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NHM 3: PHNG PHP TIA X

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BO CO GIA K
O V KIM TRA KHNG PH HY ti: Phng php tia X

Sinh vin nhm 3: STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H & Tn Ng Vn c Hong Vn Nam Nguyn Trung Tm Nguyn Thanh Long inh Quc Chnh Trn Th Hin Vit long SHSV 20090793 20091822 20092311 20091655 20090314 20091012 20106039

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NHM 3: PHNG PHP TIA X

MC LC Trang I. GII THIU CHUNG....3 1. Gii thiu v NDT..3 2. Cc phng php NDT...3 II. PHNG PHP TIA X....4 1. Tia X..4 2. Qu trnh tng tc ca bc x vi vt cht5 3. Chp nh phng x tia X.....7 4. ng phng tia X...13

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NHM 3: PHNG PHP TIA X

I. GII THIU CHUNG 1. Gii thiu v NDT 1.1. nh ngha v bn cht ca NDT Kim tra khng ph hy l s dng cc phng php vt l kim tra pht hin cc khuyt tt bn trong cu trc vt liu, cc sn phm cc chi tit mym khng lm nh hng n kh nng hot ng v cht lng ca chng. 1.2. Tm quan trng ca NDT Phng php kim tra o khng ph hy ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic kim tra cht lng sn phm. NDT cng c s dng trong tt c cc cng on ca qu trnh ch to mi sn phm. S dng cc phng php NDT c hiu qu trong cc cng on ca qu trnh ch to sn phm nh: Tng mc an ton v tin cy ca sn phm khi lm vic. Lm gim sn phm li, m bo cht lng ca vt liu, t gim gi thnh sn phm. Ngoi ra NDT c s dng rng ri trong vic kim tra thng xuyn hoc nh k cht lng ca cc thit b my mc v cc cng trnh qu trnh vn hnh. 2. Cc phng php NDT 2.1. Phng php kim tra bng mt Kim tra bng mt l mt trong nhng phng php ph bin v hiu qu nht ca phng php o v kim tra khng ph hy. i vi phng php ny th b mt ca vt th cn phi c sng v tm nhn ca ngi kim tra phi thch hp. Cc thit b, dng c c trang by v ngi kim tra phi qua lp tp hun. 2.2. Phng php kim tra bng dng in xoy (ET) Phng php ny dng pht hin cc khuyt tt trn b mt, phn loi vt liu, o nhng thnh mng t mt mtv mt vi ng dng khc o su lp thm. Phng php ny kim tra rt nhanh, c th t ng ha c. 2.3. Phng php kim tra bng chp nh phng x (RT) Phng php ny kim tra bng cch chp nh phng x c dng xc nh khuyt tt bn trong ca nhiu loi vt liu v c cu hnh khc nhau. y l phng php chp nh bng tia X hoc gamma.
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NHM 3: PHNG PHP TIA X

2.4 Phng php kim tra bng siu m (UT) Kim tra vt liu siu m l mt trong nhiu phng php kim tra khng ph hy, sng siu m c tn s cao c truyn vo vt liu cn kim tra. 2.5. Phng php kim tra bng bt t (MT) Phng php ny c dung kim tra cc vt liu d nhim t. N c kh nng pht hin c nhng khuyt tt h ra trn b mt v ngay st b mt. 2.6. Phng php kim tra thm thu lng (PT) Phng php ny dng kim tra nhng bt ng nht trn b mt nh: Cc vt nt, r kh, chng mp, cc l r r. Phng php ny r tin, d p dn, kim tra nhanh, thit b nh gn. II. PHNG PHP TIA X 1. Tia X 1.1. C s hnh thnh Nm 1895 nh bc hc Roentgen pht hin ra bc x tia X trong lc ng ang nghin cu hin tng phng in qua khng kh. Trong mt thi gian th nghim trn cc loi tia mi v b n ny th Roentgen chp c mt bc nh bng ca cc vt th khc nhau gm nhng hp ng cc qu cu v mt khu sng ngn nhn thy r rng. Nhng bc nh bng ny nh du s ra i ca phng php chp nh bc x. Nm 1913 Collidge thit k ra mt ng pht bc x tia X mi. Thit b ny c kh nng pht bc x tia X c nng lng cao hn v c kh nng xuyn xu hn. Nm 1917 phng th nghim chp nh bc x bng tia X c thit lp ti Royal Arsenal Woolwich. Nm 1930 hi qun M ng dng phng php chp nh bc x kim tra cc mi hn ca ni hi. 1.2. Tnh cht ca tia X. Bc x tia X l dng bc x in t ging nh nh sng Gia tia X v nh sng thng ch khc nhau v bc sng. Trong kim tra vt liu bng chp nh bc x thng s dng bc x tia X c bc sng t 0.01 n 10 nm, tn s trong khong t 3 1016 Hz n 3 1019 Hz v nng lng trong khong 120 eV n 120 keV. Bc x tia X l bc x in t ging nh nh sng, c nhng tnh cht nh sau: C nhng tnh cht ca nh sng.

