Thiết bị và hệ thống tự động

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BIN SO

T T I I L LI I U U M M N N

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L L U U H H N NH H N N I I B B
2 20 01 12 2
H H C C C C N NG G N NG GH HI I P P T TP P. .H HC C
H HO OA A C C N NG G N NG GH H I I N N T T
- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -
BIN SON: TRN VN HNG
N
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N
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C CM M
NG
MC LC

Chng 1 CC KHI NIM CHUNG
1.1 Khi nim v phn loi h thng iu khin t ng ............................... 1
1.2 Cc thnh phn ca h thng iu khin t ng ...................................... 2
1.3 Cc v d v h thng iu khin t ng ................................................ 12
Chng 2 CM BIN V CHUYN I
2.1 Gii thiu ....................................................................................................... 21
2.2 ng cong chun ca cm bin .................................................................. 22
2.3 Cc c trng c bn ca cm bin .................................................................... 24
2.4 Nguyn l ch to cm bin ................................................................................ 28
2.5 Phn loi cm bin ................................................................................................ 33
2.6 Mch o cm bin ......................................................................................... 37
2.7 Cm bin tim cn (Proximity Sensor) ......................................................... 41
2.8 Cm bin v tr v khong cch (Sensors for distance and displacement) .. 120
2.9 Cm bin lc v p sut (Sensors for force and pressure) .......................... 167
2.10 Cm bin nhit (Temperature Sensors) .................................................. 198
Chng 3 THIT B CNG SUT V CHP HNH
3.1 Gii thiu ..................................................................................................... 239
3.2 Thit b in t ............................................................................................ 239
3.3 Thit b in t ............................................................................................ 247
3.4 ng c in ............................................................................................... 264
3.5 Thit b kh nn ............................................................................................ 302
Chng 4 B IU KHIN
4.1 Gii thiu .................................................................................................... 313
4.2 B iu khin bng tip im ..................................................................... 318
4.3 B iu khin dng Vi x l ....................................................................... 320
4.4 B iu khin dng PLC - My tnh .......................................................... 322
4.5 B iu khin dng bin tn ....................................................................... 326

TI LIU THAM KHO
Chng 1: Cc khi nim chung

Trang 1
Chng 1
CC KHI NIM CHUNG
1.1 Khi nim v phn loi h thng iu khin t ng
1.1.1 Khi nim v iu khin
a. iu khin t ng
nh ngha: iu khin l qu trnh thu thp thng tin, x l thng tin v
tc ng ln h thng p ng ca h thng gn vi mc ch nh trc.
iu khin t ng l qu trnh iu khin khng c s tc ng ca con ngi.
o Cc v d:
iu khin tc ng c
iu khin nhit
iu khin v tr bn my
iu khin cc h thng ng dng trong sinh hot: ca t ng, bi u xe,
thang my.
iu khin cc qu trnh cng nghip ni chung.
b. Ti sao cn phi iu khin t ng
p ng ca h thng khng tha mn yu cu.
Tng chnh xc.
Tng nng sut.
Tng hiu qu kinh t.
1.1.2 Phn loi h thng iu khin
a. Phn loi da trn m t ton hc ca h thng:
H thng lin tc: H thng lin tc c m t bng phng trnh vi phn.
H thng ri rc: H thng ri rc c m t bng phng trnh sai phn.

Trang 2
H thng tuyn tnh: h thng c m t bng h phng trnh vi phn/ sai
phn tuyn tnh.
H thng phi tuyn: H thng c m t bng h phng trnh vi phn/ sai
phn phi tuyn.
H thng bt bin theo thi gian: H s ca phng trnh vi phn/ sai phn
m t h thng khng i.
H thng bin i theo thi gian: H s ca phng trnh vi phn/ sai phn
m t h thng thay i theo thi gian.
b. Phn loi da vo s ng vo ra ca h thng:
H thng mt ng vo mt ng ra (h SISO): (Single Input Single
Output)
H thng nhiu ng vo nhiu ng ra (h MIMO): (Multi Input Multi
Output)
a s cc h thng trong thc t u l h phi tuyn bin i theo thi gian,
nhiu ng vo, nhiu ng ra.
Cho d h thng iu khin thuc loi no i na th trn mt h thng
cng phi c cc thit b thc hin cho vic iu khin h thng . Trong
mn hc ny phn ra cc thit b theo cc thnh phn c bn ca mt h thng
kho st.
1.2 Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt h thng iu khin t ng
H thng iu khin c ba thnh phn c bn: i tng, b iu khin v
cm bin

Hnh 1.1 H thng iu khin c bn.

a. i tng iu khin
i tng iu khin c
t c cc yu c
qut chung, cn phn bit r
thng mang tnh bao h
o i tng iu khin th
ng c DC: l lo
c c tnh ngu lc ln, d iu khin
ng c AC: lo
dng vi loi
thng c iu khin d
Hnh 1.3
ng c bc:
cho tng cc, loi ng c
rt nhiu trong iu khin t ng nht l
Chng 1: Cc khi ni

Trang 3
u khin (plant, process):
ng iu khin chnh l mc tiu thit yu m chng ta c
u cu mong mun. Trn y t i tng mang tnh khi
n phn bit r i tng v h thng.
ng mang tnh bao hm, c ngha c th bao gm nhiu i t
ng iu khin thng l cc ng c:
: l loi ng c s dng ngun in DC, vi loi ng c
c tnh ngu lc ln, d iu khin

Hnh 1.2 ng c DC.
: loi ng c s dng ngun in AC loi n
i ng c khng ng b mt pha v ba pha,
c iu khin dng bin tn
Hnh 1.3 ng c khng ng b mt v ba pha
c: l loi ng c s dng ngun DC vi dng xung iu khin
ng cc, loi ng c ny lm vic c chnh xc cao
t nhiu trong iu khin t ng nht l trong cc my cng c
chng ta cn tc ng
ng mang tnh khi
Thng thng h
a c th bao gm nhiu i tng.
dng ngun in DC, vi loi ng c ny

dng ngun in AC loi ny hin rt thng
ba pha, hai loi ny

ba pha.
dng ngun DC vi dng xung iu khin
c c chnh xc cao c ng dng
trong cc my cng c.

Trang 4

Hnh 1.4 ng c bc.
ng c servo: l loi ng c AC hay DC c mch iu khin hi tip v
khi lm vic (iu khin vng kn) loi ng c ny c cng sut tng i
ln v chnh xc trong iu khin kh cao.

Hnh 1.5 ng c servo.
o H thng iu khin ng c AC ba pha: Mt h thng iu khin ng
c ba pha hon chnh tng i hin i. H thng bao gm:
B iu khin: l card iu khin trung tm iu khin giao tip my tnh,
iu khin bin tn, v giao tip vo ra trn b hin th s.
i tng iu khin: l ng c AC ba pha.
Hi tip: l cm bin t Hall.

Hnh 1.6 M hnh
o M hnh iu khin ng c
i tng iu khin l
Hi tip: l encoder l
khin.
B iu khin: l
khin tc , iu khin giao tip hin th tr
phn hi tip hiu chnh s
Chng 1: Cc khi ni

Trang 5
Hnh 1.6 M hnh iu khin ng c AC ba pha.
u khin ng c bao gm:
ng iu khin l ng c DC.
encoder ly tn hiu tc t trc ng c
u khin: l mt mch iu khin c tch hp t nhiu mch iu
n tc , iu khin giao tip hin th trn my tnh v giao ti
n hi tip hiu chnh sa sai.
Hnh 1.7 M hnh iu khin ng c DC

AC ba pha.
y tn hiu tc t trc ng c quay v b iu
c tch hp t nhiu mch iu
n my tnh v giao tip thnh

DC.

o M hnh iu khin bn n
i tng iu khin: l
Cm bin: l c
B iu khin: l
mc nc trong bn theo y
Hnh 1.8 M hnh
o M hnh iu khin my ng gi:
Hnh 1.9 M hnh
o M hnh iu
Chng 1: Cc khi ni

Trang 6
u khin bn nc:
ng iu khin: l mc nc trong bn.
cm bin in dung kim tra mc nc trong bn
iu khin: l mch dng chip vi iu khin lp tr
c trong bn theo yu cu.

Hnh 1.8 M hnh iu khin bn nc n.
u khin my ng gi:
Hnh 1.9 M hnh iu khin my ng gi.
u khin qu trnh phn loi v ng hp s
u(t)
Motor
c trong bn
u khin lp trnh iu khin cho

n.

u khin my ng gi.
p sn phm:
qin
qout
h(t)

Trang 7

Hnh 1.10 M hnh iu khin qu trnh phn loi v ng hp sn phm.
o M hnh iu khin qu trnh nung v vn chuyn sn phm:

Hnh 1.11 M hnh iu khin qu trnh nung v vn chuyn sn phm.
b. B iu khin ( Controller ):
B iu khin (Controller): L thnh phn quan trng quyt nh kh nng
hot ng v chnh xc ca h thng. B phn ny thng thng c tch
hp di dng cc board mch iu khin, c th c cc loi sau:
IC iu khin trung tm (CPU) kt hp vi cc card iu khin phn theo
modul (i vi h thng qui m ln).
Cc b iu khin kh trnh PLC (Programable Logic Controller), vi x l
(h thng nhng)
My tnh thng qua cc card giao tip iu khin (PCI)
S dng cc b iu khin PMAC (Programable Multi-Axies Controller)
trong cc my gia cng c kh CNC.

Trang 8
S dng cc b iu khin thng qua bin tn.
S dng iu khin qua h thng van kh nn
o Card iu khin DSP v PCI: H tr thng qua kt ni giao tip vi my
tnh v cc thit b hin th khc

Hnh 1.12 Card iu khin DSP v PCI
o Cc b logic kh trnh: S dng cc b lp trnh di dng hm c cc
loi theo ng dng ln nh khc nhau nh:
B iu khin lp trnh PLC dng cho cc ng dng ln

Hnh 1.13 B lp trnh PLC.
B iu khin Logo! dng trong cc ng dng c va v nh

Hnh 1.14 B lp trnh Logo!.

Trang 9
B iu khin ZEN dng trong cc ng dng c va v nh

Hnh 1.15 B lp trnh ZEN.
o H thng iu khin in kh nn c chc nng:
L c cu bin i nng lng.
L phn t a tn hiu v x l cc tn hiu ra.
Cc c cu iu khin v iu chnh lm nhin v khc nhau. Ty thuc
vo nhin v ca h thng m cc c cu ny chia ra lm ba loi: c cu
chnh p, c cu chnh lu lng v c cu chnh hng.

Hnh 1.16 Ngun cp kh nn.
o Bin tn: Dng iu khin tc ng c khng ng b 1 pha v 3
pha. S dng trong cc h thng truyn ng in.

Trang 10

Hnh 1.17 Bin tn.
c. Cm bin:
o Cm bin (Sensor):
L thit b chuyn cc i lng vt l thnh cc tn hiu in cung cp cho
h thng nhm nng cao kh nng linh hot v chnh xc trong iu khin.
Nh vy h thng iu khin t ng chnh l mt h thng iu khin kn vi
vng hi tip (Feedback ) c thc hin t tn hiu thu v t cm bin. Cc loi
cm bin thng gp nh:
Cm bin quang.
Cm bin v tr v dch chuyn.
Cm bin o gc.
Cm bin vn tc.
Cm bin gia tc v rung.
Cm bin lc v bin dng
Cc cm bin trn c th cho tn hiu tng t (Analog) hoc tn hiu s
(Digital), ngoi ra cn s dng cc b m ho v tr, m ho gc dch chuyn
(Encoder, Tachometter)

Trang 11

Hnh 1.18 Cc loi cm bin thng dng.

Hnh 1.19 Cm bin quang.

Hnh 1.20 Cm bin tim cn.

Trang 12

Hnh 1.21 Encoder.
o ng dng cm bin quang trong cng nghip:

Hnh 1.22 Cc ng dng cm bin quang trong cng nghip.
1.3 Cc v d v h thng iu khin t ng
1.3.1 H thng iu khin ng c
o ng c (AC, DC) l thit b truyn ng c s dng rt ph bin trong
cc nh my v dy chuyn sn xut.
o C ba bi ton iu khin ng c thng gp: iu khin tc , iu
khin v tr v iu khin moment.
a. Ba kiu iu khin ng c:
Ba ng dng iu khin ng c:
iu khin tc my git quay thun nghch v thay i tc .
iu khin thang my di chuyn tnh tin ln xung.

Trang 13
iu khin bng ti chy vng trn.

Hnh 1.23 ng dng iu khin ng c.
b. H thng iu khin ng c DC:
i tng iu khin: ng c AC hoc DC
B iu khin: iu khin in DC (DC Driver) hay iu khin in AC
(AC Driver) cn gi l bin tn (Inverter)

Hnh 1.24 H thng iu khin tc ng c DC.
1.3.2 H thng iu khin nhit
o Nhit l i lng tham gia vo nhiu qu trnh cng ngh nh: sn
xut xi mng, gch men, nha, cao su, ha du, ch bin thc phm,

Trang 14
o Mc tiu iu khin l gi cho nhit n nh (iu khin n nh ha)
hay iu khin nhit thay i theo c tnh thi gian nh trc (iu
khin theo chng trnh).

Hnh 1.25 S h thng n nh nhit .
a. Cc nh my sn xut:

Hnh 1.26 Cc nh my sn xut xi mng v giy.
b. H thng iu khin l nhit:
H thng iu khin l nhit bao gm:
i tng iu khin: nhit trong l nhit vi yu cu phi c gi cho
n n nh theo gi tr yu cu.

Trang 15
B iu khin l mt thit b t ng c ch to lm vic theo chc nng
v yu cu thc t nh chuyn nhit t l nhit v hin th ln mn hnh
hin th v gi tn hiu iu khin iu khin l nhit n nh nhit .
Cm bin: c dng l loi cm bin nhit.

Hnh 1.27 H thng iu khin l nhit.
1.3.3 H thng iu khin mc cht lng:
a. S mch iu khin:
B iu khin mc cht lng: (hnh v tham kho t gio trnh c s t
ng hc, Lng Vn Lng, NXB i hc quc gia)

Hnh 1.28 B iu khin mc cht lng.

Trang 16
i tng iu khin: H thng iu khin mc cht lng thng gp trong
cc qu trnh cng nghip nh ch bin thc phm, nc gii khc, cc h
thng x l nc thi
B iu khin: iu khin mc cht lng, iu khin lu lng cht lng.
Cm bin c dng cc loi cm bin o mc cht lng:
Cm bin o dch chuyn: bin tr, encoder.
Cm bin p sut.
Cm bin in dung.
b. M hnh iu khin mc cht lng trong phng th nghim:

Hnh 1.29 M hnh b iu khin mc cht lng.
1.3.4 iu khin ng c ba pha dng bin tn
a. Vai tr ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha trong h thng sn xut:
Chuyn in nng thnh ng nng.
S dng trong cc h thng truyn ng in.

Hnh 1.30 N
Nguyn l ho
Khi cp ngun 3 pha vo 3 cu
chy vi tc gn b
b. Chc nng ca b bi
o Dng iu khi
iu khin thay
n nh tc
Khi ng m
Hn dng khi
Bo v qu ti, k
Nng cao cht l
Gim h thng c (h
Tit kim nng
Chng 1: Cc khi ni

Trang 17
Hnh 1.30 Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c ba pha.
t ng ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha
n 3 pha vo 3 cun dy Stator: Ni Y hay n
n bng 60*f/p.
bin tn:

Hnh 1.31 Bin tn.
u khin tc ng c KB 3 pha
n thay i tc ng c KB 3 pha
ng c KB 3 pha
m v dng mm ng c
i ng
i, kt ti
t lng sn phm
ng c (hp s, rulo,)
nng lng,

ba pha.

hay ni th ng c s

o Dng kh
o iu khin
1.3.5 ng dng trong i
o S cu thnh m
S cu th
phn chnh: b iu
bin. Ngoi ra n cn c thm cc thnh ph
Hnh 1.34 S
Chng 1: Cc khi ni

Trang 18
i ng mm v dng mm ng c:

Hnh 1.32 Khi ng mm ng c.
n nh tc ng c khng ng b 3

Hnh 1.33 n nh tc ng c.
iu khin robot cng nghip
nh mt robot cng nghip chuyn dng:
cu thnh mt robot cng nghip chuyn dng cng bao gm ba
n chnh: b iu khin, i tng iu khin (cn
i ra n cn c thm cc thnh phn h tr nh
Hnh 1.34 S cu thnh mt robot cng nghip chuy

pha:

ng cng bao gm ba
ng iu khin (cnh tay robot), cm
nh hnh 1.34

t robot cng nghip chuyn dng.

Trang 19
o Robot hn im (Ngun KUKA, Inc) v robot phu thut (Ngun Accury,
Inc):

Hnh 1.35 Robot hn im. Hnh 1.36 Robot phu thut.
o Robot song song 6 bc t do:
Theo s tin b ca khoa hc k thut, cc Robot ngy cng c ch to
nh gn hn, thc hin c nhiu chc nng hn, thng minh hn.
Robot song song 6 bc t do Merlet.(Ngun : Dr. J. - P. Merlet v Prof. V.
Hayward.)

Hnh 1.37 Robot song song 6 bc t do.
o Robot c s dng trong cng on cp liu v lp rp:

Trang 20

Hnh 1.38 Robot c s dng trong cng on cp liu v lp rp
o Cc ng dng Robot trong cc lnh vc thm him, qun s, v tinh:

Hnh 1.39 Robot trong cc lnh vc thm him, qun s, v tinh.
o Robot chuyn ng bn chn (Ngun: AIBO, SONY, Nht Bn) v
Mobile Robot tc v (Ngun: SDR-4X, SONY, Nht Bn)

Hnh 1.40 Robot chuyn ng bn chn.
Chng 2: Cm Bin & Chuyn i

Trang 21
Chng 2
CM BIN V CHUYN I
2.1 Gii thiu
Cm bin l thit b dng cm nhn bin i cc i lng vt l v cc i
lng khng c tnh cht in cn o thnh cc i lng in c th o v x l
c.
Trong qu trnh sn xut c nhiu i lng vt l nh nhit , p sut, tc ,
tc quay, nng pH, nhn... cn c x l cho o lng, cho mc ch iu
khin truyn ng. Cc b cm bin thc hin chc nng ny, chng thu nhn, p
ng cc kch thch.
Cm bin cng c xem nh mt k thut chuyn i cc i lng vt l
gm nhit , p sut, khong cch... sang mt i lng khc c th nh gi tt
hn. Cc i lng ny phn ln l tn hiu in.
Th d: in p, dng in, in tr hoc tn s dao ng. Cc tn khc ca b
cm bin: Sensor, b cm bin o lng, u d, van o lng, b nhn bit hoc b
bin i.
Cc i lng cn o (m) thng khng c tnh cht in nh (nhit , p
sut) tc ng ln cm bin cho ta mt c trng (s) mang tnh cht in nh (in
p, dng in, tr khng) cha thng tin cho php ta c th xc nh gi tr ca i
lng in , c trng (s) chnh l hm ca i lng cn o (m)
s = F(m) (2.1)
Ngi ta gi (s) l i lng u ra hay l phn ng ca cm bin, (m) l i
lng u vo hay gi l kch thch. Thng qua o c (s) cho php nhn bit gi tr
ca (m).
V d hnh nh cc cm bin thng dng c m t nh hnh 2.1


Trang 22

Hnh 2.1 Cc loi cm bin thng dng hin nay
Cc b cm bin c s dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc kinh t v k thut. Cc
b cm bin c bit v rt nhy cm c s dng trong cc th nghim cc lnh vc
nghin cu khoa hc. Trong lnh vc t ng ho ngi ta s dng cc sensor thng
thng hay cc cm bin c chc nng c bit.
2.2 ng cong chun ca cm bin
2.2.1 Khi nim
ng cong chun cm bin l ng cong biu din s ph thuc ca i lng
in (s) u ra ca cm bin vo gi tr ca i lng o (m) u vo. ng cong
chun c th biu din bng biu thc i s di dng s=F(m) hoc bng th.

Hnh 2.2 (a) ng cong chun b) ng cong chun ca cm bin tuyn tnh ha.
Da vo ng cong chun ca cm bin, ta c th xc nh gi tr m
i
cha bit
ca m thng qua gi tr o c s
i
ca s. d s dng, ngi ta thng ch to cm

Trang 23
bin c s ph thuc tuyn tnh gia i lng u ra v i lng u vo, phng
trnh s= F(m) c bin i di dng:
s = am +b (2.2)
vi a, b l cc h s, khi ng cong chun l ng thng.
2.2.2 Phng php chun cm bin
Chun cm bin l php o nhm mc ch xc lp mi quan h gia gi tr s o
c ca i lng in u ra v gi tr m ca i lng o c tnh n cc yu t
nh hng, trn c s xy dng ng cong chun di dng d nhn bit hn (
th hoc biu thc i s). Khi chun cm bin, vi mt lot gi tr bit chnh xc m
i

ca m, o gi tr tng ng s
i
ca s v dng ng cong chun.
a. Chun n gin
Trong trng hp i lng o ch c mt i lng vt l duy nht tc ng ln
mt i lng o xc nh v cm bin s dng khng nhy vi tc ng ca cc i
lng nh hng, ngi ta dng phng php chun n gin. Thc cht ca chun
n gin l o cc gi tr ca i lng u ra ng vi cc gi tr xc nh khng i
ca i lng o u vo. Vic chun tin hnh theo 2 cch:
o Chun trc tip: cc gi tr khc nhau ca i lng o ly t cc mu chun
hoc cc phn t so snh c gi tr bit trc vi chnh xc cao.
o Chun gin tip: kt hp cm bin cn chun vi mt cm bin so snh c sn
ng cong chun, c hai c t trong cng iu kin lm vic.
b. Chun nhiu ln
Khi cm bin c phn t b tr (tr c hoc tr t), gi tr o c u ra ph
thuc khng nhng vo gi tr tc thi ca i lng cn o u vo m cn ph
thuc vo gi tr trc ca ca i lng ny. Trong trng hp nh vy, ngi ta
p dng phng php chun nhiu ln v tin hnh nh sau:
o t li im 0 ca cm bin: i lng cn o v i lng u ra c gi tr
tng ng vi im gc, m=0 v s=0.

Trang 24
o o gi tr u ra theo mt lot gi tr tng dn n gi tr cc i ca i lng
o u vo.
o Lp li qu trnh o vi cc gi tr gim dn t gi tr cc i.
Khi chun nhiu ln cho php xc nh ng cong chun theo c hai hng o
tng dn v o gim dn.
2.3 Cc c trng c bn ca cm bin
2.3.1 nhy ca cm bin
a. Khi nim
i vi cm bin tuyn tnh, gia bin thin u ra s v bin thin u vo m
c s lin h tuyn tnh:
m S S = . (2.3)
m
S
S
= : gi l nhy ca cm bin. (2.4)

Trng hp tng qut, biu thc xc nh nhy S ca cm bin xung quanh
gi tr m
i
ca i lng o xc nh bi t s gia bin thin s ca i lng u ra
v bin thin m tng ng ca i lng o u vo quanh gi tr :
i
m m
m
S
S
=
= (2.5)
b. Lu
php o t chnh xc cao, khi thit k v s dng cm bin cn lm cho
nhy S ca n khng i, ngha l t ph thuc nht vo cc yu t:
o Gi tr ca i lng cn o m v tn s thay i ca n.
o Thi gian s dng.
o nh hng ca cc i lng vt l khc (khng phi l i lng o) ca mi
trng xung quanh.
Thng thng nh sn xut cung cp gi tr ca nhy S tng ng vi nhng
iu kin lm vic nht nh ca cm bin.

