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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 4(27).

2008

NG LI "C TR" CA NHO GIO - T KHNG T N MNH T


"C TR (GOVERNING BY VIRTUES POLITICAL LINE ) OF CONFUCIANISM FROM CONFUCIUS TO MENCIUS TIMES NGUYN TH KIM BNH
i hc Nng
TM TT Khng T - ngi sng lp ra Nho gio vi ht nhn l ng li c tr. Tuy nhin, phi n Mnh T ng li c tr mi c pht trin tng i hon chnh v tr thnh ng li nhn chnh (chnh tr nhn ngha). Tm hiu qu trnh pht trin s gip chng ta hiu su thm sc sng lu bn ca t tng c tr trong cc nc ng SUMMARY Confucius is the founder of Confucianism the key thoughts base for planning & implementing " c tr (governing by virtues political line). However, it was not until Mencius time, c tr (governing by virtues political line) was fully developed and this political line became the humane policy. The study of this development course helps us better understand the long-lasting vitality of c tr (governing by virtuespolitical line) in Oriental countries.

1. t vn Nho hc v thc cht l mt hc thuyt chnh tr o c m biu hin tp trung ng li "c tr". i vi cc x hi phong kin ng, ng li "c tr" lun lun l ng li tr nc duy nht trong hn hai nghn nm lch s. Mt ng li tr nc c c tn lu di nh vy trong lch s rt cn c i su nghin cu. Hn na, i vi cc x hi ng ng i, Nho hc trong c t tng "c tr" khng phi l vn c xa, cng khng phi l vn hon ton thuc v lch s. Trn thc t s hin din ca Nho hc vi nhng mc khc nhau, vn lun lun mang tnh thi s mi m. Khng nghi ng g na ngha hin i ca nhiu yu t trong Nho hc trong c t tng "c tr" ang ngy cng ni ln. Mt s kho cu c h thng ng li "c tr" ca Nho hc do li cng cn thit. 2. T tng c tr ca Khng T 2.1. Quan nim v "c" v ng li c tr: Nhn, L, Chnh danh Vi Khng T o c l gc ca con ngi, ni n con ngi trc ht l n i n o c: "Lm ngi c nt hiu th t ai dm xc phm b trn. Khng thch xc phm b trn m thch lm lon th cha tng c. Ngi qun t chm ch vo vic gc, gc m vng th o c sinh ra. Hiu, l ci gc ca c nhn..."(1). c vi Khng T l li ni i i vi vic lm trn c s ci thin: "Ngi xa thn trng li ni, s s xu h nu ni m khng lm c"(2).
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 4(27).2008

Chnh l trn c s , m Khng T xut ng li "c tr" - ng li tr nc bng o c mang m du n c o ca ng. Khng T quan nim: "Lm chnh tr (tr dn) m dng c ( cm ho dn) th nh sao Bc u mt ni m cc ngi sao khc hng v c (tc thin h v theo)" (3). Trc sau Khng T vn tin rng: "dng chnh lnh dn dt dn, dn g hnh pht bt dn vo khun php, dn trnh khi ti nhng khng bit h thn. Dng o c dt dn dn, dng l gio t dn vo khun php, dn bit h thn m li theo ng chnh" (4). Trong i mnh, d l lun thuyt vic tr nc cu i hay dy hc, o to nhiu lp mn sinh ti c, th trc sau Khng T u ni nhiu n c nhn. Khng T coi "nhn" l c cn bn nht ca con ngi c v x th ln tu thn, v bao gm gn cc c khc. Tht vy "Nhn" va l tu thn, va l i nhn, li va l x k va l tip vt. Nhn cn l Trung (yu ngi, ht lng vi ngi) v th (lm cho ngi nhng ci mnh mun v ng lm cho ngi nhng ci mnh khng mun). Nhng i vi Khng T, iu quan trng nht trong t tng v "nhn" l biu hin v mt chnh tr ca n. C l vi Khng T thi i vi dn l tiu chun quan trng nht nh gi c nhn ca ngi cm quyn: "Sai khin dn th phi thn trng nh trong mt cuc t ln, ci g mnh khng mun th ng lm cho ngi". Trong nc khng ai on mnh, trong "nh" mt i phu khng ai on mnh" (5). ng tng ni "Ti tr tr dn (c ngi hiu l bit mi l) m khng bit dng c nhn gi dn, th s mt dn..." (6). Sau Nhn, Khng t quan tm nhiu n "L", bi L cn thit duy tr trt t x hi, v c trt t x hi th vua mi c tn, nc mi c tr. Mt khc, l c ni dung lun l ca n, trong mi quan h cht ch khng tch ri vi nhn. Khng T xem iu l l hnh thc ca nhn, l chnh o m mi ngi nn thi hnh, cn nu con ngi chy theo dc vng ca mnh m tri ngc vi chnh o tc l tri ngc vi iu nhn. V vy, ngi cm quyn phi gi l: "Vua khin b ti phi gi l, b ti th vua phi trung (ht lng)" (7). ng ch l, trong quan nim ca Khng T l ch quan trng khi gn b vi iu nhn, l biu hin ca nhn. Nu tch ri nhn th l ch l v ngha. "Ngi khng c c nhn th l m lm g?" (8). Tht vy khng c lng nhn th l m lm g? Nh cm quyn khng c c nhn th l ch cng lm th cu, cng lm nghit ng v tn khc. Khng T xng "L tr" nhm n nh x hi. Thc hnh ng L va l biu hin ca Nhn, ng thi cng th hin con ngi phi lm ng bn phn, thn phn ca mnh, tc l phi Chnh danh. Trong cng vic chnh tr, theo Khng T Chnh danh phi t ln trc nht, bi "Nu danh (hiu) khng chnh (xc) th li ni khng thun l (v danh hiu khng hp vi thc t), li ni khng thun th s vic khng thnh; s vic khng thnh th l nhc ch khng kin lp c; l nhc, ch khng kin lp c th hnh pht khng trng, hnh pht khng trng th dn khng bit t tay chn vo u (khng bit
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 4(27).2008

