Ham So Mu - Logarit (Rut Gon)

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L Vn on

Chng II. Hm s m Hm s ly tha Hm s Logarit www.mathvn.com - 1 -
HM S LY THA HM S M V HM S LOGARIT
2 22 2
Chng

Bi 1: LY THA CC PHP TNH V LY THA VI HM S THC

1. Kin thc c bn

Gi a v b l nhng s thc dng, x v y l nhng s thc ty

O . . .....
n
a a a a a =

O
x
x
x
a a
b b
1

=

( )

O .
x y x y
a a a

=
O
x
y
x y
a a =
O
1
x
x y n
y n
a
a a
a a

= =
O
( )
( )

0
0
1 1 ,
0
u x
u x x
x
'
1
1
1 l
= =
!
l
l
1
1
1+

O
( ) ( )
.
y x
x y x y
a a a = =
O .
n n n
a b ab =
O
( )
. .
x
x x
a b a b =
G
( )
m
n n m
a a =

2. Lu

Nu 0 a < th
x
a ch xc nh khi x .
Nu 1 a th a a

.
Nu 0 1 a < < th a a

< .

( )
n
1
lim 1 2, 718281828459045...
n
x
e
n
1

=

( )
.
so snh
1
s
a v
2
s
b . Ta s a 2 cn cho v cng bc n (vi n l bi s chung ca s
1
v s
2
) Hai
s so snh mi ln lt l A
n
v B
n
. T so snh A v B kt qu so snh ca
1
s
a v
2
s
b .
Cng thc li kp: Gi A l s tin gi, r l li sut mi k, N l s k S tin thu c (c vn ln li)
l:
( )
1
N
C A r = .

3. Bi tp p dng

Bi 1. Vi , a b l cc s thc dng. Hy rt gn cc biu thc sau:

1/
9 2 6 4
7 7 5 5
8 : 8 3 .3 A
1 1

=

( ) ( )
2/
( ) ( )
3 1 3 4
0
3 2
2 .2 5 .5
10 : 10 0, 25
B

3/
( )
4
2 3
5 4
5 0, 2 C
1 1

=

( ) ( )
4/
1 3
3 5
0,75
1 1
81
125 32
D

1 1

=

( ) ( )

5/
( ) ( )
1 2 2
2 2
0
3 3 3
0, 001 2 .64 8 9 E

= 6/
2 3 5 5
2 .8 F

=
n sa
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- 2 - www.mathvn.com www.mathvn.com www.mathvn.com www.mathvn.com Chng II. Hm s m Hm s ly tha Hm s Logarit
7/
2
3 4
3. 3 : 3 G
1

=

( )
8/
2 7
2 7 1 7
10
2 .5
H

=
9/
( ) ( )
2
1,5
3
0, 04 0,125 I

= 10/
( )
0,75
5
2
1
0, 25
16
J
1

=

( )

11/
( ) ( )
4
0,75
2
3
1,5
3
5 4
9 2 6 4 5 3
7 7 5 5 2 4
1 1
. 0,04 0,125
16 8
8 : 8 3 .3 . 5 0,2
K
l
l
l 1 1
l
l

l l

( ) ( )
l
l l
l
=
l
l 1 1
l

l

l

l

l
( ) ( )
l
l
l
l
12/
1 9 1 3
2
1 1
4 4 2 2
2 2
1 5 1 1
4 4 2 2
1 2 : .
b b a a b b
L a b
a a
a a b b
1
l
1
1

l

= l

l
( ) ( )
l
l ( )

13/
4 1 1 1 1
3 6 3
3 3 2 3 6
: : . . . : M a a a a a a a a a
l l 1 1

l l

=

l l

( ) ( ) l l
l l
14/
( )
3 5
3 2 1 2 4 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2
2 5 1 5
6
4 .2 .2 : 25 5 .5
2 .3
N

( )

15/
2
3 4
3. 3 : 3 O
1

=

( )
16/
( )
3 3 2 2
1
6 6 6
3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
2
a b ab a b
P a b a
a ab b a b
l

l
=
l
l

l

Bi 2. Hy so snh cc cp s sau:

1/
3
4
v
2
4
2/
3
2 v
1,7
2 3/
2
2
v 1 4/
( )
1
0, 013

v 1
5/
1,4
1
2
1

( )
v
2
1
2
1

( )
6/
1
9

( )
v
3,14
1
9
1

( )
7/
2
1
3
1

( )
v
3
1
3
1

( )
8/
3
10 v
5
20
9/
4
5 v
3
7 10/ 17 v
3
28 11/
4
13 v
5
23 12/
5
4 v
7
4
13/
( )
2
0, 01

v
( )
2
10

14/
2
4

( )
v
6
4

( )
15/
2 3
5
v
3 2
5
14/
300
5 v
300
8
15/
( )
3
0, 001

v
3
100 16/
2
4 v
( )
2
0,125

17/
( )
3
2
v
( )
5
2
18/
4
4
5

( )
v
5
5
4
1

( )

