2D-Fourier-Transforms-40

2-D FOURIER TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tav Vedat Tav ano ano lu lu

IMAGE SAMPLING AND FOURIER
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
2
2-D Fourier Transforms
Continuous-Variable Fourier Transform of a 2-D Signal
dy dx e y x f F
y x j
a y x a
y x
) (
) , ( ) , (
O + O

} }
= O O
TRANSFORMS
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dy dx e A j j F
y x j
Y X
y x a
y x
) (
0 0
) , (
O + O
} }
= O O
x
y
) , ( y x f
a
X
Y
A
Fourier Transform of
Rectangular Fuction
TRANSFORMS
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dy e dx e A j j F
y j
Y
x j
X
y x a
y
x
O
O
} }
= O O
0 0
) , (
y
Y j
x
X j
y x a
j
e
j
e
A j j F
y
x
O

O

= O O
O
O
1 1
) , (
Y
y
y j
X
x
x j
y x a
j
e
j
e
A j j F
y
x
0 0
] [ ] [ ) , (
O O
= O O
O
O
TRANSFORMS
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|
2
2
sin
| |
2
2
sin
| 16 | ) , ( |
Y
Y
X
X
AXY j j F
y
y
x
x
y x a
O
O
O
O
= O O
y
Y j
y
x
X j
x
y x a
y
x
e
Y
e
X
A j j F
O
O
O
O
= O O
O
O
2
sin 2
2
sin 2
) , (
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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dy dx e y x f j j F
y x j
a y x a
y x
) (
) , ( ) , (
O + O

} }
= O O
To this end approximate
) (
) , (
y x j
a
y x
e y x f
O + O
in the interval {[(n+1)Ax , (m+1)Ay]; [nAx , mAy]} by
) (
) , (
m y n x j
a
y x
e y m x n f
A O + A O
A A
We wish to numerically evaluate
TRANSFORMS
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) (
) , ( ) , (
m Y n X j
s s a
n n
s s y x
s y s x
e mY nX f Y X j j F
O + O
=

~ O O
Now defining
s s
Y y X x = A = A ,
yields
y x e y m x n f j j F
m y n x j
a
n n
y x a
y x
A A A A ~ O O
A O + A O
=

) (
) , ( ) , (
This expression gives the rectangular approximation
of the 2-D Fourier integral.
TRANSFORMS
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) , ( ) , ( m n f mX nX f
s s a
=
y s y x s x
Y X e e = O = O ,
Now letting
) , ( ) , (
y
x
j
j
s s y x
e e F Y X j j F
e
e
~ O O
yields
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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) (
) , ( ) , (
m n j
m n
j
j
y x y
x
e m n f e e F
e e e
e
+
=

=
where
This sum is defined as the 2-D Discrete-(x,y) Fourier
Transform, which gives a continuous function of the
frequencies e
x
and e
y
.
Since exp(je
x
) and exp(je
y
) are periodic functions with
2t period, F(exp(je
x
), exp(je
y
)) is a periodic function
with respect to e
x
and e
y
with period 2t.
j
e
TRANSFORMS
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We could reach the same conclusion through a frequency
analysis of the discrete-(x,y) signal f(n,m):
All signals are composed of sinusoidal signals.
Sampled sinusoidal signals are shown to be periodic
with frequency.
Any sampled signal is periodic with frequency.
Components with frequencies that are outside the range
t e e t s s
y x
,
are aliases of those within this range and that the
corresponding components will be folded around t and t
and will appear to be within this range.
TRANSFORMS
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Example:
n
m
.......
.......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
....
N
M
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
0
) (
1
0
1
0
) , (
m n j
M
m
N
n
j
j
y x y
x
e e e F
e e e
e
+
=

=
m j
M
m
N
n
n j
y
x
e e
e
e

=
1
0
1
0
y
y
x
x
j
M j
j
N j
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
=
1
1
1
1
TRANSFORMS
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2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
y y
y y
y
y
x x
x x
x
x
j j
M
j
M
j
j
M
j
j j
N
j
N
j
j
N
j
e e
e e
e
e
e e
e e
e
e
e e
e e
e
e
e e
e e
e
e
=
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
) , (
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
y
y
M
j
x
x
N
j
j
j
M
e
N
e e e F
y
x
y
x
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e