Trang 25
2.3.2 tuyn tnh ca cm bin
a. Khi nim
Mt cm bin c gi l tuyn tnh trong mt di o xc nh nu trong di ch
c nhy khng ph thuc vo i lng o. Nu cm bin khng tuyn tnh,
ngi ta a vo mch o cc thit b hiu chnh sao cho tn hiu in nhn c
u ra t l vi s thay i ca i lng o u vo. S hiu chnh c gi l s
tuyn tnh ho.
b. ng thng tt nht
Khi chun cm bin, t kt qu thc nghim ta nhn c mt lot im tng
ng (s
i
, m
i
) ca i lng u ra v i lng u vo. V mt l thuyt, i vi cc
cm bin tuyn tnh, ng cong chun l mt ng thng. Tuy nhin, do sai s khi
o, cc im chun (s
i
, m
i
) nhn c bng thc nghim thng khng nm trn cng
mt ng thng.
ng thng c xy dng trn c s cc s liu thc nghim sao cho sai s l
b nht, biu din s tuyn tnh ca cm bin c gi l ng thng tt nht.
Phng trnh biu din ng thng tt nht c lp bng phng php bnh
phng b nht. Gi s khi chun cm bin ta tin hnh vi N im o, phng trnh
c dng:
b m a S + = . (2.6)
vi
( )

=
2
2
. . .
i i
i i i i
m m N
m s m s N
a ;
( )

=
2
2
2
. . .
i i
i i i i i
m m N
m s m m s
b (2.7)
c. lch tuyn tnh
i vi cc cm bin khng hon ton tuyn tnh, ngi ta a ra khi nim
lch tuyn tnh, xc nh bi lch cc i gia ng cong chun v ng thng
tt nht, tnh bng % trong di o.
2.3.3 Sai s v chnh xc ca cm bin
a. Sai s

Trang 26
Cc b cm bin cng nh cc dng c o lng khc, ngoi i lng cn o
(cm nhn) cn chu tc ng ca nhiu i lng vt l khc gy nn sai s gia gi
tr o c v gi tr thc ca i lng cn o. Gi x l lch tuyt i gia gi tr
o v gi tr thc x (sai s tuyt i), sai s tng i ca b cm bin c tnh bng:
100
x
x
= [%] (2.8)
b. Sai s ca b cm bin mang tnh cht c tnh
Bi v khng th bit chnh xc gi tr thc ca i lng cn o. Khi nh gi
sai s ca cm bin, ngi ta thng phn chng thnh hai loi: Sai s h thng v sai
s ngu nhin.
Sai s h thng: L sai s khng ph thuc vo s ln o, c gi tr khng i
hoc thay i chm theo thi gian o v thm vo mt lch khng i gia gi tr
thc v gi tr o c. Sai s h thng thng do s thiu hiu bit v h o, do iu
kin s dng khng tt gy ra
Sai s ngu nhin: L sai s xut hin c ln v chiu khng xc nh. Ta c
th d on c mt s nguyn nhn gy ra sai s ngu nhin nhng khng th d
on c ln v du ca n. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra sai s ngu nhin c th
l:
o Do s thay i c tnh ca thit b.
o Do tn hiu nhiu ngu nhin.
o Do cc i lng nh hng khng c tnh n khi chun cm bin.
2.3.4 nhanh v thi gian p ng ca cm bin
a. nhanh ca cm bin
nhanh: L c trng ca cm bin cho php nh gi kh nng theo kp v
thi gian ca i lng u ra khi i lng u vo bin thin. Thi gian p ng l
i lng c s dng xc nh gi tr s ca nhanh.

Trang 27
nhanh t
r
: L khong thi gian t khi i lng o thay i t ngt n khi
bin thin ca i lng u ra ch cn khc gi tr cui cng mt lng gii hn tnh
bng %.
b. Thi gian p ng tng ng ca cm bin
Thi gian p ng tng ng vi % xc nh khong thi gian cn thit phi
ch i sau khi c s bin thin ca i lng o ly gi tr ca u ra vi chnh
xc nh trc. Thi gian p ng c trng cho ch qu ca cm bin v l
hm ca cc thng s thi gian xc nh ch ny.
o Trong trng hp s thay i ca i lng o: Trong trng hp s thay i
ca i lng o c dng bc thang, cc thng s thi gian gm thi gian tr khi
tng (t
dm
) v thi gian tng (t
m
) ng vi s tng t ngt ca i lng o hoc
thi gian tr khi gim (t
dc
) v thi gian gim (t
c
) ng vi s gim t ngt ca i
lng o hnh 2.3.
o Khong thi gian tr khi tng t
dm
: L thi gian cn thit i lng u ra tng
t gi tr ban u ca n n 10% ca bin thin tng cng ca i lng ny v
khong thi gian tng t
m
l thi gian cn thit i lng u ra tng t 10%
n 90% bin thin tng cng ca n.
o Thi gian tr khi gim t
dc
: Thi gian tr khi gim t
dc
l thi gian cn thit i
lng u ra gim t 90% n 10% bin thin tng cng ca n.

Hnh 2.3 Cc khong thi gian c trng cho ch qu .

Trang 28
2.3.5 Gii hn s dng ca cm bin
Trong qu trnh s dng, cc cm bin lun chu tc ng ca ng lc c hc, tc
ng nhit... Khi cc tc ng ny vt qu ngng cho php, chng s lm thay i
c trng lm vic ca cm bin. Bi vy khi s dng cm bin, ngi s dng cn
phi bit r cc gii hn ny.
o Vng lm vic nh danh: Vng lm vic nh danh tng ng vi nhng iu
kin s dng bnh thng ca cm bin. Gii hn ca vng l cc gi tr ngng
m cc i lng o, cc i lng vt l c lin quan n i lng o hoc cc
i lng nh hng c th thng xuyn t ti m khng lm thay i cc c
trng lm vic nh danh ca cm bin.
o Vng khng gy nn h hng: Vng khng gy nn h hng l vng m khi cc
i lng o hoc cc i lng vt l c lin quan v cc i lng nh hng
vt qua ngng ca vng lm vic nh danh nhng vn cn nm trong phm vi
khng gy nn h hng.
Cc c trng ca cm bin c th b thay i nhng nhng thay i ny
mang tnh thun nghch, tc l khi tr v vng lm vic nh danh cc c trng
ca cm bin ly li gi tr ban u ca chng.
o Vng khng ph hy: Vng khng ph hy l vng m khi cc i lng o hoc
cc i lng vt l c lin quan v cc i lng nh hng vt qua ngng
ca vng khng gy nn h hng nhng vn cn nm trong phm vi khng b
ph hy, cc c trng ca cm bin b thay i v nhng thay i ny mang tnh
khng thun nghch, tc l khi tr v vng lm vic nh danh cc c trng ca
cm bin khng th ly li gi tr ban u ca chng. Trong trng hp ny cm
bin vn cn s dng c, nhng phi tin hnh chun li cm bin.
2.4 Nguyn l ch to ca cm bin
Cc cm bin c ch to da trn c s cc hin tng vt l v c phn
lm hai loi:

Trang 29
o Cm bin tch cc: L cc cm bin hot ng nh mt my pht, p ng (s) l
in tch, in p hay dng.
o Cm bin th ng: L cc cm bin hot ng nh mt tr khng trong p
ng (s) l in tr, t cm hoc in dung.
Cc cm bin tch cc c ch to da trn c s ng dng cc hiu ng
vt l bin i mt dng nng lng no (nhit, c hoc bc x) thnh nng
lng in. Sau y m t mt cch khi qut ng dng mt s hiu ng vt l
khi ch to cm bin
2.4.1 Hiu ng nhit in
Hiu ng nhit ng dng trong ch to cc cm bin nhit . Hai dy dn (M
1
)
v (M
2
) c bn cht ho hc khc nhau c hn li vi nhau thnh mt mch in
kn, nu nhit hai mi hn l T
1
v T
2
khc nhau, khi trong mch xut hin
mt sut in ng e(T
1
, T
2
) m ln ca n ph thuc vo s chnh lch nhit
gia T
1
v T
2
.

Hnh 2.4 Hiu ng nhit in.
Hiu ng nhit in c ng dng o nhit T
1
khi bit trc nhit T
2
,
thng chn T
2
= 0
o
C.
2.4.2 Hiu ng ha nhit
Mt s tinh th gi l tinh th ha nhit (v d tinh th sulfate triglycine) c tnh
phn cc in t pht vi phn cc ph thuc vo nhit , lm xut hin trn cc
mt i din ca chng nhng in tch tri du. ln ca in p gia hai mt ph
thuc vo phn cc ca tinh th ha nhit.

Trang 30

Hnh 2.5 Hiu ng ha nhit.
Hiu ng ha nhit c ng dng o thng lng ca bc x nh sng. o
in p V ta c th xc nh c thng lng nh sng .
2.4.3 Hiu ng p in
Mt s vt liu gi chung l vt liu p in (nh thch anh) khi b bin dng
di tc ng ca lc c hc, trn cc mt i din ca tm vt liu xut hin nhng
lng in tch bng nhau nhng tri du, c gi l hiu ng p in. o V ta c th
xc nh c cng ca lc tc dng F.

Hnh 2.6 Hiu ng p in.
2.4.4 Hiu ng cm ng in t
Khi mt dy dn chuyn ng trong t trng khng i, trong dy dn xut hin
mt sut in ng t l vi t thng ct ngang dy trong mt n v thi gian, ngha
l t l vi tc dch chuyn ca dy. Tng t nh vy, trong mt khung dy t
trong t trng c t thng bin thin cng xut hin mt sut in ng t l vi tc
bin thin ca t thng qua khung dy.

Hnh 2.7 Hiu ng cm ng in t.

Trang 31
Hiu ng cm ng in t c ng dng xc nh tc dch chuyn ca vt
thng qua vic o sut in ng cm ng.
2.4.5 Hiu ng quang in
Hiu ng quang dn: (hay cn gi l hiu ng quang in ni) l hin tng gii
phng ra cc ht dn t do trong vt liu (thng l bn dn) khi chiu vo chng mt
bc x nh sng (hoc bc x in t ni chung) c bc sng nh hn mt ngng
nht nh.
Hiu ng quang pht x in t: (hay cn gi l hiu ng quang in ngoi) l
hin tng cc in t c gii phng v thot khi b mt vt liu to thnh dng c
th thu li nh tc dng ca in trng.
2.4.6 Hiu ng quang-in t
Khi tc dng mt t trng B vung gc vi bc x nh sng, trong vt liu bn
dn c chiu sng s xut hin mt hiu in th theo hng vung gc vi t
trng B v hng bc x nh sng.

Hnh 2.8 Hiu ng quang- in t.
2.4.7 Hiu ng Hall
Hiu ng Hall c ng dng xc nh v tr ca mt vt chuyn ng. Vt
cn xc nh v tr lin kt c hc vi thanh nam chm, mi thi im, v tr thanh
nam chm xc nh gi tr ca t trng B v gc tng ng vi tm bn dn mng
lm vt trung gian. V vy, hiu in th V
H
o c gia hai cnh tm bn dn l hm
ph thuc vo v tr ca vt trong khng gian.

Trang 32

Hnh 2.9 Hiu ng Hall.
o Nguyn l ch to cm bin th ng: Cm bin th ng thng c ch to t
mt tr khng c cc thng s ch yu nhy vi i lng cn o. Gi tr ca tr
khng ph thuc kch thc hnh hc, tnh cht in ca vt liu ch to (nh
in tr sut , t thm , hng s in mi ). V vy tc ng ca i lng
o c th nh hng ring bit n kch thc hnh hc, tnh cht in hoc ng
thi c hai.
o S thay i thng s hnh hc: S thay i thng s hnh hc ca tr khng gy
ra do chuyn ng ca phn t chuyn ng hoc phn t bin dng ca cm
bin. Trong cc cm bin c phn t chuyn ng, mi v tr ca phn t ng s
ng vi mt gi tr xc nh ca tr khng, cho nn o tr khng c th xc nh
c v tr ca i tng.
o Phn t bin dng ca cm bin: Trong cm bin c phn t bin dng, s bin
dng ca phn t bin dng di tc ng ca i lng o (lc hoc cc i
lng gy ra lc) gy ra s thay i ca tr khng ca cm bin. S thay i tr
khng do bin dng lin quan n lc tc ng, do lin quan n i lng
cn o. Xc nh tr khng ta c th xc nh c i lng cn o. Cc i
lng cn o c kh nng lm thay i tnh cht in ca vt liu s dng ch to
cm bin:

Trang 33
i lng cn o c trng nhy cm Loi vt liu s dng
Nhit
Kim loi (Pt, Ni, Cu)
Bn dn
Bc x nh sng Bn dn
Bin dng

T thm ()
Hp kim Ni, Si pha tp
Hp kim st t
V tr (nam chm)
Vt liu t in tr: Bi,
InSb

Hnh 2.10 S chuyn i gia cc i lng ca cm bin
2.5 Phn loi cm bin
Cm bin c phn loi theo nhiu tiu ch khc nhau. Ty theo cch chn
m ngi ta c th phn loi cm bin theo cc cch sau:
a. Theo nguyn l chuyn i gia p ng v kch thch.

Trang 34
Hin tng Chuyn i gia p ng v kch thch
Vt l
Nhit in.
Quang in
Quang t.
in t
T in
Ha hc
Bin i ha hc
Bin i in ha
Phn tch ph
Sinh hc
Bin i sinh ha
Bin i vt l
Hiu ng trn c th sng
b. Theo dng kch thch.
Kch thch
Cc c tnh ca kch thch
m thanh
Bin pha, phn cc
Ph
Tc truyn sng
in
in tch, dng in
in th, in p
in trng
in dn, hng s in mi
T
T trng
T thng, cng t trng.
t thm
C
V tr
Lc, p sut
Gia tc, vn tc, ng sut, cng
M men
Khi lng, t trng

Trang 35
nht
Quang
Ph
Tc truyn
H s pht x, khc x
Nhit
Nhit
Thng lng
T nhit
Bc x
Kiu: Nng lng
Kiu: Cng
c. Theo tnh nng.
nhy
chnh xc
phn gii
tuyn tnh
Cng sut tiu th
d. Theo phm vi s dng
Cm bin cng nghip
Cm bin nghin cu khoa hc
Cm bin mi trng, kh tng
Cm bin thng tin, vin thng
Cm bin nng nghip
Cm bin dn dng
Cm bin giao thng vn ti
e. Theo thng s ca m hnh mch in thay th
o Cm bin tch cc (c ngun): u ra l ngun p hoc ngun dng.

o Cm bin th ng (khng c ngun): Cm bin gi l
cn c thm ngu
tch cc th khng c
R, L, Ctuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn.
f. Cc loi cm bin th
o Cm bin tim c
o Cm bin quang.
o Cm bin mu s
o Cm bin thng minh
o Cm bin si quang.
o Cm bin lc cng
o Cm bin nhit.
o Cm bin v tr v
o Cm bin lu l
o Cm bin siu m
g. K hiu cc loi cm bin
Hnh 2.

Trang 36
m bin th ng (khng c ngun): Cm bin gi l th
thm ngun nng lng ph hon tt nhim v o kim, c
khng cn. Cm bin th ng c c trng b
n tnh hoc phi tuyn.
thng s dng trong cng nghip v dn d
cn.
m bin quang.
u sc.
m bin thng minh.
m bin si quang.
c cng p sut.
m bin nhit.
m bin v tr v dch chuyn.
u lng.
u m.
u cc loi cm bin

2.11 K hiu cc loi cm bin thng dng
m Bin & Chuyn i
th ng khi chng
t nhim v o kim, cn loi
ng bng cc thng s:
dn dng

ng

Trang 37
Cm bin c k hiu nh hnh 2.11, ty theo loi cm bin m trong k hiu s
km thm cc k hiu ca cun dy cho cm bin in cm, t cho cm bin in
dung V d: Hnh 2.12 l k hiu ca cm bin in dung, ng ra dng ON/OFF loi
thng h, chuyn mch dng.

Hnh 2.12 K hiu cm bin in dung
2.6 Mch o cm bin
2.6.1 S mch o
Mch o bao gm ton b thit b o (trong c cm bin) cho php xc nh
chnh xc gi tr ca i lng cn o trong nhng iu kin tt nht.
o u vo ca mch, cm bin chu tc ng ca i lng cn o gy nn
tn hiu in mang theo thng tin v i lng cn o.
o u ra ca mch, tn hiu in qua x l c chuyn i sang dng c
th c c trc tip gi tr cn tm ca i lng o. Vic chun h o m
bo cho mi gi tr ca ch th u ra tng ng vi mt gi tr ca i lng
o tc ng u vo ca mch.

Hnh 2.13 S mch o nhit bng cp nhit

Trang 38
o Trn thc t, do cc yu cu khc nhau khi o, mch o thng gm nhiu
thnh phn trong c cc khi ti u ho vic thu thp v x l d liu,
chng hn mch tuyn tnh ho tn hiu nhn t cm bin, mch kh in
dung k sinh, cc b chuyn i nhiu knh, b khuch i, b so pha lc
nhiu, b chuyn i tng t - s, b vi x l, cc thit b h tr...
o Hnh 2.14 biu din s khi mt mch in o in th trn b mt mng
nhy quang c lp rp t nhiu phn t.

Hnh 2.14 Mch o in th b mt
2.6.2 Mt s phn t c bn ca mch o
a. B khuch i thut ton (KTT)
B khuch i thut ton mch tch hp l b khuch i dng mt chiu c
hai u vo v mt u ra chung, thng gm nhiu trasistor v cc in tr, t
in ghp ni vi nhau. u vo ca mch, cm bin chu tc ng ca i
lng cn o gy nn tn hiu in mang theo thng tin v i lng cn o.

Hnh 2.15 S mch khuch i thut ton
1) My pht chc nng
2) Cm bin in tch
3) Tin khuch i
4) So pha lc nhiu
5) Khuch i
6) Chuyn i tng t s
7) My tnh

Trang 39
b. B khuch i o lng I
A

B khuch i o lng I
A
c hai u vo v mt u ra. Tn hiu u ra t
l vi hiu ca hai in p u vo:
U A U U A U
ra
= =
+
) ( (2.9)

Hnh 2.16 S mch khuch i o lng gm 3 b KTT ghp in tr
c. Kh in p lch
o i vi mt b khuch i thut ton l tng khi h mch phi c in p
ra bng khng khi hai u vo ni mass.
o Thc t v cc in p bn trong nn to ra mt in p nh (in p phn
cc) u vo khuch i thut ton c vi mV, nhng khi s dng mch
kn in p ny c khuch i v to nn in p kh ln u ra. kh
in p lch c th s dng s hnh nh sau, bng cch iu chnh bin
tr R3.

Trang 40

Hnh 2.17 S mch kh in p lch
d. Mch cu
o Cu Wheatstone thng c s dng trong cc mch o nhit , lc, p
sut, t trng... Cu gm bn in tr R1, R2, R3 c nh v R4 thay i
(mc nh hnh 2.18) hot ng nh cu khng cn bng da trn vic pht
hin in p qua ng cho ca cu.
o u ra ca mch, tn hiu in qua x l c chuyn i sang dng c
th c c trc tip gi tr cn tm ca i lng o. Vic chun h o m
bo cho mi gi tr ca ch th u ra tng ng vi mt gi tr ca i lng
o tc ng u vo ca mch.

Hnh 2.18 S mch cu Wheatstone

Hnh 2.1
Cm bin tim cn l
mt vt th vi cm bin in t khng cng tc (khng ng chm). Cm bin tim
cn c mt v tr rt quan trng trong thc t. Th d pht hin vt tr
robot bt gi ly; pht hin chai, lon nhm tr
cm bin thng dng logic
Cm bin tim cn c
o Loi cm ng t: c hai lo
v ch pht hin c nh
o Loi cm ng in dung: tm pht hin ngn
in mi ln hn 1, th
o Loi cm bin quang
tm o tng i xa c th l
o Loi cm bin siu m: c th
2.7.1 Cm bin tim cn
2.7.1.1 Gii thiu cm
a. Hnh dng cm bin
Cm bin cm ng t
dng hnh ch nht nh h
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 42
19 Cm bin tim cn loi pht hin vt r
m bin tim cn l mt k thut nhn bit s c mt hay khng c mt ca
t vt th vi cm bin in t khng cng tc (khng ng chm). Cm bin tim
n c mt v tr rt quan trng trong thc t. Th d pht hin vt tr
ly; pht hin chai, lon nhm trn bng chuyn. Tn hiu ng
ng dng logic (c hoc khng).
m bin tim cn c cc loi:
c hai loi in cm v t cm, loi ny c t
c nhng vt c t tnh
n dung: tm pht hin ngn, pht hin c cc vt c hng s
, thng c b phn chnh nhy.
i cm bin quang c ba loi: xuyn sut, phn x v khu
i xa c th ln n 30m, pht hin c hu ht cc vt
u m: c th pht hin tt c cc vt tm pht hin trung b
m cn cm ng t (Magnectic sensor)
i thiu cm bin tim cn cm ng t
m bin cm ng t
t c rt nhiu hnh dng khc nhau, nhng th
hnh 2.20

Hnh 2.20 Hnh dng cm bin t
m Bin & Chuyn i

m bin tim cn loi pht hin vt ri v vt cn.
t k thut nhn bit s c mt hay khng c mt ca
t vt th vi cm bin in t khng cng tc (khng ng chm). Cm bin tim
n c mt v tr rt quan trng trong thc t. Th d pht hin vt trn dy chuyn
n. Tn hiu ng ra ca
y c tm pht hin ngn
c cc vt c hng s
khuch tn loi ny c
c hu ht cc vt.
pht hin tt c cc vt tm pht hin trung bnh
ng thng s dng l


Trang 43
b. Nguyn tc ch to cm ng t
Nguyn tc ch to cm bin t da theo hin tng cm ng t Hall

Hnh 2.21 Hin tng cm ng t Hall.
Khi t mt tm vt liu mng (thng l bn dn) cho dng in I chy qua s
sinh ra mt t trng B c phng to vi dng in mt gc th s xut hin mt
in th V
h
theo hng vung gc gia B v I nh hnh 2.22
sin . . . B I K V
h h
= (2.10)
Trong K
h
l h s vt liu

Hnh 2.22 Hot ng cm ng t Hall.
Hiu ng Hall c dng ch to cm bin xc nh s di chuyn ca vt, vt
c gn vo thanh nam chm to t trng B. T trng do cun dy ca cm bin
to ra s thay i khi tng tc vi vt th kim loi do ch pht hin c vi vt
th l kim loi.

2.7.1.2 Cm bin t loi in cm
a. Hnh dng
Cm bin in cm
dng l dng hnh tr trn
Hnh 2.
Cm ng t loi in cm da v
quanh n nhn bit vt. Cm bin loi in cm rt a dng nh
bin tim cn in cm c nhiu kch th
ng dng khc nhau. Cm bin tim cn in cm
tng l kim loi (nhng chng
phi l kim loi).
b. Cu to
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 44
Hnh 2.23 Nguyn tc chung ca cm bin t.
loi in cm (Inductive sensor)
m cng c rt nhiu hnh dng khc nhau, nh
n v bc bng kim loi nh hnh 2.24

Hnh 2.24 Cc loi cm bin t loi in cm.
loi in cm da vo in cm ca cun dy sinh ra t tr
nhn bit vt. Cm bin loi in cm rt a dng nh
n in cm c nhiu kch thc v hnh dng khc nhau t
m bin tim cn in cm c dng
nhng chng khng th pht hin cc i tng c cu to khng
m Bin & Chuyn i

a cm bin t.
ng khc nhau, nhng thng s

i cm bin t loi in cm.
n cm ca cun dy sinh ra t trng xung
nhn bit vt. Cm bin loi in cm rt a dng nh hnh 2.24. Cm
ng khc nhau tng ng vi cc
ng pht hin cc i
ng c cu to khng

Phn cm ng t bao gm cc
vo cun dy to cm ng t vi
thng a ra 2 dy cp k
s c led ch th bo hiu cm bin nhn thy vt trong v
Hnh 2.
Cu trc ca cm bin g
o 1 - Cun dy v li ferit
t trn cun dy ln li ferit, vng t
bin, nn vng ny s
o 2 - Mch dao ng:
tn s cao khi c s t
hiu ny s gim.
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 45
Hnh 2.25 Cu to cm bin t loi in cm.
m ng t bao gm cc thnh phn: Vng t tr
n dy to cm ng t vi tn s lm vic t 300 n 800kHz, loi n
a ra 2 dy cp kt ni ngun v mt dy tn hiu ra. Khi c tn hiu ra
c led ch th bo hiu cm bin nhn thy vt trong vng t
Hnh 2.26 Cu trc ca cm bin t loi in cm.
u trc ca cm bin gm 4 phn chnh nh hnh 2.26
li ferit: Phn ny to ra vng t trng nh hin t
n li ferit, vng t trng tp trung pha tr
n vng ny s tc ng ln vt cn o
: Chc nng mch ny to ra dao ng vi dng tn hiu sin
n s cao khi c s tng tc ln b mt cm bin th bin
m Bin & Chuyn i

u to cm bin t loi in cm.
ng c to ra nh
c t 300 n 800kHz, loi ny
t dy tn hiu ra. Khi c tn hiu ra
ng tc ng.

u trc ca cm bin t loi in cm.
ng nh hin tng cm ng
pha trc u ca cm
o ra dao ng vi dng tn hiu sin
bin dao ng ca tn

Trang 46
o 3 - Mch pht hin: Chc nng mch ny da vo in th tham chiu pht
hin gi tr bin ca mch dao ng khi c vt tc ng ln b mt cm bin,
lc bin ny gim n mt gi tr cho php no s xut ra tn hiu ng ra
o 4 - Mch u ra: Ng ra l kt qu ca mch so snh ngng nhn bit c vt
nm trong tm hot ng ca cm bin hay khng, do tn hin ra dng
ON/OFF
c. Nguyn l hot ng
Cm bin cm ng t hot ng da trn nguyn tc thay i tng tc t trn b
mt ca cm bin nh hnh 2.27

Hnh 2.27 Cc thnh phn ca cm bin t loi in cm.
Tn s mch dao ng LC thng t 300Khz n 800 Khz c tnh theo cng
thc:
LC
F
2
1
0
= (2.11)
nh hng ca dng in xoy lm thay i bin b dao ng LC. Mch pht
hin ngng (trigger) gim st s thay i bin v kch mch ng ra (output switch)
mi khi c s thay i vt ngng. Ng ra cm bin l tn hiu ON/OFF.

