Sự tương tự giữa số và hàm và ứng dụng trong Toán sơ cấp

TRNG I HC KHOA HC L TH MINH NGUYT
I HC THI NGUYN
TN TI S TNG T GIA S V HM V NG DNG TRONG TON S CP

CHUYN NGNH: PHNG PHP TON S CP M S: 60.46.40
LUN VN THC S TON HC
Ngi hng dn khoa hc: GS. TSKH. H HUY KHOI
THI NGUYN - 2010

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
Cng trnh c hon thnh ti TRNG I HC KHOA HC - I HC THI NGUYN Ngi hng dn khoa hc: GS. TSKH. H HUY KHOI
Phn bin 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................
Phn bin 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................
TRNG I HC KHOA HC - I HC THI NGUYN

Ngy .... thng .... nm 2010
Lun vn s c bo v trc hi ng chm lun vn hp ti:
C th tm hiu ti TH VIN I HC THI NGUYN

M u
S pht trin ca s hc, c bit trong nhng nm gn y, chu nh hng rt ln ca s tng t gia s nguyn v a thc. Gia s hc v a thc c s tng t rt ln nn nghin cu cc tnh cht no ca s nguyn ngi ta th pht biu tnh cht ny trn vnh a thc. Chng hn nh l Fermat cho a thc c chng minh rt n gin da vo nh l Mason. T nh l Mason cho a thc ta c gi thuyt abc cho cc s nguyn, m nh l cui cng ca Fermat ch l h qu ca gi thuyt ny. Mc ch chnh ca lun vn l tm hiu s tng t gia s nguyn v a thc trn trng s phc. C th ng dng nh l Mason trong nghin cu a thc, tm ti nhng tng t s hc ca nh l Mason v cc h qu ca n. ng dng s tng t xut mt s bi tp v a thc v s hc tng ng. ng thi tm hiu s m rng ca nh l Mason. Ni dung lun vn gm 3 chng: Chng 1: Trnh by nh l Mason v mt s h qu ca nh l Mason, p dng nh l Mason xut mt s bi tp v a thc. Chng 2: Mt s kt qu tng t ca s hc cho nh l Mason nh gi thuyt abc, mt s h qu ca gi thuyt abc, cc kt qu tng t ca s hc cho cc nh l v bi tp chng 1. Chng 3: Trnh by nh l Mason m rng, p dng nh l Mason m rng vo nghin cu a thc nhiu bin. Lun vn ny c hon thnh di s ch bo v hng dn tn tnh ca GS.TS H Huy Khoi. Thy dnh nhiu thi gian hng dn v gii p
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cc thc mc ca ti trong sut qu trnh lm lun vn. Ti xin c by t lng bit n su sc n Thy. Ti xin cm n S Ni v, S Gio dc v o to Tuyn Quang, trng THPT Tn Tro, T Ton trng THPT Tn Tro gip to iu kin cho ti hon thnh kha hc ny. Ti xin gi ti cc thy c khoa Ton, phng o to sau i hc Trng i Hc Khoa Hc, i Hc Thi Nguyn cng nh cc Thy c tham gia ging dy kha cao hc 2008 - 2010, li cm n su sc nht v cng lao dy d trong sut qu trnh gio dc, o to ca Nh trng. Ti xin cm n gia nh, bn b v nhng ngi quan tm, to iu kin, ng vin, c v ti c th hon thnh nhim v ca mnh. Thi Nguyn, ngy 19 thng 9 nm 2010
Tc gi L Th Minh Nguyt
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Mc lc
M u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mc lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chng 1. nh l Mason v ng dng ca n
1.1. nh l Mason . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. Mt s h qu ca nh l Mason . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3. ng dng ca nh l Mason v xut mt s bi ton v a thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3 5
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6 8
Chng 2. S tng t s hc ca nh l Mason v ng dng gi thuyt abc trong nghin cu s hc 23

2.1. Gi thuyt abc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.2. Mt s h qu ca gi thuyt abc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3. ng dng gi thuyt abc xut cc bi tp s hc . . . . . 32
Chng 3. nh l MaSon m rng
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3.1. Bc ca mt phn thc v tnh cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.2. nh l Mason m rng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.3. p dng Mason m rng vo nghin cu cc a thc nhiu bin 49
Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5
53 54
Chng 1 nh l Mason v ng dng ca n

1.1. nh l Mason
Trc ht ta thy r gia tp hp cc s nguyn v tp hp cc a thc c nhng tnh cht rt ging nhau. Ta n s tng t gia phn tch ra tha s nguyn t v a thc bt kh quy. Nu gi thit K l trng ng i s th mi a thc f (x) K [x] c th phn tch dng:
n 1 2 f (x) = p 1 p2 ...pn ,
trong pi (x) = (x ai ), ai K. Nh vy c th ni rng, trong s phn tch bt kh quy v phn tch ra tha s nguyn t, cc nghim ca a thc tng ng vi cc tha s nguyn t ca s nguyn. Do s cc nghim phn bit ca a thc c vai tr tng t nh s cc c nguyn t ca s nguyn. Vo nm 1983, R.C.Mason cho mt kt qu nh gi quan h gia bc ca cc a thc vi s cc nghim phn bit ca tch cc a thc .
1.1.1 nh l Mason:

tng cp, tha mn:
Gi s P, Q, R l cc a thc mt bin vi h s phc, nguyn t cng nhau
P + Q = R.
Khi nu ta k hiu n0 (f ) l s nghim phn bit ca a thc f th ta c:
max{degP, degQ, degR} n0 (P.Q.R) 1.
1.2.2 Chng minh nh l: T gi thit P + Q = R ta suy ra

P Q + = 1. R R
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tin li trong tnh ton ta t f =

f + g = 0 v thay f = g ta c
Q P v g = . Khi , f + g = 1 nn R R
f Q g f = = . f P g g
Gi s ta c s phn tch cc hm hu t theo cc nghim ca a thc

P =m (z ai )i ; Q = n (z bt )t ; R = l (z cj )j .
Theo cng thc o hm ca tch ta c

P =m P Q =n Q R =l R i z ai t z bt j . z cj
Ta li c
f P R = , f P R
Tng t cho
g Q R = . g Q R
Do
Q = P m n
i l z ai t l z bt (z bt )
j z cj . j z cj (z cj ).
Ta k hiu
D(z ) = (z ai )
Hin nhin D(z ) = n0 (P QR) v

D(z ) D(z ) D(z ) = n0 (P QR) 1 = = . z ai z bt z cj
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1.1
Nhn c t s v mu s cho D(t) ta c i j m l Q z ai z cj D(z ) = . . j t P D(z ) l n z bt z cj
1.2
Theo (1.1) th c t v mu (1.2) u c dng tng ca cc a thc c bc Q bng n0 (P QR) 1. nh vy l t s ca hai a thc c bc nh hn hoc P bng n0 (P QR) 1. V P v Q nguyn t cng nhau v t (1.2) ta c
g f Q.(D. ) = P.(D. ). g f
Do ta c c P v Q u c bc nh hn hoc bng n0 (P QR) 1. Ta li c R = P + Q nn R cng c bc khng vt qu n0 (P QR) 1. Vy

max{degP, degQ, degR} n0 (P QR) 1.
iu phi chng minh.
1.2. Mt s h qu ca nh l Mason

S dng nh l Mason, ta c cch chng minh n gin ca nh l Fermat cho a thc.
1.2.1 nh l cui cng ca Fermat cho a thc:

Vi n 3 khng tn ti cc a thc P, Q, R khc hng s, h s phc, nguyn t cng nhau tha mn phng trnh:
P n + Qn = Rn .
Chng minh:
Gi s cc a thc P, Q, R tha mn phng trnh trn: R rng s nghim phn bit ca a thc P n Qn Rn khng vt qu
degP + degQ + degR. p dng nh l Mason ta c: max{degP n , degQn , degRn } n0 (P n Qn Rn ) 1.
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max{n.degP, n.degQ, n.degR} n0 (P.Q.R) 1 max{n.degP, n.degQ, n.degR} degP + degQ + degR 1, n.degP degP + degQ + degR 1 n.degQ degP + degQ + degR 1 n.degR degP + degQ + degR 1.
Cng li tng v ta c:

n(degP + degQ + degR) 3(degP + degQ + degR) 3.
1.2.2 H qu ca nh l Mason

mt tha mn:
(V l vi n 3) iu phi chng minh.
Khng tn ti a thc khc hng P, Q, R, nguyn t cng nhau tng i
P 2008 + Q2009 = R2010 .
Chng minh:
p dng nh l trn ta c:
max{degP 2008 , degQ2009 , degR2010 } n0 (P 2008 .Q2009 .R2010 ) 1 max{2008degP, 2009degQ, 2010degR} degP + degQ + degR 1 2008degP degP + degQ + degR 1 2009degQ degP + degQ + degR 1 2010degR degP + degQ + degR 1 2008degP + 2009degQ + 2010degR 3(degP + degQ + degR) 3 2005degP + 2006degQ + 2007degR 3.
(V l)
iu phi chng minh
1.2.3 nh l Fermat m rng cho a thc

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Khng tn ti cc a thc P, Q, R, nguyn t cng nhau tng i mt tho mn:
P m + Qn = R k ,
Chng minh:
vi
1 1 1 + + < 1. n m k p dng nh l Mason ta c : max{degP m , degQn , degRk } n0 (P m .Qn .Rk ) 1, max{mdegP, ndegQ, kdegR} degP + degQ + degR 1, mdegP degP + degQ + degR 1, 1 degP . m degP + degQ + degR 1
Tng t :
degQ 1 , n degP + degQ + degR 1 1 degR . k degP + degQ + degR 1 Cng tng v ca bt ng thc trn ta c: 1 1 1 degP + degQ + degR + + > 1. m n k degP + degQ + degR 1
iu ny mu thun vi gi thit. Ta c iu phi chng minh.
1.2.4 nh l Davenport:
Gi s P, v Q l hai a thc khc hng v P 2 = Q3 . Khi ta c : 1 deg (P 2 Q3 ) deg (Q) + 1, 2 hay 1 deg (P 2 Q3 ) deg (P ) + 1. 3
Chng minh:
t R = P 2 Q3 R + Q3 = P 2 . p dng nh l Mason :

max{degR, degQ3 , degP 2 } n0 (P 2 RQ3 ) 1
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degP 2 n0 (P 2 Q3 R) 1 degQ3 n0 (P 2 Q3 R) 1 2degP degP + degQ + degR 1 3degQ degP + degQ + degR 1 2degP + 3degQ 2(degP + degQ + degR 1) 1 degR degQ + 1 2 1 deg (P 2 Q3 ) degQ + 1. 2 Tng t t cng thc (1.3) ta c 4degP 2degP + 2degQ + 2degR 2 1.5 1.3 1.4
Cng (1.4) v (1.5) li ta c:

degP 3degR 3 1 degR degP + 1 3 1 deg (P 2 Q3 ) degP + 1. 3 (iu phi chng minh).
1.2.5 nh l Davenport tng qut:
Cho m, n l cc s nguyn dng ln hn 1. Gi s P, Q l cc a thc phc, khc hng sao cho P m = Qn . Khi , ta c:
deg (P m Qn )
v
m.n n m .deg (P ) + 1, n m.n m n .deg (Q) + 1. m
1.6
deg (P m Qn )
1.7
T cng thc (1.6) v (1.7), ta suy ra c mt h cc bi ton:
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Bi ton:
Cho P v Q l l cc a thc vi h s nguyn, khc hng, sao

5 deg (P 3 Q4 ) .deg (P ) + 1, 3
cho P 3 = Q4 . Khi ta c:
Bi ton:
5 deg (P 3 Q4 ) .deg (Q). 4 Cho P v Q l l cc a thc vi h s nguyn, khc hng, sao 23 .deg (Q) + 1, 7 23 .deg (P ). 5
cho P 7 = Q5 . Khi ta c:
deg (P 7 Q5 )
v
deg (P 7 Q5 )
Vic p dng trc tip nh l Mason hoc cc h qu ca n, gip chng ta sng tc c cc bi ton v s tn ti a thc tha mn mt s quan h v bc, cc bi ton v nghim trong C[t]. a s cc bi ton ny u gii c da vo phng php phn chng.
1.3. ng dng ca nh l Mason v xut mt s bi ton v a thc 1.3.1 Cc bi ton v nghim trong C[t]: Bi ton 1.1:
Chng minh phng trnh X 4 + Y 4 = Z 2 ch c nghim tm thng trong C[t] . Hin nhin X = Y = Z = 0 l nghim ca phng trnh. Gi s phng trnh trn c nghim khng tm thng. Theo nh l Mason, ta c:
max{deg (X 4 ), deg (Y 4 ), deg (Z 2 )} n0 (X 4 Y 4 Z 2 ) 1.
Ta suy ra c:
deg (X 4 ) n0 (X.Y.Z ) 1
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4deg (X ) deg (X ) + deg (Y ) + deg (Z ) 1
1.8.
Tng t ta c:
4deg (Y ) deg (X ) + deg (Y ) + deg (Z ) 1, 2deg (Z ) deg (X ) + deg (Y ) + deg (Z ) 1. 1.9 1.10
T (1.10) suy ra
deg (Z ) deg (X ) + deg (Y ) 1. 1.11
Cng (1.8) v (1.9) v theo v ta c

2[deg (X ) + deg (Y )] 2deg (Z ) 2. 1.12
Thay (1.11) vo (1.12) ta c

2[deg (X ) + deg (Y )] 2[deg (X ) + deg (Y ) 1] 2, 0 4.
iu ny v l vy phng trnh cho ch c nghim tm thng. Chng ta xt n phng trnh c dng X p + Y q = Z r . Trng hp p = q = r 3 th y l phng trnh Fermat cho a thc v kt qu l bi ton v nghim. Trng hp p, q, r l cc s nguyn dng bt k ln hn 2 th kt qu vn ng.
Bi ton 1.2:
Cho p, q, r l cc s nguyn dng ln hn hoc bng 3. Khi , phng trnh Fermat tng qut
X p + Y q = Z r.
Khng c nghim khng tm thng trong C[t] . Tht vy, gi s tn ti cc nghim khc 0 tha mn phng trnh. Khi , p dng nh l Mason ta c
pdeg (X ) deg (X ) + deg (Y ) + deg (Z ) 1, qdeg (Y ) deg (X ) + deg (Y ) + deg (Z ) 1,
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rdeg (Z ) deg (X ) + deg (Y ) + deg (Z ) 1.
Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc trn, ta c

(p 3)deg (X ) + (q 3)deg (Y ) + (r 3)deg (Z ) 3.
iu ny mu thun vi p, q, r 3. Bi ton 1.2 c th pht biu theo dng nghim hu t nh sau: Cho n 3, chng minh phng trnh xn + y n = 1 khng c nghim hu t khc hng s x, y trong C[t]. Bi ton 1.1 v bi ton 1.2 ch l nhng trng hp ring ca bi ton tng qut sau. Do vic gii bi ton sau cho ta cch gii khc i hai bi ton trn.
Bi ton 1.3:
1 1 1 + + 1 th phng trnh p q r X p + Y q = Z r ch c nghim tm thng trong C[t].
Cho p, q, r l cc s nguyn dng. Nu
Tht vy, gi s tn ti cc a thc khc khng v l nghim ca phng trnh trn. Khi , t chng minh phn (1.2.3) ta thy iu mu thun. Vy bi ton c chng minh. By gi ta xt n trng hp ring ca bi ton trn, l phng trnh Catalan cho a thc.
Bi ton 1.4:
Cho p, q l cc s dng ln hn 1. Chng minh rng phng trnh

X p Y q = 1 khng c nghim l cc a thc khc hng, nguyn t cng
nhau trong C[t]. Tht vy, gi s tn ti hai a thc mt bin vi h s phc nguyn t cng nhau X (t), Y (t) tha mn h thc X p Y q = 1. Theo nh l Mason ta c:
max{deg (X p ), deg (Y q )} n0 (X p .Y q ) 1.
T , ta suy ra
p.deg (X ) deg (X ) + deg (Y ) 1,
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1.13
v
q.deg (Y ) deg (X ) + deg (Y ) 1. 1.14
Cng v theo v (1.13) v (1.14) ta c

(p 2)deg (X ) + (q 2)deg (Y ) 2. 1.15
V p, q 2 nn (p 2)deg (X ) + (q 2)deg (Y ) 0. Do (1.15) khng xy ra ( iu phi chng minh).
Bi ton 1.5
Cho p, q, r l cc s nguyn dng tha 2 p q r v gi s

X (t), Y (t), Z (t) l cc a thc thuc C[t], nguyn t cng nhau tng cp,
khng ng thi l hng s v tha mn phng trnh

X p + Y q = Z r . Khi , a)(p, q, r) = (2, 2, r) vi r 2 hoc b)(p, q, r) = (2, 3, r) vi 3 r 5.
Tht vy, gi s X (t), Y (t), Z (t) l cc a thc thuc C[t] c bc ln lt l a, b, c. Theo nh l Mason, ta c
max{deg (X p ), deg (Y q ), deg (Z r )} n0 (X p .Y q .Z r ) 1.
T , ta suy ra
pdeg (X ) deg (X ) + deg (Y ) + deg (Z ) 1, p.a a + b + c 1.
Tng t
q.b a + b + c 1, r.c a + b + c 1.
Cng v theo v ta c:

p.a + q.b + r.c 3(a + b + c 1). 1.16
V p q r nn
p(a + b + c) p.a + q.b + r.c.
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1.17
T ( 1.16) v (1.17) ta c
p(a + b + c) 3(a + b + c) 3.
T y ta suy ra c p < 3 m p 2 nn p = 2. Do
p.a a + b + c 1.
Suy ra
2.a a + b + c 1.
Tc l
a b + c 1.
Kt hp vi
q.b a + b + c 1.
Ta dc
q.b 2b + 2c 2. 1.18
a) Nu q = 2 th
(p, q, r) = (2, 2, r); r 2
b) Xt q 3. T q r, kt hp vi (1.17) ta suy ra
q (b + c) q.b + r.c 2(a + b + c 1) 4(b + c 1) 4(b + c) 4.
Nh vy
(q 4)(b + c) 4.
Suy ra q 3.
Khi q = 3, t (1.18) ta c
b 2c 2. 1.19
Do kt hp (1.17) v (1.19) ta c
r.c a + b + c 1 2(b + c 1) 6(c 6).
Suy ra r < 6. M 3 = q r nn ta c (p, q, r) = (2, 3, r) vi 3 r 5.

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1.3.2 Cc bi ton v tn ti a thc: Bi ton 1.6:

Cho a l mt s phc khc khng. Khi , nu tn ti cc a thc mt bin vi h s phc f (t), g (t) tha mn phng trnh
f 2 (t) = g 3 (t) + a th f v g l cc a thc hng.
Gi s cc a thc f v g khng l a thc hng. Theo gi thit f 2 (t) = g 3 (t) + a nn f 2 g 3 = a = 0. Khi , p dng nh l Mason hoc nh l Davenport tng qut ta kt lun c bi ton. Tht vy, theo cng thc (1.6), ng vi m = 2, n = 3 ta c
1 deg (f 2 g 3 ) .deg (f ) + 1, 3 1 deg (a) .deg (f ) + 1. 3 Do deg (a) = 0 v deg (f ).0 nn bt ng thc trn khng xy ra. Vy f v g
l cc a thc hng. Lp lun tng t th bi ton trn vn cn ng khi m v n l cc s nguyn bt k.
Bi ton 1.7: Cho a l mt s phc khc 0. Khi , nu tn ti cc a thc

mt bin vi h s phc f (t), g (t) tha mn phng trnh f m (t) = g n (t) + a, vi m, n 2 l cc s nguyn dng ty , th f v g l cc a thc hng. Tht vy, gi s cc a thc f v g khng l a thc khc hng. Theo nh l Davenport tng qut ta c
deg (f m g n ) m.n m n .deg (g ) + 1. m 1.20
V m, n 2 nn (m 2)(n 2) 0. Khai trin ta c m.n (m + n) + 4 (m + n) 0. Do m.n (m + n) 0 ( do 4 (m + n) 0). m.n m n Nh vy, .deg (g ) + 1 1 m deg (f m g n ) = deg (a) = 0. Bt m ng thc (1.20) khng xy ra. V vy, cc a thc f v g u l cc a thc hng.
Bi ton 1.8
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Khng tn ti cc a thc f (t) v g (t) nguyn t cng nhau trong C[t] tha mn phng trnh
(f + g )3 + g 4 = f 5 .
Tht vy, theo gi thit (f, g ) = 1, ta suy ra gcd(f, g, f + g ) = 1. Do p dng nh l Mason hoc bi ton (1.2) cho p = 3, q = 4, f = 5 th phng trnh trn v nghim.
Bi ton 1.9:
Khng tn ti cc a thc f (t) v g (t) nguyn t cng nhau trong C[t] tha mn phng trnh
(f + g )3 = g 3 + f 3 .
Ta c th gii bi ton theo hng ng thc sau:

(f + g )3 = g 3 + f 3 . 3f 2 .g + 3f.g 2 = 0, 3.f.g (f + g ) = 0.
Tuy nhin, vic gii bi ton cho s m tng qut rt kh khn nu dng hng ng thc.
Bi ton 1.10:
Cho n l s nguyn ln hn hoc bng 3. Tm cc a thc mt bin vi h s phc f (t) v g (t) trong C[t] tha mn phng trnh
(f + g )n = g n + f n . 1.21
Xt trng hp n l l. Gi s (f, g ) = 1 th gcd(f, g, f + g ) = 1. Khi , p dng nh l Mason hoc nh l Fermat cho a thc, ta suy ra c khng tn ti hai a thc
f (t) v g (t) trong C[t] tha mn phng trnh (f + g )n = g n + f n .
Ta thy rng, f (t) = g (t) hoc t nht f v g l hai a thc 0 tha mn phng trnh (1.21).
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Trng hp (f, g ) = h, h = 0, h = f. Khi , tn ti cc a thc u, v sao cho

f = h.u, g = h.v. phng trnh (f + g )n = g n + f n (u + v )n = v n + v n . 1.22
Hin nhin (u, v ) = 1 nn theo nh l Fermat cho a thc ta suy ra phng trnh (1.22) v nghim. Nh vy, khi n l s l th phng trnh cho ch c nghim
f (t) = g (t) hoc t nht f v g l a thc 0.
Xt trng hp n l s chn. Gi s (f, g ) = 1 th gcd(f, g, f + g ) = 1. Khi , p dng nh l Mason hoc nh l Fermat cho a thc, ta suy ra c khng tn ti hai a thc
f (t) v g (t) trong C[t] tha mn phng trnh (f + g )n = g n + f n .
Ta thy rng, t nht f v g l a thc 0 tha mn phng trnh (1.21). Trng hp (f, g ) = h, h = 0. Khi , tn ti cc a thc u, v sao cho
f = h.u, g = h.v. Phng trnh (f + g )n = g n + f n (u + v )n = un + v n .
Hin nhin (u, v ) = 1 nn theo nh l Fermat cho a thc ta suy ra phng trnh v nghim. Nh vy, khi n l s chn th phng trnh cho ch c nghim khi t nht f v g l a thc 0.
Bi ton 1.11:
Tm cc s ngim nguyn x ca phng trnh

(2x 4)3 + (4x 2)3 = (4x + 2x 6)3 .
Theo bi ton (1.9) ta kt lun c 2x 4 = 0 hoc 4x 2 = 0 hoc

4x + 2x 6 = 0. Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim nguyn l x = 2 v x = 1.
Bi ton 1.12:
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Tn ti hay khng a thc vi h s thc P sao cho mi nghim thc ca P v P+1 u l nghim bi. Ta d dng ch ra c bi ton c nghim, chng hn a thc
P (t) = (1 t2 )3 1.
R rng, nghim thc ca P (t) l t = 0 bi 3 v nghim thc ca

P (t) + 1 = (1 t2 )3 l t = 1 v t = 1 u bi 3.
Khi chng ta pht biu bi ton (1.12) trn trng s phc v nghim phc th kt qu s nh th no? R rng, y l bi ton kh nu ta khng p dng nh l Mason.
Bi ton 1.13:
Tn ti hay khng a thc vi h s phc P sao cho mi nghim phc ca P v P + 1 u l nghim bi. Gi s tn ti a thc P vi h s phc sao cho mi nghim phc ca P v P + 1 u l nghim bi. Do nghim bi nh nht ca mt s phc l bi 2 v mi nghim ca P 1 u l nghim bi nn n0 (P ) .deg (P ). 2 Tng t mi nghim ca P + 1 u l nghim bi nn ta cng c 1 n0 (P + 1) .deg (P + 1). 2 1 T , ta suy ra n0 (P ) + n0 (P + 1) .[deg (P ) + deg (p + 1)]. 2 Hay ta c
deg (P ) + deg (P + 1) 2[n0 (P ) + n0 (P + 1)]. 1.23
Ta c s phn tch (P + 1) P = 1, v (P, P + 1) = 1, v nu ngc li th tn ti a thc h l c chung ln nht ca P v P+1, gi a l mt nghim phc ca a thc h, khi a cng l nghim ca P v P +1. Khi
P (a) = 0, P (a) + 1 = 0, iu ny suy ra c 1 = 0 (v l).
Nh vy, (P, P + 1) = 1 p dng nh l Mason cho a thc P, 1 v P + 1 ta c

max{deg (P ), deg (P + 1)} n0 (P.(P + 1)) 1.
T suy ra
deg (P ) n0 (P ) + n0 (P + 1) 1,
20
deg (P + 1) n0 (P ) + n0 (P + 1) 1.
Cng v theo v ta c
deg (P ) + deg (P + 1) 2[n0 (P ) + n0 (P + 1)] 2. 1.24
Kt hp (1.23) v (1.24), ta c
2[n0 (P ) + n0 (P + 1)] deg (P ) + deg (P + 1) 2[n0 (P ) + n0 (P + 1)] 2. 0 2(v l).
Vy khng th tm c a thc P tha yu cu bi ton. Vo nm 1956 William Lowell a ra bi ton v a thc sau v bi ton c trnh by theo nh l Masson nh sau.
Bi ton 1.14:
Cho hai a thc mt bin vi h s phc P v Q c chung tp hp nghim nhng c th khc v s bi ca nghim, v hai a thc P +1 v Q +1 cng c tp hp nghim nhng c th khc v s bi ca nghim. Chng minh rng hai a thc P v Q trng nhau. Tht vy, gi s 1 , 2 , .....n l n nghim phn bit ca P v hin nhin y cng l cc nghim ca Q.
1 , 2 , .....m l m nghim phn bit ca P + 1 v hin nhin y cng l cc
nghim ca Q +1. Vai tr v bc ca cc a thc P v Q nh nhau nn ta c th gi s rng

deg (P ) deg (Q).
Ta c s phn tch (P + 1) P = 1 v (P, P + 1) = 1. Theo nh l Masson cho a thc P, 1 v P +1 ta c

max{deg (P ), deg (P + 1)} n0 (P.(P + 1)) 1.
T , ta suy ra
deg (P ) n0 (P ) + n0 (P + 1) 1. m + n deg (P ) + 1 deg (P Q) + 1.
21
1.25
Mt khc, (P + 1) (Q + 1) = P Q nn mi nghim ca P hoc P + 1 u l nghim ca P Q. Do m + n deg (P ). Ta thy rng, mt a thc nu c s nghim phn bit ln hn bc ca a thc th a thc bng 0. V vy, theo ( 1.25) ta suy ra P Q ch c th l a thc 0. Tc l, hai a thc P v Q trng nhau.
22
Chng 2 S tng t s hc ca nh l Mason v ng dng gi thuyt abc trong nghin cu s hc

T tha xa, cc nh ton hc bit chuyn cc kt qu s hc sang gii quyt trn a thc v t cc bi ton v gi thuyt cho a thc, ngi ta pht biu tng t cho s hc. Trong nhng nm gn y, s pht trin ca s hc chu nh hng nhiu t s tng t gia s nguyn v a thc. Tc l, khi chng minh mt kt qu no cho s hc, ngi ta th pht biu v chng minh xem kt qu ny c ng cho a thc hay khng. Vic gii quyt cc bi ton trn a thc n gin hn do a thc c php tnh o hm. iu ny hon ton hp l, bi tp hp s nguyn v tp hp cc a thc c s tng t rt ln. C hai tp hp u c cc quy tc cng, tr, nhn, chia nh nhau. i vi s nguyn ta c s nguyn t i vi a thc ta c a thc bt kh quy. Hai s nguyn bt k hoc hai a thc bt k ta c th nh ngha c chung ln nht v tm c bng thut ton Euclid. Mi s nguyn u phn tch thnh tch cc tha s nguyn t, mi a thc c phn tch thnh tch cc a thc bt kh quy. Cc s hu t tng ng vi cc hm hu t, ta bit deg (P.Q) = deg (P ) + deg (Q) v
log(a.b) = log(a) + log(b), do bc ca a thc tch tng t nh logarit
ca hai s nguyn dng. By gi, chng ta quan tm n s tng t trong phn tch ra tha s nguyn t cho s nguyn v phn tch bt kh quy cho a thc. Tc l t khi nim s cc nghim phn bit ca a thc P k hiu l n0 (P ) v
n0 (P.Q) n0 (P ) + n0 (Q), ta c khi nim tng t cho s nguyn a l rad(ab) v rad(ab) rad(a).rad(b). V vy, nh l Mason cho a thc c
23
pht biu tng t cho s nguyn l gi thuyt abc. Gi thuyt ny c pht biu vo nm 1985 bi J.Oesterle' trong mt kt qu v ng cong Elliptic ca b mn hnh hc i s, ngay sau D.R.Masser pht biu da vo s tng t ca s nguyn v a thc.
2.1. Gi thuyt abc 2.1.1 Gi thuyt abc

Gi s a, b, c l cc s nguyn nguyn t cng nhau v tha mn h thc
a + b = c. Khi vi > 0 tn ti hng s C ( ) sao cho: max{| a |, | b |, | c |} C ( )r(abc)1+ .
Ta thy nu b ba (a, b, c) cc s nguyn dng tha mn: a + b = c v

(a, b) = 1, th tch abc c lp nn t cc s nguyn t khc nhau, vi phn
ln cc s m tng i b. Ta t
C( ) =
(a,b,c)I
inf
c , (r(abc))1+
2.1
vi i = {(a, b, c) N 3
: (a, b) = 1;
a + b = c}.
2.1.2 Mnh :
Mnh sau y ch ra rng khng th chn = 0
Vi > 0, gi s C ( ) l hng s xc nh trong ( *) tha mn bt ng thc ca gi thit abc khi :
lim C ( ) = +.
Chng minh:
()
Ta nh ngha xn v yn bi quan h sau: xn + yn 2 = (3 + 2. 2)n .

2 m Khi n 1; 1 + 2.yn = x2 n nu n = 2 (d dng th li bng truy hi) 2 m p dng gi thuyt abc cho quan h: x2 n = 1 + 2.yn i vi n = 2 ta nhn
c:
1+ x2 , n C ( ).(r (xn , yn ))
24
C ( ).(r(xn yn )/2m )1+ ,

) m(1+ ) C ( )x2(1+ /2 . n
Khi C ( ) 2m(1+ ) /x2 n v

lim C ( ) 2m .
0
iu ny ch ra rng:
lim C ( ) = +.
0
pcm
T sau khi pht biu nm 1985 c rt t kt qu v gi thuyt abc. y chng ti pht biu 2 nh l cho c lng ca hng s C ( ) (c th tm thy chng minh mc [3].)
2.1.3 nh l:
Tn ti hng s tnh c k > 0 sao cho vi mi b ba (a, b, c) v cc s nguyn dng tha mn a + b = c v (a, b) = 1 ta c:
c < exp{k (r(abc))15 }.
2.1.4 nh l:
Tn ti hng s tnh c k > 0 sao cho vi mi b ba s (a, b, c) v cc s nguyn dng tha mn a + b = c v (a, b) = 1 ta c:
c < exp{k (r(abc))2/3+k/ log . log r(abc) }.
Nhn xt rng cc bt ng thc ca hai nh l trn l hm m ca

rad(abc) trong khi bt ng thc ca gi thuyt abc l a thc
2.2. Mt s h qu ca gi thuyt abc 2.2.1 nh l cui cng ca Fermat.

Phng trnh xn + y n = z n khng c nghim nguyn khc 0, vi mi s nguyn dng n 3.
25
Da vo gi thuyt abc ta s chng minh c tn ti mt s nguyn dng n0 sao cho phng trnh Fermat v nghim vi mi n n0 . Tht vy, ta xt trng hp gcd(x, y, z ) = 1 v gi s cc s x, y, z u dng, nu ngc li th ta ly cc gi tr tuyt i, sao cho xn + y n = z n . Theo gi thuyt abc ta c:
max{xn , y n , z n } C .[rad(xn y n z n )]1+ . 2.2
Chn = 1, k = max{1, C1 }, ta c
max{xn , y n , z n } k.[rad(xn y n z n )]2 . 2.3
Do cc s x,y, z u dng nn rad(xn y n z n ) = rad(x.y.z ) x.y.z < z 3 . Do z n < k.z 6 , hay z n6 < k, do gcd(x, y, z ) = 1 nn z 3. Ta suy ra
3n6 k. Ly logarit c s 3 hai v ta c n < log3 k + 6 = n0 .
Trng hp gcd(x, y, z ) = d = 1 th bng cch loi b tha s chung ta c phng trnh x n + y n = z n v nghim khi n 3, vi gcd(x , y , z ) = 1. Nh vy nh l cui cng ca Fermat ch c th khng ng vi n < n0 , tc l bi ton b chn v nu xc nh c C = C1 th bi ton c gii quyt xong. Chng hn, chn C =
= 1 th nh l cui cng ca Fermat
ng khi n 6. Cc trng hp n < 6 c chng minh vo trc . Vo nm 1825 le chng minh vi n = 3, t phng trnh x4 + y 4 = z 2 khng c nghim nguyn dng ta suy ra nh l cui cng ca Fermat ng vi n = 4 ( xem [14]), Diricle vi n = 5. Gi thuyt abc c th p dng nghin cu cc phng trnh iphng vi ba n s, trong c phng trnh Fermat m rng.
2.2.2. nh l (Gi thuyt Fermat m rng):

Axl + B.y m = C.z n
Nu gi thuyt abc l ng , th vi mi A, B, C phng trnh:
ch c hu hn nghim nguyn dng x, y, z, l, m, n tha mn:
l1 + m1 + n1 < 1,
26
v (x, y, z ) = 1.
Chng minh:
Nu z = 1 th nh l ng ngay c khi khng c gi thuyt abc. Nu z 2 v (x, y, z ) = 1, gi d = (A.xl , B.y m , C.z n ). Khi d gi ni. p dng gi thuyt abc cho: (A.xl /d; B.y m /d, C.z n /d), ta nhn c:
C.z n /d C1 ( )(r(ABCxl y m z n /d3 ))1+ .
T :
z n C2 ( , C )((dr(ABCxl y m z n /d3 ))1+ , C3 ( , A, B, C )(xyz )1+ .
V A.xl < C.z n v B.y m < Cz n nn x < C4 (A, C ).z n/l v y < C5 (B, C ).z n/m . Hn na: z n C6 ( , A, B, C )(z n )(l V do : (z n )1(1+ )(l
1 1
+m1 +n1 )(1+ )
+m
+n
C6 ( , A, B, C ).
Nu l1 + m1 + n1 < 1 v nu
nh th:
1 (1 )(l1 + m1 + n1 ) > 0 th z n gi ni .
Cng nh th vi x, y, z, l, m, n, suy ra iu phi chng minh. Nhn xt: Nu A = B = C = 1, th ch c 10 nghim bit tha mn:
l1 + m1 + n1 < 1; 1 + 23 = 32 , 173 + 27 = 712 , 35 + 114 = 22 .612 132 + 73 = 29 25 + 72 = 34 , 177 + 762713 = 210639282
14143 + 22134592 = 657 , 92623 + 153122832 = 1137 , 438 + 962223 = 300429072 , 338 + 15490342 = 156133 .
Tng t nh nh l Davenport cho a thc ta c gi thuyt Hall cho s nguyn pht biu vo nm 1965. y chnh l li gii ca bi ton c pht biu vo nm 1921: Tm cc s x,y nguyn dng sao cho x3 y 2 = k,
27
vi k l s nguyn cho trc.

x3 y 2 = 0. khi , vi mi
2.2.3 Gi thuyt Hall: Gi s x, y l cc s nguyn dng sao cho

> 0, tn ti s C sao cho 1 | x3 y 2 |> C x 2 .
Tht vy, trc ht ta c s phn tch x3 = (x3 y 2 ) + y 2 . tin li trong k hiu ta c th gi s x3 y 2 > 0. Theo gi thuyt abc ta c:
max{| x3 |, | x3 y 2 |, | y 2 } C .[rad(x3 (x3 y 2 )y 2 ]1+ .
V ta c cng thc nh gi sau:

rad(xyz ) rad(x).rad(y ).rad(z )
v rad(xn ) = rad(x) x. Do ,
x3 C .[rad(x3 (x3 y 2 )y 2 ]1+ .
Suy ra
x3 C [rad(x3 )]1+ [rad(x3 y 2 )]1+ [rad(y 2 )]1+ x3 C x1+ (x3 y 2 )1+ y 1+ x2 C (x3 y 2 )1+ y 1+ . 2.4
Tng t
y 2 C x1+ (x3 y 2 )1+ y 1+ 1+ 1+ y C x 1 (x3 y 2 ) 1 .
2.5
Thay (2.5) vo (2.4) ta c

x2 (1 + )2 (1 + )2 +(1+ ) x 1 C (x3 y 2 ) 1 15 2+2 x 1 C (x3 y 2 ) 1 5
28
2+2 12 2+ x C (x3 y 2 ) 1 5 = C (x3 y 2 ) 1 5
Nh vy,
12 1 12 (2+ x 2 1 5 C (x3 y 2 ) 1 5 12 . Khi , ta c 15
)(
1 12 2 15
t
1 1 3 1 (2+ 1 )( 1 ) 1 2 x2 C (x3 y 2 ) = C (x3 y 2 ) 2
2 1 1
Tc l,
1 1 x2 C (x3 y 2 ) 1 1 | x3 y 2 |> C 1 .x 2 .
Ta c th bin i kt qu ca gi thuyt Hall nh sau:

1 | x3 y 2 |> C .x 2 . 2 | x3 y 2 | 1 2 > C .x 6 | x3 y 2 | 1 2 > C .x3 12 | x3 y 2 | 1 2 > C .x3
6+
| x3 y 2 |6+ 1 > C 1 .x3 .
Bng cch chng minh tng t nh trn, ta c th m rng gi thuyt Hall cho cc s ly tha nguyn m v n bt k.
Gi thuyt Hall tng qut: Cho m v n l cc s nguyn ln hn 1. Gi

s x, y l cc s nguyn sao cho a.xm b.y n = 0. Khi , vi mi ti s C sao cho
> 0, tn
n.m(1 + ) | xm |< C | xm y n | mn n m .
29
2.6
Chng minh [ xem [1.2.5 ] , trang 11, chng 1 ] 2.2.4 H qu v b ba s nguyn: 2.2.4.1 Mnh : Nu gi thuyt abc l ng th
xi C ( )/(r(xi ))3+ .
> 0, tn ti hng s
C ( ) > 0, sao cho vi mi b ba cc s nguyn dng (x1 , x2 , x3 ) tha mn x1 + x2 = x3 v (x1 , x2 ) = 1 mt trong cc xi vi i {1, 2, 3} tha mn:
2.2.4.2 nh l:
Ta cng c kt qu sau:
Nu gi thuyt abc l ng vi > 0 v vi a 1 tn
ti hng s C1 ( , a) > 0, sao cho vi mi s nguyn n 2 v vi mi s nguyn x 2 tha mn (a, x) = 1 ta c:
xn1 C1 ( , a)(r(xn an ))1+ .
Chng minh: Gi s
c nh sao sho 0 < < 1/2.
p dng gi thuyt abc cho quan h:

(xn an ) + an = xn , vi (a, x) = 1, ta c: xn C ( , a)(r(xn an ))1+ x1+ ,
Khi :
xn1 C ( , a)(n1)/(n1 ) (r(xn an ))(n1)(1+ )/(n1 ) .
Nu
b vi n 2, mt mt ta c:
(n 1)(1 + ) 1+ =1+ . n1 1
(n 1)/(n 1 ) < 2, v mt khc:
Vi
2.2.5 Mt s h qu khc ca gi thuyt abc

trnh iophng.
= 2 /(1 ). Nh vy ta nhn c kt qu ca nh l.
Ta a ra mt s h qu khc ca gi thuyt abc lin quan n phng
2.2.5.1 Mnh :
Gi s A > 0; B > 0 v k nguyn. Gi thuyt abc suy ra rng: phng trnh
A.xm B.y n = k
30
ch c hu hn nghim nguyn, vi x > 1, y > 1; m > 1; m.n > 4.
Mnh ny l gi thuyt ca Pillai. Nu A = 1; B = 1; k = 1 th y l gi thuyt ca Catalan, hn na, nm 1976 Tijdeman khng nh rng phng trnh Catalan c hu hn nghim .
2.2.5.2 Mnh :
Gi thuyt abc suy ra rng phng trnh :
y x ( )m ( )n = 1 v w
ch c nghim nguyn dng vi mi v, w, x, y, m, n > 1 tha mn
(x, v ) = 1; (y, w) = 1 v m.n > 4.
2.2.5.3 Mnh :
Gi thuyt abc suy ra rng phng trnh:
(x!)n + 1 = y m
ch c hu hn nghim nguyn nu x > 0; y > 0, n 1, m 2.
Mnh ny lin quan n bi ton ca Brocad m chng minh ca n da trn bt ng thc sau y ca Stirling v Chebyshew vi x 2.
2.2.5.4 Mnh :

a n! + 1 = Pk .Pk+1 b
ch c hu hn nghim nguyn trong :
n 1; a 0; b 0 v Pk1 n Pk vi mi Pi vi i 1 l dy s nguyn
t.
2.2.5.5 Mnh :
Mnh ny lin quan n gi thuyt ca Erdos - Stewart.
xn + y n = n!z n
ch c hu hn nghim nguyn x > 0; y > 0; z > 0 v n 4.
Gi thuyt ny lin quan n bi ton m v phng trnh Diphng.

31
2.2.5.6 Mnh :
Gi thuyt abc suy ra rng vi mi s nguyn a 1 phng trnh:
xn y n = az m xy
ch c hu hn nghim nguyn, trong x > 0, y > 0; z > 0; n > 0; m > 1, vi (x, y ) = (1, 3),
n1 + m1 < 1.
2.2.5.7 Mnh :
Mnh ny cho cu tr li bi ton ca H.Edgar v Shorey- Tijdeman.
xm 1 y n 1 = , x1 y1
ch c hu hn nghim nguyn x > y > 1, v m > n > 3
Vic tm nghim ny l bi ton ca Goosmaghtigh vi n = 3(x, y, m, n) = (2, 5, 5, 3) l c bit nghim duy nht.
2.2.5.8 Mnh :
Gi thuyt abc suy ra rng, vi mi d 1 th phng trnh:
x(x + d)....(x + kd) = y n ,

ch c hu hn nghim nguyn dng x > 0; y > 0; k 2; n 2.
Mnh ny ch ra mi quan h gia gi thuyt abc vi cp s cng. Nm 1975 Erdos v J.L.Selfrilge chng minh phng trnh trn khng c nghim vi d = 1.
2.3. ng dng gi thuyt abc xut cc bi tp s hc

phn (1.3) t nh l Mason ta c mt s bi ton v a thc, phn ny t gi thuyt abc ta cng c mt s bi ton tng t cho cc s nguyn. Sau y l gi thuyt Tijdeman-Zagier.
32
Bi ton 2.1:( Gi thuyt Tijdeman-Zagier)
Nu p, q, r l cc s nguyn ln hn hoc bng 3 th phng trnh

xp + y q = z r khng c nghim nguyn x, y, z khc 0, nguyn t cng nhau.
Tht vy, gi s tn ti cc s nguyn x, y, z khc 0, nguyn t cng nhau tha mn phng trnh xp + y q = z r . Theo gi thuyt abc ta c
max{xp , y q , z r } C .[rad(xp y q z r )]1+ .
Ta chng minh bi ton ny trong trng hp s m ln. Tc l,

min(p, q, r) > k, log C + (3 + 3 ). log 2 Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s max{x, y, z } = x. Khi , 2.7
trong k =
xp C [rad(xp y q z r )]1+ , xp C .(xyz )1+ xp C .x3+3 xp33. C log C p + (3 + 3. ) = k. log 2
iu ny mu thun vi (2.7). Vy phng trnh xp + y q = z r khng c nghim tm thng, nguyn t cng nhau khi p, q, r l cc s nguyn ln hn hoc bng 3. Hay ni cch khc, nu p, q, r l cc s nguyn ln hn 2 v tha mn 1 1 1 + + 1 th phng trnh xp + y q = z r ch c nghim tm thng trong p q r Z hoc cc nghim c c chung khc 1. 1 1 1 Vn dt ra l khi + + < 1 v p, q, r l cc s nguyn bt k, p q r b i gi thit ln hn hoc bng 3, th phng trnh xp + y q = z r , vi
gcd(x, y, z ) = 1, c nghim (x,y,z) khng tm thng trong Z hay khng?
y chnh l gi thuyt Fermat- Catalan.
Bi ton 2.2:(Gi thuyt Fermat-Catalan)

Nu p, q, r l cc s nguyn dng tha mn h thc
33
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn
1 1 1 + + < 1 th p q r
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
tn ti hu hn cc s nguyn t cng nhau x, y, z l nghim ca phng trnh xp + y q = z r . Tht vy, gi s tn ti cc s nguyn x, y, z khc 0 nguyn t cng nhau tha mn phng trnh xp + y q = z r . Ta c th gi s p q r, nu ngc li th ta i v tr cc s hoc chuyn v cho phng trnh. Khi , (p, q, r) c mt trong cc cp sau: (2, 3, r) vi r 7, hoc (2, 4, r) vi r 5, hoc (2, q, r) vi r q 5, hoc (3, 3, r) vi r 4, hoc (3, q, r) vi r q 4, hoc (p, q, r) vi
r q p 4.
Trong cc trng hp trn th

1 1 1 41 + + , p q r 42
v khi (p, q, r) = (2, 3, 7).
1 1 1 41 + + = p q r 42
Theo gi thuyt abc ta c

max{xp , y q , z r } C .rad(xp y q z r )1+ . 2.8
Chn =
1 v t max{| xp |, | y q |, | z r |} = M. 42 Khi , theo (2.8) ta c 1 M C.[rad(x ).rad(y ).rad(z )] 42 ,

p q r 1+
vi C = C 1 . 42 Do
43 M C.(| x || y || z |) 42 1 1 1 43 M C.(M p M q M r ) 42 1 1 1 43 ( + + ). M C.M p q r 42

34
1 M 1764 C.
iu ny chng t M b chn, tc l x, y, z b chn. V vy c hu hn cc s x, y, z nguyn t cng nhau tha phng trnh xp + y q = z r khi p, q, 1 1 1 r l cc s nguyn dng tha mn h thc + + < 1. p q r By gi, ta xt mt trng hp ring ca bi ton (2.2). y chnh l phng trnh Catalan cho s nguyn.
Bi ton 2.3
Phng trnh xp y q = 1 vi p, q 2 ch s nghim nguyn dng duy nht (x, y ) = (3, 2). Tht vy, theo bi ton (2.2), vi p = 2, q = 3, r 7 th bi ton c nghim (x, y ) = (3, 2). Nu p, q 3, p dng kt qu (2.1) th phng trnh v nghim. Nh vy, theo bi ton (2.1) th phng trnh xp + y q = z r v nghim khi 1 1 1 p, q, r l cc s nguyn dng ln hn hoc bng 3, khi ta c + + 1. p q r p q r Theo bi ton (2.2) th phng trnh x + y = z c hu hn nghim (x, y, z ), nguyn t cng nhau khi p, q, r l cc s nguyn dng tha mn h thc 1 1 1 + + < 1. p q r T hai kt qu ny ta suy ra phng trnh xp + y q = z r ch c nghim khi 1 1 1 ch c duy nht mt trong ba s p, q, r bng 2 v tha + + < 1. p q r Chng hn ta c cc nghim ca phng trnh nh sau:
1 + 23 = 32 ; 25 + 72 = 34 ; 73 + 132 = 29 ; 27 + 173 = 712 ; 35 + 114 = 1222 177 + 762713 = 210639282 ; 338 + 15490342 = 156133 ..... 1 1 1 Trng hp + + 1 th vic tn ti nghim ca phng trnh p q r p q r x + y = z c xt gn ging nh bi tp [1.3 ] cho a thc. C th nh
sau:
Bi ton 2.4:
Cho p, q, r l cc s nguyn dng tha 2 p q r v gi s x, y, z l cc s nguyn, nguyn t cng nhau tng cp, khi :
35
1 1 1 + + > 1, tc l (p, q, r) = (2, 2, r) vi r 2 hoc (p, q, r) = p q r (2, 3, r) vi 3 r 5 th phng trnh xp + y q = z r v nghim. 1 1 1 b) Nu + + = 1 th phng trnh xp + y q = z r khng c nghim khi p q r (p, q, r) = (3, 3, 3) v (p, q, r) = (2, 4, 4) nhng c nghim khi
a) Nu
(p, q, r) = (2, 3, 6),
chng hn phng trnh x2 + y 3 = z 6 c nghim l (3, 2, 1). Cc kt qu ny c chng minh bi l thuyt hm Modular, khng th p dng c gi thuyt abc. Tng t nh bi ton tn ti a thc, ta pht biu bi ton tm s nguyn tha iu kin cho trc. Theo bi ton (1.6 ): Cho a l s phc khc 0. khi , nu tn ti cc a thc mt bin vi h s phc f (t), g (t) tha phng trnh f 2 (t) = g 3 (t) + a th f v g l cc a thc hng. Ta thay a thc trong bi ton ny bi cc s nguyn th bi ton s c nghim.
Bi ton 2.5
Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh x3 y 2 = 4. Chng ta c th gii bi ton trn da vo s nguyn Gauss. Tuy nhin phng php ny kh phc tp. Chng ta c cch gii ngn gn hn nhiu da vo gi thuyt Hall. Theo gi thuyt Hall ta c
| x3 y 2 |6+ > C x3 | x3 y 2 |6+ > C y 2 .
Nh vy x v y u b chn bi nhng s nh. Mt khc, t phng trnh

x3 y 2 = 4 ta suy ra c x y nn ta d dng thay cc gi tr ca x v y
vo phng trnh. Phng trnh c nghim duy nht (x, y ) = (2, 2). Tng t nh bi ton trn, p dng gi thuyt Hall cho cc s m m, n ln hn 1 vi cng thc
n.m(1 + ) | xm |< C | xm y n | mn n m ,
36
2.9
ta suy ra c nh l Lebesgue: Gi s p l s nguyn t. Khi phng trnh xp y 2 = 1 khng c nghim nguyn tha x.y = 0. ng thi p dng cng thc (2.9) ta tm c (x, y ) = (0, 1) l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh x3 + 1 = y 4 . Bi ton ny ch l mt trng hp ca bi ton tng qut sau.
Bi ton 2.6 ( Trch thi v ch quc gia n 1998).

Tm cc s (x, y, n) nguyn dng sao cho (x, n + 1) = 1 v tha mn h thc xn + 1 = y n+1 . Bi ton ny c gii quyt n gin khi ta p dng gi thuyt Hall. Ta xt cc trng hp sau. Nu n = 1, ta c phng trnh x + 1 = y 2 c v s nghim u tha mn iu kin (x, 2) = 1. Ta suy ra x l s l y l s chn. Chng hn
(x, y ) = (3, 2), (15, 4), (35, 6), ... l cc nghim ca phng trnh.
Nu n > 1, theo gi thuyt Hall ta c: vi mi > 0, tn ti s C sao cho n.m(1 + ) | xm |< C | xm y n | mn n m . Thay m = n; n + 1 = m v | xm y n |= 1, ta c
| xn |< C .1.
Do x = 0 v y = 1 tha h thc xn + 1 = y n+1 . Mt khc, theo gi thit

(x, n + 1) = 1 nn phng trnh cho v nghim.
Bi ton 2.7 (Trch thi v ch Nga 1997)

(p + q )3 + q 4 = p5 .
Vy bi ton ch c nghim khi n = 1, x l v y chn. Tm cc s nguyn t p v q tha mn h thc sau:

2.10
Ta c th gii bi ton trn m khng cn p dng gi thuyt abc nh sau: Xt trng hp p = q, ta c phng trnh p3 (p2 p 8) = 0 (loi ) Xt trng hp p = q, khi y ta c:
(p + q )3 + q 4 = p5 ,
37
q 4 + q 3 + 3pq (p + q ) = p5 p3 , q [q 2 (q + 1) + 3p(q + 1) + 3p(q 1)] = p3 (p2 1).
Kt hp vi p v q l cc s nguyn t nn ta suy ra
p | (q + 1) q | (p2 1)
Xt kh nng th nht
p | (q + 1) q | (p 1)
Ta suy ra
p (q + 1) q (p 1) ,
tc l (p 1) q p 1). Ta c p 1 = q m p v q l cc s nguyn t nn ta suy ra p = 3, q = 2, thay vo phng trnh (4.6) khng tha mn . Xt kh nng th hai
p | (q + 1) q | (p + 1)
Ta suy ra
p (q + 1) q (p + 1) ,
tc l (p 1) q (p + 1). Ta c q = p 1 hoc q = p hoc q = p + 1 m p v q l cc s nguyn t nn ta suy ra p = 3, q = 2 hoc p = 2, q = 3, thay vo phng trnh (2.10) khng tha. Vy bi ton v nghim. Bi ton ( 2.7) c th gii quyt tht ngn gn khi chng ta dng n gi thuyt abc m trc tip l gi thuyt Tijdeman- Zagier, trong
x = p + q, y = q, z = p, (p, q ) = 1 v cc s m u ln hn hoc bng 3. Khi
, phng trnh (2.10) v nghim. Gi s chng ta thay i gi thit ca bi ton v nu ta khng p dng gi thuyt Tijdeman- Zagier liu c gii c bi ton sau khng?
38
Bi ton 2.8
Tm cc s nguyn, nguyn t cng nhau tha mn h thc sau:
(p + q )3 + q 4 = p5 . 2.11
Bng cch lp lun tng t nh bi tp (2.7) ta suy ra cc trng hp

q = p 1 hoc q = p hoc q = p + 1 m p v q l cc s nguyn t cng nhau
nn chng ta khng th th ht cc gi tr ca cc s p v q nguyn t cng nhau tha mn h thc (2.7). Do ta khng th kt lun c bi ton. Tuy nhin, khi p dng gi thuyt Tijdeman- Zagier th bi ton (2.8) tha mn cc iu kin ca gi thuyt. Do bi ton v nghim. By gi chng ta xt bi ton tng t nh bi ton (1.9 ) cho s nguyn v cng c cch gii tng tng t.
Bi ton 2.9
Tm tt c cc s nguyn a v b tha mn phng trnh

(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 .
Bi ton 4.9 c th gii theo hng ng thc nh sau:

(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 3a2 .b + 3a.b2 = 0 3a.b(a + b) = 0.
T suy ra a = 0 hoc b = 0 hoc a = b. Tuy nhin, vic gii bi ton cho s m tng qut n 3 th s rt kh khn khi dng hng ng thc. Trong trng hp , chng ta s dng gi thuyt abc m h qu ca n l nh l cui cng ca Fermat cho s nguyn gii quyt bi ton. Bi ton (2.9) l mt trng hp ca bi ton sau.
Bi ton 2.10:
Cho n l mt s nguyn ln hn hoc bng 3. Tm tt c cc s nguyn a v b tha mn phng trnh

(a + b)n = an + bn .
39
2.12
a) Xt trng hp n l s l. Gi s (a, b) = 1 th gcd(a, b, a + b) = 1. Khi , p dng gi thuyt abc hoc nh l Fermat cho s nguyn, ta suy ra c khng tn ti hai s nguyn a v b tha mn phng trnh (a + b)n = an + bn . Ta thy rng, a = b hoc t nht a = 0 hoc b = 0 tha mn phng trnh (2.12) . Trng hp khc, khi (a, b) = c, hin nhin c = 0, c = a. Khi , tn ti cc s nguyn u, v sao cho a = c.u, b = c.v. Phng trnh
(a + b)n = an + bn (u + v )n = un + v n . 2.13
Hin nhin (u, v ) = 1 nn theo nh l Fermat cho s nguyn ta suy ra phng trnh (2.13) v nghim. Nh vy, khi n l s l th phng trnh (2.12) ch c nghim a = b hoc t nht a = 0 v b = 0. b) Xt trng hp n l chn. Gi s (a, b) = 1 th gcd(a, b, a + b) = 1. Khi , p dng gi thuyt abc hoc nh l Fermat cho s nguyn, ta suy ra c khng tn ti hai s nguyn a v b tha mn phng trnh (a + b)n = an + bn . Ta thy rng, t nht a = 0 v b = 0 tha mn phng trnh (2.12) Trng hp (a, b) = c, c = 0. Khi , tn ti cc s nguyn u, v sao cho
a = c.u, b = c.v. Phng trnh (a + b)n = an + bn (a + b)n = an + bn . 2.14
Hin nhin (u, v ) = 1 nn theo nh l Fermat cho s nguyn phng trnh (2.14) v nghim. Nh vy, khi n l s chn th phng trnh (2.12) ch c nghim khi t nht a = 0 hoc b = 0.
40
Trong khi , nu ta khng dng nh l Fermat cho s nguyn m p dng khai trin nh thc Newton th chng ta s gp c kh khn v khng kt lun c bi ton. Tht vy, (a + b)n = an + bn
1 n 1 2 n 2 2 n 1 n 1 Cn a b + Cn a b + ..... + Cn ab =0 1 n 2 2 n3 n1 n2 ab(Cn a + Cn a b + .... + Cn b ) = 0. 1 n 2 2 n3 n1 n2 S rt kh tm a v b tha Cn a + Cn a b + ..... + Cn b = 0.
Chng ta pht biu tng t cho s nguyn ca bi ton (1.13),
Bi ton 2.11
Tn ti hay khng s nguyn a sao cho mi c nguyn t ca a v a + 1 u c s m bi. Gi s tn ti s nguyn a sao cho mi c nguyn t ca a v a + 1 u c s m bi. Do m bi ca mt s nguyn nh nht l bi 2 v mi c nguyn t ca a u l m bi nn rad(a) a. Tng t mi c nguyn t ca a + 1 u l c s m bi nn
rad(a + 1) a + 1.
T , ta suy ra
rad(a).rad(a + 1) a.(a + 1).
Nh vy, ta c
[rad(a).rad(a + 1)]2 a.(a + 1). 2.15
Ta c s phn tch (a + 1) a = 1, r rng (a, a + 1) = 1, v nu ngc li th tn ti s nguyn b l c chung ln nht ca a v a + 1. Khi ,

(a, a + 1) = 1, p dng gi thuyt abc cho cc s nguyn a, 1 v a + 1 ta c max{a, a + 1} C .[rada(a + 1)]1+ .
41
Do ,
a.(a + 1) C .[rad(a(a + 1))]2 (ng).
Nh vy, khc vi bi ton [ 1.13, trang 20 ] cho a thc khng tn ti nghim, i vi Bi ton (2.11) tn ti s a, chng hn a = 8, khi 8 = 23 v 9 = 32 . Chng ta pht biu tng t cho s nguyn ca bi ton (1.14). Tm hai s nguyn a v b sao cho rad(a) = rad(b) v rad(a+1) = rad(b+1). Ta d dng ch c cc s nh sau: a = 2, b = 8 v rad2 = rad8 = 2 v
rad3 = rad9 = 3 hoc a = 75, b = 1215.
Bi ton 2.12:
42
Chng 3 nh l MaSon m rng

Ta bit rng nh l Mason pht biu cho ba a thc nguyn t cng nhau tng cp, khng ng thi l hng s. Vy nh l Mason c th p dng cho n hm s n 3 c hay khng? Khi bt ng thc trong nh l Mason s nh th no? Ta bit n mt cch chng minh khc ca nh l ny l dng nh thc ca i s tuyn tnh. Trong nhng nm gn y, bng k thut Wronskian chng ta c th m rng cho hm nhiu bin.
3.1. Bc ca mt phn thc v tnh cht 3.1.1 nh ngha: Bc ca mt phn thc
(x) = f (x) =0 g (x)
vi f (x), g (x) l cc a thc thc h s phc nguyn t cng nhau, k hiu

deg, c nh ngha l deg = degf degg.
Gi s (x) l mt phn thc vi mi a C, vit (x) di dng:

(x) = (x a)k f1 (x) , g1 (x)
trong f1 (x) v g1 (x) l cc a thc nguyn t cng nhau v khng nhn a lm nghim . S k xc nh nh trn gi l bc ca ti a; k hiu orda . T nh ngha 3.1.1 ta c:
3.1.2 Mnh
(ii) orda (
Nu 1 ; 2 l cc phn thc a C th khi :
(i) orda (1 .2 ) = orda 1 + orda 2
1 ) = orda 1 1
43
(ii) orda (
1 ) = orda 1 orda 2 . 2
Gi s l a thc c h s phc, a C. Khi nu
3.1.3 Mnh :
(k) 0 th:
k orda ( ) k. f (x) Gi s (x) = (x a)m . vi f (x), g (x) khng c nghim g (x) chung v khng nhn a lm nghim. Ta c:
Chng minh:
(x) = (x a)m1 .
((m.f (x) + (x a).f (x) ).g (x) (x a)f (x).g (x) ) . (g (x))2
Do orda (g (x)) = 0 v
orda ((m.f (x) + (x a).f (x) ).g (x) (x a)f (x).g (x) ) 0,
nn orda ((x) ) m 1 Do : orda ( ) = orda ( ) orda () m 1 m = 1, v vy: k k orda ( ) = orda ( . .... k1 )

k = orda ( ).orda ( )....orda ( k1 ) k.
3.1.4 Mnh : Gi s f, g l cc phn thc, a C khi

orda (f + g ) min(orda f, orda g ).
Chng minh: Gi s
f (x) = (x a)k1 f1 (x) , f2 (x)
g (x) = (x a)k2
g1 (x) . g2 (x)
Trong f1 , f2 , g1 , g2 khng nhn a lm nghim: t k = min(k1 , k2 ) ta c:

44
(x a)k [(x a)k1 k .f1 (x).g2 (x) + (x a)k2 k .f2 (x).g1 (x)] f (x) + g (x) = . f2 (x).g2 (x) Do f2 , g2 khng nhn a lm nghim nn: orda (f + g ) k = min(orda f, orda g ).
3.1.5 nh ngha:
Gi s f1 , f2 , ....fn l cc hm phn thc:
a) Ta gi Wronskian ca chng l:
f1 f1 . . . f2 f2 . . . fn fn . ... . . n 1 fn .
w(f ) = f1 ....fn =
n1 n 1 f1 f2
b) Gi s rng
fi = 0 vi mi i, v f1 + f2 + ....fn = 0.
Ly o hm n 1 ln, thu c mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh:

f1 + f2 + ..... + fn = 0 f f ( 1 )f1 + .... + .( n )fn = 0 f1 fn ................................ n 1 n1 f1 fn ( )f1 + .... + .( )fn = 0. f1 fn
c) Gi s:
1 ( L(f1 ....fn ) = f1 )f1 f1 . . . ... ( 1 fn )f fn n . . .
n 1 n 1 f1 fn ( )f1 ( )fn , f1 fn
1 ( Li (f1 ....fn ) = f1 )f1 f1 . . .
n 1 f1 ( )f1 f1
1 f 0 ( n )fn fn . . . . .. . . . n1 f 0 ( n )fn . fn 1
45
Khi L(f ) = w(f )/(f1 ...fn ) v tng t i vi Li (f ). Nu f1 f2 ...fn c lp tuyn tnh th W (f ) = 0 v do L(f ) = 0 ta c fi = Li (f )/L(f ).
3.2. nh l Mason m rng 3.2.1 nh l Mason m rng

Gi s f1 f2 ...fn l cc a thc trn trng c s 0, khng c nghim chung, khng ng thi l cc a thc hng. Gi s rng gcd(fi , fj , fk ) = 1 vi cc s khc nhau bt k i, j, k, {1, 2, ....n}, f1 + f2 + ....fn = 0 v f1 f2 ...fn1 c lp tuyn tnh. Khi :
n 1in
max (degfi ) (n 2)[

i=1
n0 (fi ) 1].
3.1
3.2.2. Chng minh: Gi s {1, ....n} l n 1 ch s phn bit ca tp

hp cc ch s {1, 2, ...n}. Do f1 + f2 + ....fn = 0, nn
f1 , ....fn1 = f1 , f2 , .....fn1 f1 .....fn1 . ( = 1)
Trong
l Wronskian ca cc hm f1 , f2 , .....fn1
f1 f1 . . . f2 f2 . . . fn1 fn1 . ... . . n2 fn1 .
w(f ) = f1 ....fn1 =
n2 n 2 f1 f2
Do f1 , f2 , .....fn1 c lp tuyn tnh nn v do

f1 , ....fn1 = 0. t P (t) = Q(t) =
f1 , f2 , .....fn1 = 0
f1 , f2 , .....fn1 , f1 , f2 , .....fn1 f1 , f2 , .....fn . f1 , f2 , .....fn1
Suy ra fn (t) = P (t).Q(t), do degfn = degP + degQ. Trc ht, ta chng minh
n
degQ (n 2)(
i=1
n0 (fi )).
46
Tht vy, gi s a l mt nghim bt k ca Q(t), suy ra a l mt nghimca

n
fi .
i=1
Do f1 , f2 , .....fn nguyn t cng nhau nn tn ti i0 , 1 i0 n sao cho

fi0 (a) = 0. Gi s 1 , 2 , ....n1 l n 1 ch s cn li. T (3.2.1) suy ra Q(t) = f1 , f2 ....fn1 fi0 (t). f1 , f2 ....fn1 f1 , f2 ....fn1 . f1 , f2 ....fn1
t
R(t) =
Suy ra:
1 1 1 f f2 f 1 n1 f 1 f2 fn1 . . . . . . . . . . n2 n2 n 2 f f f 1 2 n1 . f 1 f2 fn1
2 fi1 .fi2 ....fin n1
R(t) =
nh thc trn bng tng cc s hng c dng: Vi 1 i1 , i2 ....in n Gi s rng s hng mnh 3.1.4 th:
( = 1). 2 fi1 .fi2 ....fin n1 fi1 .fi2 ....fin2
fi1 .fi2 ....fin2
, cha tt c cc fi m fi (a) = 0 theo
2 fin fi1 n2 orda ( ) = orda ( ) + .... + orda ( ). fi1 .fi2 ....fin2 fi1 fin2
2 fi1 .fi2 ....fin n2
p dng mnh (3.1.6) suy ra: fik orda ( k ) k (n 2) vi mi ik m fik (a) = 0. V vy: fik
orda (
2 fi1 .fi2 ....fin n1
fi1 .fi2 ....fin2
) (n 2)(
1k n fk (a)=0
1).
47
p dng mnh (3.1.6) suy ra:

orda R(t) (n 2)(
1k n fk (a)=0
1).
Do ,
orda Q(t) = orda R(t) (n 2)(
1k n fk (a)=0
1).
Bt ng thc trn ng vi a l nghim ca Q(t) theo nh ngha bc ca phn thc ta c:
degQ(t) (n 2)(
i=1 n
n0 (fi )).
3.2
By gi ta chng minh degP
(n 2)(n 1) . Tht vy: 2 1 f2 f2 . . . 1 f n 1 f n 1 . . . n 2 fn 1 . f n 1
P (t) =
n2 n 2 f1 f2 f1 f2
1 f1 f1 . . .
nh thc trn bng tng cc s hng c dng:

n 2 f f 1 f 2 ..... n2 , f 1 f 2 fn2
( = 1).
i vi mi s hng th
n2 n2 f f 1 f 2 f f 1 f 2 n2 deg ( .... ) = deg ( ) + deg ( )..... + deg ( n2 ) f 1 f 2 f n2 f 1 f2 f n2
= (1) + (2) + .... + ((n 2)) =
(n 1)(n 2) . 2
p dng mnh ( 3.1.4) suy ra:

degP (t) (n 1)(n 2) 2
48
3.3
v t (3.2) v (3.3) ta c:
n
degfn (n 2)(
i=0
n0 (fi ))
(n 1)(n 2) . 2
Hon ton tng t i vi f1 , f2 , ....fn1 ta c:

n 1in
max (degfi ) (n 2)(

i=0
n0 (fi ))
(n 1)(n 2) . 2
Ta li c
(n 2)(n 1) > n 2, n 3 nn 2
n 1in
max (degfi ) (n 2)[

i=1
n0 (fi ) 1].
c iu phi chng minh.
3.3. p dng Mason m rng vo nghin cu cc a thc nhiu bin 3.3.1 nh l cui cng ca Fermat cho cc a thc nhiu bin.
Phng trnh
m m m m f1 + f2 + .... + fn 1 = f n .
3.4
v nghim khi m (n2)n, trong cc a thc nhiu bin f1 , f2 , ...fn (n 3) trn vnh C [x1 , x2 , ...xl ] nguyn t cng nhau tng cp, khng ng thi l
m m m cc a thc khc hng, ng thi h f1 , f2 , .... + fn c lp tuyn tnh trn
trng C.
Tht vy, gi s phng trnh (3.4) c nghim khng tm thng, p dng nh l Mason cho cc hm nhiu bin ta c
1j n m m m max fjm (n 2)[n0 (f1 .f2 ....fn ) 1].
Do ,
degfjm (n 2)[n0 (f1 .f2 ...fn ) 1], j = 1, 2, ...n.
49
Ta suy ra
degfj j = 1, 2, ...n. (n 2) [deg (f1 ) + deg (f2 ) + .... + deg (fn ) 1], m
Ly tng v theo v n cc bt ng thc trn ta c

(n 2)n degfj [ degfj 1]. m j =1 j =1
n n
Chuyn v ta c
(n 2)n (n 2)n (1 ) degfj < 0. m m j =1 (n 2)n ) < 0 hay m < (n 2)n. m Trng hp l = 1, n = 3 ta c nh l cui cng Fermat cho a thc ca
n
T , ta suy ra (1
ba hm s mt bin: phng trnh v nghim khi n 3 [ xem nh l 1.2.1]. Tng t , chng ta c nh l sau cho cc s m khc nhau.
Phng trnh
m1 m2 mn n1 f1 + f2 + .... + fn 1 = fn . m
3.3.2 nh l Fermat tng qut cho cc a thc nhiu bin.

3.5
v nghim khi mj n(n 2), j = 1, 2, ...n, trong , cc a thc nhiu bin
f1 , f2 , ...fn .(n 3) trn vnh C [x1 , x2 , ...xl ] nguyn t cng nhau tng cp,
m1 m2 mn khng ng thi l cc a thc khc hng, ng thi h f1 , f2 , .... + fn
c lp tuyn tnh trn trng C.
Tht vy, gi s phng trnh (3.5) khng c nghim tm thng, p dng nh l Mason cho cc hm nhiu bin ta c
1 j n mj m1 m2 mn (n 2)[n0 (f1 .f2 ....fn ) 1].
max fj
Do ,
degfj
mj
(n 2)[n0 (f1 .f2 ...fn ) 1], j = 1, 2, ...n.
Ta suy ra
mj degfj (n 2)[deg (f1 ) + deg (f2 ) + .... + deg (fn ) 1],
50
j = 1, 2, ...n.
Ly tng v theo v n cc bt ng thc trn ta c

n
[mj (n 2)n]deg (fj ) (n 2)n < 0.

j =1
iu ny mu thun vi gi thit mi n(n 2), j = 1, .2...n. trnh (3.5) v nghim.
Vy phng
Trng hp l = 1, n = 3 ta c nh l Fermat tng qut cho a thc ca ba hm s mt bin: phng trnh v nghim [ bi ton 1.2 ] Cho cc s nguyn dng mi (1 j n). Nu
1 1 1 1 + + ..... + m1 m2 mn n2
3.3.3 Phng trnh Fermat- Catalan cho cc a thc nhiu bin
th phng trnh
m1 m2 mn n1 f1 + f2 + .... + fn 1 = fn , m
3.6
v nghim, trong , cc a thc nhiu bin f1 , f2 , ...., fn (n 3) trn vnh

C [x1 , x2 , ...xl ] nguyn t cng nhau tng cp, khng ng thi l cc a thc
m1 m2 mn hng v gi s rng h f1 , f2 , .... + fn c lp tuyn tnh trn trng C.
Tht vy, gi s phng trnh (3.6) c nghim khng tm thng, p dng nh l Mason cho cc hm nhiu bin ta c
1j n mj
max fj
m1 m2 mn (n 2)[n0 (f1 .f2 ....fn ) 1].
Do ,
degfj
mj
(n 2)[n0 (f1 .f2 ...fn ) 1], j = 1, 2, ...n.
Ta suy ra
mj degfj (n 2)[deg (f1 ) + deg (f2 ) + .... + deg (fn ) 1], j = 1, 2, ...n.
Tc l
deg (fj ) 1 n2 (n 2)[deg (f1 ) + deg (f2 ) + .... + deg (fn )] . mj mj
51
Ly tng theo v n cc bt ng thc trn ta c

n n
deg (fi )
j =1 j =1
1 1 (n 2)[deg (f1 )+ deg (f2 )+ .... + deg (fn )] (n 2) . mj m j j =1
Do
n n
deg (fj )(1

j =1 j =1
1 1 (n 2)) (2n 1) < 0. mj m j j =1

n
Ta suy ra
1
j =1 n
1 (n 2) < 0, mj 1 (n 2) > 1 mj 1 1 > . mj n2
j =1 n
j =1
Nh vy phng trnh (3.6) c nghim khi

n
j =1
1 1 > . mj n2
Do khi
j =1
1 1 mj n2
th phng trnh (3.6) v nghim. Trng hp l = 1, n = 3 ta c phng trnh Fermat- Catalan cho a thc ca ba hm s mt bin
m1 m2 m3 f1 + f2 = f3 ,
v nghim khi
1 1 1 + + 1 [bi tp 1.3] m1 m2 m3
52
Kt lun
Lun vn trnh by s tng t gia s nguyn v a thc, c th l s tng t ca gi thuyt abc v nh l Mason v mt s h qu ca chng. T lun vn gii thiu mt s bi ton s cp l tng t ca a thc sang s nguyn, mt s kt qu m rng ca nh l Mason. Cc kt qu ny c vit dng cc bi bo co ca nhiu tc gi. Do trong qu trnh thc hin lun vn ny, chng ti ch yu thc hin vic c hiu v trnh by li cc kt qu c mt cch chi tit v h thng, ng thi b xung thm mt s bi tp cho phong ph hn. Lun vn t c cc kt qu sau. - Trnh by h thng v chng minh chi tit nh l Mason v cc h qu ca n. ng dng l thuyt xut mt s bi tp v tn ti a thc, cc bi ton v nghim trong C [t]. - Trnh by h thng v chng minh chi tit cc tng t s hc ca nh l Mason v cc h qu ca n. Gii chi tit cc bi tp tng t s hc ca cc bi ton v a thc trn. - Trnh by m rng ca nh l Mason cho nhiu hm s mt bin, hoc hm s nhiu bin, v cc h qu ca n.
53
Ti liu tham kho

[1] H Huy Khoi - Phm Huy in - S hc thut ton - Nxb Khoa hc , H Ni, nm 1996. [2] Nguyn Vn Mu - Mt s vn ton hc chn lc, NXB Gio dc, thng 10, 2008. [3] Nguyn Thnh Quang - Lun n tin s ton hc - Trng i hc s phm vinh 1998. [4] Andrew Granville anh Thomas J. Tucker, It's As Easy As abc, Vol. 49 Number 10, Notices of the AMS, November 2002. [5] Alin Bostan and Philippe Dumas, Bodu09 wronskians and Linear indenpendence, Algorithms Project, Inria Rocquencourt, France.
[6] Frits Beukers, The genneralzed Fermat equatino, January 20, 2006. [7] Henri Cohen, Number Theory, Vol. 2, Analytic and mondern tool, Springer, 2007. [8] Mason, Equations over function fields, Oxford Unierssity Press, 1990.
54

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TRNG I HC KHOA HC L TH MINH NGUYT

TN  TI S TNG T GIA S V HM V NG DNG TRONG TON S CP

LUN VN THC S TON HC

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: GS. TSKH. H HUY KHOI

THI NGUYN - 2010

Phn bin 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................

TRNG I HC KHOA HC - I HC THI NGUYN

Lun vn s c bo v trc hi ng chm lun vn hp ti:

C th tm hiu ti TH VIN I HC THI NGUYN

Chng 2. S tng t s hc ca nh l Mason v ng dng gi thuyt abc trong nghin cu s hc 23

Chng 3. nh l MaSon m rng

Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chng 1 nh l Mason v ng dng ca n

1.1.1 nh l Mason:

Gi s P, Q, R l cc a thc mt bin vi h s phc, nguyn t cng nhau

max{degP, degQ, degR} n0 (P.Q.R) 1.

1.2.2 Chng minh nh l: T gi thit P + Q = R ta suy ra

 tin li trong tnh ton ta t f =

Gi s ta c s phn tch cc hm hu t theo cc nghim ca a thc

Theo cng thc o hm ca tch ta c

Hin nhin D(z ) = n0 (P QR) v

Nhn c t s v mu s cho D(t) ta c i j m l Q z ai z cj D(z ) = . . j t P D(z ) l n z bt z cj

Do  ta c c P v Q u c bc nh hn hoc bng n0 (P QR) 1. Ta li c R = P + Q nn R cng c bc khng vt qu n0 (P QR) 1. Vy

iu phi chng minh.

1.2. Mt s h qu ca nh l Mason

1.2.1 nh l cui cng ca Fermat cho a thc:

Cng li tng v ta c:

1.2.2 H qu ca nh l Mason

(V l vi n 3) iu phi chng minh.

Khng tn ti a thc khc hng P, Q, R, nguyn t cng nhau tng i

P 2008 + Q2009 = R2010 .

1.2.3 nh l Fermat m rng cho a thc

Khng tn ti cc a thc P, Q, R, nguyn t cng nhau tng i mt tho mn:

iu ny mu thun vi gi thit. Ta c iu phi chng minh.

1.2.4 nh l Davenport:

t R = P 2 Q3 R + Q3 = P 2 . p dng nh l Mason :

Cng (1.4) v (1.5) li ta c:

1.2.5 nh l Davenport tng qut:

m.n n m .deg (P ) + 1, n m.n m n .deg (Q) + 1. m

T cng thc (1.6) v (1.7), ta suy ra c mt h cc bi ton:

Cho P v Q l l cc a thc vi h s nguyn, khc hng, sao

4deg (X ) deg (X ) + deg (Y ) + deg (Z ) 1

Cng (1.8) v (1.9) v theo v ta c

Thay (1.11) vo (1.12) ta c

rdeg (Z ) deg (X ) + deg (Y ) + deg (Z ) 1.

Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc trn, ta c

1 1 1 + + 1 th phng trnh p q r X p + Y q = Z r ch c nghim tm thng trong C[t].

Cho p, q, r l cc s nguyn dng. Nu

Cho p, q l cc s dng ln hn 1. Chng minh rng phng trnh

Cng v theo v (1.13) v (1.14) ta c

V p, q 2 nn (p 2)deg (X ) + (q 2)deg (Y ) 0. Do  (1.15) khng xy ra ( iu phi chng minh).

Cho p, q, r l cc s nguyn dng tha 2 p q r v gi s

khng ng thi l hng s v tha mn phng trnh

Cng v theo v ta c:

Suy ra r < 6. M 3 = q r nn ta c (p, q, r) = (2, 3, r) vi 3 r 5.

1.3.2 Cc bi ton v tn ti a thc: Bi ton 1.6:

l cc a thc hng. Lp lun tng t th bi ton trn vn cn ng khi m v n l cc s nguyn bt k.

Bi ton 1.7: Cho a l mt s phc khc 0. Khi , nu tn ti cc a thc

Ta c th gii bi ton theo hng ng thc sau:

Trng hp (f, g ) = h, h = 0, h = f. Khi , tn ti cc a thc u, v sao cho

Tm cc s ngim nguyn x ca phng trnh

Theo bi ton (1.9) ta kt lun c 2x 4 = 0 hoc 4x 2 = 0 hoc

R rng, nghim thc ca P (t) l t = 0 bi 3 v nghim thc ca

Nh vy, (P, P + 1) = 1 p dng nh l Mason cho a thc P, 1 v P + 1 ta c

TRNG I HC KHOA HC L TH MINH NGUYT

TN TI S TNG T GIA S V HM V NG DNG TRONG TON S CP

TRNG I HC KHOA HC - I HC THI NGUYN

Lun vn s c bo v trc hi ng chm lun vn hp ti:

C th tm hiu ti TH VIN I HC THI NGUYN

Chng 2. S tng t s hc ca nh l Mason v ng dng gi thuyt abc trong nghin cu s hc 23

Chng 3. nh l MaSon m rng

Chng 1 nh l Mason v ng dng ca n

1.1.1 nh l Mason:

Gi s P, Q, R l cc a thc mt bin vi h s phc, nguyn t cng nhau

1.2.2 Chng minh nh l: T gi thit P + Q = R ta suy ra

tin li trong tnh ton ta t f =

Gi s ta c s phn tch cc hm hu t theo cc nghim ca a thc

Theo cng thc o hm ca tch ta c

Nhn c t s v mu s cho D(t) ta c i j m l Q z ai z cj D(z ) = . . j t P D(z ) l n z bt z cj

Do ta c c P v Q u c bc nh hn hoc bng n0 (P QR) 1. Ta li c R = P + Q nn R cng c bc khng vt qu n0 (P QR) 1. Vy

iu phi chng minh.

1.2. Mt s h qu ca nh l Mason

1.2.1 nh l cui cng ca Fermat cho a thc:

Cng li tng v ta c:

1.2.2 H qu ca nh l Mason

(V l vi n 3) iu phi chng minh.

Khng tn ti a thc khc hng P, Q, R, nguyn t cng nhau tng i

1.2.3 nh l Fermat m rng cho a thc

Khng tn ti cc a thc P, Q, R, nguyn t cng nhau tng i mt tho mn:

iu ny mu thun vi gi thit. Ta c iu phi chng minh.

1.2.4 nh l Davenport:

t R = P 2 Q3 R + Q3 = P 2 . p dng nh l Mason :

Cng (1.4) v (1.5) li ta c:

1.2.5 nh l Davenport tng qut:

T cng thc (1.6) v (1.7), ta suy ra c mt h cc bi ton:

Cho P v Q l l cc a thc vi h s nguyn, khc hng, sao

Cng (1.8) v (1.9) v theo v ta c

Thay (1.11) vo (1.12) ta c

Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc trn, ta c

Cng v theo v (1.13) v (1.14) ta c

V p, q 2 nn (p 2)deg (X ) + (q 2)deg (Y ) 0. Do (1.15) khng xy ra ( iu phi chng minh).

khng ng thi l hng s v tha mn phng trnh

Cng v theo v ta c:

1.3.2 Cc bi ton v tn ti a thc: Bi ton 1.6:

l cc a thc hng. Lp lun tng t th bi ton trn vn cn ng khi m v n l cc s nguyn bt k.

Bi ton 1.7: Cho a l mt s phc khc 0. Khi , nu tn ti cc a thc

Ta c th gii bi ton theo hng ng thc sau:

Trng hp (f, g ) = h, h = 0, h = f. Khi , tn ti cc a thc u, v sao cho

Theo bi ton (1.9) ta kt lun c 2x 4 = 0 hoc 4x 2 = 0 hoc

Nh vy, (P, P + 1) = 1 p dng nh l Mason cho a thc P, 1 v P + 1 ta c

nghim ca Q +1. Vai tr v bc ca cc a thc P v Q nh nhau nn ta c th gi s rng

Ta c s phn tch (P + 1) P = 1 v (P, P + 1) = 1. Theo nh l Masson cho a thc P, 1 v P +1 ta c

Chng 2 S tng t s hc ca nh l Mason v ng dng gi thuyt abc trong nghin cu s hc

a + b = c. Khi vi > 0 tn ti hng s C ( ) sao cho: max{| a |, | b |, | c |} C ( )r(abc)1+ .

Mnh sau y ch ra rng khng th chn = 0

Ta nh ngha xn v yn bi quan h sau: xn + yn 2 = (3 + 2. 2)n .

Khi C ( ) 2m(1+ ) /x2 n v

Nhn xt rng cc bt ng thc ca hai nh l trn l hm m ca

2.2. Mt s h qu ca gi thuyt abc 2.2.1 nh l cui cng ca Fermat.

2.2.2. nh l (Gi thuyt Fermat m rng):

Nu gi thuyt abc l ng , th vi mi A, B, C phng trnh:

V ta c cng thc nh gi sau:

Thay (2.5) vo (2.4) ta c

12 1 12 (2+ x 2 1 5 C (x3 y 2 ) 1 5 12 . Khi , ta c 15

Ta c th bin i kt qu ca gi thuyt Hall nh sau:

c nh sao sho 0 < < 1/2.

= 2 /(1 ). Nh vy ta nhn c kt qu ca nh l.

Ta a ra mt s h qu khc ca gi thuyt abc lin quan n phng

ch c hu hn nghim nguyn trong :

Mnh ny lin quan n gi thuyt ca Erdos - Stewart.

Gi thuyt ny lin quan n bi ton m v phng trnh Diphng.

Mnh ny cho cu tr li bi ton ca H.Edgar v Shorey- Tijdeman.

2.3. ng dng gi thuyt abc xut cc bi tp s hc

Ta chng minh bi ton ny trong trng hp s m ln. Tc l,

y chnh l gi thuyt Fermat- Catalan.

Theo gi thuyt abc ta c

1 v t max{| xp |, | y q |, | z r |} = M. 42 Khi , theo (2.8) ta c 1 M C.[rad(x ).rad(y ).rad(z )] 42 ,

Nh vy x v y u b chn bi nhng s nh. Mt khc, t phng trnh

Bi ton 2.6 ( Trch thi v ch quc gia n 1998).

Do x = 0 v y = 1 tha h thc xn + 1 = y n+1 . Mt khc, theo gi thit

Bi ton 2.7 (Trch thi v ch Nga 1997)