Chuyên D - 1 - Lý Thuy - T Este - Lipit

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TP 1
CHUYN S 1 : L THUYT-PHNG PHP GII TON
ESTE LIPIT CHT GIT RA

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CHUYN S 1 : L THUYT-PHNG PHP GII TON
ESTE LIPIT CHT GIT RA
A. ESTE
I KHI NIM V ESTE V DN XUT KHC CA AXIT CACBOXYLIC
1.Khi nim :
Este l sn phm ca phn ng este ha gia axit hu c hoc axit v c vi ru.
Este l hp cht hu c khi thay th nhm OH ca axit cacboxylic bng nhm OR ca ancol th
thu c Este
Th d :
- C
2
H
5
Cl : etyl clorua l phn ng gia ru etylic vi HCl(axit clohidric).
- CH
3
NO
2
: Metyl nitrat l sn phm este ha ca ancol metyl etilic vi Axit nitric
- .....
Hai Este ban u l Este v c ca axit v c vi ru.
- C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
: metyl propionat : l sn phm Este ca Axit propionic vi ancol metylic
- CH
3
COOCH=CH
2
: y cng l mt Este hu c nhng ca 1 ankin(axetilen) vi axit
axetic
- CH
3
COOC
6
H
5
: y cng l mt Este hu c nhng ca 1 anhidric axetic(CH
3
CO)
2
O vi
phenol .
3 Este trn u l nhng Este hu c,nhng a phn Este hu c u l sn phm ca Axit hu c
vi ru.
2.Phn loi Este :
a. Este l sn phm ca Axit no n chc vi Ancol no n chc c
Cng thc chung l :RCOOR
+ R v R c th l gc HC no,khng no,thm (R c th l H,nhng R phi khc H v nu R=H
th tr thnh Axit cacboxylic).c th mch h hoc vng.
Cng thc phn t l: C
n
H
2n
O
2
(n2)
Chng minh :
Ta c cng thc chung ca axit no n chc l : C
x
H
2x+1
COOH
Ta c cng thc chung ca ancol no n chc l : C
y
H
2y+1
OH


Ta c phng trnh phn ng :
C
x
H
2x+1
COOH + C
y
H
2y+1
OH = C
x+y+1
H
2x+2y+2
O
2
+ H
2
O
t : x+ y+1= n
Cng thc phn t ca Este c vit li : C
n
H
2n
O
2

vit cng thc Este a chc ta lm nh sau:
Ch s nhm chc ca ru nhn cho gc R ca axit v ly ch s nhm chc ca axit nhn cho gc
R ca ru.

b. Este ca ru n chc vi Axit a chc(n chc ) :

2 4
H SO
n n 2
xt
R(COOH) + R'OH R(COOR') + mH O n

Cng thc cu to l R(COOR)
n

c. Este ca ru a chc(m chc) vi axit n chc

2 4
H SO
m m 2
xt
mRCOOH+R'(OH) (RCOO) R'+mH O

Cng thc cu to l : (RCOO)
m
R
d. Este ca ru a chc(m chc ) vi axit a chc (n chc).

2 4
H SO
n m m m.n n 2
xt
mR(COOH) +nR'(OH) R (COO) R '+m.nH O

Nu m = n th c th vit li cng thc R(COO)
n
R
1. Cu to phn t este

Este l dn xut ca axit cacboxylic.Khi thay th nhm hiroxyl (OH) nhm cacboxyl (
COOH) ca axit cacboxylic bng nhm OR th c este. Este n gin c cng thc cu to:
RCOOR vi R, R l gc hirocacbon no, khng no hoc thm (tr trng hp este ca axit fomic c
R l H)


Mt vi dn xut khc ca axit cacboxylic c cng thc cu to nh sau:

Este Anhirit axit Halogenua axit Amit

I. Cng thc cu to v danh php
1.Cng thc cu to
Este ca axit cacboxylic n chc v ru n chc c cng thc cu to chung:
R C O R
1
.

Gc R v R
1
c th ging nhau hoc khc nhau, c th l gc hidrocacbon no hoc khng no.(R
1
H)
Cng thc chung ca este to thnh t axit cacboxylic no n chc v ru no n chc l: C
n
H
2n
O
2

(n2).
2. Cch gi tn este .
- Tn gc hirocacbon R + tn gc axit (thay ui ic = at)
- Tn gc hidrocacbon ca ru + tn gc axit (thay ui ic= ui at)
- Th d :

