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MC LC
I. S LC PH CNG HNG T PROTON (
1
H NMR) ................... 3
II. SPIN HT NHN V TN HIU HP TH ............................................... 4
1. Spin ht nhn v iu kin cng hng ................................................... 4
1.1. Spin ht nhn ..................................................................................... 4
1.2. iu kin cng hng ....................................................................... 5
2. Ph k cng hng t proton .................................................................... 5
2.1. Ph k cng hng t ht nhn sng lin tc ................................... 5
2.2. Ph k cng hng t proton bin i Flourier ............................... 6
III. S CHN V GIM CHN ......................................................................... 7
1. Cac yeu to anh hng en o dch chuyen hoa hoc ............ 7
1.1. Cc yu t ni phn t nh hng n dch chuyn ho hc ...... 7
a. S chn ti ch ............................................................................ 7
b. S chn t xa ............................................................................... 9
1.2. Cc yu t ngoi phn t nh hng n dch chuyn ha hc 10
a. Lin kt Hidro ............................................................................ 10
b. S trao i proton ...................................................................... 10
c. nh hng ca dung mi ........................................................... 10
d. nh hng ca nhit ............................................................. 11
2. Ht nhn tng ng v dch chuyn ha hc ............................... 11
2.1. nh ngha ....................................................................................... 11
2.2. dch chuyn ho hc .................................................................. 13
3. Hng s chn v t trng hiu dng .................................................... 13
4. chuyn dch ho hc ........................................................................... 14
5. Phng php qut trng: thay i B0 ................................................. 20
IV. NG CONG TCH PHN ...................................................................... 22
V. PROTON TNG NG V KHNG TNG NG ................. 23
1. Cc proton tng ng v dch chuyn ho hc ( ph
1
H NMR)
.................................................................................................................... 23
1.1. Cc proton tng ng ................................................................. 23
1.2. Cc proton khng tng ng ...................................................... 24
2. Cng phn tch ca mi cng hng .............................................................. 24
2

VI. TNG TC SPIN SPIN .......................................................................... 24
1. Bn cht tng tc spin-spin ................................................................... 24
2. Hng s tng tc spin-spin .................................................................... 25
3. Tng tc spin spin trong ph
1
H NMR .......................................... 25
3.1. L thuyt tch spin spin ............................................................... 25
3.2. Quy tc (n+1) .................................................................................. 26
3.3. Gii hn s ghp t ......................................................................... 26
3.4. S ghp spin .................................................................................... 27
VII. PH
1
H NMR V TIN TRNH TC ............................................. 28
1. Phng php phn tch ph cng hng t ht nhn
1
H .......................... 28
1.1. K hiu ca ph ..................................................................................... 28
1.2. Ph bc 1 .............................................................................................. 28
1.3. Ph bc cao AB, A
2
B v ABX ............................................................... 32
1.3.1. Ph AB ............................................................................................. 32
1.3.2. Ph A
2
B ph l thuyt ca A
2
B ...................................................... 34
1.3.3. Ph ABX .......................................................................................... 36
1.4. Ghp xa ................................................................................................ 37
2. Cng vn ph cng hng t proton ................................................... 37
VIII. KHO ST PH
1
H NMR CA MT S LOI HP CHT HU C
.......................................................................................................................... 38
IX. CCH GII PH .......................................................................................... 42
X. NG DNG .................................................................................................... 48
1. ng dng lm sng ca cng hng t ph (
1
H - NMR) trong chn on u
no trong trc ngi ln .................................................................................... 48
2. X tr bng proton chng t hiu qu tt hn so vi tia X thng thng
trong vic cha tr mt s loi bnh ung th nht nh nh ung th u v
c, ung th phi, ung th tuyn tin lit ...................................................... 50


3

I. S LC PH CNG HNG T PROTON (
1
H NMR)
Ph proton c th xem l ph c nhy cao nht trong k thut 1D-NMR v hm lng
1
H trong t nhin chim n 99.98% ( trong khi hm lng C-13 trong t nhin ch
chim 1.108% ). V th y l mt ph rt quan trng v c th cung cp nhiu thng tin
qu gi v cu trc ca hp cht.
Ph
1
H-NMR l mt k thut s dng xc nh cu trc ha hc ca hp cht hu c.
Ph proton cho ta bit c s loi proton c trong phn t (khng phi l s proton, m
ch l s loi proton ). Mi loi proton s c tnh cht khc nhau (nh proton lin kt
vi vng benzen s khc vi proton lin kt vi C
sp3
) v th s c dch chuyn khc
nhau trn ph proton. Ngi ta s dng TMS (tetra methyl silan) lm cht chun trong
ph proton v dch chuyn ca proton trong TMS c chn l 0 pmm .
Mt im c bit ca ph proton l ngoi cho bit loi proton trong phn t, ph cn
cho bit mi quan h gia cc proton gn nhau thng qua s ghp spin v hng s ghp.
Hai proton lin kt vi hai carbon k nhau s tng tc vi nhau thng thng qua 3 lin
kt H-C-C-H v dng mi ghp spin s theo nguyn tc (n + 1) ( v d CH
3
-CH
2
- th
proton CH3- s c dng mi 3 v proton CH
2
- s c dng mi 4 do cnh l ba proton )
v s c cng hng s ghp ( coupling constant ).

Hnh dng cc mi ghp spin n gin ( H AX )


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II. SPIN HT NHN V TN HIU HP TH
1. Spin ht nhn v iu kin cng hng
1.1. Spin ht nhn
Ht nhn nguyn t gm cc proton v ntron. S lng t spin ca proton cng nh
ca ntron u bng . Tu thuc vo cc nucleon c cp i hay khng m ht nhn
nguyn t c th c c trng bi mt s lng t spin ht nhn I bng khng hoc
khc khng. Nu spin ca tt c cc nucleon u cp i th s lng t spin ht nhn
bng khng (I=0). Nu ht nhn c mt spin khng cp i th I = , nu c nhiu spin
khng cp i th I 1.
C mt s quy tc kinh nghim phng on s lng t spin ht nhn:
- I = 0 i vi cc ht nhn cha s proton chn v s ntron chn (
16
O,
12
C,
32
S)
- I = s nguyn (1, 2, 3, ) i vi cc ht nhn cha s proton l, s ntron cng
l (
14
N,
10
B,
2
H (D))
- I = na s nguyn (1/2, 3/2, 5/2,) i vi cc ht nhn c s proton chn, s
ntron l hoc ngc li (
1
H,
19
F,
31
P,)
Nhng ht nhn khng c spin I = 0 th khng gy ra momen t ( = 0) tc l khng
c t tnh. Ngi ta ni ht nhn khng c t tnh v khng c cng hng t ht
nhn. Nhng ht nhn c I 0 gy ra mt momen t 0. Ht nhn c hot ng t
v c cng hng t ht nhn.
Khi t ht nhn c I 0 vo trong mt t trng B
0
th vect momen t ht nhn
c nh hng trong trng B
0
theo s lng t, momen gc ca spin ht nhn m
I
. S
lng t momen gc ca spin ht nhn s nhn mt trong (2I + 1) gi tr, l mt trong
cc s I, I 1, , -I + 1, -I.
V d: I = th m
I
= v -1/2
I = 1 th m
I
= -1, 0, 1
5