lm th no cho phi)"(9). 2.2. Chnh sch tr dn v mu ngi cm quyn qun t T tng c tr ca Khng t cn th hin quan nim coi nh chnh hnh v gim bt su thu cho dn, cao vai tr ca dn. Khng T quan nim: "Khng gio ho dn dn phm ti ri git, nh vy l tn ngc" (10). Khng T ch trng gim hnh, coi nh hnh cn v ng tht s khng bao gi tin vo b o: "c th (dng sc mnh) bt c mt v nguyn soi, ch ch hng ca mt thng dn th khng (dng sc mnh m) ot ni (11). Khng T cho vic thi n rng ri cu gip dn chng l s nghip ca thnh vng m Nghiu, Thun cha chc lm c nh vy. Dng dn, theo Khng T trc ht phi lm cho dn no , giu. ng coi trng vic dng dn hn vic bo v x tc v hn c vic gio ho dn na. Dng dn cn phi bit "s dn d thi" ngha l khin dn lm vic phi hp thi c th l vo lc dn rnh vic nh nng. Nh vy "s dn d thi" va th hin s nhn o trong chnh sch tr dn, va l bn phn ca ngi cm quyn, ngi c tn l cha m dn. thc thi ng li c tr, ng nhin cn phi c mt mu ngi cm quyn thch hp. l mu ngi qun t vi nhng tiu chun v ti c nht xng ng c nm quyn tr dn. c ca ngi qun t l "ly ngha lm gc, theo l m lm, ni nng khim tn, nh thnh tn m nn vic" (12), "sa mnh cho trm h yn tr". T cch ngi qun t l "lo khng t o ch khng lo ngho", "ha hp nhng khng a dua", "th thi m khng kiu cng". Ti nng kin thc ca ngi qun t "khng phi nh mt dng", tc l phi hiu rng, bit nhiu lm c nhiu vic v nht l phi c "ti tr tr dn". Ngi qun t cn phi l "thn trng v li ni, mau mn v vic lm", th vua phi trung nhng l trung mt cch sng sut "khng nn la gt vua, nhng khng ngi xc phm vua (m phi dm can gin)" (13). C th khng nh ng li c tr ca Khng T "ly o nhn lm gc, ly hiu - , l - nhc lm c bn cho s gio ho, ly vic thc hin chnh sch "thn dn" lm c s; ly t cch phm cht mu mc ca ngi cm quyn lm gng thc hin "c tr", "L tr", "Nhn tr" nhm to lp mt x hi phong kin theo in ch c trt t, tn ti. 3. Mnh T v ng li nhn chnh Thi i ca Mnh T l thi i Chin quc, mt thi i m mi t tng c gii phng mnh m, cho nn, ng phi m ng s mnh ngi tha k, bo v v pht trin t tng ca Khng T trong thi i mi. C th khng nh vi Mnh T, hc thuyt ca Nho gia do Khng T sng lp c pht trin nng ln mt tm mc mi tr thnh Nho gio Khng Mnh. l ng li "Nhn chnh" ca Mnh T vi nhng ni dung ch yu s ln lt c trnh by di y. 3.1. cao sc mnh nhn ngha Mnh T cng k tha v pht trin t tng ca Khng T v "tnh tng
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 4(27).2008