3
HCOOCH : Metyl fomiat

3 3
CH CO CH O : Metyl axetat

2 5 3
CH COOC H Etyl axetat

2 5 3 2
CH -CH - OC O H C :Etyl propionat
Nhc li :
Danh php mt s hp cht lin quan :
Tn gc mt s Hidrocacbon :
a) Gc Hidrocacbon no
0

3
|
3 2
|
3
CH
CH C CH
CH

3
|
3
|
3
CH
CH C
CH

3 2
|
3
CH C H CH
CH

3
|
3
CH C H
CH

3 2
CH C H CH
neo-pentyl tert-butyl iso-butyl iso-propyl propyl

3 2
|
3
CH CH C H
CH

3 2 2 2
CH C H CH CH
3
|
3 2
|
3
CH
CH CH C
CH

sec-butyl n-butyl tert-pentyl
b) Gc Hidrocacbon khng no
=
2
CH CH =
2 2
CH CH CH =
3
|
3
CH C H
CH

vinyl hay etenyl alyl hay propen-2-yl iso-propenyl hay 1-metyl vinyl
CH CH = =
2
CH CH CH CH
Etinyl Butadien-1,3-yl
c) Gc Hidrocacbon thm
CH
2
-
CH
3
-C
6
H
4
- p-tolyl
C
6
H
5
- Phenyl C
6
H
5
-CH
2
- Benzyl CH
3

Tn mt s axit no thng gp :
Cng thc Tn thng thng Tn thay th
H-COOH Axit fomic Axit metanoic
CH
3
-COOH Axit axetic Axit etanoic
CH
3
-CH
2
-COOH Axit propionic Axir propanoic
CH
3
-(CH
2
)
2
-COOH Axit n-butiric Axit butanoic
(CH
3
)
2
CH-COOH Axit iso-butiric Axit 2 metyl-propanoic

CH
3
-(CH
2
)
3
-COOH Axit valeric Axit pentanoic
CH
3
-(CH
2
)
4
-COOH Axit caproic Axit hexanoic
CH
3
-(CH
2
)
5
-COOH Axit enantoic Axit heptanoic
CH
3
-(CH
2
)
14
-COOH Axit panmetic Axit hexanecanoic
CH
3
-(CH
2
)
16
-COOH Axit stearic Axit octanecanoic
Tn mt s Axit khng no thng gp :
CH
2
=CH-COOH : Axit acrylic
L cht lng khng mu,mi sc,tan v hn trong nc,tan nhiu trong ru v ete.
Este ca axit acrylic dng lm cht do.
CH
2
=C(CH
3
)-COOH : Axit metacrylic
L cht lng khng mu,mi sc km hn acrylic,tan v hn trong nc,tan nhiu trong ru v ete.
Este ca axit acrylic dng lm thy tinh hu c (plexiglat)

Thy tinh hu c rt cng,bn v trong sut.Bn vi nc,axit,baz,xng,anol nhng b ha tan trong
bezen,ng ng ca bezen,este v xeton.Khi va chm v thnh tng ht,c truyn quang cao,c khi
lng ring nh hn thy tinh silicat.
CH
3
-CH=CH-CH=CH-COOH : Axit sorbic
Cht tinh th mu trng t tan trong nc,dng bo qun thc phm
CH
3
-(CH
2
)
7
-CH=CH-(CH
2
)
7
-COOH : Axit oleic (C
17
H
33
COOH)
L cht lng nh du,c trong du ng thc vt di dng Este vi glyxerin,c bit c ti 80%
trong du oliu.
Phn ng cng vi H
2
to thnh Axit stearic

Mui oleat Na,K dng lm x phng trong k thut git len.
Cc mui oleat Ca,Mg khng tan trong nc.
CH
3
-(CH
2
)
4
-CH=CH-CH
2
-CH=CH-(CH
2
)
7
-COOH : Axit linlic (C
17
H
31
COOH)
CH
3
-CH
3
-CH=CH-CH
2
-CH=CH-CH
2
-CH=CH-(CH
2
)
7
-COOH : Axit linlnic (C
17
H
29
COOH)
Tn mt s iaxit :
Cng thc Axit Tn Thng Thng Tn Thay Th
HOOC-COOH Axit oxalic Axit etanoic
HOOC-CH
2
-COOH Axit malonic Axit propanioic
HOOC-(CH
2
)
2
-COOH Axit succinic Axit butanioic
HOOC-(CH
2
)
3
-COOH Axit glutaric Axit pentanioic
HOOC-(CH
2
)
4
-COOH Axit aipic Axit hexanioic
HOOC-CH=CH-COOH Dng cis:
Axit maleic
Dng trans:
Axit fumaric
Axit Thm :
COOH
COOH : Axit iso phtalic COOH
COOH : Axit tere phtalic
: Axit benzoic COOH

