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hi.

Cc tinh th ko phn cc d ho tan trong :


benzen,toluen,
1.
LP ELECTRON V PHN LP
5.
NHM HALOGEN
e trn cng 1 lp c nng lng gn bng nhau.
Lin kt trong ph t X2 khng bn d b tch
Trn cng 1 phn lp nng lng bng nhau.
thnh 2X.
s(2);p(6);d(10);f14).
T F n I2 chuyn t kh - > rn, tnc v si tng.
c im e lp ngoi cng : nhiu I l 8e; trong F c m in ln nht nn hp cht ch c s
t nhin ch c 1 nguyn t kh him l He c 2e; cc ng oxh -1.
t c 1,2,3e lp ngoi cng l KL(tr H,He,B); c 5,6,7 6.
CLO
thng l PK; c 4e th xem bng tun hon.
Clo+H2O HCl +HClO (axit hipocloro) dng
2.
BNG TUN HON
Ck:cng s lp e, c 7ck; ck1,2,3 nh;ck4,5,6,7 ty mu
Clo c trong khong canalit KCl.MgCl2.6H2O.
ln.
Nhm:cu hnh e tng t, tchh gn ging nhau, c: MnO2(or KMnO4)+HCl (PTN) ; p dd NaCl mn
xp(CN).
c e ho tr = nhau=s nhm(tr VIIIB).
0
0
7.
HIDRO CLORUA AXIT HCl MUI
Nguyn t s: IA v IIA hot ng mnh,t nc, t s
CLORUA
thp.
HCl tan nhiu trong H2O to axit. HCl c bc
Nguyn t p: IIIA n VIIIA (tr He).
Nhm A: gm cc ng t s v p. Nhm B: d v f. khi trong khng kh m.
c: NaCl+H2SO4(PTN);H2 + Cl2(CN) or
Nhm VIIIA l kh him : He, Ne, Ar
NaCl+H2SO4(CN).
Chu k (tri phi): Rhn gim <.>in tch ht
a s mui clorua tan nhiu trong nc, tr
nhn, m in, nng lng ion ho tng
AgCl kt ta; CuCl v PbCl2 t tan.
Phn nhm (trn di): Rhn v in tch hn
8.
HP CHT C OXI CA CLO
tng<.> m in gim.
Nc Javel: NaCl v NaClO (natrihipoclorit)
Tnh pk v kl bin i tun hon theo chiu
c: Cl2 + NaOH (PTN) ; p dd NaCl ko mng ngn
tng ca in tch ht nhn.
(CN)
3.
LIN KT ION LIN KT CNG HO
TR
P: NaClO+CO2+H2O NaHCO3+HClO
Lin kt ion l lin kt c hnh thnh bi lc
Clorua vi : CaOCl2
ht tnh in gia cc in tch tri du (thng l lk
gia KL v PK, tr NH4+). Lin kt ion bn, rn, kh bay P: CaOCl2+CO2+H2O CaCO3+CaCl2+HClO
hi
c: Cl2+Ca(OH)2 CaOCl2+H2O (300C)
Lin kt cng ho tr thng l lin kt gia
2PK bng 1 hay nhiu cp e dng chung. Lk cng ho tr 9.
S IN LY
ko cc : 2 Pk ging nhau ; lk cng ho tr c cc : 2PK
Axit in ly mnh (ax mnh): HCl, HNO3,
khc nhau.
HClO4, H2SO4...
Tnh cht lk cng ho tr: c th th rn, lng, Bazo in ly mnh (baz mnh) : NaOH, KOH,
kh. Cc cht ch c lk cht ko c cc ko dn in mi
Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2
trng thi.
Axit ly yu (ax yu) : CH3COOH, HClO, H2S,
Lk ion l TH ring ca LK cng ho tr.
HF, H2SO3
Nu hiu m in t : 0 - <0.4 (cng ho tr
Bazo ly yu (baz yu) : Bi(OH)2, Mg(OH)2
ko cc) ; t 0,4-<1.7 (lk cng ho tr c cc) ; 1.7 (lin Hu ht cc mui tan u in ly hon ton (tr
kt ion).
HgCl2, Hg(CN)2 l mui tan ly yu)
4.
TINH TH NGUYN T - PHN T
10.
AXIT, BAZO, MUI
Kim cng thuc loi tinh th nguyn t. Tc:
Hidroxit lng tnh : Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3,
bn, cng, t0nc va tsi0 cao. cng ln nht trong cc
Sn(OH)2, Pb(OH)2.
tinh th.
Dng axit : Zn(OH)2 = H2ZnO2, Al(OH)3 = HAlO2.H2O
Tinh th phn t : kh him, halogen, oxi,
Hidroxit lng tnh t tan trong nc, tnh axit & bazo
nito,hidro, nc, H2S, CO2, iotTchat: d nc, d bay
u yu.