Trang 47

Hnh 2.28 Trng thi tc ng ca cm bin t loi in cm.
Khi c vt th bng kim loi i vo vng t trng. T trng ny cm ng ln
vt th mt dng in xoay trn gi l dng in xoy. Dng in xoy to ra mt t
trng ngc chiu vi t trng ban u. T trng ny lm gim bin mch dao
ng LC bn trong cm bin. Hnh 2.28

Hnh 2.29 Hin tng t trng xoy ca cm bin t loi in cm.
T trng to ra xung quanh cun dy khi c dng in xoay chiu chy qua.
Khi c vt th bng kim loi a vo t trng. Dng in xoy s c cm ng vo
kim loi. Dng in xoy trong kim loi to ra t trng th hai ngc vi t trng

Trang 48
ban u nh hnh 2.29. Dng in s b ngt qung khi c vt nt trn vt liu dn
in.
Cm bin tim cn in cm c thit k to ra mt vng in t trng, khi
mt vt bng kim loi tin vo khu vc ny, xut hin dng in xoy (dng in cm
ng) trong vt th kim loi ny. Hnh 2.30

Hnh 2.30 Nguyn l lm vic ca cm bin in cm.
Dng in xoy gy nn s tiu hao nng lng (do in tr ca kim loi), lm
nh hng n bin sng dao ng. n mt tr s no tn hiu ny c ghi
nhn. Mch pht hin s pht hin s thay i tn hiu v tc ng mch ra ln mc
ON hnh 2.31. Khi i tng ri khi khu vc in trng, s dao ng c lp li,
cm bin tr li trng thi bnh thng.

Hnh 2.31 Hot ng ca cm bin tim cn in cm.

Trang 49
Khi vt cn tc ng ln b mt ca cm bin, bin tn hiu ca mch dao
ng s thay i, bin ny s gim dn khi vt cng tin gn b mt tc ng. Khi
khong cch ln ng ra ca cm bin s cho ra mt xung v n ch bo s sng
ln.
d. Phn loi
Cm bin tim cn in cm c th phn lm 2 loi: Shielded (c bo v) v
unshielded (khng c bo v) nh hnh 2.32. Loi khng c bo v thng c tm pht
hin ln hn loi c bo v.

Hnh 2.32 Phn loi cm bin in cm.
o Cm bin tim cn in cm loi c bo v: c 1 vng kim loi bao quanh (hnh
2.33) gip hn ch vng in t trng vng bn, tuy nhin khi c lp bo v
ny th vng t trng cng b gii hn bt i lm cho cm bin c tm pht hin
ngn li. V tr lp t cm bin c th t ngang bng vi b mt lm vic .
o Cm bin tim cn in cm loi khng c bo v: khng c vng kim loi bao
quanh, khng th lp t cm bin ngang bng b mt lm vic (bng b mt kim
loi). Loi cm bin khng c bo v xung quanh phi c 1 vng khng c cha
kim loi phn u cm bin (hnh 2.34) v th tm pht hin c xa hn
nhng d b nh hng bi cc vt xung quanh lm bng kim loi.

Hnh 2.33 Cm bin tim cn in cm loi c bo v.

Trang 50

Hnh 2.34 Cm bin tim cn in cm loi khng c bo v.
c 2 loi cm bin c bo v v khng c bo v, nu c 1 b mt kim loi v
tr i din cm bin, khng nh hng n hot ng ca cm bin th b mt kim
loi ny phi cch b mt cm bin 1 khong cch c ln t nht gp 3 ln tm pht
hin ca cm bin.
e. u nhc im
o u im
Khng chu nh hng ca m.
Khng c b phn chuyn ng.
Khng chu nh hng ca bi bm.
Khng ph thuc vo mu sc.
t ph thuc vo b mt i tng hn so vi cc k thut khc.
Khng c vng cht (blind zone): cm bin khng pht hin ra i tng
mc d i tng gn cm bin.
o Nhc im
Ch pht hin c i tng l kim loi.
C th chu nh hng bi cc vng in t mnh.
Phm vi hot ng ngn hn so vi cc k thut khc.
2.7.1.3 Cm bin t loi t cm: (Inductive Magnectic sensor)
a. Loi tc ng bng tip im: (Reed Switch: li g)

Cu to
Cm bin t loi tc ng bng tip im (l
o B phn cha tip im: L
kh tr.
o Tip im (li g): lm b
o Led ch bo v dy n
Nguyn l hot ng
Cm bin loi n
khong cch cho php
li g lm ng tip im.
cn bng kim loi, k
Khi t trng to ra gn v tr ca l
ng li nh hnh 2.
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 51
m bin t loi tc ng bng tip im (li g) cu to gm cc b phn sau:
phn cha tip im: L mt ng thy tinh bn trong ch
): lm bng cht c kh nng t tnh nh st hay niken.
dy ni ngun, tn hiu ra.
Hnh 2.35 Cu to cm bin t loi li g
t ng
m bin loi ny pht hin c tt c cc loi vt liu
ng cch cho php. T trng c to ra t cun dy cm ng tc ng l
p im. Cm bin b nh hng bi 3 yu t:
, khong cch vt cn.
ng to ra gn v tr ca li g, vi lc t ln s ht l
2.36
Hnh 2.36 Hai trng thi ca li g.
m Bin & Chuyn i
u to gm cc b phn sau:
n trong cha chn khng hay
t hay niken.

i g.
c tt c cc loi vt liu dn in trong
c to ra t cun dy cm ng tc ng ln
ng bi 3 yu t: Nhit , vt
i lc t ln s ht li g

.

Khi c t trng i qua
v ht nhau, hai tip im s
ng bng tip im.
S ph thuc cc t tr
o V tr ca im tc ng ph thuc v
o Dng cc i cn
b. Loi tc ng bng
Cu to
Cm bin t loi tc ng bng mch t cu to gm cc b phn sau:
o Mch t: l mt mch t tn s cao
cm ng vo.
o Cun dy mch t: l m
o Led ch bo v dy n
Hnh 2.
Cm bin t loi tc ng bng mch t da v
u thu khi c vt ti gn. Cm bin c cu to gm cc phn ging nh
tc ng bng li g
bng mch t.
Nguyn l hot ng
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 52
ng i qua vng cng tc th s lm cho hai ti
p im s c ni li. y l c s ch to cm bin tc
ng bng tip im.
trng khc nhau cn c trnh:
tr ca im tc ng ph thuc vo khong cch dch chuy
c gii hn trnh chy tip im.
i tc ng bng t cm (Inductive Magnectic sensor)
m bin t loi tc ng bng mch t cu to gm cc b phn sau:
t mch t tn s cao c tc ng khi c t
l mt b dy qun trn mch t.
dy ni ngun, tn hiu ra.
Hnh 2.37 Cu to cm bin t tc ng bng t tr
m bin t loi tc ng bng mch t da vo s tc ng ca t tr
u thu khi c vt ti gn. Cm bin c cu to gm cc phn ging nh
i g ch khc tip im trong cm bin t loi l
t ng
m Bin & Chuyn i
m cho hai tip im nhim t
ch to cm bin tc
chuyn.
m bin t loi tc ng bng mch t cu to gm cc b phn sau:
c tc ng khi c t trng bn ngoi

u to cm bin t tc ng bng t trng.
tc ng ca t trng
u thu khi c vt ti gn. Cm bin c cu to gm cc phn ging nh loi
khc tip im trong cm bin t loi li g c thay

Cu to gm m
ng thu cm bin, khi vt c t tr
trng u thu v lm cho m
snh pht hin cho ng
Hnh 2.38 Cc thnh ph
Cn ch khi thc hin tr
o Thit b lm vic trng thi ngm tn s l
o Trnh dng loi cm bin n
2.7.1.4 c tnh v cc thng s
a. c tnh
Cm bin tim cn t
thng c hai loi nh
o Cm bin tim cn loi c bo v:
t b nhiu bi kim loi xung quanh, tuy nhi
o Cm bin tim cn loi khng c bo v:
mt cm bin nn kho
xung quanh.
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 53
mt b to dao ng tn s cao, dao ng n
m bin, khi vt c t trng tin n gn th s lm
lm cho mch dao ng ca cm bin b nh h
n cho ng ra cm bin dng on/off.
Cc thnh phn chnh ca cm bin t tc ng bng t tr
n ch khi thc hin trn cc dng t khc nhau.
c trng thi ngm tn s lm vic cao - 1kHz
i cm bin ny nhng ni c nhiu nh hng ca t tr
v cc thng s s dng
m bin tim cn ty theo cu to s c cc c tnh s dng khc nhau,
ng c hai loi nh sau
n loi c bo v: t trng c tp trung tr
i kim loi xung quanh, tuy nhin khong cch o s ngn i.
Hnh 2.39 Cm bin t loi c bo v.
n loi khng c bo v: khng c bo v t tr
nn khong cch o s di hn, tuy nhin d b nhiu bi kim loi
m Bin & Chuyn i
t b to dao ng tn s cao, dao ng ny to t trng
m nh hng n t
ch dao ng ca cm bin b nh hng, mch so

n chnh ca cm bin t tc ng bng t trng.

ng ca t trng.
c cc c tnh s dng khc nhau,
c tp trung trc mt sensor nn
ng cch o s ngn i.

m bin t loi c bo v.
o v t trng xung quanh
b nhiu bi kim loi

b. Cc thut ng thng s dng
Vt chun (Standard Object)
Mt vt c xem l
hp pht huy c cc c tnh k thut ca
Khong cch tc ng
Khong cch tc ng l
tnh ton nh l sai s
cp. Trong mt vi tr
khong cch tc ng n
n khi n n gn h
xem xt khi c lng khong cch tc ng trong mi tr
2.42
Khong cch hot ng hiu qu
Khong cch hot ng hiu qu iu kin ngun in cung cp n nh
vi nhit dao ng trong khong t 23
sai s trong qu trnh s
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 54
Hnh 2.40 Cm bin t loi khng c bo v.
ng s dng
t chun (Standard Object)
c xem l chun nu: hnh dng, vt liu, kch
c cc c tnh k thut ca cm bin.
Hnh 2.41 M t vt chun.
ng cch tc ng (Rated Distance): Sn
ng cch tc ng l mt gi tr l thuyt m n khng ph
tnh ton nh l sai s ca qu trnh sn xut, nhit hot ng v
i trng hp cm bin c th pht hin ra vt th nm ngo
ng ny. Hoc c trng hp vt th khng
n khi n n gn hn khong cch tc ng. C mt vi gi
ng khong cch tc ng trong mi trng hp c th.
ng cch hot ng hiu qu (Effective Operating Distance):
ng cch hot ng hiu qu iu kin ngun in cung cp n nh
ng trong khong t 23
o
C 0.5
o
C. N da v
nh sn xut. Khong cch hot ng hiu qu
Vt chun: vt liu,
hnh dng, kch
thc, tc
m Bin & Chuyn i

m bin t loi khng c bo v.
ng, vt liu, kch c ca vt ph

n khng ph thuc vo
n xut, nhit hot ng v in p cung
ng hp cm bin c th pht hin ra vt th nm ngoi
ng hp vt th khng c pht hin cho
i gii hn phi c
ng hp c th. Hnh
(Effective Operating Distance): Sr
ng cch hot ng hiu qu iu kin ngun in cung cp n nh
a vo vic tnh ton
n xut. Khong cch hot ng hiu qu khong 10%
t chun: vt liu,
ng, kch
c, tc

Trang 55
ca khong cch tc ng. iu ny c ngha l vt th s c pht hin trong
khong t 0 n 90% ca khong cch tc ng. Ty thuc vo mi thit b tuy
nhin khong cch tc ng hiu qu c th xa hn 110% ca khong cch tc
ng. Hnh 2.42
Khong cch chuyn mch hu ch (Useful Switching Distance): Su
Khong cch chuyn mch hu ch l khong cch chuyn mch c tnh
ton theo iu kin in p v nhit l thuyt. Khong cch chuyn mch hu
ch th bng khong 10% ca khong cch hot ng hiu qu. Hnh 2.42
Khong cch hot ng chc chn (Guaranteed Operating Distance): Sa
Khong cch hot ng chc chn l khong cch chuyn mch cho s hot
ng ca cm bin tim cn trong phm vi iu kin hot ng c th c th chp
nhn c m bo. Khong cch hot ng chc chn nm trong khong
081% ca khong cch hot ng. Hnh 2.42

Hnh 2.42 Khong cch hot ng ca cm bin.
Cc chuyn mch ca cm bin tim cn ch p ng li vi vt th khi vt
th nm trong khu vc xc nh ng trc b mt ca cm bin. im m
cm bin tim cn nhn ra c mt vt th mang n gi l im tc ng. V
im m khi vt th i ra lm thit b chuyn li trng thi ban u gi l im
thot. Khong cch gia 2 im ny gi l vng tr (hysteretis zone). Hnh 2.43

Trang 56

Hnh 2.43 Cc im chuyn mch ca cm bin.
Khong cch pht hin (Detecting Distance)
Khong cch pht hin l khong cch t b mt cm bin u cm bin
ti v tr vt chun xa nht m cm bin c th pht hin. Hnh 2.44

Hnh 2.44 M t khong cch pht hin.
Khong cch ci t (Sitting Distance)
Khong cch ci t l khong cch t b mt cm bin u cm bin ti
v tr vt cm bin cm bin c th pht hin vt n nh (thng khong cch
ny bng 70% n 80% khong cch pht hin). Hnh 2.45
Khong cch pht hin

Vt
cm
bin
Khong cch Reset
Cm bin
tim cn
B mt
cm bin
ON OFF

Trang 57

Hnh 2.45 M t khong cch ci t.
Thi gian p ng (Response Time)
o T1 l khong thi gian t lc i tng chun chuyn ng i vo vng
pht hin ca cm bin ti khi u ra cm bin bt v ON.
o T2 l khong thi gian t lc i tng chun chuyn ng i ra khi vng
pht hin ca cm bin ti khi u ra cm bin tt v OFF. Hnh 2.46
Hnh 2.46 M t thi gian p ng.
Tn s p ng (Response Frequency)
S ln tc ng lp li khi vt cm bin i vo vng hot ng ca cm
bin. Hnh 2.47

Vt
cm
bin
Dy hot ng
Cm bin
tim cn
B mt
cm bin
Trong dy hot ng
Ngoi dy hot ng
ON
OFF
T
1
T
2
Khong cch ci t

Vt
cm
bin
Khong cch pht hin c lng
Cm bin
tim cn
B mt
cm bin

Trang 58

Hnh 2.47 M t tn s p ng.
c. Khong cch o v cc yu t nh hng
Vt liu i tng (Material):
Vt liu i tng l khong cch pht hin ca cm bin ph thuc rt
nhiu vo vt liu ca vt cm bin. Hnh 2.48

Hnh 2.48 M t c tnh t ca vt liu.
Cc vt liu c t tnh hoc kim loi c cha st s c khong cch pht
hin xa hn cc vt liu khng c cha t tnh hoc cha st. Hnh 2.48
Kim loi cu to nn vt th cng nh hng n khong cch vng tc
ng. Nhng khi mt kim loi no khc thp th mt h s chnh sa c s
dng hiu chnh.
Khong cch
pht hin u sensor
u sensor
Vt
Vt
Kim loi khng c t tnh Kim loi c t tnh
Cm bin
tim cn
khong cch cm bin
M

M

2M

T
1
T
2
T
3
Vt cm bin
f=1/(T
2
+T
2
)

Trang 59

Hnh 2.49 Biu m t dn theo c tnh t.
Kch c ca i tng (Size):
Nu vt cm bin nh hn vt th chun (test object) khong cch pht hin
ca cm bin s gim. Hnh 2.50

Hnh 2.50 M t kch thc tng i ca ca i tng.
B dy ca i tng (Size):
dy ca vt th l mt h s cn c xem xt. Khong cch vng tc
ng th khng i i vi vt chun. Tuy nhin i vi vt th khng c st
trong thnh phn nh ng thau (brass), nhm (aluminum) v ng (copper)
th s xy ra hin tng hiu ng b mt (skin effect). Khong cch vng cm
ng s gim khi dy ca vt th tng ln. Nu dy ca vt th khc so vi
vt chun th mt h s chnh sa s c dng iu chnh li.
Vi vt cm bin thuc nhm kim loi c t tnh (st, Niken, SUS), b
dy vt phi ln hn 1mm.
Khong cch
pht hin
u sensor
u sensor
Vt
Vt
Kch thc vt ln Kch thc vt nh
dn ca vt
Khong cch cm bin
Iron
SUS
Brass
Aluminum
Copper

Vi vt cm bin thuc nhm kim loi khng c t tnh
cng mng th khong cch pht
Lp m bn ngoi c
Nu vt b m th
d
Khng m
Zn (5 15m)
Cd (5 15m)
Ag (5 15m)
Cu (10 20m)
Cu (5 15m)
Cu (5 10m) + Ni(Cu 10
Cu (5 10m) + Ni(10

S giao thoa v nh h
Cn phi ch khi s dng nhiu cm
bin t k nhau hay i din nhau c th xy ra nhiu hoc nh h
gia chng, dn n sai tn hiu u ra.
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 60
i vt cm bin thuc nhm kim loi khng c t tnh
ng cch pht hin cng xa. Hnh 2.51
Hnh 2.51 M t b dy ca i tng.
n ngoi ca vt (Plating):
u vt b m th khong cch cm bin ca vt s b nh h
dy v vt liu m Thp
100
m) 90 120
m) 100 110
m) 60 90
m) 70 90
m)
---
m) + Ni(Cu 1020m) 75 95
m) + Ni(10m) Cr(0,3m) 75 95
nh hng bi kim loi xung quanh:
n phi ch khi s dng nhiu cm bin, khi c hai hay nhi
n t k nhau hay i din nhau c th xy ra nhiu hoc nh h
n n sai tn hiu u ra.
m Bin & Chuyn i
i vt cm bin thuc nhm kim loi khng c t tnh, b dy ca vt

ng cch cm bin ca vt s b nh hng
ng
100
120 95 105
110 95 105
90 85 100
90 95 105
95 105
95
---
95 95 105
, khi c hai hay nhiu hn cm
n t k nhau hay i din nhau c th xy ra nhiu hoc nh hng ln nhau

Trang 61
Khi c nhiu cm bin tim cn c t st nhau, s lm vic sai ca cc
cm bin c th l nguyn nhn giao thoa. V th phi quy nh mt khong cch
nh nht gia 2 cm bin nh hnh 2.52

Hnh 2.52 Khong cch m t cho s giao thoa.
Khi cc cm bin c t trn bng kim loi, n i hi phi che chn cm
bin trnh nh hng bi cc vt bng kim loi ngoi tr vt cn pht hin.
V th phi quy nh mt khong cch nh nht gia cc cm bin nh hnh 2.53

Hnh 2.53 Khong cch m t nh hng bi kim loi
2.7.1.5 Cc loi u ra v cch mc ti
a. Loi u ra DC-2 dy
Khi cm bin c 2 dy ra ngun cung cp DC loi ny thng ti c mc
vo l relay thc hin nh hnh 2.54 v hnh 2.55
o S tc ng ng ra

Hnh 2.54 S ng ra iu khin loi DC-2 dy.

Trang 62
o S u dy

Hnh 2.55 S u dy ra ti loi DC-2 dy.
Ti c th mc dy ngun hoc dy mass cng ng
b. Loi DC-3 dy
Khi cm bin c 3 dy ra ngun cung cp DC loi ny thng ti c mc
vo l relay thc hin nh hnh 2.56, hnh 2.57, hnh 2.58, hnh 2.59
o S tc ng ng ra

Hnh 2.56 S ng ra iu khin loi NPN.

Hnh 2.57 S ng ra iu khin loi PNP.

Trang 63
o S u ni:

Hnh 2.58 S u dy ra ti loi 3 u dy ra.

Hnh 2.59 S u dy ra ti loi 3 u dy ra.
c. Loi AC-2 dy
Khi cm bin c 2 dy ra ngun cung cp AC loi ny thng ti c mc
vo l relay thc hin nh hnh 2.60 v hnh 2.61
o S ng ra iu khin:

Hnh 2.60 S ng ra iu khin loi AC-2 dy.

o S u dy:
d. Kt ni cm bin vi PLC
Cm bin c th kt ni trc tip hay gin tip v
dng dy ra ca cm bin hai hay ba dy nh
hnh 2.65
o Loi 2 u dy ra:
Hnh 2.62
Hnh 2.
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 64

Hnh 2.61 S u dy cho ti loi DC
t ni cm bin vi PLC
m bin c th kt ni trc tip hay gin tip vo ng vo PLC, ty theo
ng dy ra ca cm bin hai hay ba dy nh cc hnh 2.62, hnh 2.
i 2 u dy ra:
62 S kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi AC 220V.
Hnh 2.63 S kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi DC 24V.
m Bin & Chuyn i

u dy cho ti loi DC-2 dy.
o ng vo PLC, ty theo
, hnh 2.63, hnh 2.64,

kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi AC 220V.

kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi DC 24V.

o Loi 3 u dy ra:
Hnh 2.64 S
Hnh 2.65 S
e. Mt vi ch khi s dng
o Khi s dng cm bin tim c
nu khng cc linh lin b
trong 2 dy nh h
Hnh 2.
Trng hp dng t
o Loi AC-2 dy:
mong mun bi in p d
d l nh hn i
song vi ti nh
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 65
ra:
S kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi NPN D
S kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi PNP DC
dng
dng cm bin tim cn loi DC hay AC-2 dy, ph
u khng cc linh lin bn trong s h hng. Ti c th
nh hnh 2.66

Hnh 2.66 Kt ni ti vi cm bin loi 2 dy ra.
ng ti nh:
2 dy: C th l nguyn nhn lm ti hot ng p li khng nh
n bi in p d. Nu dng ti di 5mA, ta phi m bo in p
n in p p li ca ti bng cch kt ni mt in tr s song
nh hnh 2.67
m Bin & Chuyn i

kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi NPN DC -3 dy.

kt ni cm bin vi PLC loi PNP DC -3 dy.
2 dy, phi kt ni vi ti
i c th c kt ni vi 1

t ni ti vi cm bin loi 2 dy ra.
i hot ng p li khng nh
i 5mA, ta phi m bo in p
i bng cch kt ni mt in tr s song

Trang 66
( ) =
I
V
R
S
; ( ) W
R
V
P
S
2
= (2.12)
I: dng lm vic ca ti
R: in tr s
P: cng sut gii hn

Hnh 2.67 Kt ni ti vi cm bin loi AC- 2 dy ra ti nh.
o Loi DC-2 dy: Phi to dng trn cm bin tim cn nh hn dng p li
ca ti bng cch kt ni thm mt in tr s song song vi ti nh hnh
2.68
( )
=
off o
S
I I
V
R ; ( ) W
R
V
P
S
2
= (2.13)
V
S
: ngun cung cp
I
o
: dng lm vic Min ca cm bin tim cn
I
off
: dng p li ca ti
R: in tr s
P: Tng s W ca in tr s

Hnh 2.68 Kt ni ti vi cm bin loi DC-2 dy ra ti nh.