COOH C H
3
Axit p-toluic

COOH
COOH
Axit-Phtalic

Axit phtalic l cht tinh th,tan nhiu trong nc.Khi un nng khng nng chy m b mt nc to
thnh anhydrit phtalic :

COO
COO
iu ch bng cch oxi ha naphtalen :

2 5
0
V O
9

2
t
+ + 2CO
2
+ H
2
O
Axit : salixilic ( OH-C
6
H
5
COOH)

L cht tinh th,t tan trong nc,tan c trong ru,ete, axeton.Dng lm thuc st trng (cha
hc lo ),iu ch thuc cha bnh,tng hp mu az,bo qun thc phm.
Aspirin(Axit axetyl salixylic) l este ca axit axtic v axit salixilic :

CH
3
COOH + + H
2
O
Ngoi ra Aspirin cn l phn ng gia Axit Salixylic vi anhidric axetic
COOH
+ (CH
3
CO)
2
O + CH
3
COOH
Phn ng gia Axit Salixylic v ru etylic to thnh metyl Salixylat (k t,H
2
SO
4
):
+ CH
3
OH
2 4
0
H SO
t
+ H
2
O

3. Tnh cht vt l ca este
Nhit si tng dn :este <ancol< axit (c cng s nguyn t cacbon)
COOH
COOH
OH
COOH
COOH
OH
OCOCH
3

COOH

OH
COOH

OCOCH
3

COOH

OH
COOCH
3

OH


Do este khng to c lin kt hiro gia cc phn t este vi nhau v kh nng to lin kt
hidro gia cc phn t este vi cc phn t nc rt km v th este c nhit si thp hn so vi axit
v ancol c cng s nguyn t C. V d HCOOCH
3
(ts = 30
o
C); CH
3
CH
2
OH (ts = 78
o
C); CH
3
COOH (ts
= 118
o
C)
Thng l cht lng hoc rn iu kin thng, nh hn nc, d bay hi, rt t tan trong nc,
c kh nng ha tan nhiu cht hu c khc nhau. Cc este c khi lng phn t rt ln c th trng
thi rn (nh m ng vt, sp ong)
Cc este thng c mi thm d chu nh isoamyl axetat c mi chui chn, etyl butirat c mi
da, etyl isovalerat c mi to,geranyl axetat c mi hoa hng,Benzyl axetat c mi hoa nhi.....

II TNH CHT HA HC CA ESTE
- Tnh cht ha hc quan trng nht ca este l phn ng thy phn (phn ng vi nc).Trong qu
trnh thy phn c thc hin trong dung dch axit hoc baz.
1. Phn ng nhm chc
a) Phn ng thy phn:
- Este b thy phn c trong mi trng axit v baz. Phn ng thy phn trong mi trng axit l
phn ng nghch ca phn ng este ha:
- un nng este vi nc,c axit v c xc tc,phn ng to ra axit cacboxylic v ru.Nhng
cng trong iu kin ,cc axit cacboxylic v ru li phn ng vi nhau cho este.Th d :

Phn ng theo chiu t tri sang phi l phn ng thy phn este,phn ng theo chiu t phi sang
tri l phn ng este ha..
Vy phn ng thy phn este trong dung dch axit l phn ng thun nghch.

Phn ng thy phn trong mi trng kim l phn ng mt chiu v cn c gi l phn ng x
phng ha:

un nng este trong dung dch natri hiroxit,phn ng to ra mui ca axit cacboxylic v ru.

Th d:

y l phn ng khng thun nghch v khng cn axit cacboxylic phn ng vi ru to li
este.Phn ng ny c gi l phn ng x phng ha.