Hiu s gia hai mc nng lng ht nhn tng ng vi hm sng ht nhn c tnh
bng cng thc:

t

2
0
B h
E = A (1)
: T s t hi chuyn, c trng cho mi loi ht
B
0
: cng t trng
h : hng s Plank
Biu thc trn cho thy AE ph thuc vo bn than ht nhn v vo cng ca t
trng p t cho ht nhn. V AE= hv ( theo Borh ) nn suy ra
t

v
2
0
B
= vi v l tn s (Hz) (2)
H phng ny l php o c bn ca php o ph cng hng t ht nhn
1.2. iu kin cng hng
c c ph cng hng t ht nhn ta cn t mu nghin cu vo mt t
trng mnh, c cng B
0
v tc dng ln mu mt tn s v tha mn phng trnh
(2). Trong cc iu kin ny s xy ra cc hin tng l c s chuyn cc ht nhn t
mc nng lng ny ln mt mt mc nng lng cao hn lc ny xy ra cng hng t
ht nhn.
2. Ph k cng hng t proton
2.1. Ph k cng hng t ht nhn sng lin tc
B phn chnh ca ph k ny l mt nam chm in hay nam chm siu dn c t
trng B
0
ng nht, mt b phn pht t trng v tuyn to tn s B
1
v mt cun
t cm nhn tn hiu. mu c t trong ng thy tinh di 20cm c ng knh 5mm
v quay lin tc t trng tc ng ng nht vo mi ch ca mu. T trng B
1

6

c pht hin lin tc nn c gi l ph k cng hng t ht nhn sng lin tc. Ph
k nhn c l ng cong a hm s ph thuc tn s f(v).
My ch ghi dng dung dch. Dung mi thng dng l nhng cht khng cha ht
nhn t proton nh CCl
4
, CDCl
3
, ...thng dng TMS lm cht chun.
2.2. Ph k cng hng t proton bin i Flourier
Ph k loi ny c t trng B
1
tc ng khng lin tc ln ht nhn nguyn t c
t trong t trng B
0
. Tn hiu cao tn c iu phc bng cc xung vung v hp. Sau
cc xung t/2 v t nhn c tn hiu cm ng t do (FID). Ph k nhn c di dng
ng cong ca hm s ph thuc thi gian f(t). Trn ph o c thi gian phc hi
ngang T
2
v thi gian phc hi dc T
1.

u im ca ph k bin i Flourier l c nhy cao v c t s tn hiu/nhiu ln
v c th tu c nhiu thng s t ph k.
1- My pht tn hiu cao tn
2- To dy xung theo cc chng trnh nh sn
3- iu phc bin cao tn theo xung vung
4- u o to t trng khng lin tc
5- Thu tn hiu tch lu ghi cc im ph ca cm ng t do
6- Bin i Flourier
7- Ghi ph f(v)
8- My tnh iu hnh chng trnh xung, tch ly s liu, bin i Flourier, x l, ghi
ph.





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III. S CHN V GIM CHN
1. Cc yu t nh hng n dch chuyn ho
1.1. Cc yu t ni phn t nh hng n dch chuyn ho
a. S chn ti ch
Trc ht ta xt trng hp proton. Trong phn t proton t nhiu u c bao
quanh bi electron. Di tc dng ca t trng B
0
, electron s chuyn ng thnh mt
dng in vng quanh proton. Dng in ny lm pht sinh mt t trng cm ng m
ng sc ca n v bng cc nt t. vng gn ht nhn, t trng cm ng ny
ngc chiu vi t trng B
0
, n chng li t trng sinh ra n v lm cho t trng hiu
dng H
hd
quanh proton gim i so vi B
0
( B
hd
< B
0
). Nh th elelctron che chn cho
proton. Ngi ta gi n l s chn mn electron ti ch hay s chn ti ch. V s chn
ti ch lm gim cng t trng tc ng ti ht nhn, do nu ht nhn c chn
mn nhiu th cho n i vo cng hng cn phi tng cng t trng.
S chn ny ph thuc mt elelectron xung quanh ht nhn ang xt nn n c lin
quan trc tip n m in ca cc nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t nh vi ht nhn
. Ngoi s ph thuc vo mt electron s chn cn ph thuc hnh dang v kch
thc elelctron.
Trn thc t cc proton trong hp cht hu c khng tr tri m chng c bao quanh
bi cc in t, cc in t ny che chn 1 phn no nh hng ca t trng bn
ngoi ln proton. Cc in t di chuyn v to nn t trng cm ng c cng nh,
ngc chiu vi t trng bn ngoi dn n t trng hiu dng
- Tc dng ln proton thc t s nh hn khi t trng p t ln proton, trn thc
t ngi ta ni ht nhn b chn bi cc in t bao quanh n.
- Do mi ht nhn trong phn t hu c c boa quanh bi nhng m my in
t khc nhau nn mi loi ht nhn b chn khc nhau
- My cng hng t ht nhn nhanh nhn bit c tng s khc bit nh
ny ghi thnh nhng tn hiu cng hng
8

nh hng ca hiu ng cm ng m ca nhm k

- Nhm k c th gm 1 nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t, gy nh hng n nhm
cn li.
- Cc loi ht nhn khc nhau trong 1 phn t c dch chuyn ho hc khc nhau
l do mi loi ht nhn c che chn khc nhau bi cc m my in t xung
quanh. Ht nhn no c che chn cng nhiu th cng cn t trng mnh hn
cng hng, h qu l cc ht nhn ny hp thu vng trng cao. Ht nhn
no c cc in t che chn t th ch cn tc dng bi 1 t trng yu l c th
cng hng, h qu l cc ht nhn ny hp thu vng trng thp.
- Khi proton gn vo cacbon i vi nguyn t c m in mnh, cc nguyn t
ny s ht i in t ni ho tr v vi n, lm gim s chn ca in trng bn
ngoi vo proton kho st v th proton cng c gim chn nn c dch
chuyn ho hc vng trng thp.
S che chn ny gim dn theo khong cch sau 4 ni ho tr s gim chn ht tc
dng.
CH
3
X CH
3
F CH
3
OH CH
3
Cl CH
3
Br CH
3
I CH
4

