1

TM TT HA HC HU C 11 & 12

metylxilohexan toluen+3H2 (t0,xt).

1. M U : HP CHT HU C
-

Hp cht c TPPT hn km 1 hay nhiu nhm

CH2 nhng tchh tng t nhau l nhng ng
ng.

Lk i = 1

; lk ba = 1

P hu c din ra chm, khng theo 1 hng

nht nh, phn t t phn cc.

T C1

C4(kh);C5 C17(lng);C18 tr i(rn).

t0 nc,s & D tng theo M ; Tt c nh hn nc,

ko tan trong nc nhng tan trong dung mi
hu c.
t0 thng: ko td axit, dd kim v cht oxh
KMnO4. Chiu sng: p th, tch H, chy. Ng
t C bc cao d th (sp chnh). Khi t chy to
nhiu nhit. Nu thiu Oxi(chy k hon ton),
sp c th c C, CO
CH3COONa+NaOH CH4 (PTN); chng ct
du ho (CN). CH2(COONa)2+2NaOHCH4

3. XICLOANKAN
-

Tn thng thng= an

ilen; thay

t0 thng:C2 C4(kh);C5 sau (lng or rn).

Nh hn nc, k tan trong nc.

Lk km bn so vi nn d b phn ct, to
tchh c trng cho anken(d tgia p cng).

Bc ca ng t C = s lk ca n vi ng t C
khc.

xiclohexanon

th=en.

2. ANKAN CnH2n+2 (n1) (PARAFIN)

-

P: xiclohexan+O2(Co2+)

Lk ho hc thng gp trong hchc l Cng ha 4. ANKEN CnH2n (n2) HAY Olefin

tr :

c: heptan metylxilohexan+H2 (t,xt)

Qtc cng(H2O, HCl, HBr, HI):Ng t H th vo

C bc thp (nhiu H) (sp chnh).
-

P oxh hon ton(chy);oxh k hon ton:

3CH2=CH2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O

C2H4(OH)2 +

2MnO2 + 2KOH
(mt mu thuc tm, tng t cho ankin ;
pbit vi ankan)
PTN: tch nc t ru 2C (H2SO4,1700) ;
CN: tch H2 t ankan
5. ANKADIEN CnH2n-2(n3)
Propadien (anlen) ; 2-metyl buta-1,3-dien
(isopren); butadien(ivinyl).

Xiclopropan v xiclobutan tham gia p th,

Ch : p cng (Br2;HBr) ca Buta-1,3-dien:
cng m vng. Cc xicloankan c t 5, 6 cnh
Cng 1,2(-800C): sp chnh; cng 1,4(400C) sp
khng tham gia p m vng.
chnh
(xilopropan or xiclobutan)+H2

(propan or

butan, Ni, t )
Ch xilopropan + HCl or ddBr2 (mt mu, m
vng). Xiclopropan ko mt mu dd KMnO4

c:butan buta-1,3-dien+H2(t0,xt) ;isopentan

isopren.
6. AKIN CnH2n-2(n2)

Etylaxetilen;dimetyl axetilen;propylaxetilen

P: Benzen+H2(Ni,t)

Tn thng thng= gc ankyl+axetilen;thay

th=_in

Cl2(as)

hexacloran (bt trng, thuc su 666); ko

td KMnO4.

Khi xt Ni,t: ankin anken ankan ; khi xt

Toluen+KMnO4 C6H5COOK+MnO2+KOH+H

Pd/PdCO3 or Pd/BaSO4 ankin ch cng 1H2 to

anken.
-

xiclohexan ; benzen +

O(t0).

(mt mu thuc tm, ko xy ra t0 thng)

P ime v trime ho:2CHCH

8. MT VI HIDROCACBON THM

vinylaxetilen(t,xt)

- Stiren C6H5CH=CH2(vinyl benzen) lng, ko

mu. Stiren p cng Br2(mt mu dd Br2), H2,
HBr, HI, mt mu KMnO4 (t0thng).

3CHCH benzen (600 C, bt C)

R-CCH +AgNO3/NH3 R-CCAgvng +

- Naphtalen C10H8 (bng phin) rn, thng hoa.

Tham gia p tng t Bezen nhng xy ra d dng
NH4NO3
hn v tr 1. Khi c xt,t0 Naphtalen td H2 to
P oxh hon ton; oxh ko hon ton: td KMnO4.
ecalin C10H18. Ko lm mt mu KMnO4.
CaC2+2H2O C2H2+Ca(OH)2(PTN) or (CN:
trc y)
2C2H4 CHCH+3H2 (CN: ngy nay)

7. BENZEN V NG NG CnH2n-6 (n6)

Metyl benzen (toluen) ; o-xilen(1,2imetylbenzen) ; tng t m-xilen v p-xilen ;
tn h thng=tn ankyl+benzen.
-

Benzen k p ddBr2(t0 thng); td Br2(xt bt

Fe)
Ankylbenzen+ddBr2(bt Fe)

Benzen+hh(H2SO4;HNO3)

Clorofom; 1,2-icloetan, cacbon tetraclorua c

kh nng ho tan tt cc cht nn lm dung
mi.