Nu este ca phenol th thu c 2 mui v nc, nu l este vng th thu c mt mui
V d: RCOOC
6
H
5
+ 2NaOH RCOONa + C
6
H
5
ONa + H
2
O
Lu : Phn bit gia Este ca phenol v Este ca axit benzoic C
6
H
5
-COOH
C
6
H
5
COOR + NaOH C
6
H
5
COONa + ROH
b) Phn ng kh:
- Este b kh bi liti nhm hirua LiAlH
4
, khi nhm R CO (gi l nhm axyl) tr thnh ancol bc
I:

2. Phn ng gc hirocacbon khng no
- Gc hidrocabon ca este c th tham gia phn ng th, cng, tch, trng hp nh nhng hp
cht c tham gia cc phn ng ny.
a) Phn ng cng:

3
b) Phn ng trng hp:


- iu kin c th tham gia phn ng trng hp l cc monome tham gia phn ng phi c lin
kt bi hoc vng km bn.

III IU CH V NG DNG
1. iu ch
a) Phn ng gia axit v ancol (Este ca ancol):
- Phng php thng dng iu ch este ca ancol l un hi lu ancol vi axit hu c,c
H
2
SO
4
c lm xc tc,gi l phn ng Este ha.
- Phn ng este ha l phn ng thun nghch xy ra chm iu kin thng:

- nng cao hiu sut ca phn ng c th ly d mt trong hai cht u hoc lm gim nng
cc sn phm. Axit sunfuric c va lm xc tc va c tc dng ht nc.
b) Phn ng gia anhirit axit v ancol:

c) Phn ng gia axit v ankin:
iu ch Este vinyl :

iu ch Este vi gc ankin bc 3 :
CH
3
-
d) Phn ng gia phenol v anhirit axit hoc Halogennua axit ( Este ca phenol):

Anhirit axetic Phenyl axetat
Tng qut :
C
6
H
5
OH +(RCO)
2
O RCOOC
6
H
5
+ RCOOH
C
6
H
5
OH + RCOCl RCOOC
6
H
5
+ HCl
e/ Phn ng ankyl halogenua v mui bc hay cacboxylat ca kim loi kim
RCOOAg + R'I RCOOR' + AgI
RCOONa + R'I RCOOR' + NaI

2. ng dng
- Lm dung mi (butyl v amyl axetat c dng pha sn tng hp).
- Poli(metyl acrylat), poli(metyl metacrylat) dng lm thy tinh hu c, poli(vinyl axetat) dng lm
cht do hoc thy phn thnh poli(vinyl ancol) dng lm keo dn
- Mt s este c mi thm ca hoa qu c dng trong cng nghip thc phm (bnh ko, nc gii
kht) v m phm (x phng, nc hoa)

IV MT S LU KHI GII BI TP
- Cng thc tng qut ca este: C
n
H
2n
+ 2 2k 2xO
2x
( k l s lin kt + s vng
trong gc hirocacbon v x l s nhm chc)
- Este no n chc: C
n
H
2n
O
2
(n 2) t chy cho nCO
2
= nH
2
O
- Este to bi axit n chc v ancol n chc: RCOOR
- Este to bi axit n chc v ancol a chc: (RCOO)
n
R (n 2)
- Este to bi axit a chc v ancol n chc: R(COOR)
n
(n 2)
- Este to bi axit a chc v ancol a chc: R
n
(COO)
mn
R
m
; khi m = n thnh R(COO)
n
R
este vng
- Este ni phn t: R(COO)
n
(n 1) ; khi thy phn cho mt sn phm duy nht

- Khi R l H th este c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng bc do c nhm chc anehit
- S dng cc cng thc trung bnh:
'
RCOOR
, RCOO ' R
. RCOO ' R

....

- S dng phng php tng gim khi lng:

1 mol RCOOH 1 mol RCOOC
2
H
5
m = 29 1 = 28 gam
1 mol C
2
H
5
OH 1 mol RCOOC
2
H
5
m = (R + 27) gam

1 mol RCOOR 1 mol RCOONa m = |R 23| gam
1 mol RCOOR 1 mol ROH m = (R + 27) gam
Bi tp v phn ng x phng ha cn ch :
Nu
NaOH este
n =n
este n chc
Nu
NaOH este
n =x.n
este x chc
Nu este n chc c dng RCOOC
6
H
5
th phn ng vi NaOH theo t l 1 : 2 2 mui v
nc
X phng ha 1 este 1 mui v 1 ancol c s mol = nhau = n
este
v n
NaOH
= 2n
este
CT ca
este l R(COO)
2
R
Phn ng xong c cn c cht rn th phi ch n lng NaOH cn d hay khng
Mt s phn ng cn lu :
RCOOCH=CHR + NaOH RCOONa + RCH
2
CHO
RCOOCR=CH-R + NaOH RCOONa + R-CH
2
-CO-R
RCOOC
6
H
5
+ 2NaOH RCOONa + C
6
H
5
ONa + H
2
O
RCOOCH
2
CH
2
Cl + 2NaOH RCOONa + NaCl + C
2
H
4
(OH)
2

