2)
(Khi bit 2 trong 3 di lng m, m1, y ta s tnh dc di lng cn li) 2)
! d minh ha:
! d ": Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung djch
HNO3 long (d), thu dc 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, dktc) v dung djch X. C
cn dung djch X thu dc m gam mui khan. Gi trj m l:
'$ 3O@-2 gam B. 35,50 gam C. 49,09 gam D. 34,36 gam
Hng dn: nNO = 0,06 mol y = 0,06.3 = 0,18 mol
Theo cng thc (1) ta c: nFe = mol nFe(NO3)3 = 0,16 mol
mmui khan = 0,16.242 = 38,72 gam )p n '
! d 2: kh hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 cn 0,05 mol H2. Mt
khc, ha tan hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X trong dung djch H2SO4 dc thu dc V ml kh SO2
(sn phm kh duy nht dktc). Gi trj ca V l:
A. 112 ml 0$ 221 m( C. 336 ml D. 448 ml
Hng dn: Thuc cht phn ng kh cc oxit l: H2 + O(oxit) H2O. V vy nO(oxit) = nH2 = 0,05
mol mFe = 3,04 0,05.16 = 2,24 gam
Theo cng thc (1) ta c: ne nhn (S
+6
S
+4
) = y = mol nSO2 = 0,01
mol V = 0,01.22,4 = 0,224 lt hay 224 ml )p n 0
! d 3: Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu dc 37,6 gam hn hp rn X gm Cu, CuO v Cu2O.
Ha tan hon ton X trong dung djch H2SO4 dc, nng (d) thy thot ra 3,36 lt kh ( dktc). Gi
trj ca m l:
A. 25,6 gam 0$ 32 gam C. 19,2 gam D. 22,4 gam
Hng dn: nSO2 = 0,15 mol y = 0,15.2 = 0,3 mol
Theo cng thc (2) ta c: m = 0,8.37,6 + 6,4.0,3 = 32 gam )p n 0
0ian sJKn Cb #h 6ucn d SC e C %i