=
TRANSFORMS
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|
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
| ) , ( | | | |
y
y
x
x
j
j
M
N
e e F
y
x
e
e
e
e
e
e
=
TRANSFORMS
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Rectangular Image
TRANSFORMS
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close all
f=zeros(30,30);
f(1:20,1:15)=1;
imshow(f,'notruesize');
title(Fourier transform of rectangular image (imshow))
F=fft2(f);F2=abs(F);
figure,imshow(F2,[0 10],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar
figure,mesh(F2);
title(Fourier transform of rectangular image (mesh))
F=fftshift(F);F2=abs(F);
figure,imshow(F2,[0 10],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar;
title(180 degrees shifted Fourier transform (imshow))
figure,mesh(F2);
title(180 degrees shifted Fourier transform (mesh))
MATLAB Program for the Fourier Transform and 180
0
shifted Fourier Transform of Rectangular Image
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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Rectangular Image
(imshow)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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Rectangular Image
(mesh)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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180 degrees shifted
Rectangular Image
(imshow)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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180 degrees shifted
Rectangular Image
(MESH)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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180
0
shifted Fourier
Transform of
Rectangular Image
(imshow)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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180
0
shifted Fourier
Transform of
Rectangular Image
(mesh)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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MATLAB ProgramFourier Transform of Rectangular
Image Computed with Zero Padding:
close all
f=zeros(30,30);
f(1:20,1:15)=1;
F=fft2(f,256,256);
F=fftshift(F);
F2=abs(F);
figure,imshow(F2,[0 10],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar;
title(180 degrees shifted Fourier transform of rectangular
image computed with zero padding(imshow))
figure,mesh(F2);
title(180 degrees shifted Fourier transform of rectangular
image computed with zero padding (mesh))
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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Fourier Transform
of Rectangular
Image Computed
with Zero Padding
(imshow)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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Fourier Transform
of Rectangular
Image Computed
with Zero Padding
(mesh)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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Take the Fourier transform of the image given below.
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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) (
128
1
128
1
) , ( ) , (
m n j
m n
j
j
y x y
x
e m n f e e F
e e e
e
+
= =

=
) 128 (
128
1
) 2 (
128
1
) (
128
1
) 128 , (
.... .......... ..........
) 2 , (
) 1 , ( ) , (
y x
y x
y x y
x
n j
m
n j
m
n j
m
j
j
e n f
e n f
e n f e e F
e e
e e
e e e
e
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
TRANSFORMS
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n j
m
j
n j
m
j
n j
m
j j
j
x
y
x
y
x
y y
x
e n f e
e n f e
e n f e e e F
e
e
e
e
e
e e
e
+
+
=
) 128 , (
.... .......... ..........
) 2 , (
) 1 , ( ) , (
128
1
128
128
1
2
128
1
TRANSFORMS
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n j
m
n j
m
n j
m
x x x
e n f e n f e n f
e e e
=
=

= = ) 128 , ( .......... ) 2 , ( ) 1 , (
128
1
128
1
128
1
where
x
x
x x
j
j
n j n j
n
e
e
e e
e
e
e e
2
128
2 2
64
1
1
1
= =

TRANSFORMS
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n j
m
j j j j
j
x
y y y y
x
e n f e e e e e F
e
e e e e
e
=

+ + + = ) 1 , ( ) .. ( ) , (
128
1
128 2
x
x
x
y
y
y
j
j
n j
j
j
n j
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
2
128
2
128
1
1
1
1
=
TRANSFORMS
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| | | |
sin
64 sin
2
sin
64 sin
| ) , ( |
x
x
y
y
j
j
y
x
e e F
e
e
e
e
e
e
=
x
x
j
y
y
j
x
y
e e
e
e
e
e
e
e
sin
64 sin
2
sin
64 sin
65
5 . 64

=
TRANSFORMS
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close all;
a = zeros(128,128);
b = zeros(128,128);
a = [ 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0];
b=[1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0];
z = a;
s=b;
for k = 1:7
z = [z a] ;
s=[s b];
end
l = z;
j=s;
for k = 1:127
z = [z;l];
s=[s;j];
end
figure, imshow(z,'notruesize')
figure, imshow(s,'notruesize')
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figure, imshow(z,'notruesize')
figure, imshow(s,'notruesize')
fz=fft2(z,256,256);
fz=fftshift(fz);
fz=abs(fz);
figure,imshow(fz,[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar
figure,mesh(fz);
fs=fft2(s,256,256);
fs=fftshift(fs);
fs=abs(fs);
figure,imshow(fs,[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar
figure,mesh(fs);
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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Fourier transform of
the first image
(imshow)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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the first image (mesh)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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Fourier transform of the
first image in x
direction (mesh)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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the first image in
y direction (mesh)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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Take the Fourier transform of the image given below.
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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) (
128
1
128
1
) , ( ) , (
m n j
m n
j
j
y x y
x
e m n f e e F
e e e
e
+
= =

=
) 128 (
128
1
) 2 (
128
1
) (
128
1
) 128 , (
.... .......... ..........
) 2 , (
) 1 , ( ) , (
y x
y x
y x y
x
n j
m
n j
m
n j
m
j
j
e n f
e n f
e n f e e F
e e
e e
e e e
e
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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n j
m
j
n j
m
j
n j
m
j j
j
x
y
x
y
x
y y
x
e n f e
e n f e
e n f e e e F
e
e
e
e
e
e e
e
+
+
=
) 128 , (
.... .......... ..........
) 2 , (
) 1 , ( ) , (
128
1
128
128
1
2
128
1
TRANSFORMS
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n j
m
n j
m
n j
m
j
j
x
x x
y
x
e n f
e n f e n f e e F
e
e e
e
e

=
= =
) 128 , ( ..........
) 2 , ( ) 1 , ( ) , (
128
1
128
1
128
1
) ( ) (
) ( ......... .......... .......... ) ( ) ( ) 1 , (
1
15
1
8
1
120
1
8
1
128
1
x x
x x x x x
j
k
j
j j j j j
n
n j
e F e
e F e e F e e F e n f
e e
e e e e e e

=
=
+ + + =
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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) ) 1 , ( )( ........ ( ) , (
128
1
128 2
n j
m
j j j j
j
x
y y y y
x
e n f e e e e e F
e
e e e e
e
=

+ + =
n j
m
j
j
j j
j
x
y
y
y y
x
e n f
e
e
e e e F
e
e
e
e e
e
=
= ) 1 , (
1
) 1 (
) , (
128
1
128
) ( ) (
) ( ......... .......... .......... ) ( ) ( ) 1 , (
1
15
1
8
1
120
1
8
1
128
1
x x
x x x x x
j
k
j
j j j j j
n
n j
e F e
e F e e F e e F e n f
e e
e e e e e e

=
=
+ + + =
where
TRANSFORMS
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with
=
4
1
1
) (
n
n j j
x x
e e F
e e
x
x
x
x
x
y
y
y y
x
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j j
j
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e e F
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e
e
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
) , (
4
8
128
128
We obtain
| | | |
2
sin
2 sin
4 sin
64 sin
2
sin
64 sin
) , (
x
x
x
x
y
y
j
j
y
x
e e F
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
=
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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the second image
(imshow)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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the second image
(mesh)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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Fourier transform
of the second image
in x direction (mesh)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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Fourier transform of the
second image in
y direction (mesh)
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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close all
f=zeros(30,30);
f(1:20,1:15)=1;
imshow(f,'notruesize')
F=fft2(f);
F2=abs(F);
figure,imshow(F2,[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar
Fourier Transform of Rectangular Fuction:
MATLAB Program
TRANSFORMS
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TRANSFORMS
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TRANSFORMS
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close all
f=zeros(30,30);
f(10:20,10:20)=1;
imshow(f,'notruesize')
F=fft2(f);
F2=abs(F);
imshow(F2,[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar
Fourier Transform of Rectangular Fuction:
MATLAB Program
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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Fourier Transform of Rectangular Fuction
Computed with Zero Padding:
MATLAB Program
f=zeros(30,30);
f(10:20,10:20)=1;
F=fft2(f,256,256);
F2=log(abs(F));
imshow(F2,[-1 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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I=zeros(30,30);
I(10:20,10:20)=1;
J=imrotate(I,45);
imshow(J,'notruesize');
F=fft2(J,256,256);
F2=log(abs(F));
imshow(F2,[0 10],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar
MATLAB Program for the rotated image
FOURIER TRANSFORM OF ROTATED IMAGE
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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I=zeros(30,30);
I(10:20,10:20)=1;
J=imrotate(I,45);
imshow(J,'notruesize');
F=fft2(J,256,256);
F=fftshift(F)
F2=abs(F);
figure,imshow(F2,[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);
colorbar
figure,mesh(F2)
TRANSFORMS
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Close all
I = zeros(256,256);
r = 75;
r2 = r*r;
x = -r;
cx=120;
cy=120;
while x < r
y1 = (sqrt(r2-x*x)+cx);
y2 = (-sqrt(r2-x*x)+cx);
y3 = (sqrt(r2-x*x)+cy);
y4 = (-sqrt(r2-x*x)+cy);
for i = cy:round(y1)
I(i,x+cy) = 1;
end
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for i = round(y2):cy
I(i,x+cy) = 1;
end
I(x+cx,round(y3)) = 1;
I(x+cx,round(y4)) = 1;
x = x+1;
end
imshow(I,'notruesize'),title('Original Image')
figure,mesh(I),title('Original Image')
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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F=fft2(I,256,256);
F=fftshift(F);
F2=abs(F);
figure,imshow(F2,[0 5],'notruesize');
colormap(jet);colorbar,title('FT Original Image')
figure,mesh(F2),title('FT of Original Image')
figure,imshow(h,[-.125 1],'notruesize'),title('Filter
Kernel')
figure,mesh(h),title('Filter Kernel')
H=fft2(h,256,256);
H=fftshift(H);
H2=abs(H);
TRANSFORMS
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figure,imshow(Iout,'notruesize'),title('Output Image')
figure,mesh(Iout),title('Output Image')
Fout=fft2(Iout,256,256);
F=fftshift(Fout);
figure,imshow(F,[0 5],'notruesize');
colormap(jet);colorbar,title('FT Output Image')
figure,mesh(F2),title('FT of Output Image')
TRANSFORMS
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TRANSFORMS
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TRANSFORMS
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TRANSFORMS
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TRANSFORMS
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=
=
=
k l
k l
) l , k ( h ) l m , k n ( x
) l m , k n ( h ) l , k ( x ) m , n ( y
Fourier Transforms of 2-D Convolution
TRANSFORMS
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) n m ( j
k l n m
) n m ( j
k l n m
) n m ( j
n m
j
j
y x
y x
y x y
x
e ] ) l , k ( h ) l m , k n ( x [
e ] ) l m , k n ( h ) l , k ( x [
e ) m , n ( y ) e , e ( Y
e e
e e
e e e
e
+
=
+
=
+
=