Trang 68

Hnh 2.74 Cm bin pht hin m hay kim loi ri.
2.7.2 Cm bin in dung (Capacitive Sensor)
2.7.2.1 Gii thiu cm bin in dung
a. Hnh dng
Cm bin in dung thng c cu to dng tr trn bn ngoi c bao
bc bi lp nha do nh hnh 2.75

Hnh 2.75 Cm bin tim cn loi in dung.
Cm bin in dung dng pht hin cc loi vt th c hng s in mi ln
hn hng s in mi khng kh nh: Nha, thy tinh, g, kim loi,... Cm bin
tim cn in dung ging v kch thc, hnh dng, c s hot ng so vi cm
bin tim cn in cm. im khc bit cn bn gia chng l cm bin tim cn

in dung to ra vng i
in t trng. Cm bin tim cn in dung c th pht hin i t
liu kim loi cng nh
b. Cu to
Hnh 2.
Cm bin in dung c cu to
ngun, in cc ni mass
Cng ging nh c
dung c 4 phn nh h
in cc, tip theo l
mch ng ra cng c hai dng NPN hay PNP
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 69
ng in trng cn cm bin tim cn in cm to ra v
m bin tim cn in dung c th pht hin i t
u kim loi cng nh khng phi kim loi. Hnh 2.76
Hnh 2.76 Cm bin in dung pht hin vt.

Hnh 2.77 Cu to cm bin tim cn loi in dung.
m bin in dung c cu to bao gm cc thnh ph
n, in cc ni mass, led ch bo v nt hiu chnh nhy nh
nh cm bin tim cn in cm, cm bin tim cn loi in
nh hnh 2.78 bao gm phn to in trng cu to gm hai
n cc, tip theo l mch dao ng, mch pht hin v m
ng c hai dng NPN hay PNP
m Bin & Chuyn i
m bin tim cn in cm to ra vng
m bin tim cn in dung c th pht hin i tng c cht

m bin in dung pht hin vt.

u to cm bin tim cn loi in dung.
m cc thnh phn: in cc ni
u chnh nhy nh hnh 2.77.
m bin tim cn in cm, cm bin tim cn loi in
ng cu to gm hai
mch ng ra thng

Hnh 2.
o B phn cm bin (cc bn cc
o Mch dao ng
o Mch ghi nhn tn hiu
o Mch in ng ra
c. Nguyn l hot ng
Cm bin tim cn in dung p
i in dung gia v
Hnh 2.80
Cm bin mc in dung hot ng da tr
gia cht lu v khng kh. i
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 70
Hnh 2.78 Cc thnh phn ca cm bin dung.

Hnh 2.79 Cc in cc cm bin dung.
m bin (cc bn cc cch in)

ch ghi nhn tn hiu
ra
t ng
m bin tim cn in dung pht hin theo nguyn tc tnh in (s thay
a vt cm bin v u cm bin), c th pht hin

Nguyn tc hot ng cm bin tim cn loi in dung.
m bin mc in dung hot ng da trn s khc bit hng s in mi
u v khng kh. iu kin cn thit p dng ph
m Bin & Chuyn i

n ca cm bin dung.

n cc cm bin dung.
c tnh in (s thay
pht hin tt c cc vt.
c hot ng cm bin tim cn loi in dung.
khc bit hng s in mi
u kin cn thit p dng phng php ny l

Trang 71
hng s in mi ca cht lu phi ln hn hng s in mi ca khng kh,
thng l gp i. Hng s in mi ca khng kh l 1.0; du c hng s in
mi t 1,8 n 5; nc c hng s in mi gia khong 50 n 80.
Khi mc cht lu thay i th hng s in mi cng thay i tng ng.
Mt loi t in c gi l cu in dung o ton b in dung v cho tn hiu
o lin tc.
T in gm hai bn cc bng kim loi t cch nhau qua vt liu in mi.
Cm bin dung l t in m: Gm hai bn cc t hng ra pha trc nh
hnh 2.81

Hnh 2.81 Hai loi cm bin tim cn loi in dung.
B mt cm bin l mt bn cc. Khi c in p xoay chiu t vo b mt
to ra mt in trng bin thin. in p ny ly im t nh mc chun
T in gm hai bn cc v cht in mi gia. Khong cch gia hai
in cc nh hng n kh nng tch tr in tch ca mt t in (in dung l
i lng c trng cho kh nng tch tr in tch ca mt t in). Nguyn tc
hot ng ca cm bin tim cn loi in dung da trn s thay i in dung
khi vt th xut hin trong vng in trng. T s thay i ny trng thi On
hay Off ca tn hiu m ng ra s c xc nh. Mt bn cc l thnh phn
ca cm bin, i tng cn pht hin l bn cc cn li. Mi quan h gia bin
sng dao ng v v tr i tng cm bin tim cn in dung tri ngc so
vi cm bin tim cn in cm. Hnh 2.82

Trang 72

Hnh 2.82 Hot ng ca cm bin tim cn in dung

Hnh 2.83 Sng dao ng mch dao ng cm bin in cm v in dung
Cm bin tim cn loi in dung c th pht hin bt c loi i tng no
c hng s in mi ln hn khng kh. Vt liu cng c hng s in mi cng
cao th cng d c cm bin pht hin. V d nc v khng kh, cm bin
tim cn in dung rt d dng pht hin ra nc (hng s in mi = 80) nhng
khng th nhn ra khng kh (hng s in mi = 1). i vi cc cht kim loi
khc nhau, kh nng pht hin ca cm bin l khng i. Nhng i vi cc
cht khc, th phm vi pht hin ca cm bin i vi tng cht l khc nhau. V
vy, cm bin tim cn in dung c th dng pht hin cc vt liu c hng
s in mi cao nh cht lng d n c cha trong hp kn (lm bng cht liu
c hng s in mi thp hn nh thy tinh, plastic). Cn chc chn rng i
tng cm bin pht hin l cht lng ch khng phi hp cha.

Trang 73

Hnh 2.84 Cm bin in dung pht hin cht lng trong bnh cha.
Khi cha c vt gia hai bn cc: Hnh 2.85

Hnh 2.85 Khi khng c vt th gia hai in cc
o in dung gia hai bn cc:
d
A
C
r

0
= (2.14)
r
:Hng s in mi gia hai bn cc.
0
: Hng s in mi chn khng. ( m F / 10 . 854187 . 8
12
0

= )
o Nu khng c vt th gia hai bn cc:
d
A
C
r
0
; 1

= = (2.15)
Nu gia hai bn cc tn ti vt th khng dn in: Hnh 2.86

Trang 74

Hnh 2.86 Khi c vt th (phi kim loi) gia hai in cc
d
A
C
r

0
= (2.16)
o Khi c vt th gia hai bn cc th: >1
r
C s tng
Do s tng gi tr ca C c s dng pht hin vt th.
Nu tn ti vt th kim loi gia hai bn cc dn in: Hnh 2.87

Hnh 2.87 Khi c vt th (kim loi) gia hai in cc
e d
A
C
r
=

0
(2.17)

Trang 75
o V mi trng gia hai bn cc l khng kh nn:
e d
A
C
r
= =
0
1

(2.18)
S c mt ca vt dn in gia hai bn cc cng lm in dung tng
Trong trng hp in cc th hai cch ly vi mt t:
o Nguyn tc nh cc trng hp trn.
o Cn tm ng lin kt bn cc vi im ni t.

Hnh 2.88 Khng c in cc tip t
o Nu khng c ng ni t cho bn cc th 2.
o in cc t ni trc tip trn b mt cm bin. iu ny to ra mt in
trng c lp vi im cc t.
d. Phn loi cm bin in dung
Cm bin tim cn in dung cng phn thnh 2 loi: shielded (c bo
v) v unshielded (khng c bo v).
o Loi c bo v c vng kim loi bao quanh gip hng vng in trng v
pha trc v c th t ngang bng vi b mt lm vic.
o Loi khng c bo v khng c vng kim loi bao quanh v khng th t
ngang bng vi b mt lm vic. Xung quanh cm bin phi c 1 vng trng
(ging cm bin tim cn in cm loi khng c bo v), kch thc vng
trng ty thuc vo tng loi cm bin.

Trang 76
e. c im cm bin in dung
o C th pht hin st, kim loi, nha, nc, si, g,
o Tui th di v tinh cy cao.
o C mch bo v chng ni ngc cc ngun.
o D dng iu chnh khong cch bng volume. iu chnh c nhy bn
trong.
o C th kim tra tnh trng hot ng bi ch th LED .
o D dng kim tra mc v v tr.
f. Nhng yu t nh hng n tm pht hin ca cm bin tim cn in dung
o Kch thc ca in cc ca cm bin.
o Vt liu v kch thc i tng.
o Nhit mi trng.
i tng tiu chun v hng s in mi
i tng tiu chun c ch nh ring vi tng loi cm bin tim cn
in dung. Thng thng cht liu ca i tng tiu chun c nh ngha l
kim loi hoc nc.

Hnh 2.89 i tng tiu chun v hng s in mi ca cm bin in dung.

Trang 77
Hnh 2.89 Biu din mi quan h gia kh nng pht hin i tng v
hng s in mi.
g. u im v nhc im ca cm bin tim cn in dung
u im:
o C th cm nhn vt dn in v khng dn in.
o Tnh cht tuyn tnh v nhy khng ty thuc vo vt liu kim loi.
o N c th cm nhn c vt th nh, nh.
o Tc hot ng nhanh.
o Tui th cao v n nh cng cao i vi nhit .
Nhc im:
o B nh hng bi m
o Dy ni vi sensor phi ngn in dung dy khng nh hng n b
cng hng ca b dao ng.
2.7.2.2 Cc i lng cn ch khi s dng
a. iu chnh nhy
Khi khng c mc tiu pht hin, hay khi c s dao ng gia khong cch
gia cm bin v vt. Ty theo tng loi vt v loi cm bin m ta c th chnh
cho ph hp (xem ch dn ca nh sn xut)
b. S giao thoa v nh hng bi kim loi xung quanh
Khi c nhiu cm bin tim cn c t st nhau, s lm vic sai ca cc
cm bin c th do nguyn nhn ca s giao thao ln nhau. V th ta phi quy
nh mt khong cch nh gia 2 cm bin nh cc hnh 2.90

Hnh 2.90 Cc cch iu chnh nhy.

Trang 78
Khi cc cm bin c t trn cc bng kim loi, n i hi che chn cm
bin trnh nh hng bi cc vt bng kim loi ngoi tr vt cn pht hin.
V th ta phi quy nh mt khong cch nh gia 2 cm bin nh hnh 2.91

Hnh 2.91 Cc cch che chn cm bin.
c. nh hng ca cc loi vt liu
o Vt liu ca vt cm bin: Khong cch cc cm bin c th khc nhau bi
cc c trng in ca vt cm bin (tnh cht dn in, hng s in mi) v
tnh trng ht nc, kch thc.
o in trng c tn s cao: N c th gy ra s c cho my mc m cc my
ny pht ra tn s cao ca in trng v d nh my git
o Mi trng xung quanh: C nc hoc du trn b mt cm bin hay cc
chai pht hin mc b ph du n c th gy ra trc trc. c bit loi c
ng knh nh (15mm) c nhy cao vi cc vt c in cm ta phi ch
ng b thm nc.
o Du: khng cho du chy vo cm bin nht l i vi loi v lm bng
nha.
d. S tip t
Khong cch cm bin s c thay i bi tnh trng tip t ca cm bin
tim cn loi in dung v vt [50x50x1mm(st)]. Phi kim tra vt liu trc
khi lp n vo bng.


Trang 79
2.7.3 Cm bin siu m: (Ultrasonic sensor)
2.7.3.1 Khi nim sng siu m
Siu m l sng c hc c tn s ln hn tn s m nghe thy (trn 20kHz).
Thnh gic ca con ngi rt nhy cm vi di tn s t m trm (vi chc Hz)
n cc m thanh rt cao (gn 20kHz). Mt s loi vt nh di, ong c th cm
nhn c siu m.
Gii thiu v cm bin siu m: Cm bin siu m l thit b dng xc
nh v tr ca cc vt thng qua pht sng siu m. Cm bin siu m c th pht
hin ra hu ht cc i tng l kim loi, phi kim, lng hoc cht rn, vt trong
hoc m c (nhng vt c h s phn x sng m thanh ln).
2.7.3.2 Nguyn l ch to
Sng siu m c truyn i trong khng kh vi vn tc khong 343m/s.
Nu mt cm bin pht ra sng siu m v thu v cc sng phn x ng thi o
c khong thi gian t lc pht i ti lc thu v th my tnh c th xc nh
c qung ng m sng di chuyn trong khng gian. Qung ng di
chuyn ca sng s bng 2 ln khong cch t cm bin ti chng ngi vt, theo
hng pht ca sng siu m. Hay khong cch t cm bin ti chng ngi vt
s c tnh theo nguyn l TOF (Time Of Flight) hnh 2.92

Hnh 2.92 Nguyn l TOF.

Cm bin mc sng si
gian t lc truyn sng
m s dng sng di tn s h
trong khng kh 15
bnh cha.
Hnh 2.94 Mt vi lo
2.7.3.3 Gii thiu cm bin si
a. Cu to
Cm bin tim cn si
o B phn pht v
o B phn so snh (Comparator)
o Mch pht hin (Detector Circuit)
b phn so snh tnh ton kho
nhn v vn tc m thanh.
o Mch in ng ra (Output):
hiu t cm bin digital bo c hay khng s xut hin i t
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 80
Hnh 2.93 Cc loi cm bin siu m.
m bin mc sng siu m c xc nh mc bng cch o khong thi
sng ti lc nhn c sng phn hi. Cm bin mc sng si
dng sng di tn s hn 10 KHz. Tc truyn ca sng (34
15
0
C) ph thuc vo loi kh v nhit ca kh b

i loi cm bin tim cn siu m do Siemens s
i thiu cm bin siu m
n siu m c 4 phn chnh:
nhn sng siu m (Transducer / Receiver)
phn so snh (Comparator)
n (Detector Circuit): Khi cm bin nhn
n so snh tnh ton khong cch bng cch so snh thi gian pht,
n tc m thanh.
ra (Output): Tn hiu ng ra c th l digital ho
u t cm bin digital bo c hay khng s xut hin i t
m Bin & Chuyn i

c xc nh mc bng cch o khong thi
c sng phn hi. Cm bin mc sng siu
c truyn ca sng (343m/giy
t ca kh bn trong

u m do Siemens sn xut.
u m (Transducer / Receiver)
m bin nhn c sng phn hi,
ng cch bng cch so snh thi gian pht,
digital hoc analog. Tn
u t cm bin digital bo c hay khng s xut hin i tng trong vng

Trang 81
cm nhn ca cm bin. Tn hiu t cm bin analog cha ng thng tin
khong cch ca i tng n cm bin.

Hnh 2.95 Cc thnh phn ca cm bin tim cn siu m.
b. Nguyn l hot ng
K thut cm bin siu m da trn c im vn tc m thanh l hng s.
Thi gian sng m thanh i t cm bin n i tng v quay tr li lin h trc
tip n di qung ng. V vy cm bin siu m thng c dng trong
cc ng dng o khong cch. Hnh 2.96

Hnh 2.96 Sng m thanh phn hi khi i tng l cht rn, cht lng.
Tn s hot ng: Nhn chung, cc cm bin cng nghip hot ng vi tn
s 25kHz n 500kHz. Cc cm bin trong lnh vc y khoa th hot ng vi
khong tn s t 5MHz tr ln. Tn s hot ng ca cm bin t l nghch vi
khong cch pht hin cm bin. Vi tn s 50 kHz, phm vi hot ng ca cm
bin c th ln ti 10 m hoc hn, vi tn s 200 kHz th phm vi hot ng cm
bin b gii hn mc 1 m.
Vng hot ng: l khu vc gia 2 gii hn khong cch pht hin ln nht
v nh nht. Cm bin tim cn siu m c mt vng nh khng th s dng gn
b mt cm bin gi l khu vc m hay vng cht (blind zone). Hnh 2.97

Trang 82

Hnh 2.97 Vng hot ng ca cm bin tim cn siu m.
Cm bin siu m bao gm: mt b pht sng m lm bng a gm s s
pht sng lan truyn trong khng gian n khi gp vt cn s c sng di li.
Hnh 2.98

Hnh 2.98 S lan truyn sng m ca cm bin siu m.
Trong mt chu k lm vic cm bin s c lin tc sng di v cho n khi
xung di v c bin bng xung pht i ban u s kt thc mt chu k thu
nhn. Hnh 2.99

Hnh 2.99 Chu k c xung ca cm bin siu m.

Trang 83
Vng hot ng ca cm bin siu m bao gm: Vng cht, vng nhn thy
v vng ci t trc c (vng hot ng). Hnh 2.100

Hnh 2. 100 Cc vng hot ng ca cm bin siu m.
Khi bt u pht xung l lc sng m s pht i n khi gp vt cn sng s
di li nhng vng hot ng ph hp ch cch u cm nhn ca cm bin
khong 6 n 8 cm vng ny gi l vng cht. Hnh 2.101

Hnh 2. 101 Hot ng ca cm bin siu m
Gc qut ca cm bin siu m l vng mu xanh, cn li l vng m cm
bin khng o c gi l vng m. Hnh 2.102

Hnh 2. 102 Hot ng ca cm bin siu m
Cm bin siu m c m hnh ha thnh mt hnh qut, trong cc
im gia dng nh khng c chng ngi vt, cn cc im trn bin th
dng nh c chng ngi vt hnh 2.103

Trang 84

Hnh 2.103 Hot ng ca cm bin siu m
2.7.3.4 Sai s nhiu ph bin vi cm bin siu m
a. Hin tng forecasting
Hin tng Forecasting l hin tng phn x gc sai lch ca cm bin.
Do nguyn l TOF, c khong cch ng, cm bin siu m phi hng
vung gc vi b mt chng ngi vt cn o. Tuy nhin, cc chng ngi vt
khng bao gi l phng, mn, nn tia phn x c th khng tng ng vi gc ti.
Cc chm tia phn x ny c nng lng phn x thp hn nh hnh 2.104.

Hnh 2.104 S phn x ca sng siu m trn b mt vt liu
Tuy vy, mt khong cch no , cm bin siu m vn c th ghi nhn
c nhng tn hiu phn x ny. Kt qu, thng s c v ca cm bin siu m
b lch do gc m ca cm bin siu m ln. Hnh nh v hin tng Forecasting
nh hnh 2.105.

Trang 85

Hnh 2.105 Hin tng Forecasting
Ngoi ra, v gc m rng nn khng ch sai v nhn dng v tr chng ngi
vt, m khong cch ghi nhn cng b sai lch. Tuy vy, sai s ny khng ng
k nh sai s do hin tng c cho gy ra. V sai s ny l sai s c th qun l
c, trong khi , sai s do hin tng c cho khng th qun l c. Sau
y chng ta s tm hiu v hin tng c cho v phng php x l hin
tng c cho.
b. Hin tng crosstalk
Hin tng c cho (crosstalk) l hin tng m cm bin siu m ny ghi
nhn tn hiu phn x hoc tn hiu trc tip t cm bin siu m khc hoc sau
qu trnh sng siu m truyn i v phn x qua cc b mt quay li cm bin
mt cch khng mong mun. Hnh 2.106 m t hin tng c cho ca cm
bin siu m

Hnh 2.106 Hin tng c cho ca cm bin siu m

Trang 86
Hin tng c cho c th phn loi thnh hai loi chnh:
o Loi 1 l hin tng nhiu robot hot ng trong cng mt mi trng v cm
bin siu m ny ghi nhn tn hiu ca cm bin siu m kia mt cch trc tip
hoc gin tip hoc do sng siu m di chuyn trong khng gian sau mt thi
gian ngu nhin no quay tr li cm bin.
o Loi 2 l hin tng cm bin siu m ny ghi nhn tn hiu ca cm bin siu
m kia trn cng robot sau qu trnh phn x.
Cn phi phn bit hai qu trnh c cho ny, bi v ta thy i vi hin
tng c cho loi mt, r rng sng siu m sai lch l ngu nhin, khng d
on c. Tuy nhin, v tnh ngu nhin ny, vic x l nhiu (tn hiu sai t
cm bin khc) tr nn d dng hn thut ton EERUF cho php x l c hai loi
ca hin tng c cho.
tng c bn ca thut ton ny nm ch, xem cc tn hiu ghi nhn
c l nhiu v s dng nhng quy nh pht v thu loi b c cc nhiu
khng hp l.
Phn tch x l hin tng crosstalk
Mc tiu ca vic x l hin tng c cho l nhm nng cao tc c
ca cm bin v on trc c ng c cho khi no xy ra. Ngoi vic xc
nh thi im xy ra hin tng c cho th ta c th pht thm mt cm bin
v ch c cm bin, i mt thi gian t cho nng lng sng m yu dn v
khng lm nh hng ln cc cm bin khc trong cng mt mi trng. hnh
2.107

Hnh 2.107 t lch thi gian pht sng

Trang 87
Trong hin tng c cho loi 1, nu cc ng c cho hnh thnh ngu
nhin v khng th xc nh trc, ta nhn thy c th s dng phng php lp,
c nhiu ln nhn ra c tn hiu ln u ghi nhn c l tn hiu gy nhiu.
Nh vy vic c cm bin nhiu ln cho php ta loi b c cc ng c
cho ngu nhin.
Trong hin tng c cho loi 2 khng phn bit c ng cho ln hai
v ln ba. Chng ta s dng phng php Borenstein pht hin ng c
cho khi n xut hin v thay i cc gi tr thi gian ch sau mi chu k c.
Hnh 2.108

Hnh 2.108 Phng php x l hin tng c cho
c. Sai s do mi trng
Sai s do nhit i tng cn o, nhit v m mi trng c m
t nh hnh 2.109

Hnh 2.109 nh hng ca nhit i tng cn o

Trang 88
Khi nhit mi trng thay i cng nh hng n kt qu o, th m
t qu trnh thay i nh hnh 2.110

Hnh 2.110 nh hng ca nhit i tng cn o
Khi m t mi trng thay i cng nh hng n kt qu o, th
m t qu trnh thay i nh hnh 2.111

Hnh 2.111 nh hng ca m mi trng
Nhit b mt ca i tng nh hng n phm vi hot ng ca cm
bin. Hi nng ta ra t i tng c nhit cao lm mo dng sng, lm cho
khong cch pht hin ca i tng ngn li v gi tr khong cch khng chnh
xc.

Trang 89

Hnh 2.112 nh hng ca nhit i vi sng phn hi.
2.7.3.5 Cc ch khi s dng cm bin siu m
a. Cch b tr cm bin
Kch thc v vt liu ca i tng cn pht hin quyt nh khong cch
pht hin ln nht (xem hnh 2.113)

Hnh 2.113 Khong cch hot ng ca cm bin tim cn siu m.
Khi b tr cc cm bin siu m gn nhau khong cch gia cc cm bin cn ch
b tr sao cho tha mn cc iu kin theo cc bng ca tng trng hp nh cho.
o Khi b tr song song hai cm bin khong cch gia chng nh hnh 2.114
o Khi b tr i mt hai cm bin khong cch gia chng nh hnh 2.115
o Khi b tr cm bin gn nhng vt c b mt phn x khc nhau khong cch
gia chng nh hnh 2.116

Trang 90

Hnh 2.114 B tr song song hai cm bin

Hnh 2.115 B tr mt i mt.

Hnh 2.116 nh hng ca vt so vi vng hot ng
B mt phng phn hi nng lng ca sng m thanh tt hn b mt g
gh. Tuy nhin b mt trn phng i hi khc khe hn v v tr gc to thnh
gia cm bin v mt phng i tng xem hnh 2.117

Hnh 2.117 t cm bin siu m i vi i tng c b mt g gh v
gc nghing so vi phng ngang 3
o
.

Trang 91
b. u nhc im ca cm bin siu m
u im:
o Khong cch m cm bin c th pht hin vt th ln ti 15m.
o Sng phn hi ca cm bin khng ph thuc mu sc ca b mc i tng
hay tnh cht phn x nh sng ca i tng v d b mt knh trong sut, b
mt gm mu nu, b mt plastic mu trng, hay b mt cht liu nhm sng,
trng... l nh nhau.
o Tn hiu p ng ca cm bin tim cn siu m analog l t l tuyn tnh vi
khong cch. iu ny c bit l tng cho cc ng dng nh theo di cc
mc ca vt cht, mc chuyn ng ca i tng.
Nhc im:
o Cm bin tim cn siu m yu cu i tng c mt din tch b mt ti
thiu (gi tr ny ty thuc vo tng loi cm bin).
o Sng phn hi cm bin nhn c c th chu nh hng ca cc sng m
thanh tp m.
o Cm bin tim cn siu m yu cu mt khong thi gian sau mi ln sng
pht i sn sng nhn sng phn hi. Kt qu thi gian p ng ca cm
bin tim cn siu m nhn chung chm hn cc cm bin khc khong 0,1 s.
o Vi cc i tng c mt vt cht thp nh bt hay vi (qun o) rt kh
pht hin vi khong cch ln.
o Cm bin tim cn siu m b gii hn khong cch pht hin nh nht.
o S thay i ca mi trng nh nhit (vn tc m thanh ph thuc vo
nhit ), p sut, s chuyn khng ng u ca khng kh, bi bn bay
trong khng kh gy nh hng n kt qu o.

Trang 93
trong c vn tc trong chn khng c = 299792km/s, n chit sut ca mi trng
truyn sng
o S lin h gia tn s f v bc sng:
:
f
V
=
(2.2)

o Trong chn khng:
f
c
=
(2.21)

o Tnh cht ht ca nh sng th hin qua s tng tc ca n vi vt cht.
nh sng bao gm cc ht photon vi nng lng W
ph thuc vo tn
s.
W
= hf (2.22)
Trong h l hng s Planck h = 6,6256.10
-34
Js
Trong vt cht cc ht in t lun c xu hng tr thnh in t t do.
gii phng c cc ht in t khi nguyn t th cn 1 nng lng ti thiu
bng nng lng lin kt W
L
. Do nu photon hp th 1 ht in t th cn 1
iu kin l W
W
L

o Khi ta c:
h
W
f
L

do ta c
f
c
= nn
L
W
hc

(2.23)

o Bc sng ngng (bc sng ln nht) ca nh sng l bc sng c th
gy nn hin tng gii phng in t c tnh t biu thc:
l
s
W
hc
=
(2.24)

Hin tng gii phng ht dn di tc dng ca nh sng bng hiu ng
quang in gy nn s thay i tnh cht in ca vt liu. y l nguyn l c
bn ca cm bin quang. Di tc dng ca nh sng, hiu ng quang in t l
thun vi s lng ht dn c gii phng trong 1 n v thi gian. Ngay c khi
>
S
th khng th gii phng tt c cc ht dn bi v 1 s s phn x t b mt
v s khc s chuyn nng lng ca chng thnh nng lng ca dao ng

Trang 94
nhit. i vi vt liu c h s phn x R ln v b chiu bi nh sng n sc c
cng sut th:
o S photon chiu n trong 1 giy:
hc hv
n
inc

= =
(2.25)

o S photon hp th trong 1 giy:
hc
R n R n
inc a

) 1 ( ) 1 ( = =
(2.26)

o S ht in t v l trng c gii phng trong 1 giy:
hc
R n G
a

) 1 ( . = =
(2.27)

Trong l hiu sut lng t (s in t hoc l trng trung bnh c
gii phng khi 1 photon c hp th)
Cc cm bin quang c s dng chuyn thng tin t nh sng nhn
thy hoc tia hng ngoi (IR: Infared) v tia t ngoi (UV: Ultra Violed) thnh
tn hiu in. nh sng c hai tnh cht c bn l sng v ht. Dng sng ca nh
sng l sng in t pht ra khi c s chuyn in t gia cc mc nng lng
nguyn t ca ngun sng. Cc dng sng ny di chuyn trong chn khng vi
tc c =299792 km/s (khong 300.000 km/s). Trong vt cht ng sng c vn
tc V = c/n (n l chit sut ca mi trng).
Trn hnh 2.119 biu din ph nh sng v s phn chia thnh cc di mu
ca ph. n v di sng thng dng l m (1m = 1x10
-6
m).
b. Di ph nh sng
Cc bc x trng in t tn s cao (tia gamma, tia X v nh sng cc tm)
c bc sng ngn mang nhiu nng lng.

Trang 95

Hnh 2.119 Tn s v bc sng.
Cc bc x trng in t tn s thp (nh sng thy c, nh sng hng
ngoi, viba) c bc sng ln nhng mang t nng lng hn.
Tia v tia tm cng c phn loi l bc x sng nh sng, nhng l
nh sng khng nhn thy c bng mt thng ca ngi. Ta thy mu nh
sng ph thuc di sng.
Tia (IR) c di t 780nm n 10
6
nm, sng nh sng ny c th
thy c di dng nh sng mu ti, sng ny gip cn di ca sng di
v tuyn (LW)
Tia cc tm (UV) c di t 100nm n 380nm, sng nh sng ny c
th thy c di dng nh sng mu tm thm, sng ny gip cn trn ca sng
c di ngn hn v c mu nh cu vng.
Ngun sng t nhin hay nhn to l tng hp nhiu dao ng in t, ni
khc i c nhiu di sng khc nhau, qua lng knh ta thy c ph nh sng
ny. Ngun sng nhn to cho php ta dch chuyn phn ln cc bc x ny theo
mun bng cc vt liu v cc tnh cht vt l, chng hn ngun sng ch yu
ch sinh ra tia , tm hay vng.
c. n v o quang
Nng lng bc x (Q) l nng lng pht x, lan truyn hoc hp th di
dng bc x, c o bng Jun (J).
Thng lng nh sng () l cng sut pht x, lan truyn hoc hp th, o
bng n v oat (W).
Bc sng
UV-C
nh sng cc tm
(Ultra Violet)
(nm)
100
200
300 400 780
UV-B UV-A
nh sng thy c
(Visible Light)
nh sng hng ngoi
(Infra-Red)
Tm Chm Lam
Lc Vng Cam
Violet Indigo Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

Trang 96
=
(2.28)
Cng nh sng (I) l lung nng lng pht ra theo 1 hng cho trc
di 1 n v gc khi, c n v o l oat/steradian.
=
d
d
I

(2.29)
chi nng lng: l t s gia cng nh sng pht ra bi 1 phn t
b mt dA theo 1 hng xc nh v din tch hnh chiu ca phn t ny trn
mt phng P vung gc vi hng
cos dA dA
n
=
( l gc gia P v mt
phng cha dA). chi o bng oat/steradian.m
2
.
n
dA
dI
L =
(2.30)
ri nng lng (E) l t s gia lung nng lng thu c bi 1 phn t
b mt v din tch phn t . ri nng lng c o bng oat/m
2

dA
d
E

=
(2.31)

Tn nh ngha /v th gic /v nng lng
Lung (thng lng)
Cng
chi
ri
Nng lng
Lumen (lm)
Candela (cd)
Candela/m
2
(cd/m
2
)
Lumen/m
2
hay lux (lx)
Lumen.s (lm.s)
Oat (W)
Oat/sr (W/Sr)
Oat/sr.m
2
(W/sr.m
2
)
W/m
2

Jun (J)

d. Ngun sng
S dng nh sng c iu ch, tn s thng t 5 n 30kHz. Thng
s dng ph nh sng t mu xanh n nh sng hng ngoi. Hnh 2.120

Vic s dng 1 cm bin ch c hiu qu khi n ph
sng (ph, thng lng, tn s). Ngun sng s quyt nh mi c tnh ca bc
x v vy vic tm hi
cm bin.
o n si t wonfram:
tinh hoc thch anh c ch
c im: Thng l
qun tnh nhit ln n
thp, d v.
o Diode pht quang:
thay i theo tn s cao
theo thi gian. Thng l
nhc im ca n
o Lazer: Tia Lazer l ngu
c tnh lin kt mnh (rt kh x
sng n sc han ton xc
tia mnh vi nh h
Phn x nh sng tr
sng phn x s b i h
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 97
Hnh 2.120 Cng sng v bc sng.
c s dng 1 cm bin ch c hiu qu khi n ph
ng, tn s). Ngun sng s quyt nh mi c tnh ca bc
m hiu ngun sng rt quan trng trong vic chn la v
i t wonfram: c cu to gm 1 dy wonfram c v bc bng
h anh c cha cht kh him hoc halogen (I
Thng lng ln, di ph rng, c th gim bng cc tm lc.
t ln nn khng th thay i bc x 1 cch nhanh chng
Thi gian hi p nh, khong vi ns do v
i theo tn s cao. Ph nh sng hon ton xc nh,
Thng lng tng i nh (~ 10mW) v nh
n.
er l ngun sng n sc, chi ln, rt nh h
t mnh (rt kh xy ra tn sc nh sng). Lazer l
ton xc nh, thng lng ln, c kh nng nhn
nh vi nh hng cao v truyn i vi khong cch rt ln
nh sng trn b mt: Ty theo bng long c
n x s b i hng nhiu hay t so vi b mt nh h
m Bin & Chuyn i

c sng.
hp vi bc x nh
ng, tn s). Ngun sng s quyt nh mi c tnh ca bc
u ngun sng rt quan trng trong vic chn la v s dng
c cu to gm 1 dy wonfram c v bc bng thy
a cht kh him hoc halogen (I
2
). n wonfram c
rng, c th gim bng cc tm lc. Do c
ch nhanh chng, tui th
i ns do vy c kh nng
tin cy cao, bn
~ 10mW) v nhy vi nhit l
t nh hng v c bit
Lazer l nh sng c bc
nng nhn c chm
n i vi khong cch rt ln.
bng long ca b mt m nh
nh hnh 2.121

Trang 98

Hnh 2.121 Hin tng phn x trn b mt.
Khc x nh sng: Ty theo mi trng c chit sut khc nhau m gc
phn x s khc nhau nh hnh 2.122

Hnh 2.122 Hin tng khc x nh sng.
nh hng ca b mt ln nh sng phn x: Ty theo bng ca b mt
m nh sng chiu vo s phn x nhiu hay t, rng hay hp khc nhau nh
hnh 2.123
mt
ng as
t vt
Vi mt, vt
y
Vt thc
AS b khc x
t nc n
khng kh
nKhng kh : 1.00
nnc : 1.33
nthy tinh : 1.46
n1
n2
n1 < n2 n1 > n2
n1
n2
Ngun sng
Ngun sng
Phn x
Phn x
B mt khuch tn
B mt bng long
Ngun sng


Trang 99

Hnh 2.123 nh hng ca b mt ln nh sng phn x.
2.7.4.3 Cc cm bin quang dn dng
a. in tr quang: (Photo Resistor)
Cc cm bin in tr l s ph thuc ca in tr vo thng lng bc x
v ph ca bc x . Quang tr l 1 trong nhng cm bin c nhy cao.
Nguyn tc ch to quang tr l da trn hin tng quang dn do kt qu ca
hiu ng quang in ni (hin tng gii phng ht ti in trong vt liu di
tc dng ca nh sng lm tng dn in ca vt liu).
Cu to: Cm bin quang thng c cu to bng cc cht bn dn a tinh th
ng nht hoc n tinh th, bn dn ring hoc bn dn pha tp cht.
a tinh th: CdS, CdSe, CdTe, PbS, PbSe, PbTe.
n tinh th: Ge, Si tinh khit hoc pha tp Au, Cu, Sb, In, SbIn, AsIn, PIn,
CdHgTe.
Ty theo cht cu to m quang tr c vng ph lm vic khc nhau.
in tr: Mt quang tr c gi tr in tr tng ng vi 2 in tr ghp song
song gm in tr ti R
co
v in tr sng (quang dn) R
cp
c xc nh bi
hiu ng quang in do nh sng tc ng. Gi tr in tr ti ph thuc vo vt
liu cu to, dng hnh hc, kch thc v nhit .
Cc cht PbS, CdS, CdSe c gi tr in tr ti kh ln: t 10
4
n 10
9

nhit 25
0
C.
Cc cht SbIn, SbAs, CdHgTe c gi tr in tr ti kh nh: t 10 n
10
3
nhit 25
0
C
in tr R
cp
c xc nh theo biu thc:
Ngun sng
Phn x
B mt khuch tn B mt bng long
Ngun sng
Phn x
Ngun sng
Phn x
B mt kim loi B mt trong sut
Ngun sng
Phn x

Trang 100
= a R
cp

(2.32)
trong a ph thuc vo vt liu, nhit v ph bc x nh sng c gi tr t
0.5 n 1
Do gi tr in tr ca quang tr l R
C

+
=
+
=
a R
a R
R R
R R
R
co
co
cp co
cp co
C
.

(2.33)
Thng thng R
cp
<< R
co
nn:
= a R
c

(2.34)
Khi gi tr in tr ca cm bin ph thuc mnh vo nh sng tc dng,
c gi tr gim rt nhanh khi ri tng ln. S ph thuc ca in tr vo thng
lng nh sng khng tuyn tnh. Tuy nhin c th tuyn tnh ho n bng cch
ghp song song vi 1 in tr. Hnh 2.124
01 . 0
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
1 . 0 1 10 1001000

Hnh 2.124 S ph thuc ca in tr vo ri sng
in tr R
C
ph thuc vo nhit , nhy nhit ca quang tr cng nh
khi ri cng ln. Gi tr in tr s b gim chm nhng iu kin lm vic
gii hn khi ri v in p t vo qu ln.
nhy: Da vo s tng ng ca quang tr, dn in ca quang tr
l tng dn sng v dn ti.
cp co c
G G G + =

(2.35)
Trong :
G
co
l dn ti
co
co
R
G
1
=

(2.36)

Trang 101
G
cp
l quang dn
a R
G
cp
cp
= =
1

(2.36)
Khi lm vic quang tr c phn cc bng 1 in p V, khi s c 1
dng in i qua n c xc nh:
P O CP CO c
I I V G V G V G I + = + = =

(2.37)
trong I
o
dng ti, I
p
dng quang in
Tuy nhin trong iu kin s dng I
o
<< I
p
nn dng quang in c th
c xc nh theo biu thc:
a
V
I
p
.
=

(2.37)
i vi lung bc x c ph xc nh, t l chuyn i tnh:
1
=

a
V I

(2.38)
nhy:
1
=

a
V I

(2.39)
T nhng vn trn ta rt ra kt lun:
Nu tnh n gi tr ca th t l chuyn i tnh v nhy c cng
ln.
Quang tr l cm bin khng tuyn tnh, nhy ca n gim khi bc x
tng. (tr trng hp = 1)
nhy t l thun vi in p t vo quang tr.
ng dng quang tr:
Nhng nhc im khi s dng quang tr l qu trnh hi p ph thuc
khng tuyn tnh vo thng lng, thi gian hi p ln, cc c trng khng n
nh (gi ha), nhy ph thuc vo nhit , mt s loi i hi phi lm
ngui.
Do ngi ta khng dng quang tr xc nh chnh xc gi tr thng
lng m c s dng phn bit mc nh sng: trng thi sng - ti hoc
xung nh sng. Vic xc nh gi tr in tr ca quang tr hoc xc nh s thay

Trang 102
i cn phi c mch o ph hp, ngha l phi c cp dng khng i v
ghp theo s o in th, s cu Wheatstone hoc mch khuch i thut
ton. Trong thc t thng c ng dng 2 trng hp l iu khin relay v
thu tn hiu quang. Hnh 2.125

Hnh 2.125 S ng dng quang tr
b. Diode Cm Quang (photo diode)
Nguyn tc
Khi cho 2 cht bn dn P v N tip xc vi nhau s to nn vng ngho ht
dn ti tip xc, ti xut hin 1 in trng gi l E
TX
v hnh thnh 1 hng
ro in th V
TX
. Khi khng c in th ngoi th dng qua tip gip c gi tr
I=0. Thc t dng I lc chnh l dng tng ca 2 dng ngc chiu nhau v c
cng ln:
Dng khuch tn ca cc ht dn c bn khi tip xc 2 cht bn dn.
Dng ht dn khng c bn nh tc dng ca in trng trong vng
ngho.
Khi t 1 in p ln vng ngho, chiu cao ca hng ro in th s thay
i ko theo s thay i ca dng ht dn c bn v b rng vng ngho. in p
t ln vng ngho s xc nh gi tr dng in I

Trang 103
O O
I
kT
qV
I I
= exp

(2.40)
Khi in p ngc ln, chiu cao ca hng ro in th ln n mc
dng khuch tn ca cc ht dn (dng c bn) c th b qua v ch cn li dng
khng c bn, ngha l I = I
O
, y chnh l dng ngc ca diode.
Khi chiu sng diode bng bc x c bc sng nh hn bc sng ngng
( <
S
) s hnh thnh thm cc cp in t v l trng. cc ht dn ny tham
gia lm tng dn, t lm tng dng I. iu quan trng l nh sng phi
c chiu n vng ngho, sau khi i qua 1 b dy ng k ca cht bn dn v
tiu hao nng lng (cng i vo su th thng lng cng gim )
Trong thc t cc vt liu thng c dng ch to photodiode l Si,
Ge (dng thu nh sng nhn thy c v hng ngoi), GaAs, InAs, InSb,
HgCdTe (dng thu hng ngoi)
nhy:
i vi 1 bc x c ph xc nh, dng quang in I tuyn tnh vi thng
lng trong 1 khong tng i rng. nhy c xc nh:
( )
( ) ( )
hc
X R q
I
S

=
=
exp 1

(2.42)
ng vi
S

: hiu sut lng t
R: h s phn x
: h s hp th
h: hng s Planck h = 6,6256.10
-34
Js
c: vn tc truyn trong chn khng
Ch s dng photodiode: C 2 ch s dng: ch quang dn v ch
quang th.
o Ch quang dn: Ch quang dn c c trng bi tuyn tnh cao,
thi gian hi p ngn v di thng ln. C 2 dng s
Dng s c s: Hnh 2.126

Trang 104

Hnh 2.126 S c s
Trong s ta c:
I
R
R
R V
m o
+ =
1
2
1

Nu tng gi tr R
m
s lm gim nhiu. Tng tr ng vo phi ln
gim nh hng ca ni tr diode.
Dng s tc ng nhanh: Hnh 2.127

Hnh 2.127 S tc ng nhanh
Khi ta c:
( )I R R V
o 2 1
+ =

(2.43)
in tr ti ca diode nh v gn bng
K
R R
2 1
+
, trong K l h s
khuch i tn s lm vic. T C
2
c nhim v b tr nh hng ca t k

Trang 105
sinh C
1
vi iu kin
2 2 1 1
C R C R = . B khuch i s dng dng vo rt nh
v suy gim do nhit khng ng k.
o Ch quang th
Trong ch ny mch c th lm vic ch tuyn tnh hoc logarit tu
thuc vo ti, t nhiu thi gian hi p ln v di thng nh, c bit nhy cm
vi nhit khi lm vic ch logarit.

Hnh 2.128 Ch quang th
Trong s tuyn tnh ta c:
sc o
I R V
2
=

(2.44)
Trong s logarit:

oc o
V
R
R
V

+ =
1
2
1

(2.45)
c. Transistor Quang (photo Transistor)
Cu to v nguyn tc:
Transistor quang c cu to bng cht bn dn loi Si, c ch to theo
loi transistor NPN sao cho c vng cc B c kh nng cm nhn nh sng t
bn ngoi. Khi transistor quang lm vic th c phn cc cho cc C v E nn
in p phn cc tp trung ton b vo vng chuyn tip B-C (phn cc ngch).
Khi chuyn tip B-C c chiu sng (cc B nhn nh sng) th transistor quang
hot ng ging vi diode quang (Hnh 2.129) ch quang dn vi dng
ngc. Khi ta c:
p o r
I I I + =

(2.46)

Trang 106
vi I
o
l dng ngc ti, I
p
l dng quang in do tc dng ca thng lng
chiu qua b dy X. Ta c:
( ) ( )
hc
X R q
I
p

=
exp 1

(2.47)
: hiu sut lng t
R: h s phn x
: h s hp th
h: hng s Planck h = 6,6256.10-34Js
c: vn tc truyn trong chn khng

Hnh 2.129 S phn cc Transistor quang

Trong trng hp ny dng I
B
chnh l dng I
r
nn ta c:
p o r B C
I I I I I + = = =

(2.48)
nhy:
Khi nhn c thng lng
o
s lm xut hin 1 dng I
p
i vo cc B ca
transistor, dng ny s to nn 1 dng dn trong transistor ( )
p c
I I 1 + = , gi tr
ca I
p
l:
( ) ( ) ( )
o p
hc
X R q
I
+
=
exp 1 1

(2.49)
i vi 1 thng lng cho trc, dng I
c
khng phi l 1 hm tuyn tnh
theo v h s khuch i ph thuc vo gi tr ca I
c
, ngha l
o
c
I

ph thuc
vo gi tr ca
o
.
nhy: S =
o
c
I

. (2.50)

Trang 107
Transistor quang ch chuyn mch:
Transistor quang c th dng lm b chuyn mch hoc lm phn t tuyn
tnh. ch chuyn mch c th cho php dng i qua tng i ln, cn
ch tuyn tnh th t c s dng v tuyn tnh km nn thng ngi ta
dng diode quang.
Trong trng hp ny s dng thng tin di dng nh phn:
C hay khng c tn hiu quang (khng c bc x hoc c bc x).
nh sng nhn c nh hn hay ln hn nh sng ngng ban u
Transistor lm vic ch D: dn bo ho hoc ngng dn. Hot ng
nh 1 relay hoc cng logic.
Tc chuyn mch ca transistor quang b gii hn ng k bi ni tr
ca n. Tc ny c th ci thin bng cch ghp thm vo mch 1 b khuch
i hoc ghp thm transistor di dng darlingtone (vi iu kin mch phi c
tr khng vo nh). Hnh 2.130

Hnh 2.130 Transistor quang hot ng ch ON/OFF

Transistor quang lm vic ch tuyn tnh:
C 2 trng hp ng dng:
o nh sng khng i.
Hot ng ging nh luxmetter.
2.7.4.4 Cm bin quang cng nghip
a. Cu to:
Cm bin quang cng nghip thng c tch hp trn mt thit b c kh
nng lm vic tt trong mi trng cng nghip. Chng c cu to nh hnh
2.131

Hnh 2.131
o B pht: Thng d
kh nng pht sng khi c d
pht ra nhiu loi nh sng khc nhau, thng th
cc loi LED pht nh sng c ph
o B thu: Nhn nh sng t b pht
dng cc tn hiu on/off.
Photodiode
Phototransitor
Photocell (cc t
b. Nguyn l hot ng:
Lng nh sng nhn v s
dng in) v sau
mc in p ln hn m
Hnh 2.13
in p
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 108
1 Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca cm bin quang.
ng dng n LED (Led Emitting Diodes).
nng pht sng khi c dng in thun chy qua. Led
u loi nh sng khc nhau, thng thng ng
pht nh sng c ph nm t mu xanh n hng ngoi
n nh sng t b pht, thc hin to tn hiu ng
u on/off. Thng dng cc loi linh kin sau y:
Phototransitor
cc t bo quang in, in tr quang..)
t ng:
ng nh sng nhn v s c chuyn thnh t l tn hiu in p (hoc
sau c khuch i. Cm bin xut tn hiu ra bo c vt nu
n mc ngng. Hnh 2.132
2.132 Mc ngng in p bo hiu theo c

OK
NG
Cng sng
in p
Cng sng
M
m Bin & Chuyn i

c hot ng ca cm bin quang.
y l loi LED c
Led c ch to
ng ngi ta thng to ra
n hng ngoi
c hin to tn hiu ng ra thng
i linh kin sau y:
l tn hiu in p (hoc
t tn hiu ra bo c vt nu

ng sng.
ng sng
Mc ngng

Trang 109

Hnh 2.133 Cc kiu pht tia sng ca cm bin quang.
nh sng pht ra ca cc cm bin quang rt a dng: dng chm tia, mt
tia thng hay dng xung c tn s thay i theo khong cch. Hnh 2.133
2.7.4.5 Loi thu pht c lp: (Through Beam)
a. Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng
Nguyn tc hot ng nh s hnh 2.134. Cm bin quang loi thu pht
c lp bao gm hai phn: phn thu v phn pht c lp nhau, vt c t vo
gia b thu v pht. nh sng t u pht E ti u thu R. Khi tia sng b
chn lai bi vt O th ng ra b tc ng. Cm bin quang c hai u pht v thu
ri c kh nng nhn bit ln ti 30m. Cng ging nh cm bin quang c
gng, loi cm bin ny c kh nng pht hin tt c cc vt khng cho nh
sng truyn qua.

Hnh 2.134 Cm bin quang thu pht c lp.
c bit, cm bin ny c th pht hin vt phn x mt cch d dng.
Trong mi trng bn v c s thay i tnh cht ca i tng nguyn tc hot
Mch
pht
sng
Khong cch pht hin
Vt

Diode
pht
quang
Thu knh Pht hin vt
Vt th
Mch
nhn
sng

Diode
nhn
quang
Thu knh
ON
OFF
Sensor Sensor
Xung
Cng sng
Photo Sensor

Trang 110
ng ca cm bin hu nh khng thay i. Cn phi ch cung cp ng ngun
cho c hai u pht v thu. Trong bt c trng hp no th chi ph lp t cho
cm bin ny iu cao nht.
b. c im cm bin quang thu pht c lp
Cm bin quang loi thu pht c lp c c im:
o tin cy cao.
o Khong cch pht hin xa.
o Khng b nh hng bi mu sc v b mt ca vt.
o Khong cch c th ln n 30m
o Kim tra c tt c cc vt th tr mt t vt th c b mt trong sut.
o Hiu qu s dng l cao nht.
2.7.4.6 Loi thu pht chung phn x gng (Retro Replective)
a. Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng
i vi cm bin quang c gng nh sng t u E i n gng, phn x
v u R nh hnh 2.135. Khi ng i ca nh sng ny b chn bi vt O, th
ng ra Q s tc ng. Khong cch nhn bit ca cm bin t 0.1 n 20m v c
th ln hn na. Cm bin quang c gng c th pht hin tt c cc vt khng
trong sut.
trnh s khuch tn nh sng ging nh trng hp ca cm bin quang
phn x, ngi ta dng u pht cng sut ln hn v vi vic c phn x t
gng th lm cho khong nhn bit ca cm bin tng ln. Trong mi trng
bn v c s thay i tnh cht ca i tng th t b tc ng hn so vi cm
bin quang phn x. Tuy nhin vic lp t v iu chnh i hi tn km nhiu
hn, c bit l i vi khong cch xa, khi i hi phi lp t rt chnh xc.
i tng trong sut c th pht hin c mt s vt bng cch lm gim
lng nh sng phn xa nhng khi n chn ngang mt phn ng i ca nh
sng th c kh nng cm bin khng nhn bit c.

i vi vt phn x nh sng, khi
ln cho cm bin v c
phn x ging nh g
Hnh
Cm bin quang loi thu pht chung bao gm hai b thu v
nhau, b mt phn x t h
nh hng phn x l
b. c im cm bin quang thu pht chung:
Cm bin quang loi thu pht chung c c im:
o tin cy cao.
o Gim bt dy dn.
o Khong cch ch
o Khng thch khi dng
c b mt phn x
o Vt pht hin phi c kch th
2.7.4.7 Loi khuch tn
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 111
i vi vt phn x nh sng, khi i ngang qua tia sng c th
cm bin khng bit u l vt v u l gng. Do v
gng.

Hnh 2.135 Cm bin quang thu pht chung.
m bin quang loi thu pht chung bao gm hai b thu v
mt phn x t hng vo b mt thu pht ca cm bin, trong loi n
ng phn x ln b mt l rt quan trng n vic thu pht ca cm bin.
c im cm bin quang thu pht chung:
m bin quang loi thu pht chung c c im:
tin cy cao.
m bt dy dn.
cch ch c , 1/3 so vi phng php truyn xuy
Khng thch khi dng pht hin cc vt liu trong sut hoc cc vt liu
mt phn x c.
t pht hin phi c kch thc ln hn b phn phn x ca cm bin.
i khuch tn (Diffuse Replective)
m Bin & Chuyn i
i ngang qua tia sng c th to s nhm
u l gng. Do vt cng

m bin quang thu pht chung.
m bin quang loi thu pht chung bao gm hai b thu v pht gn chung
mt thu pht ca cm bin, trong loi ny
c thu pht ca cm bin.
n xuyn tm.
u trong sut hoc cc vt liu
phn phn x ca cm bin.

a. Cu to v nguyn t
i vi cm bin quang
pht) nh sng cm bin nhn
t vt O. Khi s dng thit b dn sng th
vt rt nh. Hnh 2.1
Vi gi tr t ban u, bi
hoc c s thay i c im ca i t
xut. Lng nh sng nhn
ca cm bin s rt nh.
Do nguyn tc hot ng ca cm bin qu
nh sng th cc vt trong sut hay phn x nh sng khng th pht hin
hoc ch pht hin
Hnh
i vi cm bin quang c g
cm bin quang c hai u pht v
Ging nh cm bin loi thu pht chung nh
m ly vt cn lm v
b. c im cm bin quang loi khuch tn
Cm bin quang loi khuch tn c c im:
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 112
nguyn tc hot ng
i vi cm bin quang khuch tn, nh sng c pht ra t cc E (cc
m bin nhn c cc R (cc thu) th
vt O. Khi s dng thit b dn sng th cm bin c kh nng pht hin
136
i gi tr t ban u, bin nh sng nhn c trong mi tr
c c s thay i c im ca i tng phn x s nh h
ng nh sng nhn c khi s rt nh v vy m
a cm bin s rt nh.
c hot ng ca cm bin quang, c th l
t trong sut hay phn x nh sng khng th pht hin
c ch pht hin c mt s.
Hnh 2.136 Cm bin quang loi khuch tn.
i vi cm bin quang c gng ch yu cu thng h
m bin quang c hai u pht v thu ri phi lp hai u i din nhau.
m bin loi thu pht chung nhng khng c
m vt phn x tia phn x phn chiu li b thu.
c im cm bin quang loi khuch tn
m bin quang loi khuch tn c c im:
m Bin & Chuyn i
c pht ra t cc E (cc
c phn x trc tip
m bin c kh nng pht hin c
c trong mi trng bn
ng phn x s nh hng xu n xung
y m khong nhn bit
th l vi s c lng
t trong sut hay phn x nh sng khng th pht hin c,

m bin quang loi khuch tn.
u thng hng, nhng i vi
i phi lp hai u i din nhau.
ng khng cn b mt phn x
t phn x tia phn x phn chiu li b thu.

o D lp t.
o B nh hng bi b mt, m
o Ch thu c mt phn sng, ph thuc nhiu v
ca vt v vo mi tr
hot ng bn).
2.7.4.8 Cc loi cm bin quang cng nghip khc
a. Cm bin quang phn x gii hn
Hnh 2.13
Hnh 2.138 Nguyn t
c im ca cm bin quang loi phn x gii hn
o Ch pht hin vt trong v
o Khng b nh h
o L tng cho nhiu ng dng cn tri
b. Cm bin quang loi
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 113
ng bi b mt, mu sc vt, nn
c mt phn sng, ph thuc nhiu vo mu s
vo mi trng (khng thch hp vi nhng n
t ng bn).
i cm bin quang cng nghip khc
m bin quang phn x gii hn
2.137 Nguyn tc cm bin quang phn x gii hn.
Nguyn tc thu nhn ca cm bin quang phn x gii hn.
a cm bin quang loi phn x gii hn:
n vt trong vng pht hin gii hn.
nh hng bi mu nn sau vng cm bin.
ng cho nhiu ng dng cn trit tiu nn.
n quang loi t khong cch
Vt
Trc pht
Trc thu
m Bin & Chuyn i
o mu sc, phn x
ng (khng thch hp vi nhng ni c mi trng

c cm bin quang phn x gii hn.

c thu nhn ca cm bin quang phn x gii hn.

Nn

Hnh
Loi ny nh t
Thng vic t kho
i khong cch cm nhn ca cm bin.
c. Cm bin quang loi pht hin m
Hnh
Cm bin mu ph
vt cm bin, sau nh
B phn bit mu c
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 114
Hnh 2.139 Cm bin quang loi t khong cch.
t c khong cch, nn phn nn
khong cch bng cch iu chnh nhy ca cm bin thay
i khong cch cm nhn ca cm bin.
n quang loi pht hin mu
Hnh 2.140 Cm bin quang loi pht hin m
u pht cc nh sng (R), xanh l (G), xanh d
m bin, sau nhn nh sng phn x v, phn tch t l
u ca vt.
m Bin & Chuyn i

ng cch.
n c trit tiu.
ng cch bng cch iu chnh nhy ca cm bin thay

m bin quang loi pht hin mu.
(G), xanh dng (B) ti
cc nh sng R, G,

Trang 115

Hnh 2.141 Cc loi cm bin quang pht hin mu.
c im cm bin quang loi pht hin mu:
o tin cy cao.
o D s dng.
o C th dy cho cm bin bit mu ca vt (chc nng teach).
d. Cm bin si quang (Filbe sensor)
Hnh dng:

Hnh 2.142 Cm bin si quang.
Cm bin si quang trc y ch c dng trong lnh vc qun s, nhng
ngy nay n c ng dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng ngh xe hi, hng
khng, tu thy cng nh cc ngnh cng ngh khc
Cc thng s m h thng ny c th o c bao gm: Nhit , p sut
hay sc cng. Gn y, vic ng dng h thng o lng tch hp cm bin si
quang ang c nghin cu trong cc ng dng v tua-bin v cho thy nhng
kt qu rt kh quan.
Mt trong nhng cm bin trung tm ca h thng cm bin si quang hin
ang c pht trin l cm bin giao thoa k Fabry-Perot.
Nguyn l ch to:

Cm bin giao thoa k Fabry
cch da trn l hng
b mt phn chiu,
mt phn s c phn x li ngay trong chnh mi tr
nh sng cn li s tip tc i qua si quang, xuy
b mt phn chiu v
Hai sng nh sng ny
vo bin thin chi
ca ng i lm bi
perot. Tn hiu nh sng cui c
n vi b phn d n
qung ng i. C 1 v
c im ca cm bin si quang:
o Hot ng n nh trong mi tr
o D lp t, ch
o C th pht hi
Cc loi si quang v
a)
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 116

Hnh 2.143 Cu to cm bin si quang.
m bin giao thoa k Fabry-Perot (EFPI) s dng cng ngh o khong
hng c to ra gia b mt c nh bng ca si
mt phn chiu, c ch ra trong hnh 2.143. nh sng i qua s
c phn x li ngay trong chnh mi trng si (R1). Lung
i s tip tc i qua si quang, xuyn qua khong cch gia si, v
mt phn chiu v c phn x li si quang (R2).
Hai sng nh sng ny giao thoa cng hng hay trit ti
n chiu di ca mi ng phn chiu. Ni cch khc chiu d
m bin i phn ng ca hai sng nh sng trong l hng Fabry
u nh sng cui cng s quay tr li si quang, i qua si quang v
ni chng s c phn tch xc nh khong cch ca
ng i. C 1 vi phng php khc nhau phn tch tn hiu tr li .
c im ca cm bin si quang:
t ng n nh trong mi trng khc nghit, mi tr
, ch cn khng gian nh
pht hin c vt nh.
i si quang v cm bin quang
b)
Hnh 2.144 Cu to si quang.
m Bin & Chuyn i

u to cm bin si quang.
dng cng ngh o khong
c nh bng ca si quang vi
ng i qua si quang v
ng si (R1). Lung
ng cch gia si, v
ng hay trit tiu nhau ph thuc
ng phn chiu. Ni cch khc chiu di
n i phn ng ca hai sng nh sng trong l hng Fabry-
i quang, i qua si quang v
c phn tch xc nh khong cch ca
phn tch tn hiu tr li .
c nghit, mi trng nhit cao

c)

a) Loi ng trc
b) Loi 50/50
c) Loi ngu nhi
Dy mu trng
Dy mu en s
Vi cm bin xuy
cm bin phn x v khu
Hnh
Hnh 2.14
2.7.4.9 Cc thut ng th
a. Ch Dark-On & Light
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 117
i ng trc

i ngu nhin
ng s thu.
Dy mu en si pht.
i cm bin xuyn sut tn hiu thu pht dng 2 cp ring bi
khuch tn th tn hiu thu pht dng chung cp
Hnh 2.145 Cm bin si quang loi xuyn su

2.146 Cm bin si quang loi phn x v khu
t ng thng s dng
On & Light-On:
Hnh 2.147 Ch Dark-On & Light-On.
m Bin & Chuyn i
ng 2 cp ring bit, cn vi
ng chung cp

n sut.

khuch tn.

.

o i vi cm bin thu pht ri: c vt cm bin khng nhn
gi l Dark
o i vi cm bin thu pht chung: khng c vt cm bin khng nhn
nh sng gi l
o i vi cm bin thu pht ri: khng c vt cm bin nhn
gi l Light
o i vi cm bin thu
l Light ON
b. Vng cht: (Dead Zone
L vng khng ho
knh. Sensor khng ph
c. Thi gian p ng
L khong th
khin c kch ho
d. Hin tng tr khong cch
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 118
i vi cm bin thu pht ri: c vt cm bin khng nhn
ON
i vi cm bin thu pht chung: khng c vt cm bin khng nhn
i l Dark ON
i vi cm bin thu pht ri: khng c vt cm bin nhn
ON
i vi cm bin thu pht chung: c vt cm bin nhn
ON
(Dead Zone - vng sensor khng hot ng):
Hnh 2.148 Vng cht.
ng hot ng, nm ngoi vng pht, vng thu v n
nh. Sensor khng pht hin c vt trong vng ny.
(Response Time):
Hnh 2.149 Thi gian p ng.
i gian tr hon t khi nh sng nhn vo
t hoc reset.
ng tr khong cch: (Hysteresis Distance):
m Bin & Chuyn i
i vi cm bin thu pht ri: c vt cm bin khng nhn c nh sng
i vi cm bin thu pht chung: khng c vt cm bin khng nhn c
i vi cm bin thu pht ri: khng c vt cm bin nhn c nh sng
t cm bin nhn c nh sng gi

ng thu v nm gn thu

o n lc ng ra iu

Hin tng tr khong cch l
(operating distance) v kho
e. Cch mc ti u ra
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 119
Hnh 2.150 Hin tng tr khong cch.
ng tr khong cch l s sai bit gia khong cch hot ng
(operating distance) v khong cch reset (reset distance).
c ti u ra

Hnh 2.151 Cch mc ti cho loi NPN.

Hnh 2.152 Cch mc ti cho loi PNP.
c im:
1. Tng t nh loi NPN
2. c s dng trong cc my
sn xut Chu u
3. C bo b ngn mch t
c im:
1. C th s dng vi t
PLC v cc mch logic
2. Thi gian p ng nhanh
3. Bn
m Bin & Chuyn i

.
sai bit gia khong cch hot ng

c ti cho loi NPN.

c ti cho loi PNP.
i NPN
ng trong cc my
ch ti.
i ti Relay,
ch logic
ng nhanh

Trang 120
2.8 Cm bin v tr v khong cch (Sensors for distance and displacement)
2.8.1 Khi nim
Nguyn l o v tr v dch chuyn, vic xc nh v tr v dch chuyn ng vai
tr rt quan trng trong k thut. Hin nay c hai phng php c bn xc nh v
tr v dch chuyn:
o Phng php th nht: b cm bin cung cp tn hiu l hm ph thuc vo v tr
ca mt trong cc phn t ca cm bin, ng thi phn t ny c lin quan n
vt cn xc nh dch chuyn.
o Phng php th hai: ng vi mt dch chuyn c bn, cm bin pht ra mt
xung. Vic xc nh v tr v dch chuyn l v:
Yu cu o v tr v dch chuyn ln
Dng o cc i lng khc
Cch o:
Phn t cm bin gn vi vt di ng, tn hiu o l mt hm ph thuc v tr
trong phn t cm bin, thng thng l tr khng.
Khng i hi lin kt c hc gia cm bin v vt o: tn hiu o c
thng qua cc i lng trung gian nh in trng.
2.8.2 Cm bin o khong cch ng ra dng analog
2.8.2.1 Loi in cm
Nguyn l: da trn hin tng cm ng in t, thay i h s t cm L v h s
h cm M.
Vt cn o gn vo mt phn t mch t, vt dch chuyn gy nn s bin thin
t thng trong cun dy o dn n thay i in p trn hai u ca n. Ngun cung
cp l tn hiu xoay chiu v c cc loi thng dng sau:
a. Mch t c khe t bin thin
o Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng

Trang 121

Hnh 2.153 Hot ng cm bin in cm analog
1) Li st t 2) Cun dy 3) Phn ng
Trn hnh 2.153 trnh by s nguyn l cu to ca mt s loi cm bin
t cm n. Cm bin t cm n gm mt cun dy qun trn li thp c nh
(phn tnh) v mt li thp c th di ng di tc ng ca i lng o (phn
ng), gia phn tnh v phn ng c khe h khng kh to nn mt mch t h.
hnh 2.153a: Di tc ng ca i lng o X
V
, phn ng ca cm
bin di chuyn, khe h khng kh

trong mch t thay i, lm cho t tr ca
mch t bin thin. Do h s t cm v tng tr ca cun dy thay i theo.
hnh 2.153b: Khi phn ng quay, tit din khe h khng kh thay i,
lm cho t tr ca mch t bin thin. Do h s t cm v tng tr ca cun
dy thay i theo.
H s t cm ca cun dy cng c th thay i do thay i tn hao sinh
ra bi dng in xoy khi tm st t dch chuyn di tc ng ca i lng o
X
V
(hnh 2.153c)
Nu b qua in tr ca cun dy v t tr ca li thp ta c:
s W
R
W
L
o
2 2
= = (2.51)
Trong :
W: S vng dy

0
R
s
= : T tr ca khe h khng kh.

: Chiu di khe h khng kh.

Trang 122
s: Tit din thc ca khe h khng kh.
Trng hp W = const ta c:
d
L
ds
s
L
dL
= (2.52)
Vi lng thay i hu hn v s ta c:
( )
s
s W
s
W
L
o
o
o
o
+
=
2
0
2 2

(2.53)
nhy ca cm bin t cm khi khe h khng kh thay i ( s = const):
2
0
1
(
|
|
\
|
+
=
o
o
L L
S (2.54)
nhy ca cm bin t cm khi thay i tit din khng kh ( = const):
0
0
s
L
s
L
S =
(2.55)
Tng tr ca cm bin:
s W
L Z
0
2
= = (2.56)
T cng thc tng tr ca cm bin: Ta thy tng tr Z ca cm bin l
hm tuyn tnh vi tit din khe h khng kh s v phi tuyn vi chiu di
khe h khng kh .
o c tnh lm vic

Hnh 2.154 S thay i gia L, Z vi chiu di khe h khng kh

Trang 123
c tnh ca cm bin t cm n ( ) Z f =

l hm phi tuyn v ph thuc tn
s ngun kch thch, tn s ngun kch thch cng cao th nhy ca cm bin
cng cao (hnh 2.154).
o Kiu mch t hnh ch U

Hnh 2.155 Cm bin cm ng t mch t hnh ch U
0
0
2
0
2
1
.
2
l
x
x
l
s N
L
+

=

(2.57)
N: s vng dy
L
0
: chiu di khe h khng kh
S: tit din

m H / 10 . 4
7
0

=

o Kiu mch t hnh xuyn

Hnh 2.156 Cm bin cm ng t mch t hnh xuyn

Trang 124
Loi ny gm ba phn: Mt li st t hnh xuyn, mt khe t bin thin v
mt b mt lm bng li st t. in cm ny s thay i ph thuc vo khong
cch khe khng kh v gi tr in cm thay i phi tuyn.
) 1 ( ) (
0
0
2
d
L
kd
n
L
+
=
+
= (2.58)
Vi:
| | t r r
R
A C
/ 1 / 1
0
1 0
+
= ,
2
0
.
2
r
k

= (2.59)
b. Loi c 2 mch t
Loi ny c nhy cao hn loi mt mch t v tuyn tnh hn khi kt
hp vi mch cu o

Hnh 2.157 Cm bin cm ng t loi 2 mch t
| | ) ( 1
01
1
x d
L
L
+
=
;
| | ) ( 1
02
2
x d
L
L
+ +
=
(2.60)
c trng cm bin in cm bin thin
Ng ra thay i phi tuyn, ph thuc tn s ngun kch thch, tn s cng
cao th nhy cng ln
L Z
L
= (2.61)

Trang 125

Hnh 2.158 c tuyn cm bin in cm analog
c. Cm bin t cm c li t di ng

Hnh 2.159 S nguyn l cm bin t cm c li t
1) Cun dy 2) Li t
Di tc ng ca i lng o X
V
, li t dch chuyn lm cho di l
f
ca
li t nm trong cun dy thay i, ko theo s thay i h s t cm L ca cun
dy. S ph thuc ca L vo l
f
l hm khng tuyn tnh. Tuy nhin c th ci
thin bng cch ghp hai cun dy ging nhau vo hai nhnh k st nhau ca mt
cu in tr c chung mt li st.
2.8.2.2 Loi h cm
a. Cm bin h cm
Cu to ca cm bin h cm tng t cm bin t cm ch khc ch c
thm mt cun dy o. (hnh 2.160)

Trang 126

Hnh 2.160 Cm bin h cm
1) Cun s cp 2) Gng t 3) Li t di ng 4) Cun th cp (Cun o)
Trong cc cm bin n, khi chiu di khe h khng kh (Hnh 2.160a)
hoc tit din khe khng kh thay i (Hnh 2.160b) hoc tn hao do dng in
xoy thay i (Hnh 2.160c) s lm cho t thng ca mch t bin thin ko theo
sc in ng e trong cun o thay i.
o Cm bin c khe h khng kh:
nhy ca cm bin ph thuc vo s thay i ca chiu di khe h
khng kh (s=const):
2
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
1 1
|
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
=
E ks E
S (2.62)
nhy khi tit din khe h khng kh s thay i ( const) = :
o
o
s
s
E k
s
E
S = =
=
0
(2.63)
Trong :
0 2 1
W W k =
I :gi tr hiu dng ca dng in

W
2
, W
1
:

:
Chiu d

0
0
0
ks
E
=
o Cm bin vi sai
tng nhy v
bin theo s vi sai (
tng gp i v phm vi l
b. B bin i sai phn tuyn tnh LVDT (
Transformer)
o Cu to
LVDT l mt c
trong lng cun dy
o Nguyn l hot ng
Gm 4 cun dy ghp ng trc to th
trong c li t di ng
nhau sao cho sc in ng trong chng trit ti
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 127
: s vng dy ca cun dy o.
u di khe h khng kh.
0
0
ks
: Sc in ng h cm ban u trong cun o W
tng nhy v tuyn tnh ca c tnh cm bin ng
vi sai (hnh 2.160d, e, f). Khi mc vi sai nhy ca cm bin
m vi lm vic tuyn tnh m rng ng k.
bin i sai phn tuyn tnh LVDT (Linear Variable Differential
t c cu c - in to ra in p t l vi v tr ca l
n dy
Hnh 2.161 Cu to LVDT.
t ng
m 4 cun dy ghp ng trc to thnh hai cm bin
di ng c (hnh 2.162). Cc cun th cp
n ng trong chng trit tiu ln nhau.

m Bin & Chuyn i
c in ng h cm ban u trong cun o W
2
khi X
V
=0
tuyn tnh ca c tnh cm bin ngi ta mc cm
c vi sai nhy ca cm bin
c tuyn tnh m rng ng k.
Linear Variable Differential
n to ra in p t l vi v tr ca li bin p

m bin n i xng, bn
n th cp c ni ngc vi

V nguyn tc, khi l
th cp bng khng. Khi l
s cp vi cc cun th cp, tc l
vi cc cun th cp. Khi in tr ca thit b o ln, in p o V
tuyn tnh vi hiu s cc h s
in p AC a
cp. Khi li chuyn ng l
Cun th cp qun
cc tnh khi li dch chuyn.
Hnh
LVDT l mt bin p gm mt cun s
in p ng ra l hi
Ng ra ca LVDT
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 128
Hnh 2.162 Cm bin h cm vi sai.
c, khi li t v tr trung gian, in p o V
cp bng khng. Khi li t dch chuyn, lm thay i mi quan h gia cun
p vi cc cun th cp, tc l lm thay i h s h cm gia cun s
i cc cun th cp. Khi in tr ca thit b o ln, in p o V
n tnh vi hiu s cc h s h cm ca hai cun th cp.
a vo cun s cp, to ra in cm ng tr
n ng lm cho in p u ra th cp thay i.
n th cp qun theo hai chiu ngc nhau, nn in
ch chuyn.

Hnh 2.163 M t nguyn l hot ng LVDT.
t bin p gm mt cun s cp v hai cun th cp ging nhau.
ra l hiu hai in p cm ng trn cun th cp.
a LVDT bng khng khi li st t nm trung tm thit b.

Hnh 2.164 Tn hiu ra LVDT.
m Bin & Chuyn i
v tr trung gian, in p o V
m
u ra hai cun
i mi quan h gia cun
i h s h cm gia cun s cp
i cc cun th cp. Khi in tr ca thit b o ln, in p o V
m
gn nh
a hai cun th cp.
p, to ra in cm ng trn 2 u cun th
n p u ra th cp thay i.
n p ra s thay i
t ng LVDT.
n th cp ging nhau.
n th cp.
t t nm trung tm thit b.


Trang 129
Khi li ti v tr trung tm th L1=L2, mch cu cn bng nn V
out
= 0.

Hnh 2.165 Tn hiu ra ca LVDT thay i theo li
o Bin in p ng ra
Khi li ti v tr trung tm, p ng ra bng khng.
Khi di chuyn lch v tr trung tm, in p cm ng hai cun th cp khc
nhau.
Bin t l chiu di dch chuyn ca li v pha ca n th hin hng
dch chuyn.

Hnh 2.166 Bin tn hiu ra ca LVDT.
Vng hot ng tuyn tnh ca LVDT

tuyn tnh ca ph
2.167). Khi li dch chuyn c
ng ra cng tng.
Bin p ra
mt khong gii hn. Khi l
cn tuyn tnh.
Phm vi tuyn tnh LVDT t
n v thng
LVDT cung cp tn hiu sin cho cun s
Tn s ny chnh l t
ca li t nht 10 ln.
Tn hiu in p ng
li.
Khng c s tip xc n
ny khng to ra hao mn trn thi
phng php khc.
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 130
Hnh 2.167 Vng hot ng ca LVDT.
tuyn tnh ca phng php LVDT c biu din tr
ch chuyn cng xa v tr cn bng, bin in p o
p ra ch tuyn tnh vi dch chuyn ca li khi li n
t khong gii hn. Khi li cng tin gn cc v tr gii hn th
m vi tuyn tnh LVDT t 1mm n 50cm (sai s tuyn tnh
ng c s dng l: mV/mm, V/mm hay mV/
p tn hiu sin cho cun s cp vi tn s t 50
y chnh l tn s sng mang v phi ln hn tn s ca chuyn ng
t 10 ln.
u in p ng ra chnh l tn hiu iu ch c t c
tip xc no ca li vi cc b phn khc n
a hao mn trn thit b, dn ti thit b ny c

m Bin & Chuyn i

c biu din trn th (Hnh
in p o c ti
i khi li nm trong
n gn cc v tr gii hn th php o khng
tuyn tnh 0.25%)
V/mm hay mV/in, V/in.
p vi tn s t 50Hz n 25kHz.
n s ca chuyn ng
c t chuyn ng ca
i cc b phn khc nn phng php
y c bn cao hn cc

Trang 131
Khng c gii hn cho phn gii ca phng php ny do s dng t
trng lm trung gian => phn gii ch ph thuc vo phn gii ca dng
c o in p
o Mch giao tip ca LVDT

Hnh 2.168 Mch giao tip ca LVDT.
o Mt s lu khi chn LVDT
chn b bin i sai phn tuyn tnh ta cn quan tm n cc vn sau:
o v tr khng tn hao do ma st
phn gii khng xc nh
Bn vng
Kh nng lp li cao
Ng vo v ra cch ly
2.8.2.3 Loi in dung
Cm bin in dung c s dng rt ph bin trong cng nghip v trong cc
lnh vc khoa hc. Nguyn l ca chng l da trn s thay i ca in dung khi c
s dch chuyn. Cm bin in dung c tuyn tnh ln v phm vi rng. Phn t
cm ng c bn ca cm bin in dung bao gm 2 cc ca mt t in c in dung
C. in dung l mt hm ca khong cch d gia 2 cc ca t in, din tch bn cc
A v hng s in mi.
) , , ( A d f C = (2.64)
a. Loi c khong cch bin thin

Trang 132

Hnh 2.169 Cm bin in dung loi khong cch bin thin
Loi cm bin ny to ra t 2 bn cc phng cch nhau mt khong cch x
c th thay i c. Do , in dung ca t in l:
x
A
x
A
x C
r 0
) (

= = (2.65)
y:
: Hng s in mi
r
: Hng s in mi lin quan (hng s
r
=1 ca khng kh so vi chn
khng)
r
: Hng s in mi chn khng (hng s
r
=8.854188x10
-12
F/m
-1
)
x: khong cch gia hai b mt tnh bng m
A: Din tch ca b mt tnh bng m
2

in dung ca loi cm bin ny bin thin phi tuyn theo dch chuyn x.
nhy:
2
0
x
A
dx
dC
r

= (2.66)
Kiu cm bin ny thng s dng o dch chuyn c tng nh m
khng cn tip xc vi i tng cn o.
b. Loi din tch bn cc bin thin
dch chuyn c th o bi cm bin in dung c din tch bn cc bin
thin.
d
wx A
x
A
C
r
) (
0

= =

(2.67)
Vi w: b rng, wx: din tch vng b gim khi di chuyn b mt

Trang 133

Hnh 2.170 Cm bin in dung loi in tch bn cc bin thin
Cm bin in dung loi in tch bn cc bin thin c c tnh sau:
in dung tuyn tnh vi dch chuyn.
Dng o dch chuyn gc.
c. Loi in mi bin thin
dch chuyn c th o dng cm bin in dung da trn s dch chuyn
tng i ca vt liu in mi gia cc bn cc.

Hnh 2.171 Cm bin in dung in mi bin thin
| | x l w C ) (
1 2 2 0
= (2.68)
Vi:
1
: Hng s in mi lin quan cht liu lm cht in mi
2
: Hng s in mi ti v tr khi cht in mi b dch chuyn
Ng ra loi cm bin ny cng t l tuyn tnh vi dch chuyn x. thng
c s dng o mc ca cht lng trong thng. Vi iu kin cht lng
khng dn in dng in mi.

Trang 134
d. Loi vi sai
Trong mt s trng hp, ng ra ca cm bin in dung bin thin phi
tuyn vi dch chuyn. iu ny c th kh c bng cch s dng cm bin
in dung dng vi sai.
Cm bin in dung loi ny thng c 3 bn cc. Ty theo tng ng dng
c th m cm bin loi ny c th c cu to khc nhau.

Hnh 2.172 Cm bin in dung loi vi sai
) (
2
) ( ) (
2
2 2
0 0 0
2 1
d d
d lw
d d
lw
d d
lw
C C C
r r r
+
=
+
= =
(2.69)
) (
2
) ( ) (
2
2 2
0 0 0
2 1
d d
lwd
d d
lw
d d
lw
C C C
r r r

+
=
+
+
= + = (2.70)
d
d
C
C
= (2.71)
Cm bin in dung loi ny tuyn tnh hn nhiu so vi cm bin in
dung 2 bn cc. Tuy nhin, trong thc t vn tn ti mt s thnh phn phi tuyn
do nhng khuyt im trong cu trc. Do , ng ra cm bin loi ny cn phi
c x l cn thn nhm thu c ng ra ti u.
e. Mch o
Mch o thng l cc mch cu khng cn bng, cung cp bng ngun p
xoay chiu vi tn s ln (MHz)

Trang 135

Hnh 2.173 Mch o cm bin in dung analog
Mch cu khng cn bng, cp ngun xoay chiu. i vi loi vi sai, tn s
tn hiu phi ln

Hnh 2.174 Mch o cm bin analog
o Cu hnh 4 dy:
dch chuyn = ) (
+

CH CH
V V Gx (G l nhy) (2.72)
Cu hnh ny i hi t dy hn v kt ni n gin hn cu hnh 5 dy
nhng tn hiu o b nh hng nhiu bi nhit mi trng t bit khi dy
ni di v ngun c bin thp
o Cu hnh 5 dy:
dch chuyn:
) (
) (
+
+
+
CH CH
CH CH
V V
V V
Gx (2.73)
Cu hnh ny nhiu dy hn cc cu hnh khc nhng t b nh hng bi
nhit
2.8.2.4 Cm bin quang in
a. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng

Trang 136
Cm bin quang in gm b pht v b thu nh sng, ngun sng c s
dng l diode pht quang hay diode lazer, nh sng dng loi nh sng hng
ngoi hay mu ( hay xanh).

Hnh 2.175 Cm bin quang in
b. Phn loi
Ty theo cch b tr cm bin thu pht m ta c th chia cm bin quang
in ra nhiu loi khc nhau:
o Loi phn x

Hnh 2.176 Phn loi cm bin quang in
o Loi khe hnh mng nga

Trang 137

Hnh 2.177 Cm bin quang in loi khe hnh mng nga
c. u nhc im ca cm bin quang in
o u im
Cm bin quang in l loi cm bin pht hin vt khng cn tip xc v
c th pht hin vt khong cch xa. Cm bin quang in c th thit k n
gin r tin
o Nhc im
S dng nh sng hng ngoi nn d b nhiu khi hot ng trong mi
trng lm vic. B tc ng bi nhim ca mi trng, khi cm bin quang
in b bm bi th cng sng ti b thu s gim.
2.8.2.5 Cm bin Lazer v siu m
a. Cm bin Lazer
Cm bin lazer dng o dch chuyn khng cn tip xc, khong cch
t vt n cm bin tng i ln thng khong 4 10cm.
Cm bin lazer hot ng theo nguyn tc: mt tia lazer chiu ln vt v
c phn x li, sau khi qua h thng thu knh s tc ng ln cm bin v tr.
Vi x l s da trn php tnh tam gic (so snh vi mt v tr chun) tnh ra
khong cch t vt n cm bin, tn hiu xut ra l dng hay p theo t l
khong cch.
b. Cm bin siu m
Cm bin siu m o khong cch da trn thi gian T t khi pht ra chm
sng siu m n khi nhn c chm sng phn x

Trang 138
v
d
T
2
= (2.74)
d: khong cch t vt n cm bin.
v: Vn tc m thanh
phn gii ca cm bin siu m khong 0,2mm nn km chnh xc hn
so cm bin lazer. Sai s o ca cm bin ny cn ph thuc vo hng ca mt
tia phn x.

Hnh 2.178 Cc loi cm bin o mc nc
c. c im cm bin siu m
o u ra analog: dng 4 20mA, in p 010Volt
o phn gii cao: khong 0,172mm
o Ngun vo: 10 30VDC
o Khong cch pht hin trn 6m
o Cm bin siu m c th iu chnh khong cch pht hin (Background
Suppression)
Mt s dng cm bin ng ra analog cho php iu chnh khong cch pht
hin, chng c th t chi vic pht hin cc i tng sau mt khong cch xc
nh. Khong cch pht hin c th iu chnh bi ngi s dng.

Trang 139
Ngoi ra cm bin khng pht hin i tng d chng di chuyn vo
vng hot ng ca cm bin, ngi ta c th to 1 lp v bng cht liu c kh
nng khng phn x li sng m thanh.
2.8.3 Chit p (B phn th): (Potentiometer)
2.8.3.1 Cu to hnh dng
Gm mt in tr c nh Rn v mt tip xc in c th di chuyn gn vi
chuyn ng cn o gi l con chy. V tr con chy t l vi gi tr in tr ti u ra
ca tip xc im. Hnh 2.179 v hnh dng hnh 2.180
Cn c vo hnh dng ca Rn v dng chuyn ng ca con chy ngi ta chia ra
2 loi:
Dch chuyn thng:
L
l
R l R
n
= ) ( (2.75)
Dch chuyn gc quay:
0
n
R R = (2.76)

Hnh 2.179 B chit p loi dch thng v dch chuyn gc quay

Hnh 2.180 Hnh dng chit p.

Trang 140
2.8.3.2 c tnh
Chit p c phn gii thng thng t c 10 m. Tui th ca con chy
10
6
ln vi dng xoay v 10
7
10
8
vi dng dch chuyn. tuyn tnh l gi tr
ca t s R(x)/R
n
hai u ca in tr khng n nh. Do u ng chy
hoc cui ng chy th tuyn tnh km. Hnh 2.181

Hnh 2.181 S thay i ca t s R(x)/R
n
ph thuc vo v tr con chy.

Hnh 2.182 Cnh tay robot hn
Kho st chit p nh mt cm bin v tr. Hnh 2.182 s nh hng ca ti
ln chit p c th iu khin cnh tay robot hn.

Trang 141
Chit p dng chuyn i gc quay hoc khong cch tuyn tnh thnh
in p. Hnh 2.183, chit p c in tr thay i tuyn tnh so vi trc quay.
Chit p khc vi chit p volume thng thay i theo hm log khng tuyn
tnh.

Hnh 2.183 Cc loi chit p.
V d: Chit p dng pht hin gc quay ca tay my nh hnh trn. Tm
in p ng ra ti v tr 82
o
?

Gii
in p ng ra ti v tr 82
o
l:
V x V
out
34 . 2 82
350
10
= =
o Sai s ti: Sai s ti = in p khng ti in p c ti
L NL l
V V e = (2.77)
o Sai s tuyn tnh: l sai s ti ln nht so vi gi tr tng in tr ca chit p.
pot
tt
R
Rx
e
100
= (2.78)

Trang 142
R : Sai s ti ln nht
pot
R : Tng in tr ca chit p
in tr s dng nh cm bin v tr nn in p ng ra t l vi v tr gc
ca trc quay.
o Do sai s tuyn tnh c th biu din theo gc quay:
100 x
e
tt

= (2.79)

Hnh 2.184 C cu truyn ng bnh rng.
2.8.3.3 Cc loi chit p
Gi tr in tr R
n
t 1k n 100k, i khi ln n hng M. Ty tng
trng hp c th chnh xc ca in tr l 20%, 10% v i khi t ti 5%.
Trn thc t khng cn i hi chnh xc cao v tn hiu o ch ph thuc vo
t s R(x)/R
n
. C nhiu loi chit p, ty theo tng ng dng m ngi ta chn
loi chit p thch hp.
a. Chit p dy kim loi
Loi chit p ny c th dng vi dng in kh cao. N c h s nhit
thp, t ting n cho mch in t v tr s in tr khng b tri theo thi gian v
do nh hng ca kh hu. Nhc im l phn gii thp.

Trang 143
b. Chit p vi lp polymer
Lp in tr c cu to bi mt loi sn hu c trn vi mui than v
bt graphit. Lp in tr loi ny rt trn phng, kh b mi mn. Tuy nhin n
c h s nhit kh ln (3001000ppm/K). Do n nh ca n so vi
chit p dy kim loi nhit cao km.
c. Chit p vi oxit kim loi thy tinh (cermet)
Loi in tr ny c ti luyn nhit kh cao 800 900
0
C, cho nn
rt cng. Tuy nhin b mt nhm, khng thch hp cho s dch chuyn con chy
nhiu ln. Chit p loi ny thch hp cho vic chnh in p trong cc mch in
t.
d. Chit p vi mng mng kim loi
Vi phng php phun ph hay phun bi catot ngi ta c th to mt lp
kim loi thc phng trn mt nn thy tinh. Vt liu c th l hp kim Ni/Cr hay
oxit kim loi Ta
2
O
5
. Mng mng kim loi c b dy khong 1 m.
Trong cc loi chit p trn ch c loi chit p vi lp polymer l thch hp
hn c cho cng vic nh v v tnh khong cch. Vi b mt trn lng v t b
mi mn, loi chit p ny c th chu ng c rt nhiu ln dch chuyn ca
con chy m c tnh k thut khng b thay i. Loi cm bin ny c dng
nhiu trong cc lnh vc nh: k thut xe hi, nh v trong mt h thng o c
v ngay c tnh h s gc cho vic iu chnh ng c bc, v vi cch ny s
thay i gc c chuyn i nhiu nc. dy ca lp polymer khong t 10 -
20 m v chu ng c nhit n 150
0
C. Vt liu ch to cc con chy l
hp kim ca cc kim loi qu nh: Pd, Pt, Au v Ag. Vi cc hp kim ny s
hnh thnh cc lp dn in km do nh hng ca kh hu khng xy ra. Do vy
gia con chy v mng polymer lun lun c s tip xc in rt tt. Cc lp
polymer ny c ch to vi phng php in la tht thn trng trong iu kin
sch khng c bi. Sau c lm cng li qua s nung nng nhit 150
0
C
n 250
0
C. Lp polymer c th chu ng c 10
7
ln dch chuyn ca con
chy m in tr gia con chy v lp polymer th khng gia tng.

Trang 144
2.8.4 Cm bin o vn tc vng quay v gc quay: (Tachometter)
Trong cng nghip c rt nhiu trng hp cn o vn tc quay ca my. Ngi
ta thng theo di tc quay ca my v l do an ton hoc khng ch cc iu
kin t trc cho hot ng ca my mc, thit b. Trong chuyn ng thng vic o
vn tc di cng thng c chuyn sang o vn tc quay. Bi vy cc cm bin o
vn tc gc chim v tr u th trong lnh vc o tc .
2.8.4.1 Mt s phng php c bn
Cm bin vn tc gc quay cung cp cho ta tn hiu o l tn s. Thng
thng trn trc quay c nh mt hay nhiu du v mt cm bin phn
khng chuyn ng s ghi nhn s chuyn ng ca cc du ny. Tn s o c
t l vi vng quay n v s du k:
f = n.k (2.80)
o tc quay ca rotor ta c th s dng cc phng php sau:
o S dng my pht tc mt chiu hoc xoay chiu, thc cht l cc my pht
in cng sut nh c sc in ng t l vi tc cn o. c s dng rng
ri trong cc h chuyn ng kinh in.
o S dng b cm bin quang tc vi b m ha.
o S dng my o gc tuyt i.
o Xc nh tc gin tip qua php o dng in v in p stator m khng cn
dng b cm bin tc .
2.8.4.2 o vn tc vng quay bng phng php analog
a. Tc k mt chiu (my pht tc)
My pht tc l my pht in mt chiu, cc t l nam chm vnh cu.
in p trn cc my pht t l vi tc quay ca n. My pht tc ni cng
trc vi phanh hm in t v cng trc vi ng c do tc quay ca n
chnh l tc quay ca ng c. Tc ny t l vi in p ca my pht tc

Trang 145
, dng V mt in t hoc ng h o tc ni vi n c th o c tc
ca ng c. Gi tr in p m hay dng ph thuc vo chiu quay.
E
r
= (n
0
)/ 2 = Nn
0
(2.81)
N: s vng quay trong 1 s.
: vn tc gc ca rotor.
n: l tng s vng dy chnh trn rotor.
0
: l t thng xut pht t cc nam chm
Cc phn t cu to c bn ca mt tc k dng mt chiu biu din trn
hnh 2.185.
Stator (phn cm) l mt nam chm in hoc mt nam chm vnh cu c
hai cc nam v bc nm ngoi cng. Rotor (phn ng) gm c li thp phn ng,
trn c x rnh, trong rnh c t dy qun

Hnh 2.185 Cu to ca mt my pht dng mt chiu.
b. Tc k dng xoay chiu
Tc k dng xoay chiu c u im l khng c c gp in v chi
than nn c tui th cao, khng tng gim in p trn chi than. Nhc im l
mch in phc tp hn, ngoi ra xc nh bin cn phi chnh lu v lc
tn hiu.
c. My pht ng b
L mt loi my pht in xoay chiu loi nh. Rotor ca my pht c
gn ng trc vi thit b cn o tc . Rotor l mt nam chm hoc nhiu nam

chm nh hnh 2.18
cp sc in ng h
e = E
0
sin
E
0
= K
1
.
K
1
v K
2
l cc thng s
u ra in p
khng ph thuc vo chi
quay c th xc nh
ny rt quan trng khi khong
truyn i xa v s suy gim tn hiu tr
xc ca php o (v
Hnh 2.186 Cu to ca mt my pht ng b. (a: 1 pha, b: 3 pha)
d. My pht khng ng b
Cu to ca my pht khng ng b t
hai pha (hnh 2.187)
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 146
2.186. Stator l phn cm c th 1 pha hoc ba pha
n ng hnh sin c bin t l vi tc quay ca rotor.
sint
, =K
2.

l cc thng s c trng cho my pht.
u ra in p c chnh lu thnh in p mt chiu. in p n
o chiu quay v hiu sut lc gim i khi tn s thp. Tc
xc nh c bng cch o tn s ca sc in ng. Ph
t quan trng khi khong cch o ln. Tn hiu t my pht ng b c th
suy gim tn hiu trn ng i khng nh h
o tn s).
u to ca mt my pht ng b. (a: 1 pha, b: 3 pha)
ng b
u to ca my pht khng ng b tng t nh ng c
)
m Bin & Chuyn i
1 pha hoc ba pha, l ni cung
vi tc quay ca rotor.
(2.82)
(2.83)
n p mt chiu. in p ny
u sut lc gim i khi tn s thp. Tc
c bng cch o tn s ca sc in ng. Phng php
n. Tn hiu t my pht ng b c th
ng i khng nh hng n chnh

u to ca mt my pht ng b. (a: 1 pha, b: 3 pha)
ng c khng ng b

Hnh 2.18
Rotor l mt h
lng v qun tnh c
trn c t hai cun dy
c cung cp mt in p nh mc c bi
v
e
=V
e
cos
Cun dy th hai l
sc in ng c bin
e
m
= E
m
cos(
Do E
m
= kV
k l hng s ph thuc v
: lch pha.
Khi o E
m
s xc nh
2.8.5 o vn tc vng quay b
2.8.5.1 Cm bin quang tc vi
Encoder l cm bin o v tr gc ca trc ng c
ti, Encoder c hai loi chnh: loi t
loi tuyt i (absolute).
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 147

2.187 Cu to ca mt my pht khng ng b.
t hnh tr kim loi mng c quay vi vn tc cn o, khi
qun tnh ca n khng ng k. Stator lm bng thp l k thut in,
t hai cun dy c b tr nh hnh v. Cun th nht l
c cung cp mt in p nh mc c bin v tn s khng i
cos
e
t
n dy th hai l cun dy o, gia hai u ca cun n
n t l vi vn tc gc cn o.
cos(
e
t + ) = kV
e
cos(
e
t + )
V
e
= k
ng s ph thuc vo cu trc ca my.
lch pha.
xc nh c
ng quay bng phng php quang in t (Encoder)
n quang tc vi a m ha
m bin o v tr gc ca trc ng c, my cng c
i, Encoder c hai loi chnh: loi tng i (loi gia tng
i tuyt i (absolute).
m Bin & Chuyn i
ng b.
c quay vi vn tc cn o, khi
ng thp l k thut in,
. Cun th nht l cun kch t
n s khng i
e
.
(2.84)
n dy o, gia hai u ca cun ny s xut hin
(2.85)
(2.86)
n t (Encoder)
, my cng c, bng
tng incremental) v

Trang 148

Hnh 2.188 Cu to cc thnh phn bn trong ca Encoder.
Cu to ca encoder tng i: gm hai a, mt a ng yn v mt a
quay. a quay gm ba ng, hai ng ngoi chia lm n khong gc bng
nhau lin tip cc tit din m v trong sut, ng th ba ch c mt rnh nh.
C ba cm bin quang hc, cc ngun sng tng ng v mt b iu khin.
Khi trc quay mt vng th tia sng b ngt n ln v gi tn hiu dng xung
(A v B) vung gc nhau.
B iu khin phi xc nh c chiu quay ca trc bng cch xc nh
s lch pha in gia hai tn hiu A v B:
o A vt trc B: quay thun.

Hnh 2.189 Xung quay thun ca encoder.

Trang 149
o B vt trc A: quay nghch.

Hnh 2.190 Xung quay nghch ca encoder.
ng trong (pha Z) ch c mt khe trong sut v to ra mt xung trong
mi vng quay. Z c dng xc nh v tr gc (Z: u khng) hoc bo hiu
quay ht mt vng.
2.8.5.2 Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng

Hnh 2.191 M t nguyn tc hot ng ca encoder.
Bao gm mt a plastic hoc thy tinh quay gia mt/nhiu ngun pht
sng (LED) v mt/ nhiu photo-transistor nhn quang.
a c m ha vi cc phn hnh qut sng v ti xen k nhau xung c
th c to ra khi a quay.
C hai loi encoder: encoder tng i v encoder tuyt i.
2.8.5.3 Encoder tng i (Incremental Encoder)
a. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
Tn hiu s xut ra
Cc b nhn quang
(photo-transistor)
1 hoc nhiu b pht quang
(LED)
Track
a code
Trc ca encoder

Trang 150

Hnh 2.192 Cu to ca mt encoder tng i
Cu to encoder tng i gm ngun pht thng l LED pht sng qua
knh quang ph hi t chiu qua mng li lc sau s xuyn qua a c vch
chia trc khi n c t bo quang in.

Hnh 2.193 a quay ca encoder.
Cu to gm: Mt b thu pht quang, mt a vi cc rnh, mt trc quay,
cp ngun v tn hiu.
Encoder tng i: loi ny c xung xut ra c m cung cp v tr
quay ca encoder. Mi bc encoder tng i s xut ra mt xung tng ng.

Hnh 2.19
Loi ny dng
xung A ln 1 tr
Xung Z ln 1 khi encod
b. Encoder tng i loi mt k
Hnh
V tr c xc nh da v
S rnh trn m
Phototransistor
thu
Trc
Code track
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 151
2.194 Xung ra ca encoder Incremental Encoder.
dng 2 xung A v B nhn bit chiu quay ca encoder. Nu
xung A ln 1 trc xung B, encoder ang quay chiu thun v
Xung Z ln 1 khi encoder quay gip 1 vng.
i loi mt knh
Hnh 2.195 Encoder tng i mt knh.
c xc nh da vo s xung m c.
trn mi vng xc nh s gc ng vi tng i r
LED pht
Phototransistor
a quay
m Bin & Chuyn i

Incremental Encoder.
nhn bit chiu quay ca encoder. Nu
c xung B, encoder ang quay chiu thun v ngc li.

nh s gc ng vi tng i rnh.

Trang 152

Hnh 2.196 V tr ca xung trn a encoder mt knh.

Hnh 2.197 Mt n encoder mt knh.
Cm bin loi mt knh khng cho thng tin v chiu quay.
V d: Mt encoder quang gm 360 rnh, bt u t v tr chun (reference).
Cm bin quang m 100 rnh cng chiu kim ng h v 30 rnh theo
chiu ngc li ri 45 rnh theo cung chiu kim ng h. Tm v tr hin ti?
Gii
Encoder 360 th mi rnh c gi tr gc l mt . Vy v tr hin ti l:
100 30 + 45 = 115
o
theo chiu kim ng h.
c. Encoder tng i loi hai knh

Hnh 2.198 Encoder tng i hai knh.
Tn hiu s xut ra
Cc b nhn quang
(photo-transistor)
1 hoc nhiu b pht quang
(LED)
Track
a code
Trc ca encoder

Trang 153
Encoder mt knh khng xc nh c chiu quay ca trc. Loi hai knh
khc phc khuyt im ca encoder mt knh l cho bit chiu quay ca trc.

Hnh 2.199 Chiu quay ca encoder tng i hai knh.
o a quay encoder 2 knh.
o V
1
v V
2
: v tr hai cm bin quang.
o CCW v CW: chiu quay ngc v quay thun theo chiu kim ng h
o Dng sng ng ra hai cm bin khi quay CCW v CW nh hnh 2.200

Hnh 2.200 Dng sng ng ra hai cm bin khi quay CCW v CW.
d. Gii m encoder

Hnh 2.201 B gii m encoder.

Trang 154
o Mch m tng dn mi khi a quay cng chiu kim ng h (CW).
o Mch m gim dn mi khi a quay theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h
(CCW).
o Cch n gin nht thc hin mch gii m l dng flip-lop. Mch gii m
v dng sng gii m ca V
1
v V
2
.

Hnh 2.202 B gii m encoder dng Flip-Flop.
V d: Cho h thng cm bin v tr nh trong hnh trn. S dng encoder
loi 250 xung/vng. Gi tr hin ti ca b m l 00100110. Tm v tr gc
hin ti?
Gii
Encoder gm 250 xung. Vy 1 xung ng vi 360/250 = 1.44
o
. Gi tr nh
phn ca b m l: 00100110 tng ng s thp phn l 38. Vy v tr hin
ti l: 38x1.44 = 52.72
o
.
2.8.5.4 Encoder tuyt i (Absolute Encoder)
a. Cu to cm bin tuyt i

Hnh 2.203 Cu to ca encoder tuyt i.

Trang 155
Cu to ca encoder tuyt i cng ging nh loi encoder tng i ch
khc cu to ca a v s lng t bo quang in nhn. Mi encoder u c
board mch iu khin v gii m nh hnh 2.204

Hnh 2.204 Bng mch v hnh dng.
Encoder tuyt i gm nhiu b nhn quang (c th ti a ti gn 20 track).

Hnh 2.205 B nhn quang ca encoder tuyt i.
ng vi mi v tr ca encoder c mt tn hiu ra nh phn vi sai xc
nh chnh xc v tr trc ca encoder.
Vi encoder tuyt i, thng tin v v tr vn khng thay i ngay c khi tt
v bt ngun encoder tr li.


Trang 156
Decimal Binary Gray Code Decimal Binary Gray Code
1 0000001 0000001 11 0001011 0001110
2 0000010 0000011 12 0001100 0001010
3 0000011 0000010 13 0001101 0001011
4 0000100 0000110 14 0001110 0001001
5 0000101 0000111 15 0001111 0001000
6 0000110 0000101 16 0010000 0001100
7 0000111 0000100 17 0010001 0001101
8 0001000 0001100 18 0010010 0011011
9 0001001 0001101 19 0010011 0011010
10 0001010 0001111 20 0010100 0011110
V d: vi Encoder dng m nh phn (binary)
t c phn gii 1024 P/R, encoder tuyt i x l 10 bit (10 dy ra)
t c phn gii 4096 P/R, encoder tuyt i x l 12 bit (12 dy ra)
b. a encoder tuyt i

Hnh 2.206 Cu trc a gii m trn a gii m ca encoder.

Trang 157
c. a encoder tuyt i 2 bit

Hnh 2.207 a gii m 2 bit.
Loi n gin nht gm hai bit ng ra tng ng bn trng thi nh hnh
2.207
d. Loi m ha 4 bit nh phn t 0000 n 1111

Hnh 2.208 a gii m 4 bit.
Loi m ha 4 bit nh phn t 0000 n 1111 tng ng 16 trng thi nh
hnh 2.208
o Mi tn ch chiu quay ca a s cho ng ra m xung. Trng s thp nht
nm pha ngoi ca a, trng s ln nm pha trong ca a.
o chnh xc hn, ngi ta thm mt track hiu chnh nh hnh 2.209
o Thm mt cm bin c xung chnh xc hn.

Trang 158

Hnh 2.209 a gii m 4 bit thm track hiu chnh.
o a to m encoder truyt i

A a to m Gray, B a to m BCD v bng m BCD hay m Gray tng
ng cho loi a
2.8.5.5 Mt s lu khi chn Encoder
a. Loi Encoder cn s dng

Hnh 2.210 Cc loi encoder.
Ty theo ng dng c th m ta nn chn loi quay trn hay tnh tin thng
Rotary encoder Linear encoder

Trang 159
b. Sc khc bit ca encoder tng i v encoder tuyt i
o Encoder tuyt i:
Xut ra mt s duy nht ti mi v tr khi encoder quay.
Thng tin v v tr khng mt khi cp in.
ng dng in hnh: iu khin cnh tay robot.
o Encoder tng i:
o v tr tng i ca encoder so vi v tr cui cng.
Mt thng tin v tr khi cp in.
ng dng in hnh: iu chnh tc , v tr ca bng chuyn
c. phn gii : (Resolution) (P/R)
Encoder c cc phn gii sau: 10, 20, 30,40, 50, 60, 100, 200, 300, 360,
400, 500, 600, 720, 800, 1000, 1024,1200, 1500, 1800, 2000, 2048, 2500, 3600,
5000, 6000.
d. in p cp cho encoder
Encoder c sn xut vi cc loi ngun cung cp sau sau: 5V
DC
,
512V
DC
, 12 V
DC
, 5 24 V
DC
, 12 24 V
DC
. Nhng thng dng nht loi 5v
e. Ng ra ca encoder
Incremental Encoder: A, B, Z,
A
,
B
,
Z

Absolute Encoder: Binary, BCD, hay Gray code
f. Cu trc c kh
Chiu di, ng knh trc: 25, 40, 50, 55, hoc 60
Khong cch v l g encoder ln
ng knh v chiu di tng th ca encoder
g. Cc yu t mi trng nh hng:
Bi, m,

Trang 160
Shock, rung,
Nhit hot ng
2.8.6 o vn tc vng quay vi nguyn tc in tr t
2.8.6.1 Cc n v t trng v nh ngha
a. T trng
T trng l mt dng vt cht tn ti xung quanh dng in, hay ni chnh
xc l xung quanh cc ht mang in chuyn ng. Tnh cht c bn ca t
trng l tc dng lc t ln dng in, ln nam chm.
b. Cm ng t B
V mt gy ra lc t, t trng c c trng bng vector cm ng t B.
Trong h thng n v SI n v cm ng t B l T (Tesla).
1 T = 1Wb/m
2
= 1V.s/m
2
c. T thng
T thng gi qua din tch dS l i lng c gi tr bng
S d B d

. = (2.87)
Trong :
B
l vector cm ng t ti 1 im bt k trn din tch y.

S d

l vector c phng ca vector php tuyn n
vi din tch ang xt,

chiu l chiu dng ca php tuyn, ln bng ln din tch .
Trong h thng n v SI n v t thng l Weber (Wb). Nu t thng thay
i 1 n v trong thi gian 1 s, in p cm ng sinh ra trong cun dy l 1V.
1Wb = 1Vs (2.88)
d. Cng t trng H
Cng t trng H l i lng c trng cho t trng do dng in
sinh ra v khng ph thuc vo tnh cht mi trng trong t dng in.

Trang 161
Trong h thng n v SI n v ca cng t trng H l A/m
e. Cm bin in tr t
Cm bin in tr t l 1 linh kin bn dn c hai cc, in tr ca n gia
tng di tc ng ca t trng. Trong trng hp t trng tc dng thng gc
mt phng ca cm bin ta c nhy ln nht. Chiu ca t trng khng nh
hng g n hiu ng in tr t trong trng hp ny.
ln ca tn hiu ra ca cm bin in tr t khng ph thuc vo tc
quay. Khc vi trng hp cm bin in cm, ln tn hiu ra quan h trc
tip vi tc quay, v vy i hi cc thit b in t phc tp c th thu
nhn c cc tn hiu trn 1 di in p rng.
Ngc li vi cm bin in tr t, tn hiu ra c hnh thnh bi s i
hng ca ng cm ng t thay i theo v tr ca bnh rng. Tn hiu ra ca
cm bin vn c hnh thnh d i tng di chuyn rt chm.

Hnh 2.211 Tn hiu to ra bi cm bin in tr t.
2.8.6.2 Cm bin in tr t vi vt liu InSb / NiSb
Hiu ng in tr t vi vt liu InSb / NiSb
Vt liu bn dn InSb vi lin kt III V c linh ng rt ln. Trong vt
liu bn dn, di tc dng ca t trng hng dch chuyn ca cc in tch b

Trang 162
lch i 1 gc tg = . B. Do s lch ny on ng dch chuyn ca electron
di hn. Kt qu l in tr cm bin gia tng di tc dng ca t trng.
hiu ng ny c th s dng trong thc t, gc cn phi ln. Trong kim loi, gc
ny rt b. Vi germanium gc lch ny khong 20
0
,
trong Indiumantimon do
linh ng ca electron rt cao nn gc lch = 80
0

vi B=1T.
to con ng dch chuyn ca electron cng di cng tt di tc dng
ca t trng, nh vy ng ra s c s thay i in tr ln hn, cm bin c
kt cu nh hnh 2.212. Nhiu phin InSb (b rng vi m ) c ghp ni tip
nhau. Gia cc phin ny l cc mng kim loi.

Hnh 2.212 Cm bin in tr t vi vt liu InSb / NiSb.
Trong thc t vi k thut luyn kim ngi ta to ra cc cy kim bng
Nickelantimon nm bn trong InSb c chiu song song vi hai cc in. c
iu ny, mt t NiSb c cho vo trong InSb chy lng v qua cc cng on
lm ngui v s cy kim NiSb c hnh thnh bn trong InSb. Cc cy kim ny
c ng knh khong 1 m v di 50 m . Cc cy kim ny dn in rt tt v
hu nh khng c in p ri trn n.
Mt in tch phn b khng u trong InSb do tc dng ca t trng,
s c phn b u li trn cc cy kim. Nh th ta c s phn b in tch
ni khi u vng 1 ging nh ni khi u vng 2.
in tr t c th coi nh 1 hm ca cm ng t theo cch tnh gn ng
R
B
=R
0
(1+k
2 2
.B ) (2.89)

Trang 163
k l hng s vt liu c tr s khong 0,85.
in tr cm bin nm trong khong 10-500. Din tch ct ngang ca bn
dn cng nh cng tt, tuy nhin chiu rng khng th nh hn 80 . m

2.8.6.3 Cm bin in tr t vi vt liu permalloy
a. Hiu ng in tr t vi vt liu permalloy
Mt mng mng vt liu st t gi l permalloy (20% Fe, 80% Ni). Khi
khng c s hin din ca t trng, vector t ha bn trong vt liu nm song
song vi dng in. Vi 1 t trng nm song song vi mt phng mng mng
nhng thng gc vi dng in, vector t ha s quay i 1 gc . Kt qu l
in tr ca permalloy thay i theo . Hnh 2.213

Hnh 2.213 Hiu ng in tr t trn permalloy
R = R
0
+
2
0
cos R (2.90)
max
0
0 R =
min
0
90 R =
R
0
v
0
R l cc thng s ph thuc vo cht liu permalloy.
0
R khong 2 n 3% ca R
0
.
Nguyn tc ny c ng dng o tc quay v gc quay.
b. Tuyn tnh ha c tnh ca cm bin
Theo phng trnh bc 2: R = R
0
+
2
0
cos R th in tr cm bin in tr
t khng tuyn tnh (xem c tuyn a hnh 2.214). 1 cm bin tin li trong
s dng th tt nht l c tuyn ca n tuyn tnh, v vy bin php thit k tt
hn l iu cn thit.

Trang 164
Hiu ng in tr t c th c tuyn tnh ha bng cch t 1 mng
mng nhm gi l (barber poles) ln trn mng mng permalloy vi gc 45
0
so
vi trc ca mng mng (nh hnh 2.214). Nhm c tnh cht dn in tt hn so
vi permalloy, barber poles lm thay i gc ca dng in 45
0
. Nh vy gc
gia dng in v vector t ha thnh ( - 45
0
). Hnh 2.60 biu din nh
hng ca barber poles ln c tnh ca cm bin in tr t.

Hnh 2.214 c tuyn ha dng mng mng nhm (barber poles)
to nn mt cm bin hon chnh cu Wheatstone vi 4 cm bin in
tr t c s dng. Trong cp cm bin i din nhau qua ng cho s c
cng s nh hng. iu ny c ngha l 1 cp cm bin c barber poles to
vi trc mt phng mng 1 gc + 45
0
v 1 cp c barber poles to vi trc mt
phng mng 1 gc - 45
0
.
iu ny lm cho bin tn hiu ra tng ln 2 ln v vn m bo s tuyn
tnh. Bn cnh nh hng ca nhit trong cu in tr s c b qua li.

Hnh 2.215 c tuyn R-H ca cm bin
a: c tuyn R-H ca cm bin loi tiu chun
b: c tuyn R-H ca cm bin loi c barber poles

Trang 165
c. c im ca vic o tc vi cm bin in tr t
Cm bin in tr t khng th o trc tip tc quay m ch pht hin s
chuyn ng ca cc bnh rng lm t vt liu cha st (i tng th ng)
hoc i tng quay c cc cc nam chm thay i tun t (i tng tch cc)
o i tng th ng
c im hot ng ca cm bin vi i tng th ng c m t
hnh 2.216
Cm bin cn c gn vi 1 nam chm vnh cu.

Hnh 2.216 Cu trc i tng (hnh trn)
Cc thng s c trng ca i tng (theo tiu chun DIN)
K hiu Miu t n v
z S lng rng
d ng knh mm
m m =d/z mm
p (bc bnh rng) p = .m mm

Hnh 2.217 Cc thnh phn chi tit ca cm bin KMI 15/1 ca hng Philips
Semiconductors vi i tng th ng.

Trang 166
o i tng tch cc

Hnh 2.218 i tng tch cc
i tng tch cc cung cp vng lm vic. Do khng cn nam chm
cho cm bin hot ng. Tuy nhin cm bin hot ng n nh khng chu
tc ng khng theo mun, mt nam chm nh vn c dng trong cm bin.
Cm bin o tc quay KMI15/x v KMI16/x do hng Philips
Semiconductors sn xut s dng hiu ng in tr t. Cu to ca cm bin bao
gm b phn cm bin in tr t, nam chm vnh cu v tch hp c mch iu
chnh tn hiu. B phn iu chnh tn hiu c chc nng khuch i (vi
KMI15/x) v chuyn i tn hiu thnh dng digital (vi KMI16/x).

Hnh 2.219 Cu trc loi cm bin KMI.

Trang 167
2.9 Cm bin lc v p sut (Sensors for force and pressure)
2.9.1 Khi nim
Khi dy dn chu bin dng c kh th in tr ca n cng thay i. Hin
tng gi l hiu ng tenzo. Chuyn i in tr lm vic da trn hiu ng ny
c gi l chuyn i in tr tenzo hay chuyn i in tr lc cng.
Chuyn i in tr kiu lc cng ny c chia lm 3 loi:
o Chuyn i in tr lc cng dy mnh
o Chuyn i in tr lc cng l mng
o Chuyn i in tr lc cng mng mng
Loi cm bin ny c 3 thng s chnh:
o Kch thc ca
o Gi tr in tr ca cm bin
o Dng in ti a cho php
Ph bin nht l loi chuyn i in tr lc cng dy mnh: Trn mt tm giy
mng bn, ngi ta dn 1 dy in tr theo kiu hnh rng lc c ng knh khong
0,02 0,03mm. Dy c ch to t vt liu constantan, nicrom hoc hp kim
platin-iridi. Hai u dy c hn vi l ng dng ni vi mch o. Pha trn
c dn mt lp giy mng c nh dy. Chiu di l
0
ca rng lc l chiu di
tc dng ca chuyn i.
cc b chuyn i in tr lc cng lm vic tt trong thc t, yu cu vt
liu ch to chuyn i c nhy ln nhy t c cao. Mt khc, h s nhit
ca chuyn i in tr lc cng () cn b v trong kim loi bin dng tng
i
1
trong gii hn n hi khng ln hn 2,2.10
-3
. Do
R
vo khong (1,25
10) tc l s thay i in tr tng i khng vt qu 1% khi i tng o chu
p sut ln nht.
2.9.2 Cm bin lc (Force Sensor)

Trang 168
2.9.2.1 Cm bin lc cng (Strain Gauges sensor)
a. Khi nim
Cm bin lc cng da trn s thay i in tr ca dy dn hoc cht bn
dn khi n b bin dng v c s dng o s co - gin khi vt th b nn li
hoc ko cng ra. C nhiu ng dng nh l o lc, p sut, gia tc

Hnh 2.220 Khi Strain gauges cha c lc tc ng

Hnh 2.221 Khi Strain gauges c lc tc ng.
b. in tr ca dy dn
o Strain gauge n gin l mt dy dn nh hnh sau:

Trang 169

Hnh 2.222 in tr dy dn.
o in tr ca dy dn :
( ) =
S
l
R (2.91)
: in tr sut
Khi c lc tc ng vo th strain gauge s b thay i v hnh dng, dn ti
in tr thay i.
c. gin n
gin n hay cn gi l n di c nh ngha bng bin dng
chiu di trn tng chiu di ban u
=

(2.92)

Hnh 2.223 Cc dng cm bin lc cng
d. Hot ng ca cm bin lc
in tr thay i ca strain gauge l rt nh, c vi phn trm, nh hn mt
Ohm. pht hin ra s thay i nh nh th, ta phi p dng cc mch cu

Hnh 2.224 Hai in tr chnh v ph.

Trang 170
e. Phng php o bng mch cu

Hnh 2.225 Phng php o bng mch cu.
o u tin ta s chnh cc gi tr in tr sao cho V
1
=V
2

G
G S
R R
R V
V
+
=
1
1
(2.93)
D
D S
R R
R V
V
+
=
2
2
(2.94)
o Sai lch in p trn mch cu (V
1
V
2
)
+
= =
D
D
G
G
S
R R
R
R R
R
V V V V
2 1
2 1
(2.95)
( )
( )( )
D G
D G
S
R R R R
R R R R
V V
+ +

=
2 1
1 2
(2.96)
o n gin ta cho cc gi tr in tr l bng nhau = R. Khi c s thay i
in tr strain gauge R th:
R R
R
V V
S
+
=
2 4
(2.97)
4R s ln hn rt nhiu so vi 2R v th:
R R R 4 2 4 + (2.98)
R = s thay i in tr ca strain-gauge
R = gi tr in tr ca cc in tr trong mch cu

Trang 171
V = sai lch in p
V
s
= ngun in p cp trong mch cu nn ta suy ra c
S
V
V R
R

4
(2.99)
f. Mi lin h gia n di v in tr
Khi strain gauge b tc ng, in tr n tng ln. Mi quan h gia n
di v in tr c biu din nh sau:
GF
R R/
= (2.100)
Vi:
= n di(L/L)
R = in tr strain-gauge
GF =H s gauge, h s ny c cung cp bi nh sn xut vi
R L
L R
L L
R R
GF
.
.
/
/
= (2.101)
Youngs modulus (E): l hng s m t mi quan h gia p lc tc ng v
n di ca vt:
= E (2.102)
Vi:
E = Hng s (hng s ph thuc vo tng loi vt liu)
= Lc tc ng trn mt vng
= n di
Youngs modulus (E)
Cht liu lb/in
2
N/cm2
St 30.10
6
2,07.10
7

ng 12.10
6
1,07.10
7


Trang 172
Nhm 10.10
6
6,9.10
6

7,3.10
6
5,0.10
6

G cng 1,5 . 10
6
1,0.10
6

V d: Cho mch o strain gauge nh hnh. B mt tr (cu to bng thp) l 2
in
2
, R= 120 v GF bng 2. Ngun cung cp 10 V. Khi thanh cha b tc ng
ng ra cu l 0V. Khi thanh chu tc ng, ng ra cu l 0.0005 V. Tm lc tc
ng ln thanh.

Gii
o thay i in tr khi thanh chu tc ng
=
024 . 0
10
0005 . 0 * 120 * 4 4
V
V
V
V R
R
S

o n di :
. / . 0001 . 0
2
120 / 024 . 0 /
in in
GF
R R
= =
=
o p dng cng thc:
= E
o tnh ton lc tc ng ln thanh. Tra bng Youngs modulus. T bng,
ta tm c 30,000,000 lb/in
2
cho bi:
2 2
/ 3000 / . 0001 . 0 * / 000 , 000 , 30 . in lb in in in lb E = = =

Trang 173
o l lc tc ng ln mt in
2
mt ct, theo l 2.in
2
nn lc tc ng phi
l 6000 lb/in
2

2.9.2.2 Loadcell
a. Cu to v phn loi
Loadcell l thit b dng chuyn i lc thnh tn hiu in. Loadcell c
rt nhiu loi khc nhau nh:
o Loi theo lc tc ng: chu ko (shear loadcell), chu nn (compression
loadcell), chu un (bending), chu xon (tension loadcell) Hnh 2.226

Hnh 2.226 Loi Loadcell theo lc tc ng.
o Loi theo hnh dng: dng a, dng thanh, dng tr, dng cu, dng ch
SHnh 2.227 l loadcell dng tr

Hnh 2.227 Loi Loadcell dng tr.
(a) Gauge chnh v gauge ph c lp li n khi no chng c cng nhit .
(b) Loadcell dng cu strain gauge. Phn in tr b c t gn strain gauge
chu tc ng, m bo cng nhit . N khng b thay i di tc ng
ca lc.
b. Nguyn l hot ng
Ty theo loi loadcell m mi loi c nguyn tc hot ng khc nhau nh:

Trang 174
o Hydraulic loadcell: l loi loadcell thy lc, n o trng lng nh vo s thay
i p sut cht lng. Khi n chu ti lc tc ng s chuyn ti mt pit-tng
nn mt lng cht lng trong bung cha. Khi lc tc ng tng ln, p lc
cc cht lng thy lc cng tng theo. p lc ny c th c xc nh cho ch
nh cc b hoc iu khin t xa. u ra l tuyn tnh v tng i khng b
nh hng bi hm lng ca cht lng hoc nhit ca n. Nu cc loadcell
c ci t ng v hiu chun chnh xc c th l 0,25% trong ton
thang o hoc tt hn trong hu ht cc ng dng o trng lng. Bi v cm
bin ny khng c thnh phn in, nn n rt thch hp s dng trong cc
khu vc nguy him. Cc ng dng in hnh ca loadcell thy lc bao gm:
cn, cc bn cha, gu v phu. t c chnh xc ti a nn dng nhiu
loