MT S TNH CHT V NG DNG CA CROM

TS Vi Anh Tun Khoa Ha hc

Trng i hc KHTN i hc Quc gia H Ni

Crom l nguyn t kim loi chuyn tip thuc nhm VIB ca bng h thng tun hon. Crom c cu hnh
electron lp v ha tr l 3d
5
4s
1
. S oxi ha c trng ca crom l +3 v +6. Tn gi ca crom xut pht t ting
Hy Lp "chroma" c ngha l mu sc v cc hp cht ca crom u c mu.
Crom l kim loi mu trng bc. Do c s electron c thn ti a nn bn ca lin kt trong tinh th crom
l ln nht, v vy crom c nhit si, nhit nng chy v cng rt cao (t
o
nc
= 1907
o
C; t
o
s
= 2671
o
C,
cng theo thang Mohs: 8,5).
1. iu ch crom
Khong vt chnh ca crom l st cromit (FeCr
2
O
4
). Nhng nc giu m qung crom l Nam Phi,
Kazakhstan, n , Nga, Th Nh K v Zimbabwe. Nc ta c mt m sa khong cromit kh ln C nh,
Thanh Ha.
Trong cng nghip lng ln crom c sn xut t qung di dng hp kim ferocrom cha 50 70% crom,
c sn xut bng cch dng than cc kh qung cromit trong l in:
Fe(CrO
2
)
2
+ 4 C
t
o
Fe + 2 Cr + 4 CO
iu ch crom tinh khit ngi ta phi tch st ra khi qung cromit theo quy trnh sau: Qung cromit c
un nng chy vi hn hp canxi cacbonat v natri cacbonat v c mt khng kh. Crom b oxi ha thnh cromat
v st chuyn thnh Fe
2
O
3
. Ha tan hn hp vo nc, tch phn oxit st khng tan thu c dung dch cromat.
Thm axit sunfuric chuyn cromat thnh dicromat:
4 FeCr
2
O
4
+ 8 Na
2
CO
3
+ 7 O
2

t
o
8 Na
2
CrO
4
+ 2 Fe
2
O
3
+ 8 CO
2

2 Na
2
CrO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
Kh dicromat thnh crom (III) oxit bng cacbon. Tip theo kh crom (III) oxit bng nhm s thu c crom
kim loi:
Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 2 C
t
o
Cr
2
O
3
+ Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
Cr
2
O
3
+ 2 Al
t
o
2 Cr + Al
2
O
3

Cu 1.1. (a) Vit cc phng trnh ho hc t Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
, C (than ), Al (bt nhm) v cc iu kin cn thit
thu c Cr.
(b) CrO
2
Cl
2
(cromyl clorua) l mt ho cht quan trng. Hy vit cc phng trnh ho hc to ra CrO
2
Cl
2
t:
i. CrO
3
tc dng vi axit HCl.
ii. Cho K
2
Cr
2
O
7
tc dng vi KCl trong H
2
SO
4
c, nng.
(c) Thm cht thch hp v hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc sau:
i. KNO
2
+ KNO
3
+ ? K
2
CrO
4
+ NO
ii. NaNO
2
+ ? + NaI I
2
+ NaHSO
4
+ NO + H
2
O
iii. HNO
3
+ P
2
O
5
? + N
2
O
5
(a. Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 2 C
t
o
Na
2
CO
3
+ Cr
2
O
3
+ CO
Cr
2
O
3
+ 2 Al
t
o
2 Cr + Al
2
O
3

b. i. CrO
3
+ 2 HCl CrO
2
Cl
2
+ H
2
O
ii. K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 4 KCl + 3 H
2
SO
4
3 K
2
SO
4
+ 2 CrO
2
Cl
2
+ 3 H
2
O
c. i. 3 KNO
2
+ KNO
3
+ Cr
2
O
3
2 K
2
CrO
4
+ 4 NO
ii. 2 NaNO
2
+ 4 H
2
SO
4
+ 2 NaI I
2
+ 4 NaHSO
4
+ 2 NO + 2 H
2
O
iii. 2 HNO
3
+ P
2
O
5
2 HPO
3
+ N
2
O
5
)

Cu 1.2. (a) Ti sao crom c kh nng th hin nhiu trng thi oxi ho? Cho bit nhng s oxi ho ph bin
ca crom?
(b) Nu v gii thch s bin i tnh cht axit baz trong dy oxit: CrO, Cr
2
O
3
, CrO
3
. Vit phng trnh ho
hc ca cc phn ng minh ho.
(c) Vit phng trnh ion ca cc phn ng iu ch Al
2
O
3
v Cr
2
O
3
t dung dch gm kali cromit v kali
aluminat.
(a. Cu hnh electron ca crom l [Cr]3d
5
4s
1
, do nguyn t crom c 6 electron ha tr nn crom th hin
nhiu trng thi oxi ha; S oxi ha ph bin ca crom l +2, +3, +6.
b. i t CrO Cr
2
O
3
CrO
3
th tnh axit tng dn, tnh baz gim dn.
Gii thch: khi i t CrO Cr
2
O
3
CrO
3
th s oxi ha ca nguyn t crom tng do tnh cng ha tr ca
lin kt Cr O tng, lm cho tnh baz gim, tnh axit tng.
Trong thc t CrO l oxit axit, Cr
2
O
3
l oxit lng tnh v CrO
3
l oxit axit.
CrO + 2 H
+
Cr
2+
+ H
2
O
Cr
2
O
3
+ 6 H
+
2 Cr
3+
+ 3 H
2
O
Cr
2
O
3
+ 2 OH

(nng chy) 2 CrO
2

+ H
2
O
CrO
3
+ 2 OH

CrO
4
2
+ H
2
O
c. Cch 1: Thm H
2
O
2
v NaOH d vo dung dch:
2 Cr(OH)
4

+ 3 H
2
O
2
+ 2 OH

2 CrO
4
2
+ 8 H
2
O
Thm tip CO
2
n d vo dung dch thu c:
Al(OH)
4

+ CO
2
Al(OH)
3
+ + HCO
3


Lc ly kt ta em nung thu c Al
2
O
3
tinh khit:
2 Al(OH)
3
Al
2
O
3
+ 3 H
2
O
Thm H
2
SO
4
n d vo phn dung dch lc, c cn dung dch kt tinh K
2
Cr
2
O
7
.
2 CrO
4

+ 2 H
+
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ H
2
O
Nung K
2
Cr
2
O
7
vi C thu c Cr
2
O
3

K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 2 C K
2
CO
3
+ Cr
2
O
3
+ CO
Cch 2: Thm H
2
O
2
v KOH d vo dung dch:
2 Cr(OH)
4

+ 3 H
2
O
2
+ 2 OH

2 CrO
4
2
+ 8 H
2
O
Thm tip CO
2
n d vo dung dch thu c:
Al(OH)
4

+ CO
2
Al(OH)
3
+ + HCO
3


Lc ly kt ta em nung thu c Al
2
O
3
tinh khit:
2 Al(OH)
3
Al
2
O
3
+ 3 H
2
O
Thm H
2
O
2
v H
2
SO
4
n d vo phn dung dch lc:
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 8 H
+
+ 3 H
2
O
2
2 Cr
3+
+ 3 O
2
+ 7 H
2
O
Thm NH
3
long kt ta Cr
3+
:
Cr
3+
+ 3 NH
3
+ 3 H
2
O Cr(OH)
3
+ + 3 NH
4
+

Lc ly kt ta em nung thu c Cr
2
O
3
tinh khit:
2 Cr(OH)
3
Cr
2
O
3
+ 3 H
2
O)
Cu 1.3. Ha tan hon ton 0,1331 gam mt mnh hp kim cha st v crom bng dung dch axit sunfuric long,
d to thnh cc ion Fe
2+
v Cr
3+
. Chun dung dch thu c bng dung dch pemanganat nhit phng
thy va ht 20,08 ml dung dch. Bit rng iu kin th nghim Cr
3+
khng tham gia phn ng.
Trong mt th nghim khc, ngi ta chun 10 ml dung dch axit oxalic 0,0500 M trong mi trng axit
sunfuric bng dung dch pemanganat trn thy va ht 9,75 ml dung dch.
(a) Hy vit cc phn ng xy ra dng ion rt gn.
(b) Hy tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca st v crom trong hp kim ban u. (Cr = 52,00; Fe = 55,85).
Mt bnh in phn cha 100 lit dung dch CrO
3
nng 230 g/lit. Tin hnh in phn dung dch trong
khong thi gian 10 gi vi cng dng in 1500 A. Sau khi kt thc th nghim thy khi lng ca catot
tng ln 670 gam, bit rng c kh thot ra c catot v anot.
(c) Hy cho bit kh thot ra anot v catot?
(d) Hy tnh hiu sut ca qu trnh in phn iu ch crom.
(e) Hy tnh th tch kh thot ra catot v anot 25C v 1,00 atm.
(a. Fe + 2 H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2
Cr + 3 H
+
Cr
3+
+ 3/2H
2

5 Fe
2+
+ MnO
4

+ 8 H
+
5 Fe
3+
+ Mn
2+
+ 4 H
2
O
5 H
2
C
2
O
4
+ 2 MnO
4

+ 6 H
+
10 CO
2
+ 2 Mn
2+
+ 8 H
2
O
b. MnO
4

: 0,02051 M;
Fe: 86,4%; Cr: 13,6%;
c. CrO
3
+ H
2
O 2 H
+
+ CrO
4
2
CrO
4
2
+ 8 H
+
+ 6 e Cr + 4 H
2
O
Anot (+): 2 H
2
O O
2
| + 4 H
+
+ 4e
Catot (): 2 H
+
+ 2e H
2
|
d. C: mol
F
It
n
e
7 , 559
96485
3600 10 1500
=

= =
S mol electron do cromat nhn l:
mol n
e
3 , 77 6
00 , 52
670
'
= =
Hiu sut ca qu trnh in phn iu ch crom:
% 8 , 13 100
7 , 559
3 , 77
'
= = =
e
e
n
n
H
e. C: mol
n n
n
e e
H
2 , 241
2
3 , 77 7 , 559
2
'
2
=

=
mol
n
n
e
O
9 , 139
4
7 , 559
4
2
= = =
=> lit V
H
3
10 . 89 , 5
1
298 082 , 0 2 , 241
2
=

=
lit V
O
3
10 . 42 , 3
1
298 082 , 0 9 , 139
2
=

= )
Cu 1.4. Ngun nguyn liu chnh iu ch crom l qung cromit (FeCr
2
O
4
), trong cromit st c ha tr II.
(a) Hy xc nh s oxi ha ca crom trong cc cu t sau: Cr
2
O
3
, CrO
4
2
, Cr
2
O
7
2
, FeCr
2
O
4
.
(b) Hy vit phng trnh phn ng kh qung cromit bng cacbon, bit sn phm thu c l st, crom v
cacbon dioxit.
Quy trnh iu ch mui crom (III) t qung cromit nh sau: u tin oxi ha cromit bng khng kh trong
natri hidroxit nng chy to thnh natri cromat (Na
2
CrO
4
); Ha tan sn phm vo nc, axit ha dung dch bng
dung dch H
2
SO
4
thu c dung dch c mu da cam; C cn dung dch, ly cht rn em kh bng cacbon thu
c Cr
2
O
3
; Ha tan oxit ny bng dung dch axit sunfuric thu c dung dch mui crom (III).
(c) Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong quy trnh trn.
xc nh hm lng crom trong mu qung cromit, ngi ta s dng phng php chun iot
thiosunfat. Oxi ha 5,00 g mu qung cromit bng oxi trong dung dch natri hidroxit, chuyn ton b dung dch thu
c (cha natri cromat) vo bnh nh mc 1,00 lit v nh mc n vch bng nc ct (dung dch A). Ly 25,00
ml dung dch A cho vo bnh nn c cha dung dch m. Thm khong 3 gam KI. y kn ming bnh v trong
ti cho phn ng xy ra hon ton, sn phm to thnh l I
3

v Cr
3+
. Chun lng I
3

sinh ra bng dung dch
Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1000 M, sn phm to thnh l I

v ion tetrathionat
(S
4
O
6
2
), thy va ht 23,10 ml dung dch.
(d) Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong quy trnh phn tch trn.
(e) Hy tnh nng ca natri cromat trong dung dch A.
(g) Hy tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca cromit trong mu qung.
(h) Hy tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca crom trong mu qung.
(a. +3, +6, +6, +3;
b. FeCr
2
O
4
+ 2 C Fe + 2 Cr + 2 CO
2

c. 4 FeCr
2
O
4
+ 7 O
2
+ 16 NaOH 2 Fe
2
O
3
+ 8 Na
2
CrO
4
+ 8 H
2
O
2 Na
2
CrO
4
+ 2 H
2
SO
4
2 NaHSO
4
+ Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
O
Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 2 C
t
o
Na
2
CO
3
+ Cr
2
O
3
+ CO
Cr
2
O
3
+ 3 H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3 H
2
O
d. 4 FeCr
2
O
4
+ 7 O
2
+ 16 NaOH 2 Fe
2
O
3
+ 8 Na
2
CrO
4
+ 8 H
2
O
2 CrO
4
2
+ 9 I

+ 16 H
+
2 Cr
3+
+ 3 I
3

+ 8 H
2
O
I
3

+ 2 S
2
O
3
2
3 I

+ S
4
O
6
2

e. M C
CrO
0308 , 0
00 , 25
3
2
2
1
1000 , 0 10 , 23
2
4
=

=

g. mol n
O FeCr
0154 , 0
8
4
0 , 1 0308 , 0
4 2
= =
=> % 94 , 68 100
00 , 5
85 , 223 0154 , 0
%
4 2
=

= O FeCr
h. mol n n
O FeCr
Cr
0308 , 0 2
4 2
= =
=> % 04 , 32 100
00 , 5
00 , 52 0308 , 0
% =

= Cr )
2. Phc cht ca crom
2.1. Phc cht crom (0)
a) Phc hexacacbonyl crom(0), Cr(CO)
6
2s
2s
o
s
o
s
*
C
O CO
2p
2p
o
z
o
z
*
t
x
t
y
t
x
* t
y
*

Gin MO ca phn t CO.
Trong phn t CO, cp electron trn MO o
z
c nng lng cao hn nhng cp electron trn MO t
x
v t
y
nn
c kh nng to lin kt o cho nhn vi cc obitan lai ha d
2
sp
3
trng ca nguyn t crom.
3d 4s 4p
d
2
sp
3
lin kt
lin kt
Cr(0):
Cr CO
CO Cr
CO CO CO CO CO CO

Ngoi lin kt ocho nhn (CrCO), trong hexacacbonyl cn c lin kt
t cho CrCO to nn bi nhng cp electron d ca nguyn t crom vi nhng MO t* trng ca phn t CO v
nh lin kt t ny, cc phn t cacbonyl kim loi c lm bn thm.
t-cho
Cr C O
o

Vy phc Cr(CO)
6
c cu hnh bt din u v nghch t.
Cr
OC
OC CO
CO
CO
CO

Nh vy phc Cr(CO)
6
tun theo quy tc 18 electron: "Nguyn t kim loi trong cacbonyl kim loi c khuynh
hng nhn thm mt s electron ca phn t CO t c 18 electron v ha tr". Di y l mt s phc
cacbonyl kim loi tun theo quy tc 18 electron.
Cacbonyl S electron
ha tr ca M
S electron CO
ng gp
Tng Hnh hc phn t
Ti(CO)
7
4 14 18
V
2
(CO)
12
5 12+1 18
Cr(CO)
6
6 12 18 Bt din u
Mn
2
(CO)
10
7 10+1 18 2 bt din chung 1
nh
Fe(CO)
5
8 10 18 Lng thp tam gic
Co
2
(CO)
8
9 8+1 18
Ni(CO)
4
10 8 18 T din

OC Mn
OC
CO
CO
CO
Mn
OC
CO
CO
CO
CO
3d 4s 4p
d
2
sp
3
Mn (0):
Mn CO
CO Mn
CO
CO CO CO CO
t
o
Mn-Mn o

b) Phc crom dibenzen Cr(C
6
H
6
)
2

Phn t crom dibenzen c hnh bnh kp (thuc loi hp cht t c kim).
3d 4s 4p
d
2
sp
3
Cr (0):
Cr MO t*
MO t Cr
t
o
t
t*
t
E
Gin n ng l- ng c c MO t ca benzen
Cr

Trong hp cht ny, quy tc 18 electron cng c tun theo.

