Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TRNG I HC KHOA HC
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Mc lc
Mc lc
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ii
19
26
30
30
31
33
42
45
46
48
50
56
61
65
Kt lun
69
70
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M u
Phng php sai phn l phng php c p dng rng ri trong nhiu
lnh vc khoa hc, k thut cng nh trong thc tin. Ni dung ca n l a
cc bi ton cn xt v vic gii phng trnh sai phn hoc h phng trnh
sai phn. Bng phng php sai phn c th gii phng trnh vi phn thng
hoc phng trnh o hm ring. Trong lnh vc ton bc THPT phng
trnh sai phn cng c rt nhiu ng dng. Vi mc ch tm hiu, nghin cu
v l thuyt phng trnh sai phn t p dng vo vic gii ton bc
THPT, phc v cho cng tc ging dy ti trng ph thng, lun vn ny
tp trung trnh by v sai phn, phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh v mt s
ng dng ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh trong gii ton bc ph thng.
Lun vn bao gm phn m u, ba chng, phn kt lun v danh mc
cc ti liu tham kho.
Chng 1 trnh by cc kin thc c bn v sai phn, mt s ng dng ca
sai phn v phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh.
Chng 2 trnh by cc kin thc v phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp
1 v phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp 2 vi h s hng s v h s bin
thin.
Chng 3 cp ti vn tuyn tnh ha phng trnh sai phn v cc
ng dng ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh trong gii ton bc ph thng
nh: bi ton xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s khi cng thc truy hi
l biu thc tuyn tnh, l h biu thc tuyn tnh hay cng thc truy hi c
dng phn tuyn tnh vi h s hng, ng dng ca phng trnh sai phn
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn
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trong cc bi ton mang tnh cht s hc, ng dng ca phng trnh sai phn
vo gii cc phng trnh hm.
Lun vn c hon thnh di s hng dn trc tip ca TS Nguyn
Vn Minh. Nhn dp ny tc gi xin by t lng bit n chn thnh v s ch
bo, hng dn tn tm, nhit tnh ca thy trong sut qu trnh thc hin
lun vn.
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio trong Ban gim hiu, phng
o to i hc v sau i hc, khoa Ton - Tin trng i hc Khoa hc i hc Thi Nguyn cng cc thy c gio tham gia ging dy kha hc.
Ti xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c ng nghip t Ton trng THPT
Ph Bnh, Ban gim hiu trng THPT Ph Bnh, quan tm to iu kin
thun li ti thc hin k hoch hc tp ca mnh. Xin chn thnh cm n
gia nh, ngi thn v bn b ng vin c v ti trong sut qu trnh
lm lun vn.
Mc d rt nghim tc v c gng trong qu trnh lm lun vn, nhng
ni dung ca lun vn khng trnh khi nhng khim khuyt. V vy tc gi
mong nhn c nhng kin, gp ca cc thy c, cc anh ch v cc ng
nghip lun vn c hon thin hn.
Thi Nguyn, thng 09 nm 2010.
Hc vin
Nguyn Th Hng Lan
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Chng 1
Mt s khi nim c bn v sai phn
v phng trnh sai phn
1.1
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Tnh cht 1.2. (Biu din sai phn theo gi tr ca hm s) Sai phn mi
s=0
(i N ).
Tnh cht 1.3. (Tnh cht tuyn tnh ca sai phn) Sai phn mi cp l mt
ton t tuyn tnh trn tp cc hm s, tc l
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1.2
yk = yn+1 y1.
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y
2 y
3 y
3
10
12
6
15
16
28
6
43
22
50
6
93
28
78
6
171
34
112
283
d=1
a + b + c + d = 3
8a + 4b + 2c + d = 15
27a + 9b + 3c + d = 43
a=1
b = 2
c = 1
d = 1
Ch
1
1
1
+
++
1.2.3.4 2.3.4.5
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
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Bi gii. Ta c
Vy
"
1
1
1
1
=
= yk yk =
3k(k + 1)(k + 2)
i
1h1
1
S=
3 6 (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
Bi gii.
1) Ta c
Nu
Nu
1
1
1
cos(k )x = cos(k + )x cos(k )x
2
2
2
x
= 2 sin kx. sin .
2
x
x = k2, k Z (sin = 0) th An = 0.
2
1
cos(k
)x
x
2
x 6= k2, k Z (sin 6= 0) th sin kx =
.
x
2
2 sin
2
Do
1
n
cos(k )x
1
1 X
2
cos(k
)x
sin kx =
An =
x
x
2
2 sin
2 sin k=1
k=1
k=1
2
2
n
n+1
h
i
x.
sin
x
sin
1
x
1
2
2
=
.
x cos(n + 2 )x cos 2 =
x
2 sin
sin
2
2
n
X
n
X
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Vy
n+1
n
x. sin x
An = sin
2
2
sin
2
2) Ta c
Nu
Nu
khi x = k2, k Z
khi x 6= k2, k Z.
1
1
1
sin(k )x = sin(k + )x sin(k )x
2
2
2
x
= 2 cos kx. sin .
2
x
x = k2, k Z (sin = 0) th Bn = n.
2
1
)x
sin(k
x
2
.
x 6= k2, k Z (sin 6= 0) th cos kx =
x
2
2 sin
2
Do
Bn =
n
X
cos kx =
k=1
Vy
1
x
2 sin
2
1
n
X
k=1
1
sin(k )x
2
xi
1
sin(n
+
)x sin
=
x
2
2
2 sin
2
n+1
n
x. sin x
Bn = cos
2
2
sin
2
cos
n+1
n
x. sin x
2
2 .
x
sin
2
khi x = k2, k Z
khi x 6= k2, k Z.
n 1.
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Tnh
S=
" 2010
X
n=1
1
xn + 1
tng.
3 3 2 21
3
T gi thit suy ra x2 = 4 ; x3 = 4 + 4 = 16 > 1 xn > 1, n 3.
Mt khc
1
xn+1
Hay
1
1
1
=
xn (1 + xn ) xn xn + 1
1
1
1
1
=
=
xn + 1
xn+1
xn
xn
Do
2010
X
n=1
2010
X
1
1
1
1
=
=
xn + 1 n=1
xn
x2011
x1
1
1
1
=
=2
x1 x2011
x2011
2010
P
1
< 2. Vy
n=1 xn + 1
" 2010
#
# "
X 1
1
S=
= 1.
= 2
x
+
1
x
n
2011
n=1
Do xn > 1, n 3 nn 1 <
xk = tan n + n, n N .
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10
n tan(n 1)
Bi gii. Ta c tan 1 = tan[n (n 1)] = 1tan
+ tan n. tan(n 1)
k=1
k=1
k=1
X
1
1 X
1=
=
tan(k 1)
tan n n.
tan 1
tan 1
Vy ta lun tm c = tan1 1 ,
n
X
k=1
1.3
= 1
xk = tan n + n, n N .
(1.1)
trong
yn = f (n) l hm s cn tm v c gi l n hm;
a0 ; a1 ; ; ak (a0 6= 0; ak 6= 0) l cc hng s hoc hm s i vi n v
c gi l cc h s ca phng trnh sai phn;
g(n) l mt hm s ca i s n v c gi l v phi.
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11
(1.2)
nh l 1.1. (V nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh (1.1))
Nghim tng qut yn ca phng trnh (1.1) bng tng ca nghim tng qut
yen ca phng trnh (1.2) vi mt nghim ring yn ca phng trnh (1.1), tc
l
yn = yen + yn .
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn
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12
Chng minh.
Xem [5]
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh thun nht
(1.2).
nh ngha 1.5. yn1; yn2; ; ynk c gi l k nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca
(1.2) nu t h thc
suy ra C1 = C2 = = Ck = 0.
Xem [5]
a0 y n+k + a1 y n+k1 + + ak y n = 0
v
Khi
a0 y n+k + a1 y n+k1 + + ak y n = 0
Hay
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13
(1.3)
a0 k + a1 k1 + + ak = 0.
Phng trnh (1.3) c gi l phng trnh c trng ca (1.2) (ta cng xem
l phng trnh c trng ca (1.1)). Nghim yen ca phng trnh (1.2) v
yn ca phng trnh (1.1) ph thuc ct yu vo cu trc nghim ca phng
trnh (1.3).
c gi l nghim bi k, (k N ) ca a thc
P (x)(tc l ca phng trnh P (x) = 0) nu P (x) = (x x0)k .T (x), trong
T (x) l a thc c T (x0) 6= 0.
nh l 1.4. Nu phng trnh c trng (1.3) c k nghim thc phn bit
1 ; 2; ; k th nghim tng qut ca (1.2) c dng
(1.4)
Xem [5]
Ch . Nu phng trnh c trng (1.3) c k nghim thc, trong c
nghim j l nghim bi bc s th cng thc nghim tng qut ca phng
trnh sai phn tuyn tnh thun nht (1.2) s l
Chng minh.
yen =
j1
X
i=1
Cini
s1
X
Cj+in
i=0
nj
k
X
Cini .
i=j+s
Tng t ta c cng thc nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn
tnh thun nht (1.2) trong trng hp phng trnh c trng (1.3) c k
nghim thc, nhng c nhiu nghim bi hn.
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn
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14
j1
X
Ci0 ni0
k
X
Ci0 ni0 .
i0 =j+2
i0 =1
k
X
0
i =1
0
i 6=j
th ta cng s c cng thc nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn
tnh thun nht (1.2).
Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh khng thun
nht (1.1) vi h s hng s.
Xt phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh khng thun nht (1.1) vi h s
hng s
a0 yn+k + a1 yn+k1 + + ak yn = g(n),
trong aj R; j 0..k; a0 6= 0; ak 6= 0.
Trong phn ny ta xt phng php tm nghim ring ca phng trnh (1.1)
nu trn.
Ta thng dng phng php h s bt nh xc nh nghim ring ca
phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh khng thun nht. y ta s nu li dng
nghim ring ca (1.1) trong trng hp v phi g(n) c dng n gin. K
hiu Pm(n); Pl(n); Tp(n); Rp(n); Qm(n) l cc a thc vi h s thc, bin s
n N, vi bc ln lt l m, l, p N.
Trng hp 1. g(n) = Pm (n).
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15
Trng hp 4. g(n) =
l
P
gj (n).
j=1
l
X
ynj
.
j=1
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16
(1.5)
Vy yn = ( 4 n 2 ) cos n 2 + ( 14 n 41 ) sin n 2 .
3
yn+2 yn+1 + yn = cos n
sin n .
2
3
2
3
(1.6)
a = 1; b = 0. Vy yn = n cos n .
3
n
n
+ 7(n + 1) sin .
2
2
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(1.7)
17
trnh ny c nghim = 3 v = 4.
n
n
g(n) = 6n 5 + 2n+1 + (11n 2) cos
+ 7(n + 1) sin
2
2
g(n) = g1 (n) + g2(n) + g3(n),
n
vi g1(n) = 6n 5; g2(n) = 2n+1; g3(n) = (11n 2) cos n
+ 7(n + 1) sin .
2
2
- Vi g1(n) = 6n 5, ta i tm nghim ring ca phng trnh sai phn
yn+2 7yn+1 + 12yn = 6n 5.
(1.7a)
(1.7b)
yn2
= 2n .
n
+ 7(n + 1) sin , ta i tm nghim ring ca
- Vi g3(n) = (11n 2) cos n
2
2
phng trnh sai phn
n
n
+ 7(n + 1) sin
2
2
n
= n cos
. Vy nghim ring
2
yn = n + 2n + n cos
(1.7c)
ca phng
n
.
2
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18
Chng 2
Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp
mt v phng trnh sai phn tuyn
tnh cp hai
2.1
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19
2.1.2 Nghim
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (2.1) c dng:
un = u
en + un
trong :
u
en l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh thun nht
(2.2).
un l mt nghim ring ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh khng thun
nht (2.1).
Sau y ta s nu ra cch gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh thun nht
(2.2).
Gii phng trnh c trng: a + b = 0 tm nghim .
Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh thun nht
(2.2) di dng u
en = C.n (C l hng s).
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20
Trng hp 1.
f (n) = Pm (n)
l a thc bc m i vi n.
Khi :
- Nu 6= 1 th ta chn un = Qm(n) cng l a thc bc m i vi n.
- Nu = 1 th ta chn un = nQm(n), trong Qm(n) cng l a thc bc
m i vi n.
Xt phng trnh aun+1 + bun = Pm(n)
- Nu = ab 6= 1 b 6= a. Vi un = Qm(n) un+1 = Qm(n + 1). Suy
ra aQm(n + 1) + bQm(n) l a thc bc m, tc l cng bc vi f (n).
- Nu = ab = 1 b = a. Suy ra aun+1 + bun = aun+1 aun =
a(un+1 un ) = aun = Pm (n). Nn un phi l a thc bc m + 1, v tm
nghim ring nn ta tm un = nQm(n) l .
Chng minh.
Trng hp 2.
f (n) = p. n
Khi :
- Nu 6= th ta chn un = d. n
- Nu = th ta chn un = d.n. n
(p; 6= 0).
(d R).
(d R).
un
t vn = n , khi phng trnh cho c dng:
avn+1 + bvn = p,
l a thc bc 0.
at + b = 0.
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(2.3)
21
- Nu
un = d n .
t =
b
6= 1 6=
a
- Nu t = ab = 1 = th
M rng: f (n) = Pm (n). n
th
vn = d
vn = nd.
(d l a thc bc 0).Vy
Vy un = dn n.
( 6= 0).
Khi :
- Nu 6= th ta chn un = Qm(n). n, trong Qm(n) l a thc bc m
i vi n.
- Nu = th ta chn un = n.Qm(n). n, trong Qm(n) l a thc bc
m i vi n.
Trng hp 3.
f (n) = sin nx + cos nx (2 + 2 6= 0; x 6= k; k Z).
a cos x + b a sin x
D=
= a2 + b2 + 2ab cos x
a sin x
a cos x + b
Do x 6= k; k Z nn | 2ab cos x |<| 2ab | hay |2ab| < 2ab cos x < |2ab|
Mt khc: a2 + b2 | 2ab | nn D > 0, v vy t h phng trnh trn ta xc
nh c A, B duy nht.
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22
M rng.
1)f (n) = Pm (n) sin nx + Ql (n) cos nx, trong Pm (n), Ql (n) ln lt l cc a
thc bc m; l ca n.
Khi , ta chn un = Tp(n) sin nx + Rp(n) cos nx, trong Tp(n), Rp(n) l cc
a thc bc p ca n, vi p = max{m; l}.
2)f (n) = n [Pm (n) sin nx +Ql (n) cos nx], trong Pm (n), Ql(n) ln lt l cc
a thc bc m; l ca n.
Khi , ta chn un = n[Tp(n) sin nx + Rp(n) cos nx], trong Tp(n), Rp(n) l
cc a thc bc p ca n, vi p = max{m; l}.
Trng hp 4.
f (n) =
m
X
fk (n)
k=1
m
P
u1 = 1
un+1 = 3un 6n + 1
(2.4)
Ta c:
u
en = C.3n.
u1 = 8
un+1 = 2un + 6.2n
(2.5)
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23
Ta c:
u
en = C.2n.
2
2
n
n
1
1
+ cos
.
= 2un + ( 2) sin
4
4
2
2
(2.6)
Ta c:
u
en = C.2n.
n
n
1
1
+ cos
f (n) = ( 2) sin
nn ta chn
4
4
2
2
n
n
un = A. sin
.Thay
un vo phng trnh (2.6)
+ B. cos
4
4
n
.
A = 1; B = 0 un = sin
4
n
Khi : un = C.2n + sin 4 , m u1 = 22 C = 0.
Vy phng trnh (2.6) c nghim l: un = sin n
.
4
ta tm c
u1 = 333
un+1 = 26.un 494.7n 2475.n + 99
Ta c:
u
en = C.26n.
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(2.7)
24
vi iu
Ly tng hai v
b.n Cn = f (n)
f (n)
Cn = n .
b.
theo k t 0 n n 1, ta c:
n1
X
k=0
n1
1 X f (k)
Ck =
b
k
k=0
n1
1 X f (k)
.
Cn = C0
b
k
k=0
Vy
un
1 X f (k) i n
= C0
.
b
k
n1
k=0
u1 = 8
un+1 = 2un + 6.2n
(2.8)
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25
Cn = (3n)
Cn = 3n
un = 3n.2n.
Do un = C.2n + 3.n.2n. V u1 = 8 C = 1.
Vy nghim ca phng trnh (2.8) l: un = 2n(1 + 3n).
1
un+1 = 5un + (n2 3n + 1)n!.
5
1
5n+2
(2.9)
= Cn .5n.
(n2 + 2n + 1 5n)n!
.
Vy mt nghim ring ca phng trnh (2.9) l: un = n.n!
5
un+1 = un +
1n
2n+1
(2.10)
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26
nh ngha 2.1. Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp mt vi h s bin
thin l phng trnh sai phn c dng
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27
trong :
u
en l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh thun nht
tng ng: un+1 = q(n)un.
un l mt nghim ring tu ca phng trnh (2.11).
Vic gii cc phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh vi cc h s bin thin l
rt phc tp. y ta s xt mt s dng n gin ca cc phng trnh sai
phn tuyn tnh vi cc h s bin thin c gii ch yu bng phng php
t dy s ph, dng cng thc truy hi v phng php bin thin hng s.
Bi ton. Tm un bit
u1 =
un+1 = p(n)un + f (n), n N
(2.12)
trong
, R; p(n); f (n) l cc hm s ca i s n N, p(n) 6= 0, n N.
Bi gii. t dy s ph
un = vn .
n1
Y
p(k).
k=0
Khi
v1 =
p(0)
vn+1.
n
Y
v (2.12) c dng
p(k) = .vn.
k=0
n
Y
f (n)
p(k) + f (n) vn+1 vn = Q
.
n
k=0
p(k)
k=0
un+1 =
1 6n
3
un +
n+2
(n + 2)!
n N .
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28
t
1
un =
vn ,
(n + 1)!
k=0
khi ta c
un+1 =
2.3n.un + n.2n.3
n2 +n
2
(cos
n
n
+ sin
),
4
4
n(n1)
2
.vn,
n1
n1
k=0
k=0
khi ta c
v1 = 1; vn+1 =
n(n1)
2
n N .
n
n
+ n sin
).
4
4
n1
n
n
1
1
2
.
+ n sin
vn = ( 2)
+ 2n ( n + ) cos
4
4
2
2
2
n1
n(n1)
1
2
n
n
1
n
un = 3 2
( 2)
+ 2 ( n + ) cos
+ n sin
.
4
4
2
2
2
un+1
(n + 1)2
n(n + 1)
=
un +
n!,
n(n + 2)
n+2
n N .
(2.13)
un+1
(n + 1)2
un = 0.
n(n + 2)
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29
un = (C0 + n! 1).
.
Suy ra un = n +n 1 (C + C0) + nn.n!
+1 n+1
Vi iu kin ban u u1 = 21 C + C0 = 1. Vy un = nn.n!
.
+1
(2.14)
u1 = a; un+1 = g(n)ukn,
(2.15)
n1
X ln g(i)
ln g(n)
yn = y1 +
.
yn+1 yn =
i
kn
k
i=1
T gi thit u1 = a > 0 y1 = ln a. Do vy
yn = ln a +
Khi ta c
n1
X
ln g(i)
i=1
ki
vn = k
n1
k n1 ln a+
un = evn = e
n1
P
i=1
ln a +
n1
X
ln g(i)
i=1
ln g(i)
ki
ki
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30
f (n + 1) k
un ,
f k (n)
(2.17)
Bi gii. T (2.17) ta c
uk
un+1
= kn .
f (n + 1) f (n)
(2.18)
n
, khi (2.18) c dng
t vn = fu(n)
(2.19)
vn+1 = vnk .
yn = k
n1
Vy cui cng ta c
(vi C
a kn1
a
a
k n1 ln f (1)
.
vn = e
=
ln
f (1)
f (1)
a kn1
un =
.f (n).
f (1)
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31
hoc
(2.21)
c gi l phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht tng ng
vi phng trnh (2.20).
Nu f (n) 6= 0 phng trnh (2.20) c gi l phng trnh sai phn tuyn
tnh cp hai khng thun nht.
2.3.2 Nghim
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (2.20) c dng:
un = u
en + un
trong :
u
en l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh thun nht
(2.21).
un l mt nghim ring ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh khng thun
nht (2.20).
Sau y ta s nu ra cch gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh thun nht
(2.21).
Phng trnh c trng ca (2.21) l:
a2 + b + c = 0
hay
2 = p + q.
(2.22)
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32
l s thc nn xn = n l mt nghim ca
phng trnh (2.21). Ta i tm nghim th hai di dng yn = vnn. Thay
yn = vnn vo phng trnh (2.21) ta c
Chng minh.
Do 1
= 2 =
1 + 2
1 .2
b
= 2 =
a
c
2
= =
a
Trng hp 3.
Chng minh.
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33
n = rn (cos n i sin n) = yn .
Ni dung sau y trnh by cch tm nghim ring ca phng trnh sai phn
tuyn tnh cp 2 khng thun nht (2.20) khi v phi f (n) c dng c bit.
Trng hp 1.
f (n) = Pm (n)
l a thc bc m i vi n.
Khi :
- Nu phng trnh c trng (2.22) khng c nghim = 1 th ta chn
un = Qm (n) cng l a thc bc m i vi n.
- Nu phng trnh c trng (2.22) c nghim n = 1 th ta chn
un = nQm (n) cng l a thc bc m i vi n.
- Nu phng trnh c trng (2.22) c nghim kp = 1 th ta chn
un = n2 Qm (n) cng l a thc bc m i vi n.
Chng minh. Ta i tm nghim ring un = Q(n). Khi Q(n + 2); Q(n + 1);
Q(n) l cc a thc c h s ca hng t bc cao nht bng nhau.
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn
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34
6=
Mt khc Q(n +2) pQ(n +1) qQ(n) = f (n), nn deg Q(n) = deg f (n) = m.
Do vy un = Qm(n).
- Do phng trnh c trng (2.22) c nghim n = 1 nn 1 p q = 0.
Ta i tm nghim ring un = R(n), trong R(n) l a thc m bc s c
xc nh phn sau. Ta c R(n + 2); R(n + 1); R(n) l cc a thc c h s
ca hng t bc cao nht bng nhau m 1 p q = 0 suy ra
deg(R(n + 2) pR(n + 1) qR(n)) = deg R(n) 1 = deg f (n).
1pq =0
q
= 1
p =2
q = 1
( 6= 0),
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35
(2.24)
un+1
un
un+2
q
= Pm (n).
n+2
n+1
n
(2.25)
(2.26)
vi 1 = 2(p2 + 4q) = 2. trong = p2 + 4q l bit thc ca phng
trnh (2.22).
- Nu khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng (2.22) tc l 2
p q 6= 0 th phng trnh (2.26) khng c nghim t = 1. Khi ta chn
mt nghim ring ca phng trnh (2.25) l: vn = Qm(n), trong Qm(n) l
a thc bc m i vi n. Vy un = Qm(n). n.
- Nu l mt nghim n ca phng trnh c trng (2.22) th ta c
2 t2 pt q = 0
>0
2 p q = 0
1
>0
2 p q = 0
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36
=0
2 p q = 0
1
=0
2 p q = 0
trong
Pm (n); Ql (n)
k = max{m; l}. Khi
ln lt l cc a thc bc
m, l
i vi n. K hiu
( 6= 0).
Khi
- Nu .ei = (cos i sin ) khng l nghim ca phng trnh c
trng (2.22) th ta chn
un = n [Tk (n) cos n + Rk (n) sin n],
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37
- Nu .ei =
(2.22) th ta chn
(cos i sin )
Chng minh.
un+2
un+1
un
q
= Pm (n) cos n + Ql (n) sin n.
n+2
n+1
n
(2.27)
2 t2 pt q = 0.
(2.28)
Trng hp 4.
f (n) =
m
X
fk (n)
k=1
m
P
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38
ny c nghim kp = 2.
Ta chn mt nghim ring ca phng trnh (2.29) l un
un = n2 .a.2n vo phng trnh (2.29) ta c
= n2 .a.2n.
Thay
Cho n = 1 ta c a = 1. Vy un = n2.2n.
u0 = 2; u1 = 1
un+2 un+1 2un = (3n + 2) cos
n
n
+ (n + 1) sin
.
2
2
(2.30)
n
n
+ (cn + d) sin .
2
2
Do gi thit
u0 = 2
u1 = 1
A+B
=2
A + 2B = 1
n
.
2
n
.
2
A=1
B=1
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39
n
.
2
+
1
2
1 .2
=p
= q.
An+2n+2
+ Bn+2n+2
(1 + 2 )[An+1n+1
+ Bn+1n+1
1
2
1
2 ]
+ 1 .2[Ann1 + Bn n2 ] = f (n)
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40
n+2
n+2
1 (An+2 An+1 ) + 2 (Bn+2 Bn+1 )
n+1
n+1
1 2 (An+1 An ) 1 2 (Bn+1 Bn ) = f (n)
n+2
n+1
n+1
n+2
1 An+1 + 2 Bn+1 1 2 An 1 2 Bn = f (n)
n+2
n+2
n+1
n+2
1 An+1 1 An + 1 An 1 2 An
n+2
n+2
n+1
+ n+2
2 Bn+1 2 Bn + 2 Bn 1 2 Bn = f (n)
2
n+1
n+2 2
n+1
n+2
1 An +1 An (1 2 )+2 Bn +2 Bn (2 1 ) = f (n)
Theo cng thc sai phn tng phn th phng trnh trn c th vit li
nh sau:
n+1
n+1
(Ann+1
1 ) (1 )(An) + 1 An (1 2 )
n+1
n+1
+ (Bnn+1
2 ) (2 )(Bn) + 2 Bn (2 1 ) = f (n)
Hay
n+1
n+1
(Ann+1
+ Bnn+1
1
2 ) + (1 An + 2 Bn )
n+1
n+1
1 2 An 2 1 Bn = f (n).
n+1 A + n+1B
n
n
1
2
n+1 2An n+11 Bn
1
=0
= f (n).
An =
f (n)
n+1
1 (2 1 )
f (n)
.
Bn = n+1
2 (2 1 )
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41
An = (n + 1)f (n)
n+2
Bn = f (n) .
n+2
f (n) sin(n + 1)
An =
rn+2 sin
f (n) cos(n + 1)
.
Bn =
rn+2 sin
(2.31)
1
f (n)
1
1
n+1
n+1
=
(3)
=
(3)
A
=
(3)n+1
n
n+1
4
16
16
1 (2 1 )
1
1
1
f (n)
= = n Bn = n.
Bn = n+1
4
4
2 (2 1 ) 4
An =
Vy
un
3
3n
= (n ).
4
4
(2.32)
2
Bi gii.Phng trnh c trng
ca (2.32) l + 1 = 0. Phng trnh
ny c cc nghim l = 1 2i
= cos
i sin .
3
3
Theo kt qu nu trn ta
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42
n
n
An = 3.2n+1 sin(n + 1) = 2n(cos
3 sin
)
3
3
3
(n + 1)
= 2n+1 cos
3
(n + 1)
An = 2n+1 cos
.
3
n
n
= 2n ( 3 cos
+ sin
)
3
3
3
(n + 1)
= 2n+1 sin
3
(n + 1)
Bn = 2n+1 sin
.
3
(n + 1)
n
(n + 1)
n
un = 2n+1 cos
= 2n .
cos
+ sin
sin
3
3
3
3
Bn =
Vy
3.2n+1 cos(n + 1)
nh ngha 2.2. Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp hai vi h s bin
thin l phng trnh sai phn c dng
trong a(n) 6= 0, c(n) 6= 0, q(n) 6= 0 v a(n), b(n), c(n), p(n), q(n), f (n) l
cc hm s ca n.
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43
trong :
u
en l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh thun nht
tng ng: un+2 = p(n)un+1 + q(n)un.
un l mt nghim ring tu ca phng trnh (2.33).
1
1
4n2 1 n
1
1
3
2 )un+1 2un + (1
2 )un1 =
2n 2n
2n 2n
2n2
(2.34)
Bi gii. Phng trnh thun nht tng ng vi phng trnh (2.34) c hai
1
1
, nn uen = An B 2n
tm
nghim c lp tuyn tnh l un = n; vn = 2n
1
nghim ring un, ta tm un = An n Bn 2n
. Theo kt qu ca phng php
bin thin hng s ta c:
2n2
4n2 1 n
3n
3
n
An1 = 2
3 = 3 = An = 3 n
2
4n 1
2n
2
2
4n4
4n2 1 n
Bn1 = 2
n
2
un = n 3 (n n + 1)
=
.
2
2n
2
n
Vy
Th li: Ta c
1
1
1
1
2 )un+1 2un + (1
2 )un1
2n 2n
2n 2n
n+2
n
3n+1 n 1 (n 1)(2n + 1) 3n n 2
(n + 1)(2n 1) 3
+
=
2n2
2 n+1
2
n
2n2
2 n1
2
4n 1 n
3 .
=
2n2
Do nghim ca phng trnh (2.34) l:
(1 +
1
3n+1 n 1
un = An B
+
2n
2
n
trong A, B l cc hng s tu .
Trong nhiu trng hp ta c th bin i a phng trnh sai phn
vi h s bin thin v phng trnh sai phn vi h s hng s.
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn
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44
(2.35)
t vn = n +n 1 un, ta c
9
v1 = 0; v2 = ; n = 1, 2,
2
vn+2 3vn+1 + 2vn = n
(2.36)
Phng trnh (2.36) l phng trnh sai phn vi h s hng s, gii phng
trnh ny ta c
vn =
Vy
7 5 n 1
2 n(n + 1).
2 4
2
i
n h7 5 n 1
2 n(n + 1) .
un =
n+1 2 4
2
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45
Chng 3
Mt vi ng dng ca phng trnh
sai phn tuyn tnh trong gii ton
ph thng
3.1 Bi ton xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s
Bi ton xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s c cho bi h thc truy
hi l mt bi ton thng gp chng trnh ph thng. Bi ton tng qut
c pht biu nh sau: Xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s (un) (theo
quy lut a thc) c cho bi h thc truy hi
u1 = 1 ; u2 = 2 ; ; uk = k
f (xn+k ; xn+k1; ; xn+1; xn; n) = 0
(3.1)
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46
tuyn tnh gii bi ton nu trn khi cng thc truy hi l mt biu thc
tuyn tnh vi h s hng s hoc h s bin thin. Trong mc ny ta tip tc
cp n dng ton nu trn v khi cng thc truy hi l mt h biu thc
tuyn tnh, cng thc truy hi c dng phn tuyn tnh vi h s hng.
u0 =
un+1 = qun + p (p, q R).
(3.2)
Bi gii
un+1 = 7n 11un.
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn
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47
1
7n .
18
Suy ra
1
1
7n+1 > C(11)n +
7n
18
18
n N.
1 n
7 n N.
3
11 n
1
- Vi C > 0 th (3.4) tng ng 7 < 36C
vi n N.
11 n
tm c C tho mn iu ny v khi n chn th 7 +.
11 n
1
- Vi C < 0 th (3.4) tng ng 7 > 36C
vi n N.
11 n
tm c C tho mn iu ny v khi n l th 7 .
- Vi C = 0 th un = 181 7n l dy s tng.
Vy dy s cn tm c un c xc nh l un = 181 7n.
12C(11)n <
(3.4)
Ta khng
Ta khng
Hy tnh
n 1
P
.
i=0 ui
(3.5)
1
1
)(6 +
) = 18 3vn 6vn1 1 = 0.
vn
vn1
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48
v0 =
1
)
3
ta tm c
vn =
n
n
n
X
X
X
1
1
1 i+1
=
(2 1) = (2n+2 n 3).
vi =
u
3
3
i=0 i
i=0
i=0
u = a; v1 = b
1
un+1 = pun + qvn (3.6a)
(3.6)
u1 = a; u2 = pa + qb
un+2 (p + s)un+1 + (ps qr)un = 0.
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49
u1 = 1; v1 = 2
un+1 = 2un 8vn (3.7a)
(3.7)
v ta cng c u1 = 1, u2 = 18.
Gii phng trnh ny ta c un = 5n + 112 (2)n. Thay un va tm c
vo phng trnh (3.7a) ta c vn = 25 n + 32 (2)n. Vy ta tm c un, vn
tha mn h cho l
un+2 + 4un+1 + 4un = 0,
u = 5n + 11 (2)n
n
2
5
3
vn = n + (2)n.
2
2
u = a; v1 = b
(3.8)
u = 1; v1 = 1
vn+1 = un + vn + 3n
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
(3.9)
50
tho mn (3.9) l
un = 2n + 2.3n 3n
vn = 2n + 3n .
xn+1 =
pxn + q
rxn + s
n N,
(3.10)
u = a; v0 = 1
0
un+1 = pun + qvn
(3.11)
x0 =
u0
= a,
v0
(ng).
xn+1 =
un+1
vn+1
un
+q
pxn + q
pun + qvn
vn
=
=
= un
run + svn
rxn + s
r +s
vn
p
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51
n 1.
(3.12)
Gii h ny ta c
u0 = 1; v0 = 1
un+1 = 2un 3vn
un
6n 1
=
.
vn
6n + 1
xn+1 =
2xn + 1
xn + 2
n N.
u0 = 2; v0 = 1
Gii h ny ta c
un+1 = 2un + vn
vn+1 = un + 2vn.
1
1
un = (3n+1 + 1); vn = (1 3n+1).
2
2
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(3.13)
52
Ta c
3n+1 + 1
2
un
= n+1
= 1 + n+1
.
vn
3
1
3
1
2010
X
A2010 =
1+
i=1
Suy ra
X
2
1
.
=
2010
+
2
i+1
i+1
3 1
3
1
i=1
2010
2010
X
1
< 2011.
2010 < A2010 < 2010 + 2
i
3
i=1
Vy [A] = 2010.
Trn y ta va xt bi ton xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s khi
cng thc truy hi l biu thc c dng phn tuyn tnh, tuy nhin trn thc
t nhiu bi tp dnh cho hc sinh gii trong chng trnh ton bc ph thng
ta cn gp cc bi ton m trong cng thc truy hi dng phi tuyn. Sau
y l mt s bi ton dng v cch gii.
xn+1
x2n + d
=
,
2xn
(3.14)
n N .
Bi gii
1 n1
1
Khi d = 0 ta c xn+1 = 2 xn v xn = 2 a.
Ta xt trng hp d > 0. Gi s un, vn l mt nghim ca
sai phn
h phng trnh
u = a; v1 = 1
1
un+1 = u2n + dvn2
vn+1 = 2unvn
(3.15)
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53
xn+1 =
un+1
vn+1
u2n
+d
x2n + d
u2n + dvn2
vn2
=
=
un = 2x
2unvn
n
2
vn
u = a, v1 = 1
1
un+1 = u2n + dvn2
(3.16a)
(3.16)
Do
un+1 +
dvn+1 = (un +
dvn+1 = (u1 +
dvn )2.
n
dv1 )2 = (a + d)2 .
un+1
dvn+1 = (u1
n
n
dv1)2 = (a d)2 .
2n
2n
1
u
(a
+
=
d)
+
(a
d)
n+1
2
n
n
1
vn+1 = (a + d)2 (a d)2 .
2 d
Do xn = uv n , nn t (3.17) ta c
n
n1
n1
d (a + d)2
+ (a d)2
xn =
n1 .
n1
2
(a d)2
(a + d)
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(3.17)
54
u = a; v1 = 1
(3.18)
vn+1 = 2unvn
u = a, v1 = 1
1
un+1 = u2n qvn2
(3.19)
Do xn = uv n , nn t h trn ta c
n
n1
n1
i q (a + i q)2
+ (a i q)2
xn =
.
(a + i q)2n1 (a i q)2n1
xn+1 =
2xn
,
1 + dx2n
n N .
Bi gii.
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(3.20)
55
u = 1; v1 = a
1
un+1 = u2n + dvn2
vn+1 = 2unvn
(3.21)
u = 1, v1 = a
1
un+1 = u2n + dvn2
(3.22)
n
n
un+1 = (1 + a d)2 + (1 a d)2
n
n
vn+1 = d (1 + a d)2 (1 a d)2 .
Do xn = uv n , nn t trn ta c
n
n1
n1
+ (1 a d)2
(1 + a d)2
xn =
n1
n1 .
2
d (1 + a d)
(1 a d)2
u = 1; v1 = a
vn+1 = 2unvn
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56
i q (1 + ai q)2n1 (1 ai q)2 n1
u1 = 1 ; u2 = 2 ; ; uk = k
un = (un1, un2, , unk ) vi n; k N ; n > k,
(3.23)
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57
u
k+2 = (k+1 ; k ; ; 3 ; 2 ) = k+2
u
k+2 = x1 k+1 + x2 k + + xk 2
Cui cng kim nghim cng thc va tm c bng phng php quy np
ton hc. Ch rng, nu h phng trnh tuyn tnh trn v nghim th hm
khng th tuyn tnh ho c.
un = a1 un1 + a2 un2 + b.
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
(3.24)
58
a u + a2 u1 + b = u3
1 2
a1 u3 + a2 u2 + b = u4
a1 u4 + a2 u3 + b = u5
a + a2 + b = 3
3a1 + a2 + b = 11
11a1 + 3a2 + b = 41
a =4
a2 = 1
b = 0
Vy ta c un = 4un1 un2.
By gi ta s chng minh bng quy np rng dy s (un) tho mn (3.24) c
biu din tuyn tnh l
u1 = u2 = 1; un = 4un1 un2, n 3.
(3.25)
Tht vy, ta c u3 = 3 = 4.1 1 = 4.u2 u1, suy ra (3.25) ng vi n = 3.
Gi s (3.25) ng vi n = k tc l ta c uk = 4uk1 uk2 (k 3). Ta phi
chng minh (3.25) ng vi n = k + 1. Ta c
uk+1 =
=
=
=
=
= 4uk uk1
bu2n + c
vi a2 b = 1; > 0; a > 1.
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59
Bi gii.
un+1 = aun +
p
bu2n + c
Bi gii. Ta c
un+1 =
u
pn
a + u2n + b
vi a2 b = 1; > 0; a > 1.
u
a
1
pn
=
+
un+1
un
a + u2n + b
1+
b
.
u2n
v1 =
p
1
; vn+1 = avn + bvn2 + 1
vi
a2 b = 1; > 0; a > 1.
u2n + a
un1
vi , , a R.