19/
10
0, 02
v
11
50 20/
5
2
2

( )
v
10
3
2

( )
21/
2
3
5

( )
v
2
2
2

( )
22/
( )
1
4
3 1 v
( )
2
2
3 1

Bi 3. So snh hai s , m n nu:
1/ 3, 2
m
< 3, 2
n
2/
( )
2
m
>
( )
2
n
3/
1
9
m
1

( )
v
1
9
n
1

( )
4/
3
2
m
1

( )
>
3
2
n
1

( )

5/
( )
5 1
m
<
( )
5 1
n
6/
( )
2 1
m
<
( )
2 1
n

Bi 4. C th kt lun g v c s a nu:
1/
( ) ( )
2 1
3 3
1 1 a a

< 2/
( ) ( )
3 1
2 1 2 1 a a

3/
0,2
2
1
a
a
1

<

( )

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4/
( ) ( )
1 1
3 2
1 1 a a

5/
( ) ( )
3
2
4
2 2 a a 6/
1 1
2 2
1 1
a a
1 1

( ) ( )

7/
3 7
a a < 8/
1 1
17 8
a a

< 9/
0,25 3
a a

<
Bi 5. n gin cc biu thc sau:

1/
( ) ( )
3 2
3
7 2 7
1 . . . 7 .
8 7 14
A
1 1 1

=

( ) ( ) ( )
2/
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 6
4
6 4
2
3 . 15 .8
9 . 5 . 6
B

=

3/
3 2
2 3
4 8 C = 4/
2
3
5
2
32 D
1

=

( )

5/
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
7 3
4
4 5
18 .2 . 50
25 . 4
E

=

6/
( ) ( )
( )
3 3
6
4
2
3
125 . 16 . 2
25 . 5
F

=
l
l
l
l

7/
( )
( ) ( )
2
3 1 3 4
0 3
3 2 2
2 .2 5 .5 0, 01
10 : 10 0,25 10 . 0, 01
G

=

8/
1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3
4 10 25 2 5 H
1 1

=

( )( )

9/
4
3 5 4
3
4. 64. 2
32
I
1

( )
= 10/
5 5 5
2
3 5
81. 3. 9. 12
3 . 18. 27. 6
J =
1

( )

Bi 6. Vit cc biu thc sau vi dng ly tha vi s m hu t:

1/
( )
4 3 2
. , 0 A x x x = 2/
( )
5 3
. , , 0
b a
B a b
a b
= 3/
5 3
2. 2 2 C =
4/
3 3
2 3 2
. .
3 2 3
D = 5/
4 3 8
E a = 6/
5 2
3
b b
F
b b
=

Bi 7. n gin cc biu thc sau:

1/
1,5 1,5
0,5 0,5
0,5
0,5 0,5
0,5 0,5
.
2.
a b
a b
b
a b
A
a b a b
=

2/
0,5 0,5 0,5
0,5 0,5
2 2 1
.
1 2 1
a a a
B
a a a a
1

=

( )

3/
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1 1
2 2
3 3
.
2
x y x y x y
C
x y
x y
1

=

1

( ) ( )
4/
1 1 1 1 3 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
2
.
x y x y x y y
D
x y x y
xy x y xy x y
1

( )

5/
1 2 2 1 2 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
. E a b a a a b
1 1

=

( ) ( )
6/
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 4 4 4 2 2
. . F a b a b a b
1 1 1

=

( ) ( ) ( )


7/
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1
2 2
2 2 1
.
1
2
a a a
G
a
a a a
1

( )
8/
( )
( )
( )
1
1
2 2 2
2
1
1
. 1
2
a b c
b c a
H a b c
bc
a b c
1

=

( )

9/
3 3
6 6
a b
I
a b
10/
4
:
ab ab b
J ab
a b
a ab
1

=

( )

11/
4
4 2
2
4
2
a x x a
K a x a x
a x ax
1

( )
12/
3 3 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
6
6 6
2
a x ax a x
a x a ax x
L x
a x

13/
3
4 4 3 3
4 4
1 1
1 1
x x x
M
x x
x x
x x
l
l
l
l
l
=
l 1 1

l

l

l
( )( )
l
14/
3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
3
3 3 3 3 2
2
:
a a a b a b a b ab
N a
a b a ab
l

l
=
l
l
l

15/
5
3 3
2 5
5 2 10
2 27.
3. 32 2 .3
2 3
y
O y
y
l 1

l

l
=

l

( )
l
l
16/
1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3
1 1 2 1 1 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
8 2
6
2 4 2
b a a b a b
P
a b a a b b