Cu 2.1. Cui th k 18 Ludwig Mond pht hin ra rng niken dng bt mn phn ng vi cacbon monoxit
to thnh tetracacbonyl niken, Ni(CO)
4
, mt cht lng khng mu, d bay hi. Phc Ni(CO)
4
tun theo quy tc 18
electron.
(a) S dng quy tc 18 electron, hy d on cng thc phc cacbonyl ca Fe(0) v Cr(0).
(b) S dng quy tc 18 electron hy d on cng thc phc nitrozyl ca Cr(0)?
(c) Hy gii thch ti sao Mn(0) v Co(0) khng th to ra cc phc cacbonyl n nhn kiu M(CO)
x
(M l
kim loi), m ch c th to cc phc cacbonyl c lin kt kim loi kim loi?
(d) Hy cho bit cu trc khng gian ca Ni(CO)
4
, Mn
2
(CO)
10
v Co
2
(CO)
8
.
(e) Hy cho bit phc V(CO)
6
v cc phc cho phn (a) v (d) l thun t hay nghch t?
(g) Hy gii thch ti sao cacbon monoxit lin kt vi kim loi bn hn rt nhiu so vi khi lin kt vi bo
trong hp cht kiu R
3
BCO; R l gc ankyl?
(h) Quy tc 18 electron cng nghim ng i vi phc ca crom v benzen.
i/ Hy vit cng thc ca phc.
ii/ Hy cho bit cng thc ca phc c cu trc tng t c iu ch bng phn ng gia bt st vi
xiclopentadien? Hy vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch phc.
(a. Fe(CO)
5
v Cr(CO)
6
;
b. Cr(NO)
4

c. Do nguyn t Mn v Co c s l electron.
d.
CO
Ni
OC
CO
CO
OC Mn
OC
CO
CO
CO
Mn
OC
CO
CO
CO
CO OC Co
CO
OC
OC
Co
OC
CO
CO
CO

e. Fe(CO)
5
, Cr(CO)
6
, Ni(CO)
4
, Mn
2
(CO)
10
, Co
2
(CO)
10
: nghch t;
V(CO)
6
thun t;
g. Do trong R
3
B CO khng c lin kt t cho.
t-cho
Cr C O
o

h. i/
Cr

ii/ Fe + 2 C
5
H
6
Fe(C
5
H
5
)
2
+ H
2

Fe
)
2.2. Phc cht crom (II)
Cr(II) axetat l kt ta mu v l hp cht bn nht ca Cr(II), c cu to ime [Cr(CH
3
COO)
2
.H
2
O]
2
.
Trong phn t dime lin kt Cr Cr l lin kt bn (1o, 2t, 1o).
3d 4s 4p
d
2
sp
3
Cr (II):
O Cr o
o Cr-Cr
t Cr-Cr
o Cr-Cr

Cr Cr
O
O
O
O
H
2
O OH
2
O
O
O
O

Cr(II) axetat c iu ch theo phn ng:
2 CrCl
2
+ 4 NaCH
3
COO + 2 H
2
O [Cr(CH
3
COO)
2
.H
2
O]
2
+ 4 NaCl
Cu 2.2. X l mt hp cht ca crom. Phn tch thnh phn nguyn t cho thy: Cr 27,7%; C: 25,5%; H 4,25%
theo khi lng, phn cn li l oxi.
(a) Hy cho bit cng thc n gin nht ca X.
(b) Bit rng trong cng thc n gin nht c cha mt phn t nc, hy cho bit phi t cn li l g? Hy
cho bit s oxi ha ca Cr trong X.
(c) Nghin cu t tnh cho thy X c tnh nghch t, hy gii thch tnh cht ny ca hp cht X v v cu trc
khng gian ca X.
(a. 5 : 8 : 4 : 1 66 , 2 : 25 , 4 : 125 , 2 : 533 , 0
16
55 , 42
:
1
25 , 4
:
12
5 , 25
:
52
7 , 27
: : : = = = O H C Cr
=> Cng thc kinh nghim ca X l: CrC
4
H
8
O
5
.
b. Cr(H
2
O)(CH
3
COO)
2
, phi t cn li l axetat, s oxi ha ca crom: +2.
c. X l ime: [Cr(H
2
O)(CH
3
COO)
2
]
2
.
Cr Cr
O
O
O
O
H
2
O OH
2
O
O
O
O

)
Cu 2.3. Kim loi A c mu trng bc v c nh kim. Trong cng nghip, ngi ta dng kim loi A m ln
cc vt bng kim loi bo v cho kim loi khng b g, lp m thng ch dy khong 0,005 mm. Hidroxit
ca A l cht B c dng A(OH)
2
, B l cht kt ta mu vng nhng thng ln tp cht nn c mu hung. Khi tip
xc vi khng kh, B chuyn thnh C l cht nhy c mu lc nht, khng tan trong nc nhng tan c trong c
dung dch kim cng nh dung dch axit. Cht B tan trong dung dch HCl d cho dung dch D c mu xanh lam
nhng khi c cn dung dch th li c mui rn khan mu trng, ht m mnh. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi
dung dch NaCH
3
COO c thu c kt ta t tan mu E. E dng dime l hp cht c cu to c bit v l mt
trong nhng cht d iu ch v bn nht ca A(II).
(a) Tm cc cht t A n E v vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
(b) Nu bn cht lin kt ca A trong dime E.
(a. A: Cr;
4 Cr(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ 2 H
2
O 4 Cr(OH)
3

B C
Cr(OH)
3
+ 3 H
+
Cr
3+
+ 3 H
2
O
Cr(OH)
3
+ OH

[Cr(OH)
4
]


Cr(OH)
2
+ 2 HCl CrCl
2
+ 2 H
2
O
B D
2 CrCl
2
+ 4 NaCH
3
COO + 2 H
2
O [Cr(CH
3
COO)
2
(H
2
O)]
2
+ 4 NaCl
D E
b. Xem phn l thuyt)
3d 4s 4p
d
2
sp
3
Cr (II):
O Cr o
o Cr-Cr
t Cr-Cr
o Cr-Cr
2.3. Phc cht crom (III)
Do c kch thc b v in tch ln nn ion Cr
3+
c kh nng to phc rt mnh, cc phc bn thng gp l
[CrX
6
]
3
(X: F, Cl, SCN, CN), [Cr(C
2
O
4
)
2
]

, NH
4
[Cr(NH
3
)
2
(SCN)
4
] (mui Reinecke c mu m).
Trong dung dch nc, mui CrCl
3
tn ti 3 dng khc nhau:
[Cr(H
2
O)
6
]Cl
3
[Cr(H
2
O)
5
Cl]Cl
2
[Cr(H
2
O)
4
Cl
2
]Cl
tm xanh nht xanh thm
3 AgCl+ 2 AgCl+ 1 AgCl+
Cu 2.4. Cc hp cht A, B, C c cng cng thc phn t CrCl
3
.6H
2
O. Trong dung dch nc tn ti cn bng
gia chng nh sau:
[Cr(H
2
O)
6
]Cl
3


[Cr(H
2
O)
5
Cl]Cl
2
.H
2
O [Cr(H
2
O)
4
Cl
2
]Cl.2H
2
O.
(A) (B) (C)
Trong mt th nghim ngi ta cho dung dch cha 0,32 gam CrCl
3.
6H
2
O i qua mt lp nha trao i cation
di dng H
+
. Cn 28,8 ml dung dch NaOH 0,125M chun ht lng H
+
chuyn vo dung dch.
(a) Gi tn cc phc cht A, B v C. Phc cht no c ng phn hnh hc?
(b) Xc nh cng thc ca phc trong dung dch.
(c) Vit cu hnh electron ca Cr trong ion phc xc nh c (b) v xc nh t tnh ca phc cht .
(a. A: Hexaaquacrom (III) clorua
B: Cloro pentaaqua crom (III) clorua hirat
C: icloro tetraaqua crom (III) clorua hirat (C ng phn hnh hc)
b. [Cr(H
2
O)
6 n
Cl
n
]Cl
3 n
.nH
2
O [Cr(H
2
O)
6 n
Cl
n
]
3 n
+ (3 n) Cl

+ n H
2
O
1,20.10
3
1,20.10
3
mol
[Cr(H
2
O)
6 n
Cl
n
]
3 n
+ (3 n) R COOH ... + (3 n) H
+

1,20.10
3
1,20.10
3
(3 n)

mol
H
+
+ OH

H
2
O
3,60.10
3
mol
C: n
H
+ = 1,20.10
3
(3 n) = 3,60.10
3

=> n = 0;
Vy phc trong dung dch l [Cr(H
2
O)
6
]Cl
3
(phc A)
c. Phc thun t; B M. 87 , 3 ) 2 3 ( 3 = + =
4p 3d 4s
[Cr(H
2
O)
6
]
3+
sp
3
d
2
4d
6 H
2
O
)
Cu 2.5. Thm t amoni dicromat vo mui amoni thioxianat nng chy s thu c mui Reinecke c cng
thc NH
4
[Cr(SCN)
x
(NH
3
)
y
], mui ny c thnh phn % theo khi lng ca cc nguyn t nh sau: Cr 15,5 %; S
38,15 % v N 29,2 %.
(a) Hy xc nh cc gi tr x v y trong cng thc trn.
(b) Hy xc nh s oxi ha ca crom trong phc.
(c) Hy cho bit hnh hc ca anion phc.
(d) Hy v cc ng phn lp th ca anion phc trn.
(a. NH
4
[Cr(SCN)
4
(NH
3
)
2
];
b. +3;
c. bt din;
d. ng phn hnh hc
Cr
NCS
NCS SCN
SCN
NH
3
NH
3
-
Cr
NCS
NCS SCN
NH
3
NH
3
SCN
-
)
Cu 2.6. Ion glyxinat, NH
2
CH
2
COO

, l mt phi t hai cng, to phc trisglyxinatocrom(III). Lu rng

cc nguyn t oxi v nit ca cng mt phi t ch c th lin kt cc v tr cnh nhau trong cu hnh bt din.
(a) Hy cho bit phc trn c bao nhiu ng phn hnh hc?
(b) Hy cho bit ng phn hnh hc no l bt i?
Mt phc cht khc ca crom c thnh phn % theo khi lng ca cc nguyn t nh sau: 19,5 % Cr; 40,0 %
Cl, 4,5 % H v 36,0 % O. Ha tan 0,533 g phc vo 100 ml nc v thm tip 10 ml dung dch HNO
3
2 M. Thm
lng d dung dch bc nitrat. Lc, ra kt ta v em sy kh thu c 0,287 g cht rn. Mt khc un nng nh
1,06 g phc 100 C thy thot ra 0,144 g nc.
Nhit ng c ca dung dch thu c khi ha tan 1,33 g phc vo 100ml nc l 0,18 C. (Hng s
nghim lnh ca nc l 1,82 K.kg.mol
1
).
(c) Hy cho bit cng thc ca phc.
(d) Hy v tt c cc ng phn lp th ca phc trn.
(a. Hai ng phn hnh hc (fac v mer).
Cr
O
N O
O
N
N
bt i
Cr
O
N N
O
O
N
bt i

b. C hai ng phn hnh hc u bt i.
c. Gi CTPT ca phc l Cr
x
Cl
y
H
z
O
t
. C:
6 : 12 : 3 : 1 25 , 2 : 46 , 4 : 128 , 1 : 375 , 0
0 , 16
0 , 36
:
01 , 1
5 , 4
:
45 , 35
0 , 40
:
0 , 52
5 , 19
: : : = = = t z y x
=> CTPT ca phc l CrCl
3
(H
2
O)
6
. (M = 266,47)
Th nghim 1:
[Cr(H
2
O)
6 n
Cl
n
]Cl
3 n
.nH
2
O [Cr(H
2
O)
6 n
Cl
n
]
3 n
+ (3 n) Cl

+ n H
2
O
2,00.10
3
2,00.10
3
(3 n) mol
Ag
+
+ Cl

AgCl
2,00.10
3
mol
C: n
AgCl
= 2,00.10
3
(3 n) = 2,00.10
3

=> n = 2
Th nghim 2:
[Cr(H
2
O)
6 n
Cl
n
]Cl
3 n
.nH
2
O [Cr(H
2
O)
6 n
Cl
n
]Cl
3 n
+ n H
2
O
3,98.10
3
7,99.10
3
mol
C: n
H
2
O
= 3,98.10
3
n = 7,99.10
3

=> n = 2
Th nghim 3:
[Cr(H
2
O)
6 n
Cl
n
]Cl
3 n
.nH
2
O [Cr(H
2
O)
6 n
Cl
n
]
3 n
+ (3 n) Cl

+ n H
2
O
4,99.10
3
4,99.10
3
4,99.10
3
(3 n) mol
C:
dm
ion
m
n
k km t = = A

(Coi lng nc do phc phn li ra khng ng k)
=>
mol
mol kg K
kg K
k
tm
n
dm
ion
3
1
10 . 89 , 9
. . 82 , 1
1 , 0 18 , 0

=
A
=

C: n
ion
= 4,99.10
3
+

4,99.10
3
(3 n) = 9,89.10
3

=> n = 2
Kt qu ca 3 th nghim ph hp vi nhau, vy cng thc ca phc l [Cr(H
2
O)
4
Cl
2
]Cl.2H
2
O;
d. 2 ng phn hnh hc)
Cu 2.7. (a) Hy v v gi tn cc ng phn lin kt v ng phn lp th ca mi hp cht phi tr sau:
i. [Pt(NH
3
)
2
(SCN)
2
].
ii. [Co(en)(H
2
NCH
2
COO)
2
]Cl.
(b) Hy v gin phn tch mc nng lng ca cc obitan d trong trng tinh th ca mi phc sau.
i. [Cr(CN)
6
]
3
.
ii. [Cr(NH
3
)
6
]
2+
.
iii. [Cr(CN)
6
]
4
.
(a. i.
Pt
NH
3
NH
3
NCS SCN Pt
SCN
NH
3
NCS NH
3
Pt
NCS
NH
3
SCN NH
3
Pt
NH
3
NH
3
SCN NCS
Pt
NH
3
NH
3
NCS NCS Pt
NCS
NH
3
NCS NH
3


ii.
N
Co
N
O N
O N
N
Co
N
O N
O N
O
Co
N
N N
O N
O
Co
N
N N
O N
O
Co
O
N N
N N
O
Co
O
N N
N N

b.
[Cr(CN)
6
]
3-
[Cr(NH
3
)
6
]
2+
[Cr(CN)
6
]
4-
)
Cu 2.8. Phc kali xiano K
1
ca nguyn t A c momen t = 3,8 B.M. Hp cht c cc i hp th tng
ng vi bc chuyn d d ti 26700 cm
1
. Phn ng kh ion A
2
O
7
2
(c mu da cam) bng etanol trong mi
trng axit to ra ion trung tm ca phc xiano. Phc K
1
b kh bi kali trong amoniac lng cho phc xiano K
2
(c
s phi tr khng thay i). Bng cch thay i tt c phi t trong K
2
bng amoniac, momen t ca phc K
3
thu
c tng ln thnh = 4,9 B.M..
(a) Hy cho bit A l nguyn t no?
(b) Hy cho bit cng thc v gi tn phc K
1
.
(c) Hy biu din s phn b ca electron trn cc obitan d ca nguyn t trung tm trong phc K
1
.
Cho N
A
= 6,022 10
23
mol
1
; c = 3,0 10
8
m/s v h = 6,62 10
34
J.s.
(d) Hy tnh nng lng tch ca trng phi t (theo kJ/mol) ca phc K
1
.
(e) Cho cc phi t H
2
O, Cl

v F

cc gi tr nng lng tch: 158 kJ/mol, 182 kJ/mol v 208 kJ/mol. Hy cho
bit nng lng tch tng ng vi mi
phi t.
(f) Hy cho bit cng thc v gi tn ca phc K
2
.
(g) Hy biu din s phn b ca electron trn cc obitan d ca nguyn t trung tm trong phc K
2
v K
3
, v
cho bit phc l spin cao hay spin thp?
(h) Phc K
2
c cu trc bt din lch. Hy cho bit tn gi ca hiu ng gy ra iu ny.
(i) Hy cho bit hnh hc ca phc A(acac)
2
? Ch n hiu ng c cp phn (h).
(a. Cr;
b. K
3
[Cr(CN)
6
], kali hexaxiano cromat (III);
c.
;
B
87 , 3 ) 2 3 ( 3 = + =
d.
34 8 1 1 23
100
6, 62.10 . 3.10 . 26700 6, 022.10
A
cm
E hc N J s ms cm
m
u

A = = =

3
319.10 / 319 / J mol kJ mol = =
e. H
2
O: 208 kj/mol; Cl

: 158 kj/mol; F

: 182 kj/mol.
f. K
4
[Cr(CN)
6
], kali hexaxiano cromat (II);
g.

spin thp spin cao
h. Hiu ng Jahn Teller;
i. Vung phng)
Cu 2.9. Trong cu hi ny cc phc ca Cr
3+
v Cr
2+
u c cu hnh bt din.
Thm amoniac vo dung dch Cr(III) to thnh Cr(OH)
3
, mt kt ta mu lc xm. Cr(OH)
3
l hidroxit lng
tnh, phn ng vi axit to ion phc mu tm A, phn ng vi dung dch NaOH to ion phc mu xanh thm B.
(a) Hy vit cng thc ca cc ion phc A v B.
(b) Hy vit phng trnh phn ng ca Cr(OH)
3
vi axit v baz.
(c) Hy gii thch ti sao cc ion phc A v B li c mu khc nhau?
Ion phc A c tnh axit (pK
a
= 3,95). Baz lin hp ca A d dng b dime ha vi cu ni l ion hydroxo to thnh
ion phc X c cng thc [Cr
2
(OH)
2
(H
2
O)
8
]
a
.
(d) Hy vit phn ng phn li axit ca A.
(e) Hy v cu trc khng gian v xc nh in tch a ca ion phc X.
C l phc triammintriclorocrom(III). Khi thm ion oxalat (ox) vo C th mt phi t Cl

v mt phi t NH
3

s c thay th bng mt phi t ox to thnh ion phc D.
(f) Hy vit cng thc ca cc ion phc C v D.
(g) Hy v cc ng phn lp th ca C v D (s dng k hiu
O O
cho phi t oxalat).
Ion phc A b kh bng hn hng km thy ngn to thnh phc E mu xanh da tri rt km bn ca Cr
2+
.
(h) Hy v hai gin phn tch nng lng ca cc obitan d trong trng tinh th ca phc E.
(i) Hy tnh momen t ca phc E ng vi hai gin trn.
(k) Hy thit lp biu thc tnh nng lng lm bn trong trng tinh th ca E ng vi hai gin trn theo
nng lng tch (
o
) v nng lng ghp i electron (P).
(a. [Cr(H
2
O)
6
]
3+
; [Cr(OH)
6
]
3
;
b. Cr(OH)
3
+ 3 H
3
O
+
[Cr(H
2
O)
6
]
3+

Cr(OH)
3
+ 3 OH

[Cr(OH)
6
]
3

c. Do nng lng tch trong trng phi t ca hai phc khc nhau.
d. [Cr(H
2
O)
6
]
3+
+ H
2
O

[Cr(OH)(H
2
O)
5
]
2+
+ H
3
O
+
;
e.
f. C: [CrCl
3
(NH
3
)
3
]; D: [CrCl
2
(NH
3
)
2
ox]

;
g.

h.

i. BM 9 , 4 ) 2 4 ( 4
1
= + =
BM 8 , 2 ) 2 2 ( 2
2
= + =
k.
Dq E
o o o lb
6
5
3
5
3
5
2
3
1
= A = A + A =
;
o o o lb
P Dq P E + = + A = 16
5
2
4
2
)
Cu 2.10. Tinh th Ruby c mu m v c s dng lm trang sc. t ngi bit c rng tri tim
ca my pht tia laze u tin, c ch to bi Maiman vo nm 1960, l mt tinh th ruby ln. Mu ca
ruby l do s hp th nh sng ca ion Cr
3+
c mt trong tinh th oxit nhm (Al
2
O
3
) khng mu. Ion Cr
3+
c 3
electron phn lp 3d v c kh nng hp th nh sng do s chuyn dch ca electron gia cc obitan ca phn
lp 3d c mc nng lng khc nhau.
(a) Hy cho bit ph hp th no di y l ph hp th ca ruby?

ng ruby dng trong my pht laze l mt ng hnh tr c chiu di 15,2 cm v c ng knh 1,15 cm. Hm
lng ion Cr
3+
trong ng l 0,050 % theo khi lng. Khi lng ring ca Al
2
O
3
l 4,05 g cm
3
. Nguyn t khi
ca Cr = 52u.
(b) Hy tnh s ion Cr
3+
c trong ng ruby.
Trong ruby ion Cr
3+
c phi tr bi 6 ion oxit c cu hnh bt din. Hnh dng ca nm obitan 3d c cho
di y. Hnh tip theo l gin phn tch nng lng ca cc obian d thnh hai nhm, mt nhm gm ba
obitan c mc nng lng thp hn (t
2g
) v mt nhm gm hai obitan c mc nng lng cao hn (e
g
).
(c) Hy cho bit nhng obitan 3d no (d
z
2, d
xy
, d
yz
, d
x
2
y
2, d
xz
) thuc nhm t
2g
v nhng obian 3d no thuc
nhm e
g
?

e
g
t
2g

(d) Hy v gin phn tch mc nng lng ca cc obitan d trong trng tinh th ca phc Cr
3+
trong ruby.
Mt vin ruby c t trn mt chic cn n. Khi cn thng bng, ngi ta a mt cc nam chm vo
ngay pha di a cn ng vin ruby.

(e) Hy cho bit iu g s xy ra?
(A) Cc nam chm ko vin ruby xung.
(B) Cc nam chm khng lm vin ruby dch chuyn.
(C) Cc nam chm y vin ruby i ln.
(D) Cc nam chm lm cho vin ruby di chuyn ln xung.
(a. Ph s 4
b.
ion mol ion
mol gam
cm gam
cm
cm
Cr N
20 1 23
1
3
2
3
10 . 7 , 3 . 10 . 022 , 6
. 52
100
05 , 0
. 05 , 4
2
15 , 1
14 , 3 2 , 15
) ( =

|
.
|

\
|

=

+

c. d.
e
g
t
2g
d
xy
d
xz
d
yz
d
z
d
x - y
2 2 2

e. A)
Cu 2.11. X l ion phc xianua ca crom c cu hnh bt din, tan trong nc v c tnh kh. Bit X c
momen t = 2,83 B.M.
(a) Hy xc nh s oxi ha ca crom trong X.
Thay th ton b phi t xianua trong X bng amoniac thu c phc Y. Bit
X
=
Y
.
(b) Hy xc nh momen t (theo BM) ca Y.
(a. C: 83 , 2 ) 2 ( = + = n n
=> n = 2,
Vy crom c s oxi ha +2 hoc +4 trong phc X.
Do X c tnh kh nn crom c s oxi ha +2. X: [Cr(CN)
6
]
4

[Cr(CN)
6
]
4-
d
2
sp
3
6CN
-

b. BM n n
Y
90 , 4 ) 2 4 ( 4 ) 2 ( = + = + =
[Cr(NH
3
)
6
]
2+
sp
3
d
2
6

NH
3
)
Cu 2.12. (a) Hy v cc ng phn ca cc phc sau:
i/ [Cr(NH
3
)
4
Cl
2
]Cl
ii/ [CoPy
3
Cl
3
], py l pyridin.
iii/ [Co(SCN)(H
2
O)
5
]Cl
iv/ [PtCl(PMe
3
)
3
]Br, Me l CH
3
.
v/ [Co(en)
2
Cl
2
]Cl.
(b) CrCl
3
phn ng vi NH
3
to thnh cc phc c cng thc chung l CrCl
3
(NH
3
)
x
(x = 3 6). Hy vit cng
thc ca cc phc trn v so snh dn in ca chng trong cc dung dch c cng nng .
(a. i/ [Cr(NH
3
)
4
Cl
2
]Cl: 2 ng phn (cis, trans).
Tetraammin dicloro crom (III) clorua
ii/ [CoPy
3
Cl
3
]: 2 ng phn (mer, fac).
Tricloro tris(pyridin) coban(III)
iii/ [Co(SCN)(H
2
O)
5
]Cl: 2 ng phn (lin kt).
Pentaaqua thioxianato coban(II) clorua
Pentaaqua isothioxianato coban(II) clorua
iv/ [PtCl(PMe
3
)
3
]Br: cu hnh vung phng, 2 ng phn (ng phn ion ha)
[PtCl(PMe
3
)
3
]Br: Cloro tris (trimetylphotphin)platin (II) bromua.
[PtBr(PMe
3
)
3
]Cl: Bromo tris (trimetylphotphin)platin (II) clorua.
v/ [Co(en)
2
Cl
2
]Cl: 3 ng phn (cis, trans).
Dicloro bis (etylendiamin)coban(III) clorua;
b. dn in: [Cr(NH
3
)
6
]Cl
3
> [Cr(NH
3
)
5
Cl]Cl
2
> [Cr(NH
3
)
4
Cl
2
]Cl

> [Cr(NH
3
)
3
Cl
3
])
3. Phng php chun cromat
Phng php chun dicromat da trn kh nng oxi ho ca ion dicromat trong mi trng axit:
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14 H
+
+ 6e 2 Cr
3+
+ 7 H
2
O ; E
0
= 1,33V
Da cam lc
u im:
- K
2
Cr
2
O
7
l cht gc.
- khng phn ng vi Cl

.
- dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
bn theo thi gian, t b nh hng bi cht hu c.
Nhc im:
- khng t ch th (do cng mu ca Cr
2
O
7
2
khng ln).
- phn ng tng i chm.
ng dng:
- Xc nh cht kh: H
2
O
2
, S
2
O
3
2
, Fe
2+
, SO
3
2
, I

, ru etylic, RSH, vitamin C, COD.
- Xc nh cht oxi ho (chun ngc): Fe
3+
, NO
3

, Cu
2+
, MnO
4

, IO
3

.
- Xc nh cht khng c tnh oxi ha kh: Pb
2+
, Ba
2+
(kt ta di dng MCrO
4
).
Cu 3.1. Ly 10 ml mu dung dch cha Cr(III) cho vo bnh nn, thm 5 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
3M, 5 ml
H
3
PO
4
2M, 5 git dung dch AgNO
3
1% v 1 git dung dch MnSO
4
1%. Pha long dung dch bng nc ct ti
khong 100 ml. un trn bp in, cho tng lng nh mui (NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
8
vo, lc dung dch lin tc, khi dung dch
c mu hng (mu ca Cr
2
O
7
2
v MnO
4

) th dng cho pesunfat. Tip tc un si k cho pesunphat phn hy
ht. Thm tng git dung dch HCl 6M vo cho ti khi dung dch mt mu hng v chyn sang mu vng da cam
th ngng li. un tip 5 pht na ui ht Cl
2
ra khi dung dch. ngui, thm 5 ml H
3
PO
4
2M, vi git cht
ch th diphenyl amin, chun dung dch thu c bng dung dch Fe
2+
0,032M ti khi dung dch chuyn t mu
tm sang mu xanh nht thy ht 6,75 ml.
(a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong th nghim.
(b) Cho bit vai tr ca AgNO
3
v MnSO
4
thm vo.
(c) Tnh nng ca Cr (III) trong dung dch mu.
(d) Nu S
2
O
8
2
khng b phn hu ht th phng php mc sai s dng hay sai s m.
(a. 2Cr
3+
+ 3S
2
O
8
2
+ 7H
2
O Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 6SO
4
2
+ 14H
+
2Mn
2+
+ 5S
2
O
8
2
+ 8H
2
O 2MnO
4

+ 10SO
4
2
+ 16H
+

2S
2
O
8
2
+ 2H
2
O 4SO
4
2
+ O
2
+ 4H
+

2MnO
4

+ 10Cl

+ 16H
+
2Mn
2+
+ 5Cl
2
+ 8H
2
O
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 6Fe
2+
+ 14H
+
2Cr
3+
+ 6Fe
3+
+ 7H
2
O
b. AgNO
3
: xc tc; MnSO
4
: ch th
c. 0,0072M)
Cu 3.2. Dung dch Cr
2
O
7
2
trong mi trng axit c th oxi ho c etanol v etanal thnh axit etanoic (axit
axetic) v ion dicromat b kh thnh Cr(III). Dung dch AgNO
3
/ NH
3
ch oxi ho c etanal, khng oxi ho c
etanol. Trong qu trnh ny, ion Ag
+
b kh thnh bc kim loi.
C 500,0 ml dung dch cha etanol v etanal. xc nh nng ca mi cht, u tin ngi ta tin hnh
chun ho dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
trong mi trng axit bng cch chun vi dung dch FeSO
4
(ion icromat oxi
ho Fe
2+
thnh Fe
3+
). Chun b dung dch chun Fe
2+
bng cch ho tan 7,43 gam FeSO
4
.7H
2
O (M
W
= 287,0) vo
bnh nh mc 100,0 ml v nh mc n vch bng nc ct deion. Chun 25,0 ml dung dch ny thy ht
23,12 ml dung dch dicromat. Tip , chun 50,0 ml dung dch mu cha etanol v etanal thy ht 22,45 ml
dung dch dicromat. Trong mt th nghim khc, thm lng d dung dch AgNO
3
/ NH
3
vo 50,0 ml dung dch
mu thy c 0,234 gam Ag to thnh.
(a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong quy trnh.
(b) Ti sao phi axit ho dung dch dicromat?
(c) Tnh nng mol ca dung dch dicromat?
(d) Tnh nng ca etanol v etanal trong dung dch mu.
(a. 2Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 3C
2
H
5
OH + 16H
+
4Cr
3+
+ 3CH
3
COOH + 11H
2
O.
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 3CH
3
CHO + 8H
+
2Cr
3+
+ 3CH
3
COOH + 4H
2
O
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 6Fe
2+
+ 14H
+
2Cr
3+
+ 6Fe
3+
+ 7H
2
O
2Ag
+
+ CH
3
CHO + H
2
O 2Ag + CH
3
COOH + 2H
+

b. Trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim, tnh oxi ho ca Cr
2
O
7
2
yu hn trong mi trng axit. Mt khc,
trong mi trng trung tnh, sn phm kh l Cr(OH)
3
khng tan
c. Fe
2+
: 0,259M; Cr
2
O
7
2
: 0,0467M
d. C
2
H
5
OH: 0,716M; CH
3
CHO: 0,0217M)
Cu 3.3. Hm lng Fe
2
O
3
trong qung hematit c xc nh bng phng php chun oxi ha kh.
Trong mt th nghim, 4,00 g bt hematit c x l bng dung dch axit clohidric c. Phn khng tan c lc
b, kh ton b ion st trong phn dung dch thnh Fe
2+
. Chun dung dch thu c ( pH = 0) bng dung dch
dicromat 0,100 mol/lit). Th tch dung dch cn t ti im tng ng l 33,74 ml.
(a) Hy vit phng trnh phn ng ca st (III) oxit vi axit clohidric.
(b) Hy chn nhng cht kh thch hp trong s cc cht kh cho di y kh Fe(III) thnh Fe(II): bromua,
nitrit, sunphit, hn hng km thy ngn v Sn
2+
.
Cho th kh chun ca mt s cp oxi ha kh lin hp nh sau:
Cp oxi ha/ kh E (V) Cp oxi ha/ kh E (V) Cp oxi ha/ kh E (V)
Zn
2+
/Zn 0,76 Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
0,77 BrO
3

/Br

1,44
Sn
4+
/Sn
2+
0,15 Cr
2
O
7
2
/Cr
3+
1,33 Mn
3+
/Mn
2+
1,51
SO
4
2
/SO
3
2
0,17 Cl
2
/Cl

1,36 MnO
4

/Mn
2+
1,51
(c) Hy vit phng trnh phn ng chun v tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng.
(d) Hy tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Fe
2
O
3
c trong mu hematit.
(e) Hy tnh th ca dung dch ti im tng ng trong php chun trn.
(g) Hy chn nhng cht ch th oxi ha kh thch hp cho php chun trn t cc cht ch th cho di
y.
- st phenantrolin (xanh nht/ E = 1,14V).
- ferroin (xanh/ da cam E = 1,06V).
- indigocamin (xanh/ vng E = 0,29V).
- metylen xanh (xanh/ khng mu E = 0,53V).
- nilblue sunphat (tm/ khng mu E = 0,41V).
(h) Hy cho bit ion clorua c b oxi ha trong qu trnh chun khng?
Mt phng php khc nh lng st (II) l phng php chun kali pemanganat. trnh to thnh clo
ngi ta thm vo dung dch st (II) 10,0 ml dung dch bo v. Dung dch ny cha MnSO
4
, axit sunfuric v axit
photphoric c.
(i) Hy tnh gi tr pH ti thiu ti ion clorua b oxi ha thnh clo bi pemanganat. Bit nng ca tt c
cc ion khc u l 1 M.
(j) Hy cho bit th kh ca cp MnO
4

, H
+
/ Mn
2+
thay i nh th no khi thm MnSO
4
vo dung dch?
(k) Hy cho bit vai tr ca axit photphoric trong dung dch bo v?
(a. Fe
2
O
3
+ 6 HCl 2 FeCl
3
+ 3 H
2
O
b. Cht kh thch hp: Zn, Sn
2+
, SO
3
2
; do chng c E < 0,77 V;
c. 6 Fe
2+
+ Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14 H
+
6 Fe
3+
+ 2 Cr
3+
+ 7 H
2
O
56 0592 , 0
) 77 , 0 33 , 1 ( 6
10 . 7 , 5 10 = =

K
d. 40,5%
e. Ti im tng ng

=
=
+
+ +
] [ 6 ] [
] [ 3 ] [
2
7 2
2
3 3
O Cr Fe
Cr Fe

C:
] [
] [
log 0592 , 0
2
3
0
/
2 3
+
+
+ =
+ +
Fe
Fe
E E
Fe Fe


2 3
14 2
7 2 0
2 /
] [
] ][ [
log
6
0592 , 0
3 2
7 2
+
+
+ =
+
Cr
H O Cr
E E
Cr O Cr

=>
2 3
14 2
7 2 0
2 / 2
3
0
/
] [
] ][ [
log 0592 , 0 6
] [
] [
log 0592 , 0 7
3 2
7 2
2 3
+
+
+
+
+ + + =
+ + +
Cr
H O Cr
E
Fe
Fe
E E
Cr O Cr Fe Fe


] [ ] [
] [ ] ][ [
log 0592 , 0 6
2 2 3
3 14 2
7 2 0
2 /
0
/
3 2
7 2
2 3
+ +
+ +
+ + =
+ + +
Fe Cr
Fe H O Cr
E E
Cr O Cr Fe Fe


] [ 6 ] [
] [ 3 ] ][ [
log 0592 , 0 6
2
7 2
2 3
3 14 2
7 2 0
2 /
0
/
3 2
7 2
2 3
+
+ +
+ + =
+ + +
O Cr Cr
Cr H O Cr
E E
Cr O Cr Fe Fe


] [ 2
] [
log 0592 , 0 6
3
14
0
2 /
0
/
3 2
7 2
2 3
+
+
+ + =
+ + +
Cr
H
E E
Cr O Cr Fe Fe

=> V
E E
Cr
H
E E
E
Cr O Cr Fe Fe
Cr O Cr Fe Fe
25 , 1
7
6
7
] [ 2
] [
log 0592 , 0 6 0
2 /
0
/
3
14
0
2 /
0
/
3 2
7 2
2 3
3 2
7 2
2 3
=
+
~
+ +
=
+ + +
+ + +
+
+

g. Cht ch th thch hp: st phenantrolin, ferroin; do E ca cht ch th nm trong khong bc nhy th
ca ng cong chun .
h. Khng v E(Cl
2
/Cl

) > E(Cr
2
O
7
2
/Cr
3+
);
i.
1
] [ 1
log
5
0592 , 0
51 , 1 36 , 1
8 +

+ =
H
;
pH = 1,58;
j. gim
k. to phc vi Fe
3+
; Fe(PO
4
)
2
3
)
Cu 3.4. Quy trnh phn tch crom trong mu thp khng g cha Fe, Cr v Mn.
Pha dung dch chun FeSO
4
: Ho tan 9,9823 gam mui Mohr (FeSO
4
.(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
.6H
2
O) vo bnh nh mc
250 ml c H
2
SO
4
v nh mc n vch bng nc ct.
(a) Tnh nng mol ca dung dch FeSO
4
thu c.
Chun ho dung dch KMnO
4
: Ly 25,0 ml dung dch FeSO
4
va pha ch trn cho vo bnh nn, thm 1 ml
dung dch H
3
PO
4
c ( to phc khng mu vi Fe
3+
), chun dung dch thu c bng dung dch KMnO
4

thy va ht 24,64 ml.
(b) Tnh nng mol ca dung dch KMnO
4
.
Chun b mu: Ho tan 0,2800 gam mu thp trong dung dch hn hp H
3
PO
4
v H
2
SO
4
c, un nng cho
n khi thu c dung dch trong sut mu xanh.
(Fe Fe
3+
, Cr Cr
3+
, Mn Mn
2+
). Lm lnh dung dch n nhit phng. Thm 5 ml dung dch AgNO
3
1%,
20 ml dung dch (NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
8
20%. Sau vi pht dung dch c mu hng (pesunfat oxi ho Mn
2+
thnh MnO
4

, Cr
3+

thnh Cr
2
O
7
2
, Ag
+
ng vai tr lm cht xc tc). un si dung dch phn hu ht ion pesunfat cn d (sinh ra
SO
4
2
v O
2
). Thm t t tng git HCl c n khi dung dch chuyn t mu hng sang mu vng (HCl phn ng
chn lc vi MnO
4

). Sau khi kt thc qu trnh thy c kt ta trng xut hin y bnh.
(c) Vit phng trnh phn ng ca Cr
3+
, Mn
2+
vi S
2
O
8
2
trong mi trng axit.
(d) Vit phng trnh phn ng loi MnO
4

bng dung dch HCl c.
(e) Hy cho bit kt ta trng l cht g? c to thnh nh th no?
Tin hnh chun : Chuyn dung dch thu c trn vo bnh nh mc 250 ml ri nh mc n vch bng
nc ct (dung dch A). Ly 50 ml dung dch A cho vo bnh nn, thm tip 25,0 ml dung dch FeSO
4
. Lng
FeSO
4
d c chun bng dung dch KMnO
4
thy va ht 19,89 ml.
(g) Vit phng trnh phn ng ca Fe
2+
vi Cr
2
O
7
2
.
(h) Tnh % khi lng ca Cr trong mu thp (Cr = 52,0).
(a. 0,1019 M;
b. 0,02068 M;
c. 2 Cr
3+
+ 3 S
2
O
8
2
+ 7 H
2
O Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 6 SO
4
2
+ 14 H
+

2 Mn
2+
+ 5 S
2
O
8
2
+ 8 H
2
O 2 MnO
4

+ 10 SO
4
2
+ 16 H
+

d. 2 MnO
4

+ 10 Cl

+ 16 H
+
2 Mn
2+
+ 5 Cl
2
+ 8 H
2
O
e. AgCl;
h. 15,19%)
Cu 3.5. Crom c iu ch t qung FeCr
2
O
4
, st c tch ra khi qung theo hai bc:
4 FeCr
2
O
4
+ 8 Na
2
CO
3
+ 7 O
2
8 Na
2
CrO
4
+ 2 Fe
2
O
3
+ 8 CO
2

2 Na
2
CrO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
Kh icromat bng cacbon s thu c crom(III) oxit, kh oxit to thnh bng phng php nhit nhm s thu
c crom.
Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 2 C Cr
2
O
3
+ Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
Cr
2
O
3
+ 2 Al Al
2
O
3
+ 2 Cr
(a) Hy tnh khi lng crom c to thnh t 2,1 tn qung c cha 72,0% FeCr
2
O
4
(Cr = 52,00; Fe =
55,85; O = 16,00). Gi thit hiu sut ca c qu trnh l 100%.
Mt mu thp c cha Mn v Cr. Mn v Cr trong 5,00 gam mu thp c oxi ha thnh MnO
4

v Cr
2
O
7
2

v pha long thnh 100,0 ml dung dch. Ly 50,0 ml dung dch, thm BaCl
2
n d v iu chnh pH n gi tr
thch hp, cromat kt ta hon ton v thu c 5,82 g BaCrO
4
. 50,0 ml dung dch cn li phn ng va vi
43,5 ml dung dch Fe
2+
1,60 M trong mi trng axit.
MnO
4

+ Fe
2+
+ H
+
Mn
2+
+ Fe
3+

Cr
2
O
7
2
+ Fe
2+
+ H
+
Cr
3+
+ Fe
3+

(b) Hy tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Mn v Cr trong mu thp (Mn = 54,94; Ba = 137,33).
(a. S hp thc: FeCr
2
O
4
2 Cr; m
Cr
= 702 kg;
b. MnO
4

+ 5 Fe
2+
+ 8 H
+
Mn
2+
+ 5 Fe
3+
+ 4 H
2
O
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 6 Fe
2+
+ 14 H
+
2 Cr
3+
+ 6 Fe
3+
+ 7 H
2
O
Cr: 47,8%; Mn: 0,3%)
Cu 3.6. Hm lng crom trong mt mu thp khng g (cha Fe Cr) c xc nh theo quy trnh sau:
1. Ha tan 0,1000 g mu thp bng 20 ml dung dch axit sunfuric 1,8 M, un nng.
2. Thm tip 4 ml dung dch axit nitric c v un khong 10 pht cho n khi dung dch chuyn t mu xanh
sang mu lc.
3. Thm 10 ml dung dch bc nitrat 0,5% v 6 g amoni pesunfat ((NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
8
). un si dung dch khong 20
pht amoni sunfat b phn hy hon ton, dung dch thu c c mu da cam.
4. Thm 10 ml dung dch NaCl 5%.
5. Thm chnh xc 20,00 ml dung dch FeSO
4
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
1,0010
1
mol lit
1
.
6. Chun dung dch thu c bng dung dch KMnO
4
2,00 10
2
mol lit
1
.
(a) Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra bc 2.
(b) Hy vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra bc 3.
(c) Hy vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra bc 4 v cho bit mc ch ca qu trnh.
(d) Hy vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra bc 5. Hy cho bit mu ca dung dch thu c.
(e) Hy vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra bc 6.
(f) Php chun bc 6 cn 12,00 ml dung dch pemanganat t ti im tng ng. Hy tnh thnh
phn % theo khi lng ca crom c trong mu thp.
(a. Fe
2+
+ 2 H
+
+ NO
3

Fe
3+
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
Cr
2+
+ 2 H
+
+ NO
3

Cr
3+
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
xanh lc
b. 2 Cr
3+
+ 3 S
2
O
8
2
+ 7 H
2
O Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 6 SO
4
2
+ 14 H
+

c. Ag
+
+ Cl

AgCl+
Mc ch: loi Ag
+
ra khi dung dch, ngn cn qu trnh Cr
3+
b oxi ha tr li thnh Cr
2
O
7
2
bc sau
trong trng hp amoni pesunfat khng b phn hy ht;
d. 6 Fe
2+
+ Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14 H
+
6 Fe
3+
+ 2 Cr
3+
+ 7 H
2
O
0,8 0,8/6 mmol
dung dch chuyn t mu da cam sang mu lc ca Cr
3+
.
e. 5 Fe
2+
+ MnO
4

+ 8 H
+
5 Fe
3+
+ Mn
2+
+ 4 H
2
O
1,2 0,24 mmol
f. Tng s mmol Fe
2+
a vo dung dch l: 20 0,1 = 2 mmol;
=> n
Cr
= 1,6/6 mmol;
=> % 87 , 13 100
100
52
6
6 , 1
% = = Cr )
Cu 3.7. xc nh hm lng ca crom v st trong mt mu gm Cr
2
O
3
v Fe
2
O
3
, ngi ta un nng chy
1,98 gam mu vi Na
2
O
2
oxi ha Cr
2
O
3
thnh CrO
4
2
. Cho khi nung chy vo nc, un si phn hu
ht Na
2
O
2
. Thm H
2
SO
4
long n d vo hn hp thu c v pha thnh 100,00 ml, c dung dch A c mu
vng da cam. Cho dung dch KI (d) vo 10,00 ml dung dch A, lng I
3

(sn phm ca phn ng gia I

v I
2
)
gii phng ra phn ng ht vi 10,50 ml dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,40 M. Nu cho dung dch NaF (d) vo 10,00 ml
dung dch A ri nh tip dung dch KI n d th lng I
3

gii phng ra ch phn ng ht vi 7,50 ml dung dch
Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,40 M.
(a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
(b) Gii thch vai tr ca dung dch NaF.
(c) Tnh thnh phn % khi lng ca crom v st trong mu ban u. Cho: Fe = 56; Cr = 52.
(a. Cr
2
O
3
+ 3 Na
2
O
2
2 Na
2
CrO
4
+ Na
2
O (1)
2 Na
2
O
2
+ 2 H
2
O O
2
+ 4 OH

+ 4 Na
+
(2)
OH

+ H
+
H
2
O (3)
2 CrO
4
2
+ 2 H
+
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ H
2
O (4)
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6 H
+
2 Fe
3+
+ 3 H
2
O (5)
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 9 I

+ 14 H
+
2 Cr
3+
+ 3 I
3

+ 7 H
2
O (6)
2 Fe
3+
+ 3 I

2 Fe
2+
+ I
3

(7)
2 S
2
O
3
2
+ I
3

S
4
O
6
2
+ 3 I

(8)
Fe
3+
+ 3 F

FeF
3
(9)
b. Vai tr ca dung dch NaF: F

c mt trong dung dch to phc bn, khng mu vi Fe
3+
, dng che
Fe
3+
.
c. Trong 10 ml dung dch A: Cr
2
O
7
2
: x mol; Fe
3+
: y mol.
3x + y/2 = 4,2.10
3
/2
3x = 3.10
3
/2
x = 5.10
4
; y = 1,2.10
3

%Fe = 33,94%; %Cr = 26,27%)
Cu 3.8. Ha tan hon ton 1500 mg mt mu hp kim cha bc, ng v crom thnh 500,00 ml dung dch
cha Ag
+
, Cu
2+
v Cr
3+
(dung dch A). Ly
50,00 ml dung dch A tin thnh theo quy trnh sau:
Sau khi tch bc v ng, ion crom (III) c oxi ha theo phn ng sau:
OH

+ Cr
3+
+ H
2
O
2
CrO
4
2
+ H
2
O
Thm 25,00 ml dung dch Fe
2+
0,100 M. Phn ng xy ra nh sau:
H
+
+ Fe
2+
+ CrO
4
2
Fe
3+
+ Cr
3+
+ H
2
O
phn ng vi lng Fe
2+
d cn dng va 17,20 ml dung dch KMnO
4
0,020 M. Phn ng xy ra nh
sau:
H
+
+ Fe
2+
+ MnO
4

Fe
3+
+ Mn
2+
+ H
2
O
Trong mt th nghim khc, ly 200 ml dung dch A em in phn. C ba kim loi b kt ta hon ton sau
khi in phn 14,50 pht vi cng dng 2A. Bit hiu sut ca qu trnh in phn l 90%.
Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hp
kim u. Cu = 63,55; Ag = 107,87; Cr = 52,00.
(t s mol Ag, Cu v Cr trong 1500 mg mu hp kim ban u ln lt l x, y v z. C:
107,87x + 63,55y + 52,00z = 1,5 (1)
10 OH

+ 2 Cr
3+
+ 3 H
2
O
2
2 CrO
4
2
+ 8 H
2
O
z/10 z/10
8 H
+
+ 3 Fe
2+
+ CrO
4
2
3 Fe
3+
+ Cr
3+
+ 4 H
2
O
3z/10 z/10
8 H
+
+ 5 Fe
2+
+ MnO
4

5 Fe
3+
+ Mn
2+
+ 4 H
2
O
C: 1 , 0 025 , 0 02 , 0 0172 , 0 5
10
3
5
10
3
4
2
= + = + =
+
z
n
z
n
MnO Fe
(2)
Qu trnh in phn:
Ag
+
+ e Ag
2x/5 2x/5
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
2y/5 4y/5
Cr
3+
+ 3e Cr
2z/5 6z/5
C: 01623 , 0
96485
60 5 , 14 2
9 , 0
5
6 4 2
=

=
+ +
=
z y x
n
e
(3)
T (1), (2) v (3) suy ra:
x = 4,25.10
3
mol; y = 1,43.10
2
mol; z = 2,6.10
3
mol
=> %Ag = 30,56%; % Cu = 60,58%; % Cr = 8,86%)
Cu 3.9. Trong mt nh my ha cht iu ch fomandehit bng phn ng oxi ha metanol, dung dch cha
metanol v fomandehit c em phn tch. kim tra phng php ngi ta tin hnh th nghim vi dung dch
chun cha metanol v fomandehit. Cc dung dch c s dng nh sau:
- Metanol, 5,00 g/lit
- Fomandehit, 5,00 g/lit
- Kali dicromat, 3,000.10
2
mol/lit
- Amoni st(II) sunphat, 0,2000 mol/lit
- Iot, 0,1000 mol/ lit
- Natri thiosunfat, 0,2000 mol/lit
I. Trn 10,00 ml dung dch metanol vi 100,00 ml dung dch kali dicromat, thm khong 100 ml dung dch
axit sunfuric c v yn khong 30 pht. Lng dicromat d c chun bng dung dch Fe
2+
vi cht ch th
axit diphenylamin sunphonic (mu i t tm sang xanh nht). Th tch dung dch Fe
2+
cn dng t ti
im tng ng l 43,5 ml.
II. Trn 10,00 ml dung dch fomandehit vi 50,00 ml dung dch iot. Thm dung dch NaOH cho ti khi dung
dch c mi trng kim v yn khong 10 pht. Thm axit clohidric trung ha dung dch, lng iot d c
chun bng dung dch thiosunphat, vi cht ch th h tinh bt. Th tch dung dch thiosunfat cn dng t ti
im tng ng l 33,3 ml.
(a) Hy tnh t l s mol metanol/icromat v fomandehit /iot tham gia phn ng vi nhau.
(b) Hy vit phng trnh phn ng ca metanol vi icromat trong mi trng axit v ca fomandehit vi iot
trong mi trng kim.
III. Bit rng iot khng phn ng vi metanol. Ly hai mu dung dch cha metanol v fomandehit cha bit
nng , mi mu c th tch 10,00 ml.
Mt mu c trn vi 100,00 ml dung dch kali dicromat v axit sunfuric c nh trong th nghim I. Lng
dicromat d phn ng va vi 4,8 ml dung dch Fe
2+
.
Mu cn li c trn vi 50,00 ml dung dch iot v c tin hnh nh th nghim II. Lng iot d phn ng
va vi 16,50 ml dung dch thiosunfat.
(c) Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh nng (theo g/lit) ca metanol v fomandehit trong
dung dch.
(a. Th nghim I:
CH
3
OH + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
...
6 Fe
2+
+ Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14 H
+
6 Fe
3+
+ 2 Cr
3+
+ 7 H
2
O
S mol metanol c trong 10,00 ml dung dch l:
mol n
OH CH
3
10 . 56 , 1
32
5 01 , 0
3

=
S mol K
2
Cr
2
O
7
phn ng vi metanol l:
mol n
O Cr K
3
10 . 55 , 1
6
2 , 0 0435 , 0
03 , 0 1 , 0
7 2 2

=
=>
1
1
10 . 55 , 1
10 . 56 , 1
3
3
7 2 2
3
= =

O Cr K
OH CH
n
n

Th nghim II:
HCHO + I
2
...
I
2
+ 2 S
2
O
3
2
2 I

+ S
4
O
6
2

S mol fomandehit c trong 10,00 ml dung dch l:
mol n
HCHO
3
10 . 67 , 1
30
5 01 , 0

=

=
S mol I
2
phn ng vi fomandehit l:
mol n
I
3
10 . 67 , 1
2
2 , 0 0333 , 0
1 , 0 05 , 0
2

=
=>
1
1
10 . 67 , 1
10 . 67 , 1
3
3
2
= =

I
HCHO
n
n

b. CH
3
OH + Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 8 H
+
CO
2
+ 2 Cr
3+
+ 6 H
2
O
HCHO + I
2
+ 3 OH

HCOO

+ 2 I

+ 2 H
2
O
c. t s mol ca CH
3
OH v HCHO c trong 10,00 ml dung dch mu ln lt l x v y.
CH
3
OH + Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 8 H
+
CO
2
+ 2 Cr
3+
+ 6 H
2
O
x x
3 HCHO + 2 Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 16 H
+
3 CO
2
+ 4 Cr
3+
+ 11 H
2
O
y 2y/3
6 Fe
2+
+ Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14 H
+
6 Fe
3+
+ 2 Cr
3+
+ 7 H
2
O
C: 03 , 0 1 , 0 10 . 6 , 1
3
2
6 3
2
4
2
7 2 2
= + + = + + =

+ y
x
n
y
x n
Fe
O Cr K
(1)
HCHO + I
2
+ 3 OH

HCOO

+ 2 I

+ 2 H
2
O
y y
I
2
+ 2 S
2
O
3
2
2 I

+ S
4
O
6
2

C: 05 , 0 1 , 0 10 . 65 , 1
2
3
2
3 2
2
= + = + =

y
n
y n
O S
I
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
x = 6,07.10
4
mol; y = 3,35.10
3
mol
=> lit gam
lit
mol gam l mol
C
OH CH
/ 94 , 1
01 , 0
. 32 . 10 . 07 , 6
1 1 4
3
=

=


lit gam
lit
mol gam l mol
C
HCHO
/ 05 , 10
01 , 0
. 30 . 10 . 35 , 3
1 1 3
=

=

)
Cu 3.10. Dung dch dicromat trong mi trng axit c th oxi ha etanol v etanal thnh axit etanoic, v ion
dicromat b kh thnh ion Cr(III). Dung dch bc (I) trong amoniac c th oxi ha etanal, nhng khng phn ng
vi etanol.
Dung dch X cha etanol v etanal cha bit nng . xc nh nng ca hai cht trong X, u tin
ngi ta tin hnh xc nh nng ca dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
c axit ha. Dung dch st (II) c iu ch
bng cch ha tan 7,43 g FeSO
4
.7H
2
O vo nc c 100,0 ml dung dch. 25,0 ml dung dch ny phn ng va
vi 23,12 ml dung dch dicromat t ti im tng ng.
Chun 50,0 ml dung dch X bng dung dch icromat trn thy va ht 22,45 ml dung dch t ti
im tng ng.
Thm lng d dung dch bc (I) nitrat trong amoniac vo 50,0 ml dung dch X thy to 0,234 g bc.
(a) Hy vit cc phng trnh ion rt gn ca cc phn ng xy ra.
(b) Hy gii thch ti sao li phi axit ha dung dch icromat?
(c) Hy tnh nng mol ca dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
.
(d) Hy tnh nng mol ca etanol v etanal trong X.
(a. 3 C
2
H
5
OH + 2 Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 16 H
+
3 CH
3
COOH + 4 Cr
3+
+ 11 H
2
O
x 2x/3
3 CH
3
CHO + Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 8 H
+
3 CH
3
COOH + 2 Cr
3+
+ 4 H
2
O
y y/3
CH
3
CHO + 2 Ag(NH
3
)
2
+
+ H
2
O CH
3
COO

+ 3 NH
4
+
+ NH
3
+ 2 Ag
y 2y
6 Fe
2+
+ Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14 H
+
6 Fe
3+
+ 2 Cr
3+
+ 7 H
2
O
b. Axit ha phn ng xy ra hon ton, sn phm ca phn ng l Cr
3+
ch khng phi kt ta Cr(OH)
3
.
c. C: M C
Fe
2672 , 0
1 , 0 05 , 278
43 , 7
2
=

=
+

=> M C
O Cr K
04815 , 0
12 , 23
6
1
25 2672 , 0
7 2 2
=

=
d. t s mol ca etanol v etanal trong 50,0 ml dung dch X ln lt l x v y. C:
mol
y x
n
O Cr K
3
10 . 081 , 1 02245 , 0 04815 , 0
3 3
2
7 2 2

= = + = (1)
mol y n
Ag
3
10 . 169 , 2
87 , 107
234 , 0
2

= = = (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
x = 1,079.10
3
mol; y = 1,085.10
3
mol;
=> l mol C
OH H C
/ 0216 , 0
05 , 0
10 . 079 , 1
3
5 2
= =


l mol C
CHO CH
/ 0217 , 0
05 , 0
10 . 085 , 1
3
3
= =

)
Cu 3.11. Oxi trong khng kh oxi ha chm Fe(II) trong dung dch axit thnh st (III).
(a) Hy vit phng trnh phn ng oxi ha Fe
2+
bng oxi.
(b) Hy cho bit pH ca dung dch nh hng th no n phn ng (a).
Kesan, mt nh ha hc tr, quyt nh nghin cu nh hng ca oxi khng kh n dung dch st (II)
peclorat. Kesan cn 13,4 gam mu Fe(ClO
4
)
2
.xH
2
O v ha tan vo nc to thnh 200,0 ml dung dch A.
Thuc th H
3
L, mt phi t hu c, phn ng hon ton vi ion Fe(III) theo phng trnh: Fe
3+
+ 2 H
3
L
(aq) [FeL
2
]
3
+ 6 H
+

Bit H
3
L c mu lc thm, phc [FeL
2
]
3
c mu vng nht v H
3
L khng to phc vi ion st (II). Do c
th s dng H
3
L chun nh lng ion Fe(III) khi c mt ion Fe(II). Ti im tng ng dung dch chuyn
t mu vng nht sang mu lc nht.
Ly 20,0 ml dung dch A cho vo bnh nn. Tin hnh oxi ha hon ton st (II) thnh st (III) bng lng d
dung dch kali dicromat trong mi trng axit, ion Cr(III) sinh ra cng phn ng vi H
3
L ging nh ion Fe(III).
Chun dung dch thu c bng dung dch H
3
L 0,3182 M thy cn dng 30,20 ml dung dch t ti im
tng ng.
(c) Hy cho bit s oxi ha ca crom trong kali icromat.
(d) Hy vit phng trnh ion rt gn ca phn ng oxi ha Fe(II) thnh st (III) bng icromat.
(e) Hy tnh nng mol ca Fe(II) trong dung dch A. Gi thit rng trong dung dch A khng c mt Fe(III).
(g) Hy tnh gi tr ca x.
xc nh nh hng ca oxi khng kh n dung dch st (II) peclorat, Kesan ly hai mu dung dch A u c
th tch 20,0 ml cho vo hai bnh nn sch, k hiu l 1 v 2. Tin hnh chun ngay bnh nn 1 bng dung dch H
3
L
0,3182 M,
kt qu cho thy mu lc bn xut hin ngay sau khi thm mt git dung dch thuc th. Bnh nn 2 c ngoi
khng kh trong vng 1 tun, sau tin hnh chun thy ht 11,35 ml dung dch H
3
L 0,3182 M t ti im
tng ng.
(h) Hy gii thch kt qu khi tin hnh th nghim vi bnh nn 1.
(i) Hy tnh nng mol ca Fe(III) trong bnh nn 2.
(k) Hy tnh % lng ion Fe(II) cn li trong bnh nn 2 so vi lng Fe(II) ban u.
(l) Nu bnh nn 2 c ngoi khng kh hai tun thay v mt tun, hy cho bit th tch dung dch H
3
L cn
dng t ti im tng ng s ln hn, nh hn hay bng 22,70 ml?
(a. O
2
+ 4 Fe
2+
+ 4 H
+
4 Fe
3+
+ 2 H
2
O
b. Vi iu kin Fe
3+
v Fe
2+
cha b thy phn th khi pH tng th hiu sut phn ng gim.
c. +6
d. 6 Fe
2+
+ Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14 H
+
6 Fe
3+
+ 2 Cr
3+
+ 7 H
2
O
x x x/3
e. t s mol Fe
2+
c trong 20,0 ml dung dch A l x.
Fe
2+
+ 2 H
3
L (aq) [FeL
2
]
3
+ 6 H
+

x 2x
Cr
3+
+ 2 H
3
L (aq) [CrL
2
]
3
+ 6 H
+

x/3 2x/3
C: mol
x
x n
L H
= = + =
3
10 . 610 , 9 3182 , 0 03020 , 0
3
2
2
3

=> x = 3,604.10
3
mol
=> M C
Fe
1802 , 0
0200 , 0
10 . 604 , 3
3
2
= =

+

g. C: M
x
C
Fe
2 180 , 0
2 , 0
02 , 18 75 , 254
4 , 13
2
=
+
=
+

=> x = 6,52
h. Kt qu thc nghim chng t trong bnh nn 1 khng c mt Fe(III).
i. M C
Fe
0903 , 0
0 , 20
2
1
3182 , 0 35 , 11
3
=

=
+

k. %Fe(II) cn li
0 1802 0 0903
100 49 89
0 1802
, ,
, %
,

= =
l. Khi ton b lng Fe
2+
b chuyn thnh Fe
3+
th th tch dung dch H
3
L cn dng phn ng va vi
lng Fe
3+
sinh ra l:
ml V
L H
65 , 22
3182 , 0
2 0 , 20 1802 , 0
max ,
3
=

=
Vy sau hai tun th th tch dung dch H
3
L cn dng s nh hn 22,70 ml)
Cu 3.12. Cho gin Latimer ca crom trong mi trng axit (pH = 0)
nh sau:
Cr
2
O
7
2-
Cr(V) Cr(IV) [Cr(H
2
O)
6
]
3+
[Cr(H
2
O)
6
]
2+
Cr
+0,293
+0,55 +2,1 -0,912
da cam lc tm xanh
-0,744
X Y
(a) Hy tnh cc gi tr X v Y
trong gin trn.
(b) Hy cho bit Cr (IV) c b phn hy d ly thnh Cr (III) v Cr (VI) khng?
(c) Cp Cr
2
O
7
2
/Cr
3+
c s dng lm cht oxi ha. Hy vit bn phn ng ca cp trn.
(d) Hy tnh s thay i th ca cp trn nu pH ca dung dch tng t 1 n 3 (T = 298 K, E(Cr
2
O
7
2
/Cr
3+
) =
1,33 V). Bit trong khong pH ny nng ca Cr
2
O
7
2
v Cr
3+
coi nh khng thay i.
(e) Chun 100 ml dung dch kali dicromat 0,01667 M bng dung dch Fe(II) 0,1 M. Hy tnh th kh ca
dung dch thu c sau khi thm 100 ml dung dch Fe(II) 0,1 M. Bit trng thi cn bng c pH=1; E (Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
)
= 0,77V.
Trong mt th nghim, mt bnh in phn cha 150 lit dung dch axit cromit H
2
CrO
4
. Qu trnh in phn
c thc hin trong khong thi gian 8 gi vi cng dng in 2000A. Vt cn m ng vai tr l catot c
ph 350g crom sau khi th nghim kt thc. Ti catot bn cnh crom kt ta cn xy ra phn ng gii phng kh.
Do hiu sut ca qu trnh in phn to crom nh hn 100%.
(g) Hy vit bn phn ng to crom catot v tnh hiu sut ca qu trnh in phn to crom.
(h) Hy vit cc bn phn ng to kh catot v anot v tnh th tch kh thot ra anot v catot 298 K v
1,013.10
5
N/m
2
.
(i) Mt loi thuc tr su cha ng (II) oleat Cu(C
18
H
33
O
2
)
2
(M = 626). Cho 9,9 g mu thuc tr su ny vo
hn hp axit sunfuric v axit nitric c un nng ph hy ht phn hu c. Thm lng d kali cromat vo dung
dch thu c kt ta ng di dng mui cromat baz CuCrO
4
.2CuO.2H
2
O. Cht kt ta c lc, ra v ha
tan trong dung dch axit:
2 (CuCrO
4
.2CuO.2H
2
O) (r) + 10 H
+
(aq.) 6 Cu
2+
(aq.) + Cr
2
O
7
2
(aq.) + 9 H
2
O
Chun lng icromat sinh ra cn 15,7 ml dung dch Fe
2+
0,232 M. Hy tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng
ca ng (II) oleat c trong mu.
(a. C: 6 0,293 = 0,55 + x + 2,1 + 3 (0,744)
=> x = 1,34 V
C: 3 (0,744) = y + 2 (0,912)
=> y = 0,408 V;
b. 3 Cr(IV) 2 Cr(III) + Cr(VI)
C: V E
IV Cr O Cr
945 , 0
2
34 , 1 55 , 0
0
) ( /
2
7 2
=
+
=

Cch 1:
39 0592 , 0
) 945 , 0 1 , 2 ( 2
10 . 05 , 1 10 = =

K
Cch 2: AG
0
= nFE
0
pin
= 2 96485 (2,1 0,945) = 222,88 kJ/mol < 0.
Vy Cr(IV) t phn hy d ly to Cr(III) v Cr(VI).
c. Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14 H
+
+ 6 e 2 Cr
3+
+ 7 H
2
O
d. pH = 1:
V
Cr
H O Cr
E E
Cr O Cr Cr O Cr
19 , 1 ) 10 lg(
6
0592 , 0
33 , 1
] [
] ][ [
lg
6
0592 , 0
14 1
2 3
14 2
7 2 0
/ /
3 2
7 2
3 2
7 2
= + = + =

+
+
+ +

pH = 3:

Vy khi pH tng t 1 n 3 th th kh ca h gim 0,27V;
e. Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 6 Fe
2+
+ 14 H
+
2 Cr
3+
+ 6 Fe
3+
+ 7 H
2
O
56 0592 , 0
) 77 , 0 33 , 1 ( 6
10 . 71 , 5 10 = =

K
b: 8,335 50 mM
p 8,335 50 16,67 50 mM
cb 0,1 16,67 50 mM
C:
( ) ( )
56
14 6 2
7 2
2
7 2
6
3
2
3
10 . 71 , 5
1 , 0 ]) [ 6 ( ] [
10 . 00 , 50 10 . 67 , 16
=


=


O Cr O Cr
K
=> [Cr
2
O
7
2
] = 3,997.10
9
M
=>
V
Cr
H O Cr
E E E
Cr O Cr Cr O Cr
dd
14 , 1
) 10 . 67 , 16 (
) 10 ( 10 . 997 , 3
lg
6
0592 , 0
33 , 1
] [
] ][ [
lg
6
0592 , 0
2 3
14 1 9
2 3
14 2
7 2 0
/ /
3 2
7 2
3 2
7 2
= + = + = =


+
+
+ +
Hoc: [Fe
2+
] =
6[Cr
2
O
7
2
] = 2,398.10
8
M

V
Fe
Fe
E E E
Fe Fe Fe Fe
dd
14 , 1
10 . 398 , 2
10 . 50
lg 0592 , 0 77 , 0
] [
] [
lg 0592 , 0
8
3
2
3
0
/ /
2 3 2 3
= + = + = =

+
+
+ + + +

g. Catot: CrO
4
2
+ 8 H
+
+ 6 e Cr + 4 H
2
O

mol n
e
597
96485
3600 8 2000
=

=

=>
% 76 , 6 100
00 , 52
6
1
597
350
=

= c

h. Catot: 2 H
+
+ 2 e H
2

Hoc: 2 H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2 OH


S mol e dng in phn H
2
CrO
4
.
V
Cr
H O Cr
E E
Cr O Cr Cr O Cr
92 , 0 ) 10 lg(
6
0592 , 0
33 , 1
] [
] ][ [
lg
6
0592 , 0
14 3
2 3
14 2
7 2 0
/ /
3 2
7 2
3 2
7 2
= + = + =

+
+
+ +

mol n 4 , 40 6
00 , 52
350
1
= =

=> S mol e dng in phn nc to H
2
:
mol n 6 , 556 4 , 40 597
2
= =
=>
3
807 , 6 6807
013 , 1
298 08314 , 0
2
6 , 556
2
m lit
Bar
V
H
= =

=

Anot: 2 H
2
O O
2
+ 4 H
+
+ 4 e

3
65 , 3 3650
013 , 1
298 08314 , 0
4
597
2
m lit
Bar
V
O
= =

=

i.
% 03 , 23 100
9 , 9
626 3 2
6
1
232 , 0 0157 , 0
) ( %
2 2 33 18
=

= O H C Cu
)
4. Hp cht CrO
5
Cr O
O O
-1
+6
-1
O O

H
2
CrO
4
+ 2 H
2
O
2

H
2
SO
4
CrO
5
(ete) + 3 H
2
O
xanh
Cu 4.1. phn tch nh tch crom ngi ta cho dung dch dicromat trong mi trng axit tc dng vi
H
2
O
2
to ra hp cht CrO
5
km bn, mu xanh. Hp cht ny c bn ha bng cch chit vo ete hoc thm
phi t mt cng nh pyridin (py) to ra phc thp ng gic CrO
5
(py).
(a) Hy vit phng trnh phn ng to thnh CrO
5
.
(b) Hy cho bit s oxi ha ca crom trong CrO
5
v trong CrO
5
(py)? Hy v cu trc khng gian ca
CrO
5
(py).
(a. Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 4 H
2
O
2
+ 2 H
+

H
2
SO
4
2 CrO
5
(ete) + 5 H
2
O
b. +6 v +6;

)
Cu 4.2. (a) D on hin tng, vit phng trnh ion ca cc phn ng xy ra trong cc th nghim sau:
i/ Thm t K
2
Cr
2
O
7
ln lt vo mi dung dch: Ba(CH
3
COO)
2
; (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
.
ii/ Thm t KNO
2
ln lt vo mi dung dch: KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
; KI + H
2
SO
4
.
Nu vai tr ca K
2
Cr
2
O
7
v KNO
2
trong cc phn ng trn.
(b) Thm H
2
O
2
vo dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
sinh ra sn phm trung gian Cr
3
(O
2
)
3+
t bn mu xanh ve d
b phn hu cho ion Cr
3+
. Vit phng trnh ion ca cc phn ng.
(c) Tnh E
o
ca cp Cr
2
O
7
2
/Cr(OH)
3
.
Cho: E
o
Cr
2
O
7
2
/ 2 Cr
3+ = 1,33V; E
o
MnO
4

/ Mn
2+ = 1,51 V;
E
o
HNO
2
/ NO
= 1,0 V; E
o
NO
3
/
HNO
2
= 0,94 V; E
o
I
3

/ 3I
= 0,55 V.
CH
3
COOH c pK
a
= 4,76; H
2
CO
3
c pK
a1
= 6,35; pK
a2
= 10,33;
H
2
CrO
4
c pK
a1
= 0,61, pK
a2
= 6,50.
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ H
2
O 2 HCrO
4

K = 10
1,36

Tch s tan ca Cr(OH)
3
bng 10
30,8
; ca BaCrO
4
bng 10
9,9
.
Cu 4.3. Cho gin qu trnh kh th kh: qu trnh kh din ra theo chiu mi tn, th kh chun c
ghi trn cc mi tn v o pH = 0.
Cr
2
O
7
2-
Cr(V) Cr(IV) Cr
+0,293
+0,55 +1,34
E
0
x -0,408
E
0
y
-0,744
Cr
3+
Cr
2+

(a) Tnh E
0
x
v E
0
y
.
(b) Da vo tnh ton, cho bit Cr(IV) c th d phn thnh Cr
3+
v Cr(VI) c khng?
(c) Vit qu trnh xy ra vi h oxi ha kh Cr
2
O
7
2
/ Cr
3+
v tnh bin thin th ca h nhit 298 K,
khi pH tng 1 n v.
(d) Phn ng gia K
2
Cr
2
O
7
vi H
2
O
2
trong mi trng axit (long) c dng nhn bit crom v sn phm
to thnh c mu xanh. Vit phng trnh ion ca phn ng xy ra v cho bit phn ng ny c thuc loi phn
ng oxi ha kh hay khng? Ghi s oxi ha tng ng trn mi nguyn t.
Cho: V E
o
Cr O Cr
33 , 1
3 2
7 2
/
=
+
; R = 8,3145 J.K
1
.mol
1
; F = 96485 C.mol
1
.
(a. C: 6 0,293 = 0,55 + 1,34 + E
0
x
+ 3 (0,744)
=> E
0
x
=2,1 V
C: 3 (0,744) = 0,408 + 2E
0
y

=> E
0
y
= 0,912 V;
b. 3 Cr(IV) 2 Cr(III) + Cr(VI)
C:
V E
IV Cr O Cr
945 , 0
2
34 , 1 55 , 0
0
) ( /
2
7 2
=
+
=

Cch 1:
39 0592 , 0
) 945 , 0 1 , 2 ( 2
10 . 05 , 1 10 = =

K
Cch 2: AG
0
= nFE
0
pin
= 2 96485 (2,1 0,945) = 222,88 kJ/mol < 0.
Vy Cr(IV) t phn hy d ly to Cr(III) v Cr(VI).
c. Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14 H
+
+ 6 e 2 Cr
3+
+ 7 H
2
O
d. pH = 0:
33 , 1
0
/ /
3 2
7 2
3 2
7 2
= =
+ +
Cr O Cr Cr O Cr
E E

pH = 1:
V
Cr
H O Cr
E E
Cr O Cr Cr O Cr
19 , 1 ) 10 lg(
6
0592 , 0
33 , 1
] [
] ][ [
lg
6
0592 , 0
14 1
2 3
14 2
7 2 0
/ /
3 2
7 2
3 2
7 2
= + = + =

+
+
+ +

Vy khi pH tng 1 n v th th kh ca h gim 0,14V;
d. Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 4 H
2
O
2
+ 2 H
+
2 CrO
5
+ 5 H
2
O
Khng phi phn ng oxi ha kh do khng c nguyn t no thay i s
oxi ha
Cr O
O O
-1
+6
-1
O O
)
Cu 4.4. Cp dicromat /crom(III) ( V E
Cr O Cr
380 , 1
0
/
3 2
7 2
+ =
+
) thng c s dng trong ha phn tch.
(a) Hy vit bn phn ng oxi ha kh ca cp trn v cho bit dung dch crom(III)/ dicromat
(c(Cr
3+
)=c(Cr
2
O
7
2
)= 1 mol/lit) c oxi ha c ioua thnh iot t dung dch trung ha c E(I
2
/I

) = E(I
2
/I

) =
+0,54 V khng.
Mu vng m ca ion cromat v mu da cam m ca ion dicromat thng c s dng pht hin ra
crom. V d crom(III) oxit c un nng chy vi kali nitrat v natri cacbonat, dung dch Cr(III) phn ng vi
hydro peoxit, natri peoxo isunphat, brom l nhng th nghim c dng pht hin Cr(III).
(b) Hy vit phng trnh ca bn phn ng trn. Hy cho bit vai tr ca natri nitrat v natri cacbonat trong
phn ng u tin.
Cn c vo th kh chun ca cp brom/ bromua (E (Br
2
/Br

) = +1,065 V) c th thy phn ng gia Cr

3+
vi
brom l khng xy ra iu kin chun.
(c) Hy tnh gi tr pH ti thiu cn thit lp phn ng xy ra. Bit nng ca cc cu t khc u bng 1
M.
Mt s cu t c mt trong dung dch c th gy cn tr n php phn tch nh tnh Cr(III). V d nu s
dng hidro peoxit th cc ion bromua v ioua s gy cn tr, cn nu s dng brom th Mn
2+
s gy cn tr.
(d) Hy gii thch ti sao cc cu t trn li gy cn tr n php phn tch.
Mt phn ng khc pht hin crom l phn ng ca dicromat vi hidro peoxit. Sn phm to thnh c mu
xanh thm:
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 4 H
2
O
2
+ 2 H
+
2 CrO
5
+ 5 H
2
O
(e) Hy cho bit cht oxi ha v cht kh trong phn ng trn.
(a. Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14 H
+
+ 6 e 2 Cr
3+
+ 7 H
2
O
C:
V
Cr
H O Cr
E E
Cr O Cr Cr O Cr
41 , 0 ) 10 lg(
6
0592 , 0
38 , 1
] [
] ][ [
lg
6
0592 , 0
14 7
2 3
14 2
7 2 0
/ /
3 2
7 2
3 2
7 2
= + = + =

+
+
+ +

=>
+
<
I I Cr O Cr
E E
/ /
2
3 2
7 2
, tc phn ng oxi ha ioua khng xy ra.
b. Cr
2
O
3
+ 3 KNO
3
+ 2 K
2
CO
3
2 K
2
CrO
4
+ 3 KNO
2
+ 2 CO
2

KNO
3
: cht oxi ha
K
2
CO
3
: lm gim nhit nng chy ca hn hp
2 Cr(OH)
3
+ 3 H
2
O
2
+ 4 OH

2 CrO
4
2
+ 8 H
2
O
Hoc: 2 Cr
3+
+ 3 H
2
O
2
+ H
2
O Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 8 H
+

2 Cr
3+
+ 3 S
2
O
8
2
+ 7 H
2
O Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 6 SO
4
2
+ 14 H
+

Hoc: 2 Cr(OH)
3
+ 3 S
2
O
8
2
+ 10 OH

2 CrO
4
2
+ 6 SO
4
2
+ 8 H
2
O

2 Cr(OH)
3
+ 3 Br
2
+ 10 OH

2 CrO
4
2
+ 6 Br

+ 8 H
2
O
Hoc: 2 Cr
3+
+ 3 Br
2
+ 7 H
2
O Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 6 Br

+ 14 H
+

c. phn ng xy ra c th
+
<
Br Br Cr O Cr
E E
/ /
2
3 2
7 2

=>
V H E
Cr O Cr
065 , 1 ] lg[
6
0592 , 0
38 , 1
14
/
3 2
7 2
< + =
+
+

=> [H
+
] < 5,24.10
3
(pH > 2,28)
Vy pH > 2,28 th Br
2
oxi ha c Cr
3+
.
d. H
2
O
2
+ 2 Br

Br
2
+ 2 OH


H
2
O
2
+ 2 I

I
2
+ 2 OH

Br
2
v I
2
sinh ra c mu lm cn tr s quan st mu ca cromat.
5 Br
2
+ 2 Mn(OH)
2
+ 12 OH

2 MnO
4

+ 10 Br

+ 8 H
2
O
Mu tm ca pemanganat lm cn tr s quan st mu ca cromat.
e. Khng c cht oxi ha v khng c cht kh do khng c nguyn t no thay i s oxi ha
Cr O
O O
-1
+6
-1
O O
)

5. ng dng ca crom
Vic a crom vo thp lm tng cao cng, bn nhit, bn n mn v bn ha cht ca cc loi thp.
V d thp khng g (inox) cha 18 25% Cr.
Crom kim loi c s dng rng ri m ln b mt kim loi lm lp bo v chng n mn cho cc dng
c, my mc, thit b, gia dng...
Nhiu hp cht ca crom c s dng lm cht to mu, v d ch cromat PbCrO
4
c s dng lm cht to
mu vng cho sn, ch cromat baz (PbCrO
4
Pb(OH)
2
) c s dng lm cht to mu . Cr
2
O
3
c s dng lm
cht to mu xanh trong ngnh cng nghip knh v gm. Cr(III) c s dng lm cht to mu cho ruby
nhn to.
Mui cromat c s dng bo qun g khi mi, mt. Mui crom(III) c s dng trong ngy thuc da.
Cromit v crom(III) oxit c s dng lm vt liu chu la. Mt vi hp cht ca crom c s dng lm cht
xc tc. Axit cromic l cht oxi ha mnh thng c s dng lm cht ty ra dng c thy tinh trong phng th
nghim.
Cu 5.1. Qu trnh m crom c thc hin bng cch in phn dung dch axit cromic. Vt cn m ng vai
tr catot v anot l in cc tr. Mt bnh in phn cha 100,0 lit dung dch CrO
3
c nng 0,230 kg/ l.
in phn dung dch vi cng dng 1500 A trong khong thi gian 10,0 gi. Sau qu trnh in phn khi
lng catot tng 0,679 kg.
(a) Hy cho bit hiu sut ca qu trnh in phn iu ch crom.
(b) Hy tnh t l th tch kh thot ra catot v anot ( cng iu kin).
Thc nghim cho thy t l th tch kh thot ra catot v anot ( cng iu kin) l:

603 , 1 =
A
C
V
V

(c) Hy gii thch s khc nhau gia gi tr tnh c (b) v gi tr thc nghim.
(d) Hy tnh th tch kh thc t sinh ra anot v catot ( ktc).
(a. C:
mol
F
It
n
e
7 , 559
96485
3600 10 1500
=

= =

CrO
4
2
+ 8 H
+
+ 6 e Cr + 4 H
2
O
S mol electron do cromat nhn l:

mol n
e
35 , 78 6
00 , 52
679
'
= =

Hiu sut ca qu trnh in phn iu ch crom:

% 0 , 14 100
7 , 559
35 , 78
'
= = =
e
e
n
n
H

b. Gi thit rng ch c kh hidro thot ra catot v oxi thot ra anot.
Anot (+): 2 H
2
O O
2
| + 4 H
+
+ 4e
Catot (): 2 H
+
+ 2e H
2
|
C: mol
n n
n
e e
H
7 , 240
2
35 , 78 7 , 559
2
'
2
=

=

mol
n
n
e
O
9 , 139
4
7 , 559
4
2
= = =

=>
721 , 1
2
2
= =
O
H
A
C
n
n
V
V

c. Thc t c nhng qu trnh ph khc xy ra, v d:
CrO
4
2
+ 8 H
+
+ 3e Cr
3+
+ 4 H
2
O
d. CrO
4
2
+ 8 H
+
+ 6 e Cr + 4 H
2
O
78,35 mol
2 H
+
+ 2e H
2
|
2x x
2 H
2
O O
2
| + 4 H
+
+ 4e
y 4y
C: 78,35 + 2x = 4y
603 , 1
2
2
= = =
y
x
n
n
V
V
O
H
A
C

=> x = 158,2; y = 98,7
=> V
H2
= 158,2 22,4 = 3,54.10
3
lit
V
O2
= 98,7 22,4 = 2,21.10
3
lit)
Cu 5.2. Ch cromat c s dng rng ri lm cht mu, tuy nhin c hai thnh phn c mt trong cht ny
u c c tnh i vi ngi.
(a) Mt mu nc ngm c bo ha PbCrO
4
(r) v c pH = 6,00. Hy tnh nng cn bng ca Pb
2+
, CrO
4
2
,
HCrO
4

v Cr
2
O
7
2
. Cho cc hng s cn bng:

13 2
4
2
10 . 82 , 2 ] ][ [
+
= = CrO Pb K
sp


7
4
2
4
2
10 . 34 , 3
] [
] ][ [

+
= =
HCrO
CrO H
K
a


14
2 2
4
2
2
7 2
10 . 13 , 3
] [ ] [
] [
= =
+

CrO H
O Cr
K
D


14
10 . 00 , 1 ] ][ [
+
= = OH H K
W

(b) Bit trong d dy ca mt ngi b nhim c crom c nng cn bng ca HCrO
4

v Cr
2
O
7
2
bng
nhau. Gi thit dch d dy c pH = 3,0. Hy tnh nng tng cng ca crom ha tan c trong d dy ca ngi
ny.
(a. Cc cn bng xy ra:
PbCrO
4
(r) Pb
2+
+ CrO
4
2
13 2
4
2
10 . 82 , 2 ] ][ [
+
= = CrO Pb K
sp
(1)
CrO
4
2
+ H
+
HCrO
4

7
4
2
4
2
10 . 34 , 3
] [
] ][ [

+
= =
HCrO
CrO H
K
a
(2)
2 CrO
4
2
+ 2 H
+
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ H
2
O
14
2 2
4
2
2
7 2
10 . 13 , 3
] [ ] [
] [
= =
+

CrO H
O Cr
K
D
(3)
C: S = [Pb
2+
] = [CrO
4
2
] + [HCrO
4

] + 2 [Cr
2
O
7
2
] (4)
(2) =>
] [ 994 , 2
10 . 34 , 3
] [ 10 ] ][ [
] [
2
4 7
2
4
6
2
2
4
4

= = = CrO
CrO
K
CrO H
HCrO
a

(3) =>
2 2
4
2 2
4
2 6 14 2 2
4
2 2
7 2
] [ 313 ] [ ) 10 ( 10 . 13 , 3 ] [ ] [ ] [
+
= = = CrO CrO CrO H K O Cr
D

(4) =>
2 - 2
4
- 2
4
- 2
4 - 2
4
13
] [CrO 13 3 2 ] 2,994[CrO ] [CrO
] [CrO
10 . 82 , 2
+ + =

=> 0 10 . 82 , 2 ] [CrO 994 , 3 ] [CrO 626
13 2 - 2
4
3 - 2
4
= +


=> [CrO
4
2
] = 2,66.10
7
M

M Pb
6
7 -
13
2
10 . 06 , 1
2,66.10
10 . 82 , 2
] [

+
= =

M HCrO
7 7
4
10 . 96 , 7 10 . 66 , 2 994 , 2 ] [

= =
M O Cr
11 2 7 2
7 2
10 . 21 , 2 ) 10 . 66 , 2 ( 313 ] [

= =
b. C:
] [ 2994
10 . 34 , 3
] [ 10 ] ][ [
] [
2
4 7
2
4
3
2
2
4
4

= = = CrO
CrO
K
CrO H
HCrO
a


2 2
4
8 2 2
4
2 3 14 2 2
4
2 2
7 2
] [ 10 . 13 , 3 ] [ ) 10 ( 10 . 13 , 3 ] [ ] [ ] [
+
= = = CrO CrO CrO H K O Cr
D

=>
2 2
4
8 2
4
] [ 10 . 13 , 3 ] [ 2994

= CrO CrO
=> [CrO
4
2
] = 9,57.10
6
M
M HCrO O Cr 02864 , 0 10 . 57 , 9 2994 ] [ ] [
6
4
2
7 2
= = =


=> C
Cr
= [CrO
4
2
] + [HCrO
4

] + 2 [Cr
2
O
7
2
]
= 9,57.10
6
+ 3 0,02864 = 0,0860 M)
Cu 5.3. Cc hp cht ca crom (VI), c bit l cc hidroxit c tnh oxi ha rt mnh. Trong phng th
nghim ngi ta li dng tnh oxi ha ca crom(VI) loi tr kh hidro sunfua. Trong mt th nghim ngi ta
sc kh CO
2
c ln H
2
S vo dung dch kali dicromat c mt axit sunfuric, cht khng tan mu vng c to thnh
v dung dch chuyn sang mu xanh.
(a) Hy vit cng thc ca cc hidroxit crom(VI) m bn bit.
(b) Hy vit phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh tinh ch kh CO
2
.
(c) Hy cho bit c th dng phng php trn loi kh SO
2
ln trong kh CO
2
c khng? Nu c hy
vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
(a. H
2
CrO
4
; H
2
Cr
2
O
7
; H
2
Cr
3
O
10
; H
2
Cr
4
O
13
;... nCrO
3
.CrO
2
(OH)
2
;
b. 3 H
2
S + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 4 H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 3 S + 7 H
2
O
c. 3 SO
2
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
Cu 5.4. (a) Trong mi trng axit, ion cromat mu vng (CrO
4
2
) chuyn ha thnh ion dicromat mu da
cam (Cr
2
O
7
2
). Hy vit phng trnh phn ng.
(b) S oxi ha ca nguyn t kim loi trong ion cromat v ion dicromat bng bao nhiu?
(c) Phn ng vit (a) c phi l phn ng oxi ha kh khng? Gii thch.
(d) Hy cho bit yu t chnh nh hng n v tr ca cn bng trn.
(e) Hy v cu trc hnh hc ca CrO
4
2
v Cr
2
O
7
2
.
Vt cn m crom c nhng vo dung dch Cr
2
O
7
2
trong mi trng axit, vt ny ng vai tr l catot trong
bnh in phn. (Cr = 51,996; 1 F = 96485 C)
(f) Bit rng ti anot xy ra qu trnh oxi ha nc, hy vit cc bn phn ng xy ra mi in cc v phn
ng tng cng xy ra trong qu trnh in phn.
(g) C bao nhiu mol kh oxi thot ra khi c 52,0 g crom kt ta ti in cc?
(h) Nu cng dng in l 10,0 A th phi mt bao lu thu c 52,0 g crom?
(i) Xt v mt ha hc th ti sao crom li thng c s dng m trn b mt cc kim loi?
(a. 2 CrO
4
2
+ 2 H
+
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ H
2
O
b. +6, +6;
c. khng, khng c nguyn t no thay i s oxi ha.
d. pH;
e.
O
Cr
O
O
O
O
Cr
O
O
O
O
Cr
O
O

f. Anot (+) H
2
O 1/2 O
2
+ 2H
+
+ 2e
Catot () Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14 H
+
+ 12e 2 Cr + 7 H
2
O

Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 2 H
+
2 Cr + H
2
O + 3 O
2

1 1,5
g. 1,5 mol;
h.
6 = =
F
It
n
e

=>
h s
I
F
t 1 , 16 57891
10
96485 6 6
= =

= =

i. Crom phn ng vi oxi to ra lp mng oxit Cr
2
O
3
rt mng, bn v trong sut, gip bo v b mt kim loi
khi b n mn)
Cu 5.5. Cho quy trnh iu ch 4 cht mu v c nh sau:
1) un nng hn hp dng bt mn cha 5,0 g natri dicromat v 0,62 g lu hunh 800C. Ha tan sn phm
vo nc.
2) un nng hn hp dng bt mn cha 3,0 g ch (II) oxit v 1,0 g thic (IV) oxit 650C.
3) un nng ch (II) oxit trong khng kh.
4) un nng hn hp dng bt mn cha 2,0 g silic dioxit, 0,66 g ng (II) oxit, 0,83 g canxi cacbonat v
0,75 g borat 900C trong vi ngy.
(a) Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
(b) Hy cho bit vai tr ca borat trong th nghim 4?
(c) Hy nu thm mt cht mu lc (cha st), mt cht mu vng (cha ch), mt cht mu xanh (cha ng)
v mt cht mu (cha thy ngn) v nu phng php iu ch cc cht mu trn.
Trong mt xng v tranh c mt ci can mt nhn cha cht bt mu xanh. xc nh thnh phn ca cht
bt c trong can, ngi ta cn 1,818 g mu, ha tan vo nc v nh mc n vch trong bnh nh mc 100,00
ml bng axit sunfuric. Ly 10 ml dung dch ri thm vo lng d dung dch KI, chun hn hp thu c
bng dung dch natri thiosunfat 0,100 M thy va ht 16,45 ml.
(d) Hy cho bit kim loi no c phn tch? Hy vit cc phn ng xy ra v tnh thnh phn % theo khi
lng ca kim loi trong mu.
(e) Hy cho bit cht bt mu xanh ny c th l cht mu c iu ch phn (a) khng? Gii thch.
Php phn tch khc s cho bit thnh phn chnh xc ca cht bt mu xanh. Ly 2,000 g mu v un nng
trong iu kin khng c khng kh. Thu c 1,439 g cht rn mu en, hi nc v cht kh lm c nc vi
trong.
(f) Hy xc nh thnh phn ca cht bt mu xanh.
(a. Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ S Na
2
SO
4
+ Cr
2
O
3

2 PbO + SnO
2
Pb
2
SnO
4

6 PbO + O
2
2 Pb
3
O
4

4 SiO
2
+ CuO + CaCO
3
CaCuSi
4
O
10
+ CO
2

b. Vai tr ca Na
2
B
4
O
7
.10H
2
O l lm cht chy, lm gim nhit nng chy ca hn hp.
c. Cht mu lc cha st: K[Fe
III
Fe
II
(CN)
6
] hoc Fe
4
III
[Fe
II
(CN)
6
]
3

FeCl
3
+ K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] K[Fe
III
Fe
II
(CN)
6
] + 3 KCl
4 FeCl
3
+ 3 K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] Fe
4
III
[Fe
II
(CN)
6
]
3
+ 12 KCl
Cht mu vng cha ch: PbCrO
4
.
Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ K
2
CrO
4
PbCrO
4
+ 2 KNO
3


Cht mu xanh cha ng: Cu(CH
3
COO)
2
3Cu(OH)
2
.
CuO + 2 CH
3
COOH + 4 H
2
O Cu(CH
3
COO)
2
3Cu(OH)
2
2H
2
O
Cht mu cha thy ngn: HgS (xinabar dng mu )
Hg(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
S HgS + 2 HNO
3

d. ng
2 Cu
2+
+ 4 I

2 CuI + I
2

I
2
+ 2 S
2
O
3
2
2 I

+ S
4
O
6
2

% 5 , 57 100
818 , 1
54 , 63 10 2
2
1
10 . 45 , 16 1 , 0
%
3
=

=

Cu
e. %Cu (trong CaCuSi
4
O
10
) = 16,9%, khng phi cht mu c iu ch phn (a);
f. CuCO
3
Cu(OH)
2
)
Cu 5.6. Nguyn t crom c bn knh l 126 pm v khi lng ring ca crom l 7,14 g/ml
.
Bit crom kt tinh
dng tinh th lp phng.
(a) Hy xc nh kiu tinh th ca crom da vo cc s liu cho trn.
N
A
= 6,022 10
23
mol
1
.
Php phn tch nh tnh Cl

c tin hnh nh sau: Hn hp khan gm cht cha bit v kali dicromat c
un nng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
c. Kh thot ra c dn qua dung dch NaOH, nu dung dch c mu vng
chng t c cht cha bit c mt clo.
(b) Hy cho bit hp cht bay hi no ca crom c to thnh trong phn ng trn? Hy v cu trc
ca hp cht ny. Bit rng s oxi ha ca Cr v Cl khng thay i trong phn ng.
Axit ha dung dch kali cromat cho ion dicromat mu da cam, tip l to thnh cc ion tri v tetracromat
mu m. Nu s dng dung dch axit sunfuric c s thu c kt ta mu khng cha kali.
(c) Hy vit cc phn ng xy ra v v cu trc ca cc ion. Hy cho bit cu trc ca cht kt ta mu
.
Gin Latimer ca crom trong mi trng axit (pH=0) v trong mi trng kim (pH=14) nh sau:

(d) Hy xc nh cc gi tr th kh cn thiu.
(e) Hy cho bit Cr(V) v Cr(IV) c t phn hy d ly khng? Hy cho bit hng s cn bng ca phn ng
phn hy d ly Cr
2+
.
(f) Hy tnh tch s tan ca crom (III) hidroxit v hng s bn tng cng ca anion phc tetrahidroxo
cromat (III).
Gin Latimer ca oxi trong mi trng axit (pH=0) v mi trng kim (pH=14) nh sau:


(g) Hy cho bit c phn ng no xy ra khi pH ca dung dch cha cromat, Cr(III) v hidro peoxit c
gi tr bng 0 v bng 14? Tnh sut in ng chun ca cc phn ng .
(a. TH1: mng lp phng n gin:
cm pm R a
8
10 . 52 , 2 252 126 2 2

= = = =
=>
3
3 8 23
/ 40 , 5
) 10 . 52 , 2 ( 10 . 022 , 6
0 , 52
1 cm gam d =

=


=> khng hp l
TH2: mng lp phng tm mt:

cm pm
R
a
8
10 . 564 , 3 4 , 356
2
126 4
2
4

= =

= =

=>
3
3 8 23
/ 63 , 7
) 10 . 564 , 3 ( 10 . 022 , 6
0 , 52
4 cm gam d =

=


=> khng hp l
TH3: mng lp phng tm khi:

cm pm
R
a
8
10 . 91 , 2 291
3
126 4
3
4

= =

= =

=>
3
3 8 23
/ 01 , 7
) 10 . 91 , 2 ( 10 . 022 , 6
0 , 52
2 cm gam d =

=


=> hp l;
Vy crom kt tinh theo kiu lp phng tm khi.
b. CrO
2
Cl
2
, cromyl clorua;

c. 2 CrO
4
2
+ 2 H
+
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ H
2
O
3 CrO
4
2
+ 4 H
+
Cr
3
O
10
2
+ 2 H
2
O
4 CrO
4
2
+ 6 H
+
Cr
4
O
13
2
+ 3 H
2
O
CrO
4
2
+ 2 H
+
CrO
3
+ H
2
O
Cu trc ca cc ion:

d. Cr
2+
Cr E
o
= 0,9V;
Cr(V) Cr(IV) E
o
= 1,35V;
Cr
2
O
7
2
Cr(III) E
o
= 1,33V;
e.

iu kin: E
2
> E
1
.
C Cr(V) v Cr(IV) u t phn hy d ly.
3 Cr
2+
2 Cr
3+
+ Cr
17 0592 , 0
) 42 , 0 9 , 0 ( 2
10 . 08 , 6 10

+
= = K
f. Cr(OH)
3
+ 3e Cr + 3 OH

E
o
= 1,33V
Cr
3+
+ 3e Cr E
o
= 0,74V

Cr(OH)
3
Cr
3+
+ 3 OH

T = 1,26.10
30


Cr(OH)
4

+ 3e Cr + 4 OH

E
o
= 1,33V
Cr
3+
+ 3e Cr E
o
= 0,74V

Cr
3+
+ 4 OH

Cr(OH)
4



| = 7,92.10
29

g. pH = 0:
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 3 H
2
O
2
+ 8 H
+
2 Cr
3+
+ 3 O
2
+ 7 H
2
O
E
o
=1,33 0,695 = 0,635 V
pH = 14:
2 Cr(OH)
4

+ 3 HO
2

2 CrO
4
2
+ 5 H
2
O + OH


E
o
= 0,87 (0,72) = 1,59 V)
Cu 5.7. Ngi ta tin hnh tch ion bari v srontri ra khi nhau da vo tan khc nhau ca mui cromat.
Nng cromat trong dung dch c th iu chnh bng cch thay i pH.
2 H
+
+ 2 CrO
4
2
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ H
2
O K = 1,50 10
15

Cho cc gi tr tch s tan: T
BaCrO
4
= 8,5 10
11
; T
SrCrO
4
= 3,6 10
5
.
(a) Hy tnh tan ca BaCrO
4
v SrCrO
4
trong mi trng baz mnh.
(b) pH ca dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,10 mol/lit c iu chnh n 3,00 bng cch s dng m axetat. Hy tnh
nng Cr
2
O
7
2
v CrO
4
2
trong dung dch thu c.
Thm vo hy tnh gi tr nng nh nht ca Ba
2+
v Sr
2+
trong dung dch ny kt ta cromat tng
ng bt u xut hin.
(c) iu ch dung dch m ngi ta s dng dung dch axit axetic
0,10 mol/lit. Hy tnh khi lng natri axetat cn thm vo 1 lt dung dch trn thu c dung dch m c pH =
3,00. Bit hng s phn li ca axit axetic
K
a
= 1,78 10
5
.
Di y l gin Latimer ca crom trong mi trng axit (pH = 0).
Cr
2
O
7
2-
Cr(V) Cr(IV) [Cr(H
2
O)
6
]
3+
[Cr(H
2
O)
6
]
2+
Cr
+0,293
+0,55 +1,34 x -0,408
y
da cam lc tm xanh
-0,744

(d) Hy xc nh cc gi tr th x v y.
(e) Hy cho bit Cr(IV) c b phn hy d ly to ra Cr(III) v Cr(VI) khng? Gii thch.
(f) Hy vit bn phn ng kh ca cp Cr
2
O
7
2
/Cr
3+
. Hy tnh s gim th kh ca cp oxi ha kh ny khi
pH tng thm 1 n v.
Xt phc mu tm [CrCl
2
(ox)
2
]
3
.
(g) Hy cho bit s phi tr ca phc trn.
(h) Hy cho bit hnh hc phn t ca phc.
(i) Hy gi tn ca ion phc.
(k) Hy vit cc ng phn lp th ca phc trn.
(a. Trong mi trng kim th CrO
4
2
b thy phn khng ng k:
BaCrO
4
Ba
2+
+ CrO
4
2

S S
=> M T S
BaCrO
6 11
10 . 22 , 9 10 . 5 , 8
4

= = =
=> M T S
SrCrO
3 5
10 . 6 10 . 6 , 3 '
4

= = =
b. 2 H
+
+ 2 CrO
4
2
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ H
2
O K = 1,50 10
15

C: [Cr
2
O
7
2
] + 0,5 [CrO
4
2
]= 0,1
15
2 2
4
2
2
7 2
10 . 50 , 1
] [ ] [
] [
= =
+

CrO H
O Cr
K

=> [Cr
2
O
7
2
] = 0,1 M
[CrO
4
2
] = 8,16.10
6
M
kt ta BaCrO
4
bt u xut hin:

M
CrO
T
Ba
BaCrO 5
6
11
2
4
2
10 . 04 , 1
10 . 16 , 8
10 . 5 , 8
] [
] [
4

+
= = =

kt ta SrCrO
4
bt u xut hin:
M
CrO
T
Ba
BaCrO
41 , 4
10 . 16 , 8
10 . 6 , 3
] [
] [
6
5
2
4
2 4
= = =

+

c.
] [ ] [
] [ ] [
] [
+
+
+
+
+
=
OH H C
OH H C
K H
B
A
a

C: [OH

] << [H
+
] << C
A

=>
] [
] [
+
+
+
=
H C
C
K H
B
A
a

hay
3
5 3
10
1 , 0
10 . 78 , 1 10


+
=
B
C

=> C
B
= 7,8.10
4
M
=> m
CH
3
COONa
= 7,8.10
4
82 = 0,064 gam
d. x = 2,1 V
y = 0,912V
e. C: V E
IV Cr O Cr
945 , 0
0
) ( /
2
7 2
=

=>
0
) ( / ) (
0
) ( /
2
7 2
III Cr IV Cr
IV Cr O Cr
E E <

=> phn ng phn hy d li t xy ra.
f. Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 6e + 14 H
+
+ 5 H
2
O 2 Cr(H
2
O)
6
3+

V E
Cr O Cr
33 , 1
0
/
3 2
7 2
=
+

C:
] [
] ][ [
lg
6
0592 , 0
3
14 2
7 2 0
/ /
3 2
7 2
3 2
7 2
+
+
+ =
+ +
Cr
H O Cr
E E
Cr O Cr Cr O Cr

Xt: [Cr
2
O
7
2
] = [Cr
3+
] = 1M; [H
+
] = 0,1 M
=>
V E
Cr O Cr
19 , 1 1 , 0 lg
6
0592 , 0
33 , 1
14
/
3 2
7 2
= + =
+

=> AE
pin
= 1,19 1,33 = 0,14 V
Vy khi pH tng thm 1 n v th th ca cp gim 0,14V;
g. 6;
h. bt din;
i. icloro bisoxalato cromat(III)
k.
O
O O
Cl
Cl
O
Cr
O
O O
O
Cl
Cl
Cr
3-
3-
O
O O
Cl
Cl
O
Cr
3-
)

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Hong Nhm, Ha hc v c, tp ba, Nh xut bn Gio Dc, 2003.
2. V ng , Triu Th Nguyt, Ha hc v c, quyn 2 Cc nguyn t d v f, Nh xut bn Gio dc, 2009.
3. Lm Ngc Th, C s ha hc phn tch, Nh xut bn i hc Quc Gia H Ni, 2006.
4. Nguyn Tinh Dung, Ha hc phn tch, phn III Cc phng php nh lng ha hc, Nh xut bn Gio Dc,
2003.
5. o nh Thc, Cu to nguyn t v lin kt ha hc, tp 2, Nh xut bn Gio Dc, 2005.
6. Douglas A. Skoog, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, NewYork, 2003.
7. F. Albert Cotton, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th Edition, Wiley Interscience, 1999.
8. Bi tp chun b IChO ln th 29, 31, 34, 37, 40, 42, 43, 44 (2012).
9. thi hc sinh gii Quc Gia cc nm 2010, 2011, 2012.
10. thi hc sinh gii Quc Gia cc nc c (2006, 2007, 2009), o (2006, 2008, 2009, 2010), n (2011).