X X F O Cl Br I H
m
in
4,0 3,5 3,1 2,8 2,5 2,1
4,26 3,40 3,05 2,68 2,16 0,23
9

b. S chn t xa
Khng phi lc no trt t v dch chuyn ha hc cng tng ng vi trt t v
m in. Chng hn, proton ca benzen cho tnh hiu trng yu hn proton ca
etilen v proton ca acetilen mc d m in ca C
sp
2
nh hn ca c
sp
. Thm na tn
hiu ca proton benzene th hin trng yu hn CH
2
Cl
2
v H
2
O mc d mt
electron xung quanh ht nhn ny khng tng ng vi s thay i v dch chuyn
ha hc nh th. Nhng nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t bn cnh proton, c bit l
nhng nhm khng no, nhm vng thm, hoc cc nguyn t c cha cp electron khng
lin kt c th l ngun gc ca nhng dng in vng mnh hn v to ra xung quanh
proton cc t trng c hiu sut ln hn t trng ca cc electron ha tr ca chnh
proton . Chnh v th nhng nhm nguyn t bn cnh proton cng c tc dng che
chn i vi proton. l s chn t xa hay cn gi l s chn bt ng hng bi v
hng ny th b chn cn hng kia th b phn chn.
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1.2. Cc yu t ngoi phn t nh hng n dch chuyn ha hc
a. Lin kt Hidro
Lin kt hiro gy ra s thay i ng k dch chuyn ha hc ca proton cc
nhm OH, NH, v i khi c nhm SH. Nh bit, lin kt hiro ph thuc nhiu vo
bn cht dung mi, nng v nhit . Chnh v vy, chuyn dch ha hc ca cc
proton axit bin i trong mt khong rng. Do tm tn hiu ca cc proton axit
chng cn xt xem chng c to lin kt hidro hay khng, mc lin kt hidro nh th
no.
b. S trao i proton
Proton lin kt vi cc d t nh O, N,...khng nhng c kh nng to lin kt hiro
m cn c kh nng trao i vi proton ca cc tiu phn xung quanh. S trao i proton
cng th hin r trn ph NMR.
Th d: Khi o ph ca CH
3
COOH trong nc ngi ta khng nhn c tn hiu ca
proton COOH v proton ca nc mt cch ring r m nhn c tn hiu chung cho
chng. l do tc ion ha nhanh n mc m s trao i xy ra khi proton vo
trng thi cng hng.
CH
3
COOH + H
2
O CH
3
COO
-
+ H
3
O
+

c. nh hng ca dung mi
Khi thay dung mi CCl
4
bng CDCl
3,
chuyn dch ha hc ca proton lin kt
vi cacbon ch thay i 0.1ppm. Cn khi chuyn sang cc dung mi phn cc hn nh
CD
3
OD, CD
3
COCD
3
... th d dch chuyn thay i 0.3ppm, ni chung l khi thay i
dung mi th dch chuyn ha hc c s thay i theo. Cc dung mi dng trong
phng php NMR u c tri ha. Tuy nhin nhng proton cn st li thng
vn cho tin hiu trn ph. Ngoi ra vt nc trn dung mi cng gy ra tn hiu trn ph
1
H NMR.
11



d. nh hng ca nhit
V tr tn hiu ca cc proton lin kt vi cacbon thng rt t b nh hng bi
nhit , ch c cc proton trong cc nhm OH, NH, SH ph thuc nhiu vo s thay i
nhit . V khi nhit tng lm t cc lin kt hidro, do lam cho tn hiu ca cc
proton ca cc nhm chuyn dch v pha trng mnh.
2. Ht nhn tng ng v dch chuyn ha hc
2.1. nh ngha
Cc ht nhn nguyn t c bao quanh bi mt lp v electron, m lp v ny
cng sinh ra mt t trng ring B

nn khi t trng B
0
tc ng ln ht nhn thng b
t trng ring B

trit tiu mt phn, do t trng thc tc ng ln ht nhn ch l


B
hd
< B
0
. B
hd
l t trng hiu dng:
B
hd
= B
0
(1-o)
o gi l hng s chn, c gi tr khc nhau i vi mi ht nhn nguyn t trong
phn t.
12

Khi t hai ht nhn nguyn t A v B ca cng mt nguyn t vo t trng ngoi
B
0
, do hai hng s chn o
A
v o
B
khc nhau nn :
) 1 (
2
1
0 A A
B o v = (3)
) 1 (
2
1
0 B B
B o v = (4)
Hiu s v
A
-v
B
~ o
B
- o
A .
ta khng th o gi tr tuyt i hng s chn ca mi ht
nhn, nhng c th o c hiu trn. Ngi ta nhn thy rng hng s chn ca hp
cht (CH
3
)
4
Si (TMS) l ln nht nn dng n lm cht chun o hiu:
o= o
TMS
- o
X
o
TMS
l

hng s chn ca cht TMS, o
X
l hng s chn ca cht cn o bt k x
Gi tr

o c gi l dch chuyn ha hc.
6
0
10

=
v
v v
o
TMS X

v
X
l tn s cng hng ca mt proton (Hz), v
0
l tn s cng hng ca my o
(MHz). o khng c th nguyn, ngi ta k hiu 10
-6
l ppm.
dch chuyn ha hc ca
1
H NMR nm trong khong 0-12ppm.
Trn biu ti v tr m 1 ht nhn hp thu nng lng c hin tng cng hng
gi l dch chuyn ho hc




13

2.2. dch chuyn ho hc
Theo quy c dch chuyn ca TMS c chnh ti mc 0 trn biu v nhng vng
hp thu khc s xut hin ti vng trng thp hn TMS: (CH
3
)
4
Si
S d TMS c chn l bi v n c tnh tr v mt ha hc, d bay hi, tan c hu
ht trong dung mi hu c, cho tn hiu trn biu l 1 mi n mch.
- Cc proton c hp cht ny b che chn nhiu hn bt k proton no ca cc hp
cht hu c.
- Ph trong lng t ht nhn chia theo thang
3. Hng s chn v t trng hiu dng
Hng s chn xut hin do hai nguyn nhn:
- Hiu ng nghch t: cc in t bao quanh nguyn t sinh ra mt t trng ring,
ngc chiu vi t trng ngoi nn lm gim tc dng ca n ln ht nhn
nguyn t. Lp v in t cng dy c th t trng ring ngc chiu vi t
trng ngoi cng ln tc hng s chn cng ln. S hiu ng nghch t V
vy, cc proton nm trong cc nhm c nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t gy hiu
ng I (Cl, Br, I, NO
2
) s c hng s chn nh, tri li khi cc nhm nguyn t
gy hiu ng +I (CH
3
, C
2
H
5
) s c hng s chn ln.
- Hiu ng thun t: bao quanh phn t l lp v in t, cc in t ny chuyn
ng sinh ra mt dng in vng, do xut din mt t trng ring c hng
thay i ngc hng hoc cng hng vi t trng ngoi. Tp hp tt c cc
im trn cc ng sc m ti tip tuyn vung gc vi t trng ngoi s to
nn mt mt parabon. Pha trong mt parabon, t trng tng hp nh hn B0 v
t trng ring ngc hng vi t trng ngoi, cn pha ngoi parabon th t
trng tng hp ln hn B0 v t trng ring cng hng vi t trng ngoi.
Do hng s chn pha ngoi parabon nh cn pha trong th c hng s chn ln
14

ngha l chuyn dch hc cng cc proton nm pha ngoi parabon s ln cn
pha trong s nh.
T trng thc tc dng ln ht nhn l: Be = B0 B = B0 B0; Be = B0 (1-)
Be: l t trng hiu dng
: l hng s chn c gi tr khc nhau i vi mi ht nhn nguyn t trong phn t.
Ph thuc vo s e, nu s e cng nhiu th cng ln. Hng s chn t l thun vi in
tch e, mt e bao quanh ht nhn v t l nghch vi khi lng e. Hng s chn
cng ln th t trng hiu dng Be cng nh.
4. chuyn dch ho hc
i vi cc ht nhn trong phn t cng phc tp trong nguyn t do nh hng ca cc
m my electron ca cc nguyn t bn cnh.
V d: Xt
1
H nhm CH
3
ca phn t TMS (CH
3
)
4
Si v
1
H nhm CH
3
ca axeton: Do
nh hng ca nhm CO ht e lm cho m my electron
1
H ca axeton <
1
H ca
TMS nn:
1
H (TMS) >
1
H (aceton) Be (TMS) < Be (aceton) ti v tr ht nhn
1
H
trong TMS so vi trong aceton. Do hiu ng chn t khc nhau nn cc ht nhn
1
H v
13
C trong phn t c tn s cng hng khc nhau. c trng cho cc ht nhn
1
H v
13
C
trong phn t l gi tr chuyn dch ho hc . Vi cng mt t trng ngoi B
1
, c
tn hiu cng hng ca
1
H vi t trng, tn s cng hng (aceton) > TMS hoc t
trng s dng i vi TMS phi c cng ln hn i vi aceton. C hai phng
php to ra iu kin tho mn iu kin cng hng (1=(1/2)..B0) ghi tn hiu
cng hng.
dch chuyn ha hc (chemical shift) ca Hydrogen ph NMR
0,9ppm: RCH
3
1 aliphatic
1,3ppm: R
2
CH
2
2 aliphatic
1,5ppm: R
3
CH 3 aliphatic
15


2 - 2,7 ppm: nhm ti v tr ny lin kt vi nhm carbonyl

3,7 - 4,1 ppm: nhm ti v tr ny lin kt vi nhm oxygen

9 - 10 ppm: nhm aldehyde

6,5 - 8,5 ppm: Aromatic
2,2 - 3 ppm: H ca nhm gn vo Aromatic
16


10 - 13,2 ppm: acid

0,5 - 3 ppm: amin aliphatic
3 - 5 ppm: amin Aromatic

4 - 4,4ppm: H ca nhn gn vi NO
2


17

4 - 12ppm: H ca ancol

Alkyl Halides

Tng quan so snh gia
1
H-NMR vi
13
C-NMR
18



19



20

5. Phng php qut trng: thay i B0
t TMS v aceton vo t trng B0 v s dng mt t trng b sung, tng dn cng
ca t trng b sung n mt lc no cng t trng hiu dng tc ng
ln xut hin tn hiu cng hng. V Be(TMS) < Be (aceton) nn ch cn b sung mt
gi tr t trng B0 Be nh hn th aceton xut hin tn hiu cng hng trong khi
th t trng tc dng ln v tr ht nhn
1
H (TMS) cha mnh cha c tn hiu
cng hng. Tip tc tng t trng b sung n mt gi tr no t trng tc dng
ln
1
H (TMS) t bng B0 th xut hin tn hiu cng hng ca
1
H (TMS).


Ph
1
H NMR ca hn hp aceton trong TMS
Khong cch gia hai tn hiu ca TMS v aceton l:
( ) ( ) ( )
0 TMS 0 0 aceton 0 TMS aceton 0
B B B B B B = + + =
Khong cch ny va ph thuc vo hng s chn va ph thuc vo cng t
trng ngoi B0.
21

TMS aceton
0
B

B
= =

Ch ph thuc vo hng s chn, khng ph thuc vo t trng ca thit b.
Nh bit dch chuyn ha hc ca mi ht nhn khng nhng ph thuc vo cu
to ha hc m cn ph thuc vo v tr khng gian ca no1ntrong phn t. xt xem
mt hp cht cho my tn hiu NMR, cn phi bit trong nguyn t ca n c bao nhiu
nhm ht nhn ging nhau v cu to ha hc v v v tr khng gian m ta tm gi l cc
ht nhn tng ng.
4 nhm metyl TMS l tng ng cho nn trn ph
1
H NMR ch c mt tn hiu ng
vi 12 H v trn ph
13
C NMR cng ch cho mt tn hiu cho 4
13
C
1-clo-2-metylpro-1-en (II) hai nhm metyl l khng tng ng nn chng cho hai
tn hiu khc nhau trn ph
1
H NMR cng nh trn ph
13
C. hp cht P
4
S3 (III) c 3P
tng ng v 1P khc bit v th trn ph
31
P c hai tn hiu hai v tr khc nhau.


Ph NMR ca pinacolon vi cht chun l TMS
22

IV. NG CONG TCH PHN
Din tch gii hn bi ng cong ph t l vi s proton ca mi nhm nhng do vic
o din tch ny kh chnh xc nn ngi ta s dng ng cong tch phn xc nh t
l s proton ca mi nhm, v chiu cao bc thang t l vi s proton ca mi nhm.
Ngoi ra, chiu cao bc thang cn t l vi nng cht trong dung dch do , ngi ta
c th tnh c nng cht da vo ng chun v cht chun.
V d: phn t toluene C
6
H
5
cho 2 nhm tn hiu ng vi nhn phenyl (cha 5H ) v vi
nhm metyl ( cha 3H) th din tch ny s l :
S (C
6
H
5
): S(CH
3
) = 5:3
S: din tch ca mi tn hiu
Tuy nhin vic tnh ton din tch ny thng kh khn do s xut hin a vch mi
nhm. khc phc tr ngi ny, ngi ta s dng k thut tch phn tn hiu, v cc
ng cong bc thang. Chiu cao ca cc bc thang trn mi nhm tn hiu cng hng
cng t l vi s proton ca mi nhm. ng cong ny c gi l ng cong tch
phn.






23



Ph cng hng t ht nhn proton ca etylbenzen. Chiu cao bc thang ng
cong tch phn t l vi s proton mi nhm
V. PROTON TNG NG V KHNG TNG NG
1. Cc proton tng ng v dch chuyn ho hc ( ph
1
H NMR)
1.1. Cc proton tng ng
- Do dch chuyn ho hc ca mi ht nhn ph thuc vo cu to ho hc v
vo v tr khng gian ca n trong phn t nn mi ht nhn c hiu ng chn
khc nhau. Mun bit 1 hp cht c th c bao nhiu tn hiu trn ph proton cn
phi bit trong phn t c bao nhiu loi proton ging nhau v cu to v v tr
khng gian ging nhau. Cc proton ging nhau c gi l proton tng ng
v dch chuyn ho hc trong ph proton ch cho 1 tn hiu cng hng.
- bit xem 2 loi proton c tng ng hay khng: khi thay th 1 nguyn t
hidro trong phn t bng 1 nhm th X bt k sau xt cc sn phm to
24

thnh v so snh cc sn phm v mt cu to bng nhiu phng php. Nu tt
c cc sn phm ging nhau th chng t trong hp cht ca mnh c my loi.
1.2. Cc proton khng tng ng
2. Cng phn tch ca mi cng hng
Khi 2 proton gn trn 1 C, nm st 1 C bt i xng th 2 proton khng tng ng
Hin nay vi my cng hng t ht nhn th h mi th cng phn tch c ghi
bng s ngay di mi cng hng.
VI. TNG TC SPIN SPIN
1. Bn cht tng tc spin-spin
Trn ph NMR, mi nhm ht nhn khng tng ng s th hin bi 1 cm tn hiu
gi l vn ph. Chng hn, trn ph ca etanol, tn hiu ca nhm CH
2
gm 4 hp phn
gi l vn bn; tn hiu ca nhm CH
3
gm 3 hp phn, gi l vn 3; tn hiu ca nhm
OH ch gm 1 hp phn th c gi l vn n. Mt tn hiu gm 2 hp phn th c
gi l vn i.

Ph cng hng t
1
H ca etanol
25

Nguyn nhn gy nn s tch tn hiu cng hng thnh nhiu hp phn l do tng tc
ca cc ht nhn c t tnh cnh nhau. Tng tc c thc hin qua cc electron
lin kt.
2. Hng s tng tc spin-spin
i vi mi ht nhn hoc mt nhm ht nhn, ngi ta nhn c mt tn hiu c
trng ch c mt nh nhng cng c khi gm mt nhm 2, 3, 4, 5 nh khc nhau. V d
ph cng hng t proton ca etanol c cc tn hiu c trng cho nhm OH (1nh),
nhm CH
2
(4nh), CH
3
(3nh). Nguyn nhn ca s xut hin nhiu nh trn l do mi
ht nhn c I=1/2 sinh ra hai t trng ring bit. Hai t trng ny tc dng ln ht
nhn bn cnh lm phn tch mc nng lng chnh ca n thnh hai mc nng lng
khc nhau. Trng hp 2, 3 ht nhn cng tc ng t trng ring ca minh ln cng
mt ht nhn khc th nng lng cng hng ca ht nhn b phn tch thnh nhiu
mc nng lng khc nhau m mi mc nng lng cng hng ny cho mt nh trn
ph cng hng t ht nhn proton.
3. Tng tc spin spin trong ph
1
H NMR
3.1. L thuyt tch spin spin
C nhiu trng hp mi cng hng khng xut hin mi n m b ch ra thnh nhiu
mi, hin tng ny c gi l hin tng tch spin. y l hin tng c nhiu mi
khc nhau do cc proton k bn tng tc ln cc proton kho st
26


Ph
1
H NMR ca 1,1,2 - tricloetan
3.2. Quy tc (n+1)
Nu 1 proton kho st c n proton tng ng k bn th s cho cng hng vi tn hiu
(n+1) mi trn tn hiu.
Cc mi ny c din tch tng i theo t l tam gic Pascal
( )
n
n
0 n k n
n
k 0
a b C a b

=
+ =



3.3. Gii hn s ghp t
Trn ph s khng thy s tch spin gia cc proton ca nhn benzene vi cc
proton ca nhm metyl v cc proton ny khng gn trn nhng C lin k nhau, chng
cch nhau 1 khong xa khng xy ra s ghp t.
27

- Cc proton tng ng v mt ho hc khng c s ghp t. cc proton tng
ng c th trn cng 1 C hoc trn 2 C khc nhaun hung cc tn hiu ca
chng khng tch spin vi nhau
- Cc proton cch nhau hn 2 C s khng tch spin ( tuy nhin nu cch nhau bi
ni s c s ghp yu nn tn hiu rt kh quan st
- Cc proton cch nhau hn 4 ni ho tr s khng tch spin
- Cc proton gn vo 2C k nhau cch nhau 3 ni ho tr s c s tch spin
3.4. S ghp spin






28

VII. PH
1
H NMR V TIN TRNH TC
1. Phng php phn tch ph cng hng t ht nhn
1
H
Nhim v ca phn tch ph cng hng t ht nhn l phi tm c cc thng s t cc
ph ghi ra. y, gii hn vic tm cc gi tr: chuyn dch ho hc v hng s
tng tc spin spin (J) ca cc proton v cc ht nhn khc c I = .
1.1. K hiu ca ph
Khi gia hai hay nhiu ht nhn trong phn t c tng tc spin spin vi nhau ngi ta
ni n h ht nhn. Ngi ta k hiu cc ht nhn bng cc ch ci A, B, C, ,
M,X, Y...
Cc ht nhn ca cng loi ht nhn v c chuyn dch ho hc nh nhau gi l cc
ht nhn tng ng v c k hiu bng mt loi ch ci, cn s lng cc ht nhn
ny c ghi bng ch s pha di bn phi v d: A
2
B, A
2
X S nh gi cc ph
ph thuc vo t l ca hiu s chuyn dch ho hc v hng s tng tc spin:
1 2
12 12

K
J J

= =
Nu hiu s ca chuyn dch ho hc ca hai nhm ht nhn nh hn hng s tng
tc ca chng (K < 1) th ngi biu din nhng ht nhn ny bng cc ch ci lin tip
nhau. V d: AB, A
2
B, ABC.
Ngc li, nu hiu s ca chuyn dch ho hc ln hn hng s tng tc ca chng
th ngi ta biu din h ht nhn bng ch ci cch xa nhau; v d: AX, A
2
B,
AMX, Trng hp K > 6 th xp vo ph bc 1. Cn li xp vo ph bc cao.
1.2. Ph bc 1
i vi ph bc 1, c th p dng quy tt s vch ti v t l chiu cao cc nh trong
mt nhm tun theo quy tt Pascan.
29

H ph bc 1 thng c dng A
m
X
n
v A
m
M
n
X
y
. Cc h ph AX c h tm thy s nh
ca mi nhm d dng v hng s tng tc J v tn s
A
hay
X
.
V d: s nh AX :


S nh A
2
X :


30

S nh A
3
X :


S nh A
6
X :
:

31

Trng hp chung A
m
M
n
X cng thu c 3 nhm nh nhng s nh mi nhm ph
thuc vo s proton nhm bn cnh.
V d: hp cht 1-nitropropan CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
- NO
2
thuc v h ph A
3
M
2
X
2
cho ph
cng hng t ht nhn hnh sau:


Nh s khc bit v chuyn dch ho hc v tng tc spin spin ca cc ht nhn
nn c th xc nh c cu to cc phn t.
Hnh nh: ch ra ph
1
H-NMR ca etylformiat HCOCH
2
CH
3
cho
CHO
= 8,1 ppm,
CH2
=
4,2 (4 nh) v
CH3
= 1,3 ppm (3 nh).