=
=
=
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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Now let
j l m i k n = = and
)) k i ( ) l j ( ( j
k l n m
)) k i ( ) l j ( ( j
k l n m
j
j
y x
y x
y
x
e ] ) l , k ( h ) j , i ( x [
e ] ) j , i ( h ) l , k ( x [
) e , e ( Y
+ + +
=
+ + +
=

=
=
=
e e
e e
e
e
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
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) e , e ( X ) e , e ( H
e ) l , k ( x e ) j , i ( h
) e , e ( Y
y
x
y
x
y x y x
y
x
j
j
j
j
) k l ( j
k l i j
) j i ( j
j
j
e
e
e
e
e e e e
e
e
=
=
=
+
=
+

)
y
j
e ,
x
j
e ( X )
y
j
e ,
x
j
e ( H )} n , m ( x * ) n , m ( h { F
e
e
e
e
=
TRANSFORMS
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Close all
I=zeros(12,12);
I(2:9,2:9)=1;
h=ones(3,3)/9;
Iout=conv2(I,h);
imshow(I,'notruesize'),title('Original Image');figure,mesh(I),title('Original Image')
F(256,256)=0;
F=fft2(I,256,256);
F=fftshift(F);
F2=abs(F);
figure,imshow(F2,[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar,title('FT Original Image')
figure,mesh(F2),title('FT of Original Image')
figure,mesh(h),title('Filter Kernel')
H(256,256)=0;
H=fft2(h,256,256);
H=fftshift(H);
H2=abs(H);
figure,imshow(H2,[0 1.5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar,title('FT of Filter
Kernel')
figure,mesh(H2),title('FT of Filter Kernel')
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
71
figure,imshow(Iout,'notruesize'),title('Filtered Image')
figure,mesh(Iout),title('Filtered Image')
I2=fft2(Iout,256,256);
I2=fftshift(I2);
I2=abs(I2);
figure,imshow(I2,[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar,
title('FT of Filtered Image')
figure,mesh(I2),title('FT of Filtered Image')
FIout(256,256)=0;
FIout=H.*F;
figure,imshow(abs(FIout),[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar,
title('FT of Output Image obtained by the product of FFTs')
I2out(256,256)=0;
I2out=ifft2(FIout);
I2out=real(I2out);
figure,imshow(I2out,'notruesize'),
title('Output Image obtained by Inv FFT')
figure,mesh(I2out),title('Output Image obtained by Inv FFT')
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
72
Separability of 2-D Signals
Let a 2-D signal be given by x( m,n) . If x( m,n) can be
written as:
) n ( x ) m ( x ) n , m ( x
2 1
=
Then x( m,n) is said to separable.
Fourier Transform of Separable of Signals
TRANSFORMS
Vedat Tavanolu
73

=
+
=
=
n
n j
m
m j
m n
) n m ( j j
j
x x
y x y
x
e ) n ( x e ) m ( x
e ) n , m ( x ) e , e ( X
e e
e e e
e
2 1
) e ( X ) e ( X ) e , e ( X
y
x
y
x
j
j
j
j
e
e
e
e
2 1
=

2D-Fourier-Transforms-40

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2-D FOURIER TRANSFORMS

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IMAGE SAMPLING AND FOURIER

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