Ch :
Este n chc + 2NaOH2mui+H
2
O l nhng este c gc ru l gc phenol
RCOOC
6
H
5
+ 2NaOH RCOONa + C
6
H
5
ONa + H
2
O

Este n chc + NaOH Mui (duy nht) l este vng

Este 3 chc + 4NaOH 2 mui + 2H
2
O l este 3 chc to bi ru 3 chc c bit
(RCOO)
3
CH + 4NaOH 3RCOONa + HCOONa + 2H
2
O
(RCOO)
3
CR + 4NaOH 3RCOONa +RCOONa + 2H
2
O
Khi thu phn cc este tp chc cha nhm OH hoc Halogen th sn phm thu phn c th l
mui,anhit,xeton,ru.
Th d:
HOCH
2
COOCHCl
2
+ 4NaOH OHCH
2
COONa + HCOONa + 2NaCl + 2H
2
O
HCOOCHBrCH
3
+ 2NaOH HCOONa + CH
3
CHO + NaBr + H
2
O
- Este fomiat HCOOR c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng gng v tc dng vi dung dch ng
(II) hirxit.
HCOOR + AgNO
3
+ 3NH
3
+ H
2
ONH
4
OCOOR + 2NH
4
NO
3
+ 2Ag
HCOOR + Ag
2
O HOCOOR + 2Ag
HCOOR + 2Cu(OH)
2
HOCOOR + Cu
2
O + H
2
O
Mt s phn ng x phng ha cn lu :
1.Phn ng gia este ca ancol n chc v axit n chc v NaOH

0
RCOOR NaOH RCOONa ROH
t
+ +

2.Phn ng gia este ca axit n chc v ancol n chc vi NaOH

0
( OO ') ( ) '
t
n n
R C R nNaOH R COONa nR OH + +
3.Phn ng gia este ca axit n chc v ancol m chc vi NaOH

0
( OO) ' . '( )
t
m m
RC R mnNaOH mRCOONa R OH + +
4.Phn ng gia este ca axit n chc vi ancol m chc vi NaOH

0
.
( OO) ' ( ) '( )
t
m m n n n m
R C R nNaOH mR COONa nR OH + +
5.Phn ng gia Este vi NaOH to thnh mui v Anhit

0
2
' '
t
RCOO CH CH R NaOH RCOONa R CH CHO = + +
6.Phn ng gia Este v NaOH to thnh mui v Xeton

0
2
'' ' ' ''
t
RCOO CR CH R NaOH RCOONa R CH C R
((
= + +
O O
7.Phn ng gia Este v NaOH to thnh Axit cacboxyl

B. LIPIT
I PHN LOI, KHI NIM V TRNG THI T NHIN
1. Phn loi lipit
- Lipit l nhng hp cht hu c c trong t bo sng, khng ha tan trong nc nhng tan trong cc
dung mi hu c khng phn cc nh ete, clorofom, xng du
- Lipit c chia lm hai loi: lipit n gin v lipit phc tp.
+ Lipit n gin: sp, triglixerit v steroit
+ Lipit phc tp: photpholipit
Sp: - Este ca monoancol phn t khi ln vi axit bo phn t khi ln
- L cht rn iu kin thng (sp ong)
Steroit: - Este ca axit bo c phn t khi ln vi monoancol a vng c
phn t khi ln (gi chung l sterol)
- L cht rn khng mu, khng tan trong nc
Photpholipit : - Este hn tp ca glixerol vi axit bo c phn t khi cao v axit photphoric
- V d: lexithin (trong lng trng g)
2. Khi nim cht bo
- Cht bo l trieste ca glyxerol vi cc axit monocacboxylic c s chn nguyn t C (thng t 12C

n 24C) khng phn nhnh, gi chung l triglixerit.
- Khi thy phn cht bo th thu c glyxerol v axit bo (hoc mui)
- Cht bo c cng thc chung l: (R
1
, R
2
, R
3
l cc gc hirocacbon no hoc khng no, khng phn
nhnh, c th ging nhau hoc khc nhau)