32



1.3. Ph bc cao AB, A
2
B v ABX
Tt c cc loi ph khng th phn tch theo ph bc 1 gi l ph bc cao. Hu ht cc
loi ph ny c (
A

B
) J
AB
. Ngi ta k hiu cc ht nhn bng cc ch ci lin tip
nhau, v d AB, ABC, A
2
B. Vic phn tch cc loi ph ny phc tp hn cc ph bc1,
trong nhiu trng hp khng th phn tch trc tip c. Di y trnh by mt vi
trng hp n gin ca loi ph ny.
1.3.1. Ph AB
Cc ph c xp vo ph bc cao c K < 6 n gin nht l h AB v ABX. tm cc
thng s v J trc tip trn ph nh h ph bc 1, ta xt v d ph AB gm hai cp
nhm nh, cc thng s c tnh theo cng thc:
33

( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
AB 2 3 AB 1 4 2 3
AB AB
A AB A AB
AB 1 2 3 4
0, 5


2 2
J
= + =
= + =
= =

V d: Ph cng hng t ht nhn ca 3-brom-2-tert-butoxithiophen


34


Ph
1
H NMR ca columbianetin trong CDCl
3

1.3.2. Ph A
2
B ph l thuyt ca A
2
B
Ph A
2
B l h gm 3 ht nhn tng tc vi nhau trong c hai ht nhn tng ng.
Ph gm hai phn, v l thuyt phn A v 8 nh v phn B c 6 inh nhng ph thc
th s nh t hn.
V d: ph 1H-NMR ca 1,3,4 tribrombut-1-in phn A ch xut hin 4 nh v phn B 4
nh (hnh v). C th phn tch ph A
2
B nh trn hnh v, tnh cc gi tr nh sau:
( )
( )
B 3 A 5 7
AB 1,4 5,8
1
;
2
1
J
3
= = +
= +

35



Ph 1H-NMR ca 1,3,4-tribrombutin-1

Ph
1
H NMR ca 1 xiclopentylbut- 1 en 3 - on
36

1.3.3. Ph ABX
Ph ABX thng gp trong p cng hng proton c bit cc hp cht thm v anken
cng nh cc hp cht cha ht nhn t khc (
19
F,
31
P) gm ba ht nhn khng tng
ng tng tc vi nhau phn tch ph thnh hai phn ring bit. phn tch ph cn
tch ring bit phn AB v phn X, v d ph
1
H-NMR ca stirenoxit di, phn AB c
8 nh v phn X c 4 nh.
V l thuyt, h ph ABX gm hai phn, phn AB c 8 nh cn phn X c 6 nh,
thc hin ta tm chia phn AB thnh AB v AB, t phn ny c th tm c J
AB
v cc
gi tr:
' '
A A AX B B BX
'' ''
A A AX B B BX
1 1
J ; J
2 2
1 1
J ; J
2 2
= + = +
= + = +


Ph
1
H NMR ca 1 nitropropan
37

1.4. Ghp xa

2. Cng vn ph cng hng t proton
Cng vn ph c xc nh qua din tch ca vn ph gi l cng tch phn.
Khi mt vn ph phn tch thnh nhiu hp phn ( do tng tc spin spin) th phi tnh
tng din tch cc vn ph hp phn . Trc y cc my ph c lp b phn xc nh
cng tch phn bng cch v ln ph cc ng bc thang. cao ca mi bc
thang t l vi cng ca mi vn ph. Bng cc so snh cao ca cc bc thang ta
c th tm thy t l v s lng gia cc proton gy ra cc hiu ng cng hng.


ng bc thang ch cng tng i trn ph
1
H NMR ca xiclopentanol
38

VIII. Kho st ph
1
H NMR ca mt s loi hp cht hu c
Ancal : c 3 loi hydrogen

Nhm metyl thng nhn bit qua cc ni n, ni i, ni a, c khi che lp lun mi
ca CH
Ch : proton CH c dch chuyn ho hc ln hn cc loi proton metyl v metilen
Ancen:


39

Hng phng:

Trong hp cht thm s chn b nh hng rt mnh bi hiu ng cng hng ca
nhm th
Cc c cu cng hng ca anilin

Cc v tr o-, p- c che chn mnh hn m-. tng t vy nu thay nhm NH
2
- bng
NO
2
th : nhm NO
2
ht electron khin cc proton o-, p- c gim chn hn m-






40

Ankin:



Ancol phenol

41

Ete :

Amid :


Nitril :

Aldehid :

Cetone :
Acid carbocilic :



42

Ester :

Nitroalcan :
Tioeter :

IX. CCH GII PH
1
H NMR
Cc loi ch tiu gii on cu trc:
Cc d liu cn nm vng khi phn tch ph. c mt hp cht hu c tinh khit cc
nh ho hc phi chit, tch ( c lp, tinh ch t cy c thin nhin hoc t mt s phn
ng tng hp sau c lp, tinh ch c hp cht mi).
Cc cng on va nu trn t lc bt u n lc c c mt hp cht hu c c tinh
cht l mt vic lm i hi nhiu cng sc. chnh v vy, vic ny ch t c ngha
khi no bit c cu trc ho hc ca hp cht .
- Mun bit c cu trc ho hc th cn gi mu i phn tch nhiu ch tiu khc
nhau v mi ch tiu u c gi tr t hay nhiu, u gp phn cn thit xc nh
cu trc, kt qu khi phn tch cc ch tiu phi b sung cho nhau v khng c
cho kt qu tri ngc nhau.
- Khng nn b st bt k ch tiu no nu mun cng b kt qu vic lm ca mnh
bng mt bo co khoa hc hoc mt bi bo trong tp ch chuyn ngnh.
- Dng mu l cht lng hoc cht rn, trc khi gi mu i o phi kh, khng cn
hi m hoc dung mi bng cch sy kh trong bnh nc m vi ngy. Mu phi
43

l tinh cht, tinh cht phi ln hn 95%. Kim tra tinh cht bng sc k lng
nng cao ( sc k lng cao p), hoc bng sc k kh ( nu hp cht c tnh bay hi:
tinh du), cc hp cht c nhit si thp, cc hp cht c cha nhm OH,
COOH c iu ch thnh nhng dn xut c tnh bay hi cng c th t
kim tra bng phng php sc k dng lng, ch vic thay i nhiu loi h
dung ly R
f
= 0,7 0,8 (mnh); i vi h dung lu phn cc trung bnh R
f
= 0,3
0,6; vi h dung ly km phn cc: R
f
= 0,2 0,3, nu vi tt c ba h nh trn m
mu ch cho mt cht trn duy nht, khng thy xut hin cc cht khc, tc l t
trn 95% tinh cht, tc l c th dng mu i o ph.
Nu mu cha tinh cht cha th dng i o ph, phi tinh ch.
- CC CH TIU GII ON CU TRC:
- Nhit nng chy: trc khi o cn phi kt tinh li, khi no cng b kt qu
phi km theo dung mi kt tinh
- Ph hng ngoi (IR): 1 2 mg
- Ph t ngoi (UV)
Nng lng trin quay
| |
D

l.C
= ( th tnh )
Phi bit nng mu C, thng dng CDCl
3
, i km dung mi ho tan n.
- Phn tch nguyn t, cn khi lng mu 30 50 mg.
- Dng khi ph MS: vi bt k loi hp cht hu c no th lng hoc th rn c
tnh bay hi hoc khng bay hi u c th o khi ph mt cch trc tip. Vit
Nam o khi ph ch c mt a ch l Phng phn tch cu trc, Vin ho hc,
Trung tm khoa hc T Nhin V Cng Ngh quc gia s 18 ng Hong Quc
Vit, Phng Cu Giy, H Ni.
- Vi mu c tnh bay hi nh tinh du hoc mu c nhit si thp c th o
bng my sc k ghp khi ph (GC MS)
44

- i vi mu l hp cht khng c tnh bay hi m khng o trc tip bng khi
ph c th c th o bng my ( LC MS) sc k lng ghp khi ph ti trung
tm dch v phn tch thnh ph H Ch Minh. Nhng cht c tnh cht km phn
cc th khng th o bng my ny.
- Ph proton
1
H o my khong 200 MHz cn khong 5mg mu DEPT
- CC D LIU CN NM VNG KHI PHN TCH PH:
- Nu bit c cng thc phn t C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
da vo phn tch nguyn t qua
khi ph. Hin nay c my khi ph phn gii cao HRMS, sau khi o s bit
c cng thc phn t sau tnh c bt bo ho.
- Tm cch lm khp hai con s sau y li vi nhau: tng s proton nh vo ng
cong tch phn trn ph hoc con s ghi ngay pha di mi cng hng v s
nguyn t H trong cng thc C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
t xc nh mi loi tn hiu cng
hng trn ph s tng ng vi bao nhiu proton.
- Ch kho st dch chuyn ho hc ca mt s cht tiu biu: ancen,
ancols che chn, gim chn
- Nu cng thc phn t cho bit s hin din ca oxi hoc nit, ta nhn tng qut
trn ph xem c mi no l mi n, bu rng, nm st ng nn hay khng?
c th l proton ca NH
2
, -OH nu khng th xem c th hp cht c cha
nhm xeton, ester, ete, amin tam cp, amitcc nhm chc ny lm cho ph n
gim hn. c th khng nh mt mi l proton ca OH, -NH, -SH, -COOH ta
thm 1 3 git D
2
O vo ng thu tinh ng mu ri lc nh trn u dung
dch trong ng v o li: cc mi khc vn gi nguyn, cc mi ca OH, - RH, -
SH, -COOH s bin mt trn ph .
- Mt phng php khc xc nh s hin din ca proton OH, -SH, -COOH, -
NH l iu ch cc dn xut ta thc hin phn ng axetin ho bng cch cho tc
dng vi clorua axit.
V d: axetin clorua : CH
3
COCl, C
6
H
5
COCl hoc anhidric axit th sn phm to thnh s
mang nhm chc CH O CO CH
3

45

Nu trn ph c lc cha este ho th proton ca mi CH
2
OH c dch chuyn l x
ppm th trn ph mi sau khi ester ho s c dch chuyn l x+0,5 ppm. Nu proton
ca mi CHOH ca ancol nh cp c dch chuyn ho hc l x

ppm th trn ph mi
proton s dch chuyn v vng trng thp khong 1,12 - 1,2 ppm.
- Bn cnh vic xc nh cu trc th ph proton cng c s dng theo di mt
phn ng ho hc.
Vy khi nhn vo mt ph 1H-NMR bn s lm g ?
1- Xc nh bt bo ha ca cng thc.
2 - Da vo tch phn xc nh s hidro ca tng peak, nn nh nhng ch s tch phn
ghi trn ph ch l t l ca cc loi hidro so vi nhau, khng phi l s hidro. V th ch
xc nh c tng i chnh xc s hidro khi bit cng thc phn t.
3 - Xc nh c dng cc peaks (nh mi i, mi ba, mi i i dung dch ... ) t
tnh chnh xc hng s ghp ca cc peaks ( ghi trc tip trn u peak ). y l iu v
cng quan trng v hai proton ghp vi nhau s c hng s ghp bng nhau. Da vo
hng s ghp ta cng c th xc nh c cu hnh lp th nh cis-, trans- , lin kt nm
trc hay xch o ...
4 - Xc nh im bt u. im bt u c xc nh da vo nhng peaks m khi nhn
vo bn c th hnh dung c l proton lin kt vi carbon loi no ngay, hoc l
proton lin kt vi carbon u mch. C th da bng dch chuyn ha hc nh km
hoc n gin hn da vo quy tc c bn sau:
*Vng t 0 - 3 pmm -> proton lin kt vi carbon khng lin kt vi nguyn t c m
in ln
(*) Tips:
CH > CH2 > CH3 ( nhm CH3- u mch thng nm u bn phi ca ph 1H )
H-C-C=0 lun <3 thng l khong ~2.5 ppm
46

H-C-C=C thng khong ~2.2 ppm
H-C-Csp3 lun < 2 ppm
* Vng t 3 - 5 ppm -> proton lin kt vi carbon lin kt vi nguyn t c m in
ln nh oxi, nito, halogen.
(*) Tips:
CH3O- thng khong 3.5~3.9 ppm
* Vng t 5 - 8 ppm -> proton lin kt vi Csp2 ( carbon mang ni i v vng benzen )
(*) Tips:
H-benzen thng trong khong 7~8 pmm, benzen bnh thng l 7.27 pmm, ty gng
thm nhm th nh th no gi tr s thay i
* Vng c trng ca aldehid : mi n t 9-10 ppm
* Vng c trng ca acid carboxylic > 10 ppm ( do proton trao i rt nhanh nn nhiu
trng hp khng hin trn ph proton )
47


dch chuyn ha hc
1
H-NMR
5 - Sau khi chn c nhng im bt u, da vo gi tr hng s ghp v dng mi
s xc nh c proton no lin kt vi nhng im bt u . Tip tc nh th ta s
c nhiu mnh ca phn t. Ghp nhng mnh li vi nhau mt cch hp l s thu
c cu trc phn t .
6 - Sau khi ngh c cu trc phn t, nh s phn t v xc nh li tng proton
ca phn t trn ph ln na xem dch chuyn ha hc c ph hp khng ? Khi
nhn li vn mt cch tng qut, c th s nhn ra nhng im sai - hy chp nhn v
suy ngh ng b qua nhng im v l d nh nht.