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NHM 3: PHNG PHP TIA X

Gy s ion ha, c kh nng lm mt s cht pht hunh quang (kim cng, barium ) Xuyn qua nhng vt m nh sng khng xuyn qua c. Tun theo nh lut bnh phng khong cch. l, cng bc x tia X ti mt thi im bt k t l vi bnh phng khong cch t ngun n im c tnh theo cng thc: (I=1/r2) Tc ng ln lp nh tng trn phim 1.3. Tc hi ca tia X Khi tia X i vo c th, khng phi tt c u ra khi c, m mt s tia X b mt do c th hp th. Nhng tia X b mt i c th c nng lng rt ln, n i qua c th v gii phng tt c cc nng lng ca n. Nng lng ny c chuyn thnh electron gy nhiu tn thng cho c th con ngi trong mt vng hp nh: ion ha m trng n i qua, ph hy cc AND ca t bo. 2. Qu trnh tng tc ca bc x vi vt cht 2.1. Hin tng hp th Mt chm tia X i qua vt cht th cng ca chng b suy gim. Hin tng ny gi l s hp th bc x tia X trong vt cht. Nu c mt khuyt tt nm bn trong cu trc ca mu vt, th c s thay i v b dy hoc mt mu vt , v n tc ng n cng ca chm bc x truyn qua, chm bc x truyn qua ny c ghi nhn trn phim to ra mt nh chp bc x trn phim. Cng suy gim c th hin qua ba hiu ng: s hp th quang in(), s hp th v tn x Compton() v s to cp() H s suy gim: = + + Trong : s hp th quang in(), s hp th v tn x Compton() v s to cp() 2.1.1. S hp th quang in Khi c tng tc quang in vi nguyn t hp th, lng t c nng lng tng i thp (nh hn 1 MeV) truyn ton b nng lng cho electron lp trongthng l lp K. Do nhn c nng lng bng hiu s gia nng lng lng t vi nng lng lin kt trong nguyn t, electron b bt ra khi nguyn t. Electron ny c gi l photoelectron v dch chuyn trong cht hp th gy ra ion ha th cp v kch thch. Khi lin kt gia cc electron cng bn vng th hiu ng quang
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NHM 3: PHNG PHP TIA X

in cng mnh. Hiu ng quang in hu nh h xy ra trong cc cht c nguyn t lng v nguyn t s cao, v vy ch Pb c dng lm cht che chn tt i vi lng t nng lng thp. H s tng tc tuyn tnh quang in l t l vi s Z v nng lng Z v nng lng E

Hnh 2.1: Hiu ng quang in y, cn phi ch rng bc x tn x c nh hng c bit n phim trong qu trnh chp. N lm tng m ca chp bc x y l iu khng mong mun khi gii on hnh nh. Do hiu ng Compton l hiu ng c nh hng quan trng nht. 2.1.2.S to cp Qu trnh to cp do lng t tng tc vi nguyn t to nn cp electron ev positron e+ trong in trng; khi chnh lng t bin mt. Nng lng ti thiu to ra cp electron- positron cn phi vt qu tng nng lng ca chng tc l 1.022 MwV. Sau khi to thnh electron v positron tch khi nhau ri b mt ng nng do s ion ha th cp. Qu trnh to cp c vai tr quan trng khi nng lng E ln vi cc cht c nguyn t s Z cao, v h s tng tc to cp t l vi Z2. 2.2. H s suy gim khi m Khi kim tra bng chp bc x, h s suy gim khi c trng ng thi cho c mt vt liu cng nh nng lng bc x. N c xc nh theo quan h: m= / (g/cm2) (2.1) m=k 3Z3 Trong : mt vt cht (g/cm3)
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(2.2)

NHM 3: PHNG PHP TIA X

H s suy gim khi ph thuc vo bc sng ca bc x s cp v do nhng bc x mm hay bc x c nng lng thp s c h s hp th ln hn. H s suy gim khi cng ph thuc vo nguyn t s Z ca cht hp th v tng ln theo nguyn t s Z. 2.3. nh lut suy gim chm tia bc x hp Bc x b hp th khi truyn qua lp vt liu mng v ph thuc vo chiu dy v h s suy gim tuyn tnh . Tng t nh nh lut phn r phng x c th vit: It = I0e- =I0 exp(- ) (2.3)