TM TT V C 10.11.12

11.
NITO : Z = 7, VA, CK2
3e c thn to lk 3 cng ho tr vi nguyn t
khc.
Lin kt 3 rt bn nn nhit thng Nito tr
v mt ho hc. S oxh c th tng or gim, th hin tnh
oxh-kh, nhng tnh cht ch yu l oxh.
Cc oxit c ch trc tip t N v O : NO, NO2.
Cc oxit khc : N2O, N2O3, N2O5.

15.
-

(K, Na, Ba, Ca) : KNO3


Cu):Mg(NO3)2
AgNO3

CN : Chng ct kkhi lng ; PTN : NH4NO2

N2+H2O ; NH4Cl+NaNO2

N2+NaCl

Dd NH3+mui kt ta ; NH3+ax

mui amoni

P+Ca
; NH3+O2

KNO2 + O2 ; (Mg

MgO + NO2 + O2 ; (Ag

Au) :

Ag + NO2 + O2

Ud trong cn : sx phn m ; thuc n en :


KNO3,C,S.
16.
PHOTPHO : Z = 15, VA, CK3, ho tr 3 or 5
P trng : rn, cu trc tinh th p.t, c hi, ko
tan trong nc, tan trong mt s dung mi hc : C6H6,
CS2
P : ht m, chy ra, bn trong kk,cu trc
polime, kh nc, kh bay hi.

12.
AMONIAC NH3
N v H lk bng lk cng ho tr c cc (t din).
NH3 : kh ko mu, khai, nh hn kk, tan nhiu
trong nc,qu ho xanh, phenolphtalein ho hng.
-

MUI NITRAT NO3Tt c mui nitrat tan tt v in ly mnh.


Phn ng nhit phn :

Ca3P2 ; P + O2(thiu)

P2O3 ; P + O2(d)

P2O5 ;

N2 + H2O (la mu vng) ; NH3 + Cl2

P+Cl2 (thiu) PCl3 (nu d clo : PCl5)


N2+HCl (nu NH3 d s td vi HCl to khi trng)
Ud : sx dim, bom n
Ud : sx axit nitric. Phn m ure, amoni nitrat (or Qung: photphorit Ca3(PO4)2 ; apatit :
sunfat), ch N2H4 (ng liu tn la), NH3 lng l cht
3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2
lm lnh chnh trong cc thit b lnh.
17.
AXIT PHOTPHORIC H3PO4
CN : N2+3H2 2NH3 ( H < 0 : to nhit) ;
Axit photphoric ch c tnh kh ; ko c tnh oxh.
PTN : NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2
13.
-

CaCl2+NH3+H2O

CN :Ca3(PO4)2+H2SO4

MUI AMONI NH4+


Mui amoni :ko mu, tan nhiu trong nc,ly

hon ton. D b nhit phn


(NH3)2CO3

or : P+O2
-

NH3

NH3+NH4HCO3 ; NH4HCO3

N2O+H2O

14.
AXIT NITRIC HNO3
Ko mu, bc khi trong kk m, km bn, tan v
hn trong nc.
-

P : S+HNO3,c

P2O5 H3PO4

PTN : P+HNO3

H3PO4+NO2+H2O

Ud : ch mui photphat (sx phn ln, thuc su,


dc)
Ch : Ag3PO4 kt ta mu vng.
18.
PHN BN
Phn m (NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3...) ch
t NH3+axit tng ng.
Phn m nitrat : NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2 c ch
t mui (CO3-) + HNO3

NH3+H2-

O+CO2
Phn ng ch N2 & N2O trong PTN : NH4NO2
N2+H2O ; NH4NO3

H3PO4+CaSO4

H2SO4+NO2 +H2O ;

Phn m ure (NH2)2CO : CO2+NH3

(NH2)2CO+H2O
Supephophat:Ca(H2PO4)2+CaSO4n ;
C+HNO3,c CO2+NO2+H2O
Ca(H2PO4)2 kp
Phn ln nung chy l hh photphat va silicat ca
Ud : ch phn m (NH4NO3, Ca(NO3)2) ; thuc Ca v Mg.
n TNT
Phn hn hp (NPK) : nitrophotka
CN : NH3+O2 NO NO2 HNO3
(NH4)2HPO4+KNO3
Phn phc hp : amophot l hh NH4H2PO4+
PTN : NaNO3+H2SO4 HNO3+NaHSO4
(NH4)2HPO4
2

Phn vi lng : cung cp Bo, Zn, Mn, Cu,


Molipden
Phn Kali ch t KCl v K2SO4;tro thc vt K2CO3
19.
CACBON : Z = 6, IVA, CK2, s oxh :
-4,0,+2,+4
Th hnh: kim cng, than, fulerenkhc t/c vt
l.
Kim cng : tinh th trong sut,k mu, k dn
in, t din u ; than : tinh th xm en,cu trc lp,
tam gic u ; fuleren (C60,C70): cu trc rng.
Cacbon v nh hnh (nhn to) : than g, xng,
mui
Tnh kh l ch yu
C+HNO3,c

CO2+NO2+H2O ; C+H2

SiO2 (ct v thch anh) tinh th, ko tan trong


nc.
SiO2+NaOH NaSiO3+H2O ; SiO2+HF

H2SiO3 dng keo, ko tan trong nc, ax yu hn


H2CO3
Mui silicat : Na2SiO3 + K2SiO3 (thu tinh
lng)
Xi mng : 3CaO.SiO2 ; 2CaO.SiO2 ; 3CaO.Al2O3
22.
I CNG V KIM LOI
Kl IA(tr H), IIA(tr Bo), 1 s nhm
IVA,VA,VIA;IB-VIIIB h lantan v actini. Kl t e lp
ngoi cng(1,2,3).
Kloai th rn(tr Hg); Mng lc
phng(Be,Mg,Zn); lp phng tm
din(Cu,Ag,Au,Al); lp phng tm khi (Li,Na,K,V).
Lk kimloai = lk gia ng t, ion c s th gia ca e
t do.
23.
TNH CHT KIM LOI DY IN HO
Tc vt l: do, dn in, nhit, nh kim (do e t
do).
in
(Ag,Cu,Au,Al,Fe);nhit(=in);mm(K,Rb,Cs);
Cng cky KL c Rhn ln v in tch ht nhn
nh hn Pk, e ho tr t hn nn lc lk vi ht nhn nh
(nng lng ion ho thp).
Hu ht KL td vi HNO3 (tr Au,Pt).
HNO3,d,ng ko phn ng vi Fe, Al, Cr.
Kim v Kim th kh c nc k thng.
Kh nc tcao(Fe,Zn) ; ko kh nc (Au,
Ag). ngha dy in ho : d on chiu p cc cp
oxh-kh.
24.
HP KIM
Ging thnh phn cu to v tchh, khc tnh
vly,c hc
uyra: hkim Al vi Cu,Mn,Mg,Si,..;inoc(Fe-CrMn) ; hp kim siu cng (W-Co;Co-Cr-W-Fe) ; t0
thp(Sn-Pb); nh,cng,bn(Al-Si;Al-Cu-Mn-Mg), vng
ty(Ag-Cu).
25.
S N MN KIM LOI
n mn in ho v ho hc u l qu trnh
oxh-kh.
Ho hc(e ca Kl->mi trng) ; in ho (KL+
dd in ly ca mt v to thnh dng in t (-) sang (+))
k n mn h: (2KL khc nhau,KL+PK)+tip
xc+t vo cht in ly.
Pp bo v b mt: bi du, m, trng men
Pp in ho: Ni vt vi KL hot ng hn (kh
mnh).

CH4 ; Al+C

Al4C3
Tn ti : vi, phn, hoa (CaCO3) ;
magiezit (MgCO3)
20.
HP CHT CACBON
CO : t tan trong nc, bn vi nhit, ko tc
dng vi nc, axit v kim (t0 thng). c ch t :
HCOOH

CO+H2O (PTN) ; C+H2O CO+H2 (CN)

or CO2+C CO (CN)
CO2 : t tan trong nc, CO2 rn l nc kh,k
chy, k duy tr s sng. c iu ch t :
CaCO3+HCl(PTN) ; t than (CN)
Axit cacbonic v mui cacbonat(ca Kim v
+
NH4 ) v a s HCO3- d tan trong nc. Cc KLOAI
khc k tan.
Mui CO3- ca Kim khng b nhit phn. Cc
kloai khc d b nhit phn to oxit v CO2
-

Mui HCO3- u b nhit phn : NaHCO3

Na2CO3+H2O+CO2
21.
SILIC : Z =14, IVA,CK3
Si c s oxh : -4,0,+2,+4. Th hin tnh oxh-kh.
Si v nh hnh hot ng hn Si tinh th. Mt s P :
Si+2F2 SiF4(k thng) ; Si+(Cl,Br,O2)

SiO2 ;

Si+NaOH+H2O Na2SiO3+H2(k thng) ; Si+KL(t0


cao)
thp

Si siu tinh khit l cht bn dn ; Ferosilic c

ch : (Mg,Al,C)+SiO2 Si+MgO

SiF4+H2O

26.
IU CH KIM LOI
Ch Au, Platin dng t do. Cn li dng hp
cht.
Pp nhit luyn(kl tr bnh), c sx trong cn. Cht
kh l C,CO,H2,Al.thng c s dng l C.
Pp thu luyn: dng dd thik hp nh H2SO4,
NaOH, NaCN ho tan KL hoc hp cht KL ra khi
qung
27.
KIM LOI KIM V HP CHT
Trng, nh kim, dn in,tnc,s thp nht KL. Klg
ring nh, cng thp v mng lp phng tm
khi,lin kt yu.
Kh mnh,bk ln, in tch hn v nng lng ion
ho nh.
Na+O2(kh)->Na2O2 ; Na+O2(khng kh kh)->Na2O
D td vi nc nn bo qun ta ngm trong
du ho.
Dc: pnc mui clorua or hidroxit.
28.
Na, K, V HP CHT
NaOH(xt) chn rn, k mu, d nc, ht m mnh.
NaOH td vi Oxit axit, axit,mui
NaHCO3 rn, trng, t tan trong nc, d b nhit
phn.
Na2CO3 rn, trng,tan trong nc. dng
Na2CO3.10H2O
KNO3 tinh th, k mu, bn trong kk, tan.
Pt chy thuc sng:KNO3+C+S->N2+CO2+K2S
29.
KIM TH V HP CHT
tnc,s ln hn kim nhng vn thp. Kl kim th c
tsi khc nhau do cu trc mng tinh th khc nhau.
tng t Kim, kim th + PK, AX ko cn k.
Kim th + HNO3,l to N-3 ; Kim th + H2SO4, to H2S.
Ch Be,Mg ko tc dng vi H2O k thng.
CaCO3 rn, trng, ko tan, c trong vi,
hoa