48

X. NG DNG
1. ng dng lm sng ca cng hng t ph (
1
H - NMR) trong chn on u no
trong trc ngi ln
Kt lun:
Qua nghin cu gi tr ca cng hng t ph (H
1
-NMR) trong u no trong trc trn lu
ngi ln, rt ra mt s kt lun sau:
Phn bit tn thng u, khng u v ngi bnh thng:
Cng hng t ph gip thm thng tin v cc cht chuyn ha chn on phn bit
gia u no v tn thng khng u. U no cho thy tng nng Cho, gim nng NAA,
dn ti tng t s Cho/NAA v Cho/Cr, gim t s NAA. Cc tn thng khng u (trong
trng hp ca l nhi mu v abscess) thy gim nng Cho.
T s Cho/NAA c gi tr nht trong d bo u v t NAA/Cr c gi tr d bo thp nht
trong 3 t s trn.
Nh vy, ngoi nhng thng tin v hnh thi trn hnh nh CT v MRI thng quy,
chng ta c th s dng thm cng hng t ph (H
1
-NMR) gip phn bit tn thng u
vi khng u trong nhng trng hp kh.
V mt k thut, k thut a n v th tch (Multivoxel), l hnh nh bc ha hc (CSI)
vi thi gian TE trung gian (135ms), thun li hn trong nh gi u no v c th o thm
Cho vng thm nhim u xung quanh.
Mc d cha c ngha thng k, nhng thy Lac gp nhm u nhiu hn khng u v
nhm u c c cao c lactate nhiu hn l u c c thp.

49

Hnh 1. n nn n tu n u n
(a) Hnh ph cng hng t vng tn thng, thy Cho khng cao, NAA thp, hin din
nh Lactate (nh kp di ng nn). (b) Ph cng hng t m no bnh thng bn i
din

n n nn n tu u t n
(a) Hnh ph cng hng t vng tn thng thy tng Cho, gim Cr v NAA, hin din
nh lactate. (b) Ph cng hng t bn i din bnh thng.

n . n nn n tu - n
(a) Hnh cng hng t ph vng tn thng thy Cho khng cao, NAA khng thp.
(b) Hnh cng hng t ph bn i din bnh thng.
50

2. X tr bng proton chng t hiu qu tt hn so vi tia x thng thng
trong vic cha tr mt s loi bnh ung th nht nh nh ung th u v
c, ung th phi, ung th tuyn tin lit.
Cc chm tia proton c th c iu khin rt chnh xc, bi vy chng khng hy hoi
nhng t bo khe mnh xung quanh khi u v t gy ra tc ng ph cho bnh nhn.
Nhng cc thit b dng cho liu php ny hin nay, do phi trang b nhng nam chm
cc ln to ra cc ht nng lng cao, ng thi phi c nhng bc tng b tng dy
ngn phng x, nn thng chim din tch c mt cn phng. Thit b ny cng rt
t tin, vi gi khong 5-200 triu USD.
Thit b x tr proton do cc nh khoa hc Phng th nghim Lawrence Livemore
nghin cu c kch thc v gi thnh ch bng 1/5 so vi nhng thit b hin ang c
s dng 6 Trung tm y t chuyn ngnh ca M.
Mt thit b nh hn, nh hn v r hn s gip cho cc bnh vin nh d dng hn
mua v lp t. N cng lm cho liu php proton ph dng hn cho mi ngi. Khi
thit b ny c a ra th trng, c l n l thit b tr liu tinh xo u tin c gi c
chp nhn c. Thit b mi c tn l thit b gia tc, dng ng l vt liu cch in, c
th t va trong cn phng dng cho thit b x tr thng thng. Mc ch t ra l
cc bnh vin c th thay th nhng thit b tia X bng thit b proton. Thit b ny s
c th nghim lm sng Trung tm Nghin cu ung th Davis.
tiu dit khi u, cc proton phi c nng lng cao c 250 Electron-Von (eV).
iu ny i hi phi tng tc chng ln bng cch s dng in trng cng cao
trong mt thit b gi l my gia tc ht. Trong my gia tc c cc ng di vi chc mt
cc ht chy trong nhn c nng lng cn thit. Cc my tr liu bng proton s
dng mt my gia tc c ng c un thnh hnh trn, cho chm tia chy theo ng
xon c. un chm tia i hi phi trang b nhng nam chm cc ln, nng c vi
trm tn.
51

Caporaso v cc cng s s dng mt cch tip cn mi cp nng lng cho
proton. H s dng mt ng lm t vt liu cch in c bit - gm nhng lp kim loi,
chng hn nh thp khng g thay cho cht do, nh th n c th duy tr c cng
in trng cc cao (100 MV/m) m khng cn lm on mch. iu c ngha l mt
ng di gn 2,5 m c th to ra cc proton c nng lng 250 eV, tiu dit khi u.
Mt u im na ca thit k trn l ch cc nh nghin cu c th kim sot
lng nng lng m h cp cho chm tia proton. Cc my gia tc ht thng thng u
phi sn ra nng lng ti a. Vi nhng my nh vy, cc bc s khi s dng phi lm
chm chm tia c th a vo c th bnh nhn. Qu trnh ny lm pht sinh neutron,
bi vy nhng trung tm x tr bng proton hin nay u phi c che chn bng nhng
bc tng b tng dy. iu lm tng thm gi thnh v kch thc ca trung tm x
tr.
Cho n nay, cc nh nghin cu chng minh rng mt ng di 3 mm c th chu
ng c in trng vi cng 100 MV/m. Thnh cng ca cng ngh s ph
thuc vo nguyn mu thit b quy m nh, di 20 cm, m hin h ang ch to. Nu
nguyn mu ny hot ng c, h s phi ch to tip mt nguyn mu quy m
th nghim lm sng v an ton v hiu qu cha tr ung th ca thit b.

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