Trong : It, I0 l cng ca chm tia bc x hp ti v truyn qua vt liu tng ng vi I0 cch ngun 1 m. thun tin cho tnh ton ngi ta thng dng chiu dy lm yu (hp th) mt na (HVL) l chiu dy ca vt liu cho trc lm cho cng chm tia bc x khi i qua n gim xung cn mt na. Chiu dy hp th mt na HVL c xc nh t cng thc:
I t I 0 e ln(

It ) I0

(2.4)

2.4. Tn x ngc. Khi lng t tn x nhiu ln trong vt kim v b hp th bi nhng vt gn , mt phn bc x truyn ngc ra khi vt hp th v tc ng n detector cng nh ngi thao tc. ln tn x ngc trong mi trng t l nghch vi bnh phng nguyn t s Z2 ca vt cht . N cng tng khi chm bc x ti vt kim b lch v t l vi cos ( y l gc ti ca tia bc x). 3. Chp nh phng x tia X 3.1. nh ngha chp nh phng x. Phng php chp nh phng x dng xc nh khuyt tt bn trong ca vt liu kim tra. Phim nh bc x c to ra t cc chm tia X i qua vt th. Cng cha chm tia X i qua vt th b thay i ty theo cu trc bn trong ca vt th, khi ra phim chp s xut hin ra nh bng, chnh l nh chp bc x ca sn phm. Sau phim c gii on bit c nhng khuyt tt c trong sn phm . V bn cht c bn h chp nh gm: Ngun phng x, vt liu cn kim tra v b phn ghi l phim.
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NHM 3: PHNG PHP TIA X

Hnh 2.2 : Cch b tr trong phng php kim tra bng chp nh phng x. Phng php ny c th pht hin nhng li nh: Khng gian rng do co ngt khi ng. Cng, r kh, nt, chy cnh, knh kh, bc x. Li khng lin kt, bc tp cht rn (ng hoc Wolfram) . Hn khng thu (khng xuyn qua y ). Li v hnh dng hnh hc - Bn te hn.

3.2. Nguyn l phng php tia X 3.2.1. Hin tng quang in ngoi. a. Th nghim Hertz v hin tng quang in t mt tm km c tch in m ln trn mt in nghim (tm km ni vi in cc ca in nghim) th thy hai l kim loi ca in nghim xe ra.

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NHM 3: PHNG PHP TIA X

Hnh 2.3: Th nghim quang in Chiu mt chm nh sng h quang vo tm km th thy hay l kim loi ca in nghim cp li chng t tm km b mt in tch m ngha l electron b bt ra khi tm km. Hin tng trn khng xy ra nu Ban u, ta tch in dng cho tm km. Hoc chn chm nh sng h quang bng mt tm thy tinh. b.Gii thch. Nu ban u tch in dng cho tm km th tm km ny ang thiu electron. Khi chiu h quang vo tm km th cng c electron bt ra nhng s ngay lp tc b tm km ht li. Do in tch ca tm km khng i. Hai l kim loi ca in nghim vn tip tc xe ra. Tia t ngoi trong chm h quang b thy tinh hp th mnh nn chm nh sng n sc n c vi tm km ch l bc x n sc c bc sng di. iu ny gip khng nh rng hin tng electron b bt ra khi tm km ch xy ra vi cc bc x t ngoi m thi. c.Kt lun. Hin tng nh sng lm bt cc electron ra khi b mt kim loi gi l hin tng quang in ngoi. Hin tng quang in ch xy ra vi mt s bc x n sc no .

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NHM 3: PHNG PHP TIA X

d.Ba nh lut quang in Hin tng quang in xy ra khi 0. i vi mi kim loi lm catot th cng dng quang in bo ha t l thun vi cng chm nh sng kch thch. ng nng ban u cc i ca electron quang in (bng tch e|Uh|) khng ph thuc vo cng ca chm nh sng kch thch m ch ph thuc vo bc sng ca nh sng kch thch v vo bn cht ca kim loi dng lm catot. 3.3. u im v nhc im ca phng php tia X Phng php ny dng kim tra khuyt tt ca tt c cc vt liu, c bit cc khuyt tt mng cng c th pht hin c. N cng ph hp cho vic pht hin cu trc bn trong vt liu b sai hng u im - C th kim tra tt c cc vt liu, cc vt liu c din tch ln. - Kt qu trc quan,lu gi c lu - Xc nh c cc li bn trong - C th xc nh mt , ln ca vt nt - Xc nh nhanh Nhc im - Kh pht hin cc khuyt tt dng phng - L phng php nguy him - Chi ph t - Hnh nh kh phn tch, nh lng - Yu cu trnh cao 3.4. Nguyn l to nh trn phim. Khi tia X chiu n phim s lm thay i quang ha, s thay i en ca phim, nn en ca phim ph thuc vo s lng, cht lng ca chng. Khi bc x n tng tc vi lp nh tng chp nh ca phim s to ra mt nh o. Qu trnh ny s xy ra theo cc bc sau: h + Br- Br + eAg+ + e- Ag Ag+ + Br- Ag + Br
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NHM 3: PHNG PHP TIA X