Axit bo no thng gp l: C
15
H
31
COOH (axit panmitic, t
nc
= 63
o
C); C
17
H
35
COOH (axit stearic, t
nc
=
70
o
C) .
Axit bo khng no thng gp l: C
17
H
33
COOH (axit oleic hay axit cis-octaeca-9-enoic, t
nc
= 13
o
C);
C
17
H
31
COOH (axit linoleic hay axit cis,cis-octaeca-9,12-ienoic, t
nc
= 5
o
C)
Tristearin (glixeryl tristearat) c t
nc
= 71,5
o
C; tripanmitin (glixeryl panmitat) c t
nc
= 65,5
o
C; triolein
(glixeryl trioleat) c t
nc
= - 5,5
o
C
3. Trng thi t nhin (SGK ha hc nng cao lp 12 trang 10)
II TNH CHT CA CHT BO
1. Tnh cht vt l (SGK ha hc nng cao lp 12 trang 10)
- Cc cht bo khng tan trong nc do gc hirocacbon ln ca cc axit bo lm tng tnh k nc ca
cc phn t cht bo - Du thc vt thng c hm lng axit bo cha no (u dng cis) cao hn
m ng vt lm cho nhit nng chy ca du thc vt thp hn so vi m ng vt. Thc t, m
ng vt hu nh tn ti trng thi rn cn du thc vt tn ti trng thi lng
2. Tnh cht ha hc
a) Phn ng thy phn trong mi trng axit:

Triglixerit Glixerol Axit bo
b) Phn ng x phng ha:

Triglixerit Glixerol X phng
- Khi un nng cht bo vi dung dch kim th to ra glixerol v hn hp mui ca cc axit bo. Mui
natri (hoc kali) ca axit bo chnh l x phng
- Phn ng x phng ha xy ra nhanh hn phn ng thy phn trong mi trng axit v khng thun
nghch

xc nh cht lng ca cht bo ngi ta thng da vo mt s ch s sau:
Ch s axit: l s miligam KOH trung ha hon ton cc axit t do c trong 1 gam cht bo
Ch s x phng ha: l tng s miligam KOH x phng ha cht bo v axit t do c trong 1
gam cht bo
Ch s este: l hiu ca ch s x phng ha v ch s axit
Ch s iot: l s gam iot c th cng vo lin kt bi trong mch cacbon ca 100 gam cht bo
c) Phn ng hiro ha:

Triolein (lng) Tristearin (rn)
Phn ng hiro ha cht bo lm tng nhit nng chy ca cht bo
d) Phn ng oxi ha:
Ni i C=C gc axit khng no ca cht bo b ox ha chm bi oxi khng kh to thnh peoxit, cht
ny b phn hy thnh anehit c mi kh chu. l nguyn nhn ca hin tng du m b i thiu
II VAI TR CA CHT BO
Cht bo l thc n quan trng ca con ngi. rut non,nh tc dng xc tc ca cc enzim l
lipaza v dch mt,cht bo b thy phn thnh axit bo v glixerol ri c hp th vo thnh rut.
,glixerol v axit bo li kt hp vi nhau to thnh cht bo ri c mu vn chuyn n cc t bo
1. S chuyn ha ca cht bo trong c th