Tr su, dit khun(2,4-D; DDT) ; gy m

nh halotan CF3-CHClBr, etyl clorua C2H5Cl.

nitrobenzen(vn

10.ANCOL
nitrotoluen+H2O.

cc ankyl benzen d th vng hn benzen.

-

un toluen or ankylbenzen+Br2(t )
nhnh.

CH2=CH2+KBr+H2O

T CH2=CHCl c poli(vinyl clorua); t

CH2=CClCH=CH2 c cao su cloropren; t
CF2=CF2 c t teflon l vt liu siu bn.

g)
Toluen+hh(HNO3;H2SO4)

un si hh etyl bromua, KOH v etanol thy

c kh ko mu thot ra l CH2=CH2:

CH3-CH2Br+KOH

th vo para or

orto.
-

9. DN XUT HALOGEN CA
HIDROCACBON

th

Trong k H2SO4 1700C cc ancol no, n chc,

mch h (tr CH3OH) b tch H2O to anken.

c: pp tng hp etanol t etilen(xtH2SO4 or

H3PO4,t0cao)

Or thu phn dn xut halogen/dd kim. Glixerol

c tng hp t propilen ; Pp sinh ho : t tinh
bt, ng(go, ng, khoai, sn,qu chn) ln men
thu etanol.
11.PHENOL
-

Axit axetic + CaCO3 thy c kh CO2 bay ln.

Tc dng Kl trc H trong dy in ho

c: ln mn gim ; oxh andehit(c t etilen or

axetilen) ; ankan+O2(oxh ankan: oxh butan c axit
axetic, xt, 1800C, 50atm) ; metanol+CO (t,xt)

Nhm OH lk trc tip vi C ca vng benzen.

t0 thng l rn, ko mu, chuyn hng trong
kkhi(oxh).
Phenol c, t tan trong nc lnh, tan nhiu
trong nc nng v trong etanol.

Ud: sx phenolfomandehit; thuc n(2,4,6trinitrophenol); cht dit c 2,4-D ; cht dit nm

(nitrophenol)

Phn ng este ho l p thun nghch.

Este: lng, rn (t0 thng); t tan trong nc.

Iso amyl c mi chui. Este thu phn trong

mi trng H+ l p thun nghch(to 2 lp,
este cn)

Este thu phn trong OH-(x phng ho) l p 1

chiu.

c: este thng : ancol + axitcacbonxylic

c:oxh cumen(isopropylbenzen) C6H5CH(CH3)2

nh oxi kk (CN) Or
C6H6 C6H5Br C6H5ONa C6H5OH

14.ESTE

Vinylaxetat: CH3COOH+CHCH (t0)

15.LIPIT

12.ANDEHIT XETON CnH2nO (n 1)

Tn thay th = al ; thng thng = andehit+tn axit.

Lipit: trong t bo, ko tan trong nc, tan trong

dung mi hc k phn cc.

Cht bo: trieste, triglixerit hay triaxylglyxerol

k thg, andehit u dy l cht kh, tan tt

trong nc. dd nc ca andehit fomic c gi
l fomon.

Ch : butanal(andehit butiric);pentanal(andehit
valeric)
-

C17H35COO)3C3H5 (Tristearin);
(C17H33COO)3C3H5(Triolein);
(C15H31COO)3C3H5(tripanmitin)
-

Hidro cng vo lk C=O ging cng vo C=C.

c: oxh ancol bc 1 ; oxh metan (xt,t0) c anehit fomic(CN) ; oxh ko hon ton etilen l pp hin i
sx anehit axetic (c th dng axetilen + H 2O).
-

Oxh ko hon ton cumen thu c axeton v

phenol
13.AXIT CACBOXYLIC CmH2mO2 (m1)

Axit adipic HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH ; axit malonic

HOOC-CH2-COOH
-

Tc dng vi baz, oxit baz to mui + H2O

Th rn (gc hc no) or lng (gc hc ko no) (t0

thng).
Tan trong dung mi hc: benzen, hexan,
clorofom.
P thu phn (H+ or OH-); lng + H2 (Ni,t)
rn.
16.X PHNG CHT GIT RA

Mui natri or kali ca axit bo, cht ph gia.

Thnh phn: mui natri ca axit panmitic or ax

stearic.

Pp sx: un cht bo vi dd kim t0 cao.

4
-

Tp chnh ca cht git ra : natri

eoxylbenzensunfonat.

Rn, v nh hnh, trng, k tan trong nc lnh,

tan trong nc nng. Tinh bt do -gluco lin
kt : amilozo va anicozo pectin.

Amilozo mch di, xon, pt khi ln.

u im: c th git ra trong nc cng.

Amilozo pectin mch phn nhnh, phn t khi

ln.

H tinh bt + iot mu xanh tm.

Ankanaxit cacboxylicmui natri ca ax

bo
-

17.GLUCOZO
-

Glucozo cht rn, tinh th ko mu, d tan trong

nc, ngt.

Tn ti 2 dng mch vn : v glucozo

To este 5 gc axit axetic vi anhidrit axetic

(CH3CO)2O

Glucozo +H2 sorbitol; glucozo etylic(xt

enzim, 30-350C)
c: thu phn tinh bt, xenlulozo (CN)
18.FRUCTOZO

22.XENLULOZO
-

Rn, si, mu trng, ko mi v, ko tan trong

nc, etanol, ete, benzentan trong nc
Svayde (Cu(OH)2/dd NH3)

Xenlulozo do -glucozo, mch di, pt khi ln

(>tinh bt).

Thu phn xenlulozo trong d dy ng vt

nh enzim xenlulaza.

Xenlulozo trinitrat d chy n c dng l

thuc sng ko khi.

Kt tinh, k mu, tan trong nc. tc hh tng t

glucozo. phn bit glucozo v fructozo ta
dng dd Brom, glucozo lm mt mu.

23.AMIN

19.SACCAROZO
-

Rn, kt tinh, k mu, k mi, v ngt, tan trong

nc. c/to : gluco v fructo

Saccaroz : khng trng bc, khng mt mu dd

Br2, khng cng H2.

Thu phn saccarozo trong H+, t0 c

glucozo+fructozo

Ng liu thu phn to gluco v fructo cho p

trng gng.
20.MANTO

Sn xut t nhn to : t visco, t axetat.

Metyl amin, imetyl amin, trimetyl amin, etyl

amin: kh, mi khai.

Amin c M cao hn th lng or rn. d b oxh

chuyn thnh mu en.

Cc amin tan trong nc c kh nng lm xanh

qu tm, phenolphtalein ho hng.

Anilin ko lm qu tm v phenolphtalein i
mu.

Anilin td c vi dd brom l do nh hng

ca nhm NH2 ln nhn.

c/to : do 2 gc glucoz

24.AMINO AXIT

Thu phn trong H+, t0 c 2glucozo

Manto : trng bc, c th cng H2

H2NCH2COOH (glyxin); CH3CH(NH2)-COOH

(alanin);

21.TINH BT

5
-

Dd Aminoaxit c cu to lng cc: l cht

0
rn, kt tinh, d tan trong nc(t thng), phn
hu khi nng chy.

Amino axit td vi ancol

c poliamit: ung or -aminoaxit (trng

hp): nilon 6, nilon 7, nilon 6,6.

to este

25.PEPTIT V PROTEIN
-

Peptit c t 2 n 50 -amino axit. Peptit thu

phn v p vi dd Cu(OH)2 l do lk peptit.

Peptit + Cu(OH)2/OH- mu tm.

Protein n gin : thu phn c -amino

axit (abumin, fibroin).

Protein phc tp : l protein n gin + phi

protein.

Protein b thu phn v p vi Cu(OH)2/OH to

mu tm nh peptit.
26.POLIME V VT LIU POLIME

Mch ko phn nhnh (amilozo); phn

nhnh (amilozo pectin, glicogen); mch
mng k gian (cao su lu ho, nha bakelit)

Cht do: PE, PVC, Poli (metyl metacrylat),

PPF(nha novolac, nha rezol, nha
rezit(bakelit)).

T t nhin: bng, len, si, Nhn to hay

bn tng hp (c t polime t nhin): t visco
v t xenlulozo axetat(c t xenlulozo); t tng
hp (c t polime tng hp): poliamit(nilon
6;nilon7;nilon 6,6-poli(hexametylen adipamit);
t vinylic(vinilon, nitron(hay alon): c t
acrilonitrin, cn gi l vinyl xianua)

Cao su thin nhin(caosu isoprench : un

nng caosu thin nhin v lu hunh to ra cu
ni S S :ta c cao su lu ho)
Cao su tng hp :cao su buna, buna-S(t
butadien v stiren), buna-N(t butadien v
acrilonitrin)

Keo dn tng hp: keo dn epoxyl, nha v

sm, keo dn ure-fomandehit (c sx t poli(urefomandehit): c ch t ure v fomandehit.