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60
Bi gii.Ta c
un+1
u2n + a
=
un+1un1 = u2n + a
un1
un un2 = u2n1 + a.
hay
T ta c
un1
un
=
.
un+1 + un1
un + un2
un1
u2
un
=
==
= 2
= k.
un+1 + un1
un + un2
u3 + u1
+ 2 + a
u1 = ; u2 =
kun+1 un + kun1 = 0.
Bi gii.Ta thy
un+1
(un + b)2 + c
u2n + 2bun bun1 + c
un+1 + b =
.
=
b + un1
un1 + b
vn2 + c
.
vn1
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61
n 2, n N.
(3.26)
u2n 1
l s chnh phng vi mi s t nhin n.
5
phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht. Gii phng trnh ny
ta tm c
1
un = [(9 + 80)n+1 + (9 80)n+1].
2
n+1
n+1 2
vi
u0 = 0, u1 = 1
un+1 = 2un un1 + 1 n 2.
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(3.27)
62
y l phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp ba thun nht, gii phng trnh
ny ta tm c nghim un = n(n2+ 1) .
Do M = 4unun+2 + 1 = n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) + 1 = (n2 + 3n + 1)2.
un+1 =
u
pn
2 + 3 + u2n
n N .
(3.28)
u2n
Chng minh rng 2 2 c th biu din thnh tng bnh phng ca ba s
u2n
nguyn lin tip.
3vn2 + 1, vi vn =
1
.
un
trnh ny ta thu c vn = 1 (2 + 3)n (2 3)n .
Suy ra
2 3
2 3
, n 1.
un =
(2 + 3)n (2 3)n
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn
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63
3)n (2
3)n =
3k.
n2
n
u2n
2 = [2 + 3) + (2 3) ] 2
u22n
n2
n
= [2 + 3) (2 3) ] + 2
= 3k 2 + 2 = (k + 1)2 + k 2 + (k 1)2.
(3.29)
Bi gii. Ta thy phng trnh (3.29) l phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh
cp hai thun nht, gii phng trnh ny ta c
1
un = (1 + 2)n (1 2)n , n N.
2 2
ii
1 hX i i X i
i
un =
Cn (1) ( 2)
Cn( 2)
2 2 i=0
i=0
n
n1
n1
2
2
X
2i+1 X
1
2i+1
= 2
=
Cn ( 2)
Cn2i+12i.
2 2
i=0
i=0
un =
2
X
i=0
n1
n1
2m vi 2i = 2m v0 + 2m
2
X
i=1
vi 2i = 2
m
p+
Do vy un .. 2k 2ms .. 2k 2m .. 2k n .. 2k .
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn
2
X
i=1
vi 2i = 2m s,
vi s l.
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64
u1 = 2
un = 3un1 + 2n3 9n2 + 9n 3 n 2, n N.
p1
P
(3.30)
ui chia ht cho p.
i=1
- Vi p = 2 th 2010
p1
P
i=1
n = 1, 2, .
ui = 2010.2 . 2.
- Vi p l s nguyn t l th ta c
p1
X
i=1
p1
X
ui =
(3i i3 ) = (3 + 32 + + 3p1) [13 + 23 + + (p 1)3].
i=1
1 p1
Ta c 1 + 2 + + (p 1) = 2 P [i3 + (p i)3]
i=1
3
3
3
2
Mt khc i + (p i) = p 3p i + 3pi2 .. p
Ta cng c 3 + 32 + + 3p1 = 12 (3p 3), v p l s nguyn
.
l Fermat
nh
ta
c
3 p 3 . p.
n
o
p1
P 3
p
3
Suy ra (3 3) + [i + (p i) ] .. p,
i=1
n1
o
p1
P
P 3
1 p1
p
3
hay 2 2 (3 3) + 2 [i + (p i) ] .. p. Vy 2 ui .. p.
i=1
i=1
p1
Suy ra 2010 P ui .. p.
3
i=1
Vy vi mi s nguyn t p th 2010
p1
P
i=1
t nn theo nh
ui . p.
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65
(3.31)
f (n) = 22
, (n N).
(3.32)
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66
y l phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp 2 khng thun nht . Gii phng
trnh ny ta thu c uen = A + Bn; un = n2( 16 n + 12 ). Do
1
1
un = A + Bn + n2( n + ),
6
2
11
n
n
n+
+ .
3
6
2
bi ca n.
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67
f (0) = 2.
t uk = f (k), ta c phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht
u0 = 2; u1 = 1; 2uk+1 3uk 2uk1 = 0, k N .
1 k
.
2
p
8f 2(n) + 1, n N.
(3.33)
Bi gii. Gi s tn ti hm
s f (n) tha mn yu cu bi. T gi thit
p
ta c f (n + 1) 3f (n) =
vi
8f 2(n) + 1 ( 1, n N)
(3.34)
(3.35)
(3.36)
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68
f (n + 1) f (n 1) > 0.
f (n + 1) + f (n 1) = 6f (n).
33; f (n + 2) 6f (n + 1) + f (n) = 0, n N.
(8 +
66)(3 +
8
n
8)
(8
66)(3 8)n
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69
Kt lun
Trong lun vn Php tnh sai phn v ng dng tc gi tm hiu, nghin
cu, h thng mt s vn nh sau:
1. Cc vn c bn v sai phn v phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh.
2. Trnh by mt cch c h thng v phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp
mt v cp hai, cp n mt vi phng php tm nghim ring ca
phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp mt v cp hai c th p dng
ging dy cho hc sinh bc ph thng.
3. M rng phng php h s bt nh tm nghim ring ca phng
trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp mt v cp hai khi v phi c dng f (n) =
n [Pm (n) cos n + Ql (m) sin n].
u = a; v1 = b
1
un+1 = pun + qvn + (n)
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70
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