Cht bo l mt trong nhng thnh phn c bn trong thc n ca ngi v n gi mt vai tr quan trng
trong qu trinh dinh dng. Khi b oxi ho chm trong c th, cht bo cung cp nhiu nng lng hn
cht m (protit) v cht bt (gluxit): 1gam cht bo cho khong 38,87 kJ trong khi 1gam cht m
cho 23,41 kJ, cn 1gam cht bt cho khong 17,57 kJ .
V cht bo khng tan trong nc,nn chng khng th trc tip thm qua mao trng rut di vo c
th. Nh c men ca dch tu v dch trng, cht bo b thu phn thnh glixerin v axit bo. Glixerin
c hp th trc tip, cn axit bo khi tc dng vi mt bin thnh dng tan v cng c hp th qua
mao trng rut. glixerin v axit bo li kt hp vi nhau. Cht bo mi c tng hp di vo mu
v chuyn vo m m. T cc m ny, cht bo li c th di ti cc m v c quan khc. y cc cht
bo b thu phn v b oxi ho chm thnh kh cacbonic v hi nc, ng thi gii phng nng lng
cung cp cho s hot ng ca c th.
Khi n nhiu cht bo, hoc khi cht bo trong c th khng dung c oxi ho ht th lng con d
c tch li thnh nhng m m.Du thc vt cha nhiu axit bo khng no. Cc cht bo ny c c
th hp th d dng, khng gy ra hin tng x cng ng mch.
Du thc vt cn cha mt s sinh t cn thit cho c th ngi. Th d: du c cha sinh t A; Du ng,
du cm cha sinh t E; Du phi ng cha sinh t K.
2. ng dng trong cng nghip
- Trng cng nghip mt Lng Cht bo dng iu ch x phng,glixerol v ch bin thc
phm.Ngy nay ngi ta s dng mt s du thc vt lm nhin liu cho ng c iezen.
- Glixeron cn c sn xut cht do,m phm,thuc n...Ngoi ra,cht bo cn c dng trong sn
xut mt s thc phm khc nh m si, hp.
C. CHT GIT RA
I KHI NIM V TNH CHT CA CHT GIT RA
1. Khi nim cht git ra
- L nhng cht khi dng cng vi nc th c tc dng lm sch cc cht bn bm trn cc vt rn m
khng gy ra phn ng ha hc vi cc cht
- Cc cht git ra ly trc tip t thin nhin nh b kt, b hn,v cc cht git ra tng hp
2. Tnh cht git ra
a) Mt s khi nim lin quan:
Cht ty mu lm sch cc vt bn nh nhng phn ng ha hc nh nc Gia-ven, nc clo
Cht u nc l cht tan tt trong nc nh etanol, axit axetic,

Cht k nc l nhng cht hu nh khng tan trong nc nh hirocacbon, dn xut halogen.
Cht k nc th a du m, tc tan tt vo du m. Cht u nc th thng k du m
b) c im cu trc phn t mui natri ca axit bo:

(Cng thc cu to gn nht ca phn t mui natri stearat)
- Gm u a nc l nhm COO
Na
+
ni vi mt ui k nc, a du m l nhm C
x
H
y

(thng x 15)
- Cu trc ha hc gm mt u a nc gn vi mt ui di a du m l hnh mu chung cho
phn t cht git ra
c) C ch hot ng ca cht git ra:
Ly trng hp natri stearat lm v d, ui a du m CH
3
[CH
2
]
16
thm nhp vo vt bn, cn
nhm COO Na+ a nc li c xu hng ko ra pha cc phn t nc. Kt qu l vt bn b chia
thnh nhng ht rt nh c gi cht bi cc phn t natri stearat, khng bm vo vt rn na m
phn tn vo nc ri b ra tri i.

II X PHNG V CHT GIT RA TNG HP

X phng

Cht git ra tng hp
Ging
nhau

Cng kiu cu trc, ui di khng phn cc a du m kt hp vi u phn cc a nc

ui di khng phn cc a du m u phn cc a nc
C
17
H
35
COO

Na
+

Natri stearat C
17
H
35
COONa (trong x phng)
C
12
H
25
OSO
3

Na
+

Natri lauryl sunfat C
12
H
25
OSO
3
Na (trong cht git ra)
Khc
nhau
- ui l gc hirocacbon ca axit bo, u
l anion cacboxylat
- Khi gp Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
trong nc cng th
natri stearat cho kt ta lm gim cht lng
x phng
- ui l bt k gc hirocacbon di no, u
c th l anion cacboxylat, sunfat
- Natri lauryl sunfat khng c hin tng
nn c u im l dng c vi nc cng


Phng
php
sn xut
- un du thc vt hoc m ng vt vi
xt hoc KOH nhit v p xut cao
- Oxi ha parafin ca du m nh oxi khng
kh, c xc tc, ri trung ha axit sinh ra
bng NaOH:
Oxi ha parafin c axit cacboxylic, hiro
ha axit thu c ancol, cho ancol phn ng
vi H
2
SO
4
ri trung ha th c cht git
ra loi ankyl sunfat
Thnh
phn
chnh
- Cc mui natri (hoc kali) ca axit bo,
thng l natri stearat (C
17
H
35
COONa),
natri panmitat (C
15
H
31
COONa), natri oleat
(C
17
H
33
COONa)
- Cc ph gia thng l cht mu, cht
thm

-Ngoi cht git ra tng hp, cht thm,
cht mu, cn c th c cht ty trng nh
natri
hipocloritNatri hipoclorit c hi cho da khi
git bng tay

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