cn, tp tng vin" v i n lun im ni ting: "Nhn tnh chi thin gi" (ci bn tnh ca ngi ta vn thin). T ng khng nh sc mnh v ch ca nhn ngha: "i vi ngi nhn du k ch c ng cng chng lm g c mnh. Ny, nu mt v quc qun thch lm nhn chnh, trong thin h chng ai ch ni" (14). Khng ai ch ni ngi nhn c l nim chnh tr m Mnh T sut i tin tng theo ui. Qu tht l Mnh T rt nht qun trong quan nim ly nhn c lm nguyn tc ch o chnh tr ca mnh. Trc sau nh mt ng lun lun ch ni n nhn ngha, ch cao nhn ngha. Quan im ca ng tht r rng: "Ngi a iu thin th d sc cai tr thin h... nu nh cm quyn a iu thin, t ngi trong bn bin s khinh thng ng xa mun dm m n vi mnh, mch bo iu thin vi mnh" (15). Ngi nhn l ngi v ch trong thin h, bi v "iu nhn thng iu bt nhn, cng nh nc thng la". 3.2. Coi trng dn Nu Khng T ht sc coi trng "dn tn", coi l iu quan trng nht khng th b c trong php tr nc, th Mnh T nhn thc mt cch su sc rng: "Kit v Tr mt thin h tc mt ngi thin t y v mt dn chng... h c dn chng t nhin s c thin h... h c lng dn t nhin s c dn chng" (16). ng ni: "Dn vi qu, x tc th chi, qun vi khinh" ngha l trong nc nhn dn l quan trng nht, th n mi l quc gia (x tc) vua l th bc xem nh nht. Bi dn vn l gc nc, c dn mi c nc, c nc mi c vua, dn l tri. T Mnh T ch trng thi hnh mt ch "bo dn" v khuyn co cc bc vua cha: "Nu ngi bc trn m vui vi s vui ca dn th dn cng vui vi s vui ca mnh; nu mnh bun vi s bun ca dn, th dn cng bun vi s bun ca mnh. Bc quc trng m chia vui vi thin h, chia bun vi thin h th th no nn cai tr ca mnh cng c b hng vng " (17). Vi cc nh cm quyn, theo Mnh T ch c mt phng php nn theo: "Dn mun vic chi, nh cm quyn nn cung cp cho h. Dn ght vic chi nh cm quyn ng thi th cho h"(18). Phn chia rung t hp l v khuyn khch lm giu cho dn. Nu Khng T coi trng vic dng dn hn c vic bo v x tc, nhng mi dng li nhng nguyn tc c tnh ng li, th Mnh T quan tm nhiu hn n cc bin php kinh t c th nhm to ra cho dn s mt sn nghip no . Mnh T i hi bc minh qun phi "ch nh in sn m chia cho dn cy cy, ct khin cho h trn phng dng cha m, di nui sng v con, nhm nm trng ma th mi mi no , phi nm tht ngt th khi nn cht i" (19), v "Thnh nhn cai tr thin h, phi lm cho dn c u thc nhiu nh nc la, khi u thc nhiu nh nc la th dn chng cn ai bt ngha na" (20). Trn c s tip thu t tng "s dn d thi" ca Khng T, Mnh T xut mt ng hng kinh t kh hon chnh nhm hng n ci thin i sng ca dn, "nu bc quc trng lm cho vic rung nng c d dng (ng bt h lm xu lc cy cy gt hi) v bt thu m cho dn, th dn tr nn ph tc... bc thnh nhn cai tr thin h, khin ai ny u c rung v la, cng nh h c nc v la vy. Nu
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 4(27).2008