1

( )

17/
3
2
1 1 2 3
4 4
3 8 3
:
a b a
Q a b
b a a b
l
l 1 1
1
l

=

l

( ) l
( ) ( )
l
l
18/
( ) ( )
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1
4
a b
R a b ab
b a
l
1
l

l =

l

( )
l
l

Bi 8. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1/
5
4 1024
x
= 2/
1
5 2 8
.
2 5 125
x
1

=

( )
3/
1 3
1
8
32
x
=
4/
( )
2
2
1
3 3
9
x
x

1

=

( )
5/
2 8 27
.
9 27 64
x x
1 1

=

( ) ( )
6/
2
5 6
3
1
2
x x
1

=

( )

7/
2 8
1 0, 25
.32
0,125
8
x
x
1

=

( )
8/ 0, 2 0, 008
x
= 9/
3 7 7 3
9 7
49 3
x x
1 1

=

( ) ( )

10/ 5 .2 0, 001
x x
= 11/
( ) ( )
1
12 3
6
x x
= 12/
1 1
1
7 .4
28
x x
=

Bi 9. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1/ 0,1 100
x
2/
3
1
0, 04
5
x
1

( )
3/
100
0, 3
9
x

4/
2
7 . 49
x
5/
2
1 1
9
3 27
x
1

<

( )
6/
1
3
9 3
x
<
7/
( )
1
3. 3
27
x
8/
1
1
27 .3
3
x x
< 9/
3
1
2 1
64
x
1

( )


Bi 10. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

1/
2
2 2 20
x x
= 2/
1
3 3 12
x x
= 3/
1
5 5 30
x x
=
4/
1 1
4 4 4 84
x x x
= 5/
2
4 24.4 128 0
x x
= 6/
1 2 1
4 2 48
x x
=
7/ 3.9 2.9 5 0
x x
= 8/
2
5 6
3 1
x x
= 9/
1
4 2 24 0
x x
=

Bi 2: LOGARIT

1. Kin thc c bn

a/ nh ngha
Vi 0, 1, 0 a a b ta c: log
a
b a b
= = . Ch : log
a
b

c ngha khi
0, 1
0
a a
b
'
1
1
!
1
1
+

Logarit thp phn:
10
lg log log b b b = =
Logarit t nhin (logarit Nepe): ln log
e
b b =

b/ Tnh cht

Cho 0, 1 a a v , 0 b c . Khi :
Nu 1 a th log log
a a
b c b c Nu 0 1 a < < th log log
a a
b c b c <
O log 1 0
a
= O log 1
a
a = O log
b
a
a b = O
log
a
b
a b =

c/ Cc qui tc tnh logarit

Cho 0, 1 a a v , 0 b c . Ta c:

O
( )
log . log log
a a a
b c b c =
O log log log
a a a
b
b c
c
1

=

( )

O log . log
a a
b b
= O
2
log 2 log
a a
b b =

d/ Cc cng thc i c s

Cho , , 0 a b c v , 1 a b . Ta c:
O
log
log log . log log
log
a
b a b a
a
c
c b c c
b
= = O
1
log
log
a
b
b
a
= ,
ln
log
ln
a
b
b
a
=
O
( )
1
log . log , 0
a
a
b b
=
O
1
log log
a
a
b b =
O
1
log
1 1
log log
ab
a b
c
c c
=

O
log log c a
b b
a c =

2. Bi tp p dng

Bi 1. Thc hin cc php tnh sau:
1/
2 1
4
log 4. log 2 A = 2/
5 27
1
log . log 9
25
B = 3/
3
log
a
C a =
4/
3 2
log 2
log 3
4 9 D = 5/
2 2
log 8 E = 6/
9 8
log 2 log 27
27 4 F =
7/
3 4
1
3
7
1
log . log
log
a a
a
a a
G
a
= 8/
3 8 6
log 6. log 9. log 2 H = 9/
3 81
2 log 2 4 log 5
9 I

=

10/
3 9 9
log 5 log 36 4log 7
81 27 3 J = 11/
7 5
log 8 log 6
25 49 K = 12/
5
3 2 log 4
5 L

=
13/
6 8
1 1
log 3 log 4
9 4 M = 14/
9 2 125
1 log 4 2 log 3 log 27
3 4 5 N

=
15/
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0
lg tan1 lg tan2 ... lg tan89 P = 16/
( ) ( )
8 4 2 2 3 4
log log log 16 . log log log 64 Q
l l
=
l l
l l

17/
( )
3
5 log 2
3
3 log log28 R = 18/
3
1 1 1
3 3 3
1
2 log 6 log 400 3 log 45
2
S =
Bi 2. Thc hin php bin i theo yu cu bi ton.

1/ Cho
12
log 27 a = . Tnh
6
log 16 theo a .
2/ Cho
2
log 14 a = . Tnh
49 7
log 32 v
49
log 32 theo a .
3/ Cho
2 2
log 5 ; log 3 a b = = . Tnh
3
log 135 theo , a b .
4/ Cho
15
log 3 a = . Tnh
25
log 15theo a .
5/ Cho log 3
a
b = . Tnh
3
log
b
a
b
a

6/ Cho lg 3 0, 477 = . Tnh
( )
81
1
lg 9000; lg 0, 000027 ;
log 100
.
7/ Cho log 5
a
b = . Tnh log
ab
b
a

8/ Cho
7
log 2 a = . Tnh
1
2
log 28 theo a .
9/ Cho log 13
a
b = . Tnh
3 2
log
b
a
ab .
10/ Cho
25 2
3
5
49
log
8
theo , a b .
11/ Cho lg 3 ; lg2 a b = = . Tnh
125
log 30 theo , a b .
12/ Cho
30 30
30
log 1350 theo , a b .
13/ Cho
14 14
35
log 28 theo , a b .
14/ Cho
2 3 7
log 3 ; log 5 ; log 2 a b c = = = . Tnh
140
log 63 theo , , a b c .
15/ Cho log 7
a
b = . Tnh
3
log
a b
a
b

16/ Cho
27 8 2
log 5 ; log 7 ; log 3 a b c = = = . Tnh
6
log 35 theo , , a b c .
17/ Cho
49 2
log 11 ; log 7 a b = = . Tnh
3
7
121
log
8
theo , a b .
Bi 3. Cho 0, 1 a a . Chng minh rng:
( )
( )
( )

1
log 1 log 2 ( )
a a
a a

HD: Xt
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 1 1 1
1 1
log 2 log 2 log
log 2 . log
2 log 1
a a a
a a
a
a a a
A a a
a

= =

( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1 1
log 2 log 1
1
2 2
a a
a a a

l

l
l
= < = (pcm).

Bi 4. So snh cc cp s sau:

1/
3
log 4 v
4
1
log
3
2/
3
0,1
log 2 v
0,2
log 0, 34 3/
3
4
2
log
5
v
5
2
3
log
4

4/
1
3
1
log
80
v
1
2
1
log
15 2
5/
13
log 150 v
17
log 290 6/
6
log 3
2 v
6
1
log
2
3
7/
7
log 10 v
11
log 13 8/
2
log 3 v
3
log 4 9/
9
log 10 v
10
log 11
HD: 4/ CM:
1 1
3 2
1 1
log 4 log
80
15 2
< <

5/ CM:
13 17
log 150 2 log 290 < <
7/ Xt
7 7 7
7 11
7
log 10. log 11 log 13
log 10 log 13
log 11
A

= =

7 7 7
7
1 10.11.7 10 11
log log . log 0
log 11 7.7.13 7 7
1

=

( )

8/, 9/ S dng Bt ng thc ( ) bi tp 3.
Bi 5. Chng minh cc ng thc sau (vi gi thit cc biu thc cho c ngha)

1/
log log
a a
c b
b c =
2/
( )
log log
log
1 log
a a
ax
a
b x
bx
x

3/
log . log
log log
log
a b
a b
ab
c c
c c
c
=
4/
log
1 log
log
a
a
ab
c
b
c
=
5/
( )
1
log log log ,
3 2
c c c
a b
a b
= vi
2 2
7 a b ab =
6/
( ) ( )
1
log 2 2log 2 log log ,
2
a a a a
x y x y = vi
2 2
4 12 x y xy =
7/
( )
a 3 1
lg lg lg
4 2
b
a b
= , vi
2 2
9 10 a b ab =
8/
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
log log 2 log . log
b c c b c b c b
a a a a

= vi
2 2 2
a b c =
9/
( )
2 3 4
1
1 1 1 1 1
...
log log log log log 2 log
k
a a
a a a a
k k
x x x x x x
=
10/
log . log . log
log . log log . log log . log
log
a b C
a b b c c a
abc
N N N
N N N N N N
N
=
11/
1
1 lg
10
z
x

= vi
1
1 lg
10
x
y

= v
1
1 lg
10
y
z

=
12/
2 3 2009 2009!
1 1 1 1
...
log log log log N N N N
=

13/
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Ham So Mu - Logarit (Rut Gon)

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Phn loi v phng php gii ton 12 www.MATHVN.com www.MATHVN.com www.MATHVN.com www.MATHVN.com Ths.

vi , , a b c ln lt theo th t lp thnh cp s nhn.

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