Cc nguyn t bromua trung ha s kt hp vi nhau hnh thnh nn ht Br v thot ra ngoi tinh th bc bromua, cn li nhng nguyn t bc t do s lng xung. Sau khi trng ra phim th nh n nhn thy v tr thnh nh tht. 3.5. Cc phng php kim tra dng phng php tia X Phng php kim tra dng bc x thng c dng xc nh khuyt tt bn trong ca nhiu loi vt liu hoc mi hn khc nhau. Tng tc ca bc x vi vt kim tra Khi truyn qua vt kim tra, bc x s b suy yu i do hp th v tn x. Mc suy gim ph thuc vo chiu dy v mt ca vt kim tra cng nh cng M v nng lng E ca bc x. Phng php chp nh X-Quang Vt kim tra c t gia ngun pht x v tm phim. N s hp th mt phn bc x. Vng no c dy ln v mt vt liu tp trung cao s hp th nhiu bc x hn cc vng cn li. ti ca phim s thay i ph thuc vo lng bc x chiu ti phim sau khi m xuyn qua vt kim tra. hnh bn, phn phim c mu sng nhn t tia X hn phn phim c mu ti. Vng c cha khuyt tt (nt, rng) hin th trn phim s c c sng ti hn so vi vng xung quanh. 3.5.1. Phng php ni soi nh hunh quang a.Phm vi ng dng. Phng php ny th hin hnh nh ng trn mn hnh v cu trc bn trong vt kim khi chiu chm tia ion ha m khng dng dng phim. Chng c dng kim tra s b nhm pht hin nhanh khuyt tt ln vi liu chiu nh. Thng c ng dng trong hi quan v y t.
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NHM 3: PHNG PHP TIA X

b.Cu to my ni soi hunh quang. Cu to mt my bao gm: ng phng tia X (X-ray tube). ng chun trc (collimator) My C-arm (C-arm Apparatus) B khuch i hnh nh (Image Intensifier) Cc thit b hin th

c.Nguyn l hot ng. Tia X c to ra t ng phng tia X, sau khi i qua ng chun trc tng chm ca chm tia s c a vo my C-arm. My C-arms c hnh ch C, mt u ch C pht tia X, cn u kia c nhim v thu tia X. Ngi c kim tra s ng (hoc nm) gia my C-arms, bc x tia X chiu qua ngi s c hp th mt phn cn mt phn i n u thu. Sau , chm tia X ny c i vo b khuch i hnh nh. Ti y, chm tia X s c chuyn thnh cc chm sng v a ln cc thit b hin th c bit.

Hnh 2.4: M t nguyn l hot ng d.Cu to ca lp phosphor trong b khuch i hnh nh. B mt u vo ca b khuch i hnh nh c ph mt lp phosphor. Khi tia X chiu vo, lp phosphor ny s pht sng. Cng chm sng pht ra ph thuc vo cng tia X chiu vo khu vc . Chm sng ny chiu ti photocathode,
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NHM 3: PHNG PHP TIA X

v lp ny pht ra cc chm electron. Cc electron ny c dn chiu vo lp phosphor u ra v khin lp ny pht sng.

Hnh 2.5: M t lp phosphor khi chiu tia X 4. ng phng tia X 4.1 Cu to L ng tia cathode p sut c 10-3 mmHg c 3 cc: Cathode C hnh chm cu, electron c cung cp t dy kim loi (wolfram, constantan) nung nng vi b ngun ring. i m cc nm gia anode A v cathode C bng kim loi c nguyn t lng ln v kh nng chy (platin, wolfram) chn dng tia cathode. i m cc thng c ni vi anode A Anode A

Hnh 2.6: ng phng tia X


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NHM 3: PHNG PHP TIA X

4.2. Nguyn l hot ng Khi ta cp mt ngun c hiu in th c vi chc kV v c dng t 1-5A gia anode v cathode, si t b t nng s pht ra cc electron bi s pht x nhit. Sau , chm electron c tng tc bi in trng gy ra bi in p cao, va chm vi i m cc v sinh ra tia X.

Hnh 4.7: M t hot ng ng pht tia X. 4.3. Quan h gia UAK v cng bc x pht ra Ty vo kim loi lm i m cc v UAK, ng phng s pht x mnh chm tia X c bc sng tng ng. Di y l biu pht x tia X ca mt kim loi c th:

Hnh 4.8: Biu pht x tia X.

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