Sn xut nhm: ngl Al2O3.2H2O(boxit)(c ln


Fe2O3 v SiO2). Cht Criolit(Na3AlF6) h t0nc ca
nhm(9000C).
Phn chua:K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O hay
KAl(SO4)2.12H2O. Phn nhm: t phn chua ta thay K
bng Na, Li, NH4+\
31.
ST V HP CHT CA ST
Qung manhetit(Fe3O4);hematit
(Fe2O3);hematit nu(Fe2O3.nH2O),qung
xiderit(FeCO3),qung pirit(FeS2);xementit(Fe3C)
Tc hh c trng ca hc Fe(II) l tnh kh; Fe(III)
l oxh.
32.
GANG (2 5 %C)
Gang trng(C dng than ch); gang xm(t C
hn,ch yu dng Fe3C) dng luyn thp.
Sx: kh qung st oxit bng than cc trong l
cao(ng tc);ng liu: qung st oxit(thng l hematit
), than cc v cht chy (CaCO3 hoc SiO2).
Qu trnh: to CO; kh st oxit; to x
33.
THP (0.01 2%C)+Si,Mn,Cr,Ni
Thp mm(<0,1%C); thp cng(>0,9%C); thp
c bit(thm 1 s ng t nh Mn,Cr,Ni,W,Cr.)
Ng tc: gim hm lng C,S,Si,Mn trong gang
34.
CROM & HP CHT
Crom c s oxh t +1 n +6(thng +2,+3,+6).
t0 thng ch td Flo. t0cao td oxi, clo, lu hunh,
bn vi H2O v KK. Ko td axit HCl, H2SO4 long,ngui (t0
thng), nhng td khi un nng(to Cr(II)).
Cr2O3 v Cr(OH)3 l hc lng tnh; CrO3 l oxit
axit c tnh oxh mnh (td vi nc to H2CrO4 hay
H2Cr2O7)
Mt s cht S,P,C,C2H5OH t bc chy khi tx
vi CrO3
Ch : Cr2O72-(mu da cam); CrO42-(mu vng).
Cc mui Cromat v icromat c tnh oxh mnh
K2Cr2O7+FeSO4+H2SO4Fe2(SO4)3+Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+
H2O
35.
NG V HP CHT
Cu c s oxh +1 or +2. Mu ,mm.Cu ko td
vi H2;N2;C (d to cao).Cu ko td vi cc ax: HCl;
H2SO4l. Nhng td c vi H2SO4;HNO3 (l+) sinh sp kh.
CuO rn,en,k tan trong nc.L ox baz nn d
td vi ax v ox ax. D tham gia p nhit luyn.
Cu(OH)2 rn,xanh,k tan trong nc,d tan trong
dd axit,d b nhit phn.
Mui Cu(II): ng(II)sunfat dng kt tinh
CuSO4.5H2O mu xanh,dng khan mu trng
d:ng thau(Cu-Zn),ng bch(Cu-Ni)dng
cho my mc,ng tu. CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 pha sn v c

Thch nh: CaCO3+CO2+H2O Ca(HCO3)2


Thch cao sng: CaSO4.2H2O ; nung: CaSO4.H2O;
khan CaSO4
Nc cng (nhiu Ca2+,Mg2+), tm thi (HCO3-); vnh
cu(Cl-, SO24). Ton phn = tm thi + vnh cu
Lm mm tm thi + vnh cu: Pp kt
ta(Na2CO3,Na3PO4); pp trao i ion (nha
catinoit,zeolit:vt liu v c).
Nc cng tm thi cn c th dng Ca(OH)2
30.
NHM V SX NHM
Al+Cl2(t chy);Al+O2(t0);bn trong kk (Al2O3bo v).
Al ko tc dng vi nc d t0cao. Al c tnh kh
mnh, d dt mng.
4

36.

NIKEN, KM, CH, THIC


Ni trng bc,cng,klg ring ln,ko td c vi
H2.Bn vi nc&kk to thng.Dng Ni trong luyn
kim, m chng g st.Zn mu lam nht,b ph bi oxit
ZnO nn thng c mu xm. Zn gin ko ko di c,khi
un nng li do,dai (150oC);n 200oC li gin,c th
tn thnh bt. Zn rn v hp cht ko c nhng hi ZnO
rt c
Ud: bo v st khi g;sx pin kh. ZnO lm thuc gim
au thn kinh, cha eczema,bnh nga
Pb mu trng hi xanh,mm d dt mng.Pb v
hc u rt c.Gy xm men rng,ri lon thn kinh.
Ud:ch to acquy,v dy cp,u n,bo v tia px
Sn mu trng bc, mm d dt mng.2 dng th
hnh Trng v Xm c th chuyn i qua li nh nhit
.
Ud:chng g st(st ty) trong cng nghip thc
phm.Giy thic trong t in.Hp kim Sn-Pb dng
hn.SnO2 dng trong CN gm s v thy tinh m

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