dn chng c b ph tc v u v la cng nh h c v nc v la th h cn n bt nhn lm chi" (21). Vi Mnh T gim bt t thu khng ch l vic lm c ngha i vi dn chng m cn l mt trong nhng tiu chun ca ngi tr dn theo ng li nhn chnh. 3.3. Nh hnh pht v tng cng gio ho dn Trong ng li nhn chnh ngoi vic ly nhn ngha lm gc, coi "dn l qu, thi hnh ch in a v thu kho cng bng, Mnh T cn ch trng phi gim nh hnh pht v tng cng gio ho dn. Cng nh Khng T, Mnh T trc sau tn sng "Vng o" phn i "B o". Mnh T coi vic gim hnh pht phi l mt chnh sch ca c tr. ng ni: Vua cn phi thi hnh php cai tr nhn - c i vi dn: Gim hnh pht, bt thu - lim, khin dn sing lo vic cy su cuc bm, lm vn lm tc". Theo Mnh T cn phi nh hnh pht bi nu "dn kh kho m phm lut nc, khng phi l ti ca h, m chnh l ti ca nh cm quyn chng bit gi gn, gio ho h" (22). C mt iu nht qun gia Khng - Mnh trong ch trng nh hnh l c hai ng u xem chnh hnh v thng pht kho c th gip cho s gio ho dn chng. Mnh T, cng xem trng gio ho nh Khng T, nhng ci mi ng l rt quan tm n vic qung b gio dc, thng qua vic xy dng h thng trng hc rng khp. ng ch trng hnh thnh mt mng li trng hc a dng t lng x n kinh , t trng hng hc n trng quc hc; l nhng tng, t, hc, hiu, gio ho dn chng. Nh vy, so vi Khng T ch trng gio ho ca Mnh T c tnh qung b v ph cp hn. Ngoi vic ch cao gio dc o c nhn lun nh Khng T, Mnh T cn thy c trch nhim ca ngi tr dn l phi dy dn cy gt, chn nui, trng du nui tm, dt vi nhm to ra nhiu ca ci vt cht hn. ng ch r: "Vua Thun cho ng hu tc vic dy dn cy gt v gieo trng nm ging la chn, nhn dn nh m sng" (23). C th thy r quan im gio dc v gio ha dn ca Mnh T th hin mt bc tin mi so vi Khng T trc v l mt ni dung quan trng hp thnh ng li chnh tr nhn ngha m Mnh T sut i c v. 4. Kt lun ng li c tr ca Nho gio t Khng T ti Mnh T ly nhn ngha lm gc, coi trng vai tr ca dn tuy th hin c nhng quan im nhn bn kh su sc. ng li nng "c" "nh hnh", khuyn khch ngi i t thng dn n bc vua cha u phi tu thn rn c theo mu ngi qun t. Hc thuyt c tr ca Khng, Mnh cha ng hu ht cc gi tr tinh hoa ca Nho gio tin Tn v ngy nay vn rt cn c chng ta tip tc nghin cu su thm na v chc chn s cn tm c trong nhiu bi hc b ch.

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TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Nguyn Hin L (ch dch v gii thiu), Lun ng, NXB Vn hc 1995, tr.26. [2] Sd... tr. 81. [3] Sd... tr. 37. [4] Sd... tr. 39. [5] Sd... tr.196. [6] Sd... tr.266. [7] Sd... tr.65. [8] Sd... tr.56. [9] Sd ... tr. 213. [10] Sd ... tr. 325. [11] Sd ... tr. 164. [12] Sd ... tr. 260. [13] Sd ... tr. 24. [14] on Trung Cn (dch gi), T Th, Thng Mnh T, in ti nh in ring Tr c Tng Th, SG 1950, tr.17. [15] Sd ... tr. 209 [16] Sd ... tr. 19 [17] on Trung Cn (dch gi), T Th, H Mnh T, in ti nh in ring Tr c Tng Th, SG 1950. tr.51. [18] on Trung Cn (dch gi), T Th, Thng Mnh T, in ti nh in ring Tr c Tng Th, SG 1950, tr.19 [19] on Trung Cn (dch gi), T Th, H Mnh T, in ti nh in ring Tr c Tng Th, SG 1950. tr51, tr.38. [20] Don Chnh (ch bin), i cng trit hc Trung Quc, NXB chnh tr quc gia H Ni 1997, tr. 246 [21] on Trung Cn (dch gi), T Th, Thng Mnh T, in ti nh in ring Tr c Tng Th, SG 1950, tr.235. [22] on Trung Cn (dch gi), T Th, H Mnh T, in ti nh in ring Tr c Tng Th, SG 1950, tr.179. [23] on Trung Cn (dch gi), T Th,Thng Mnh T, in ti nh in ring Tr c Tng Th, SG 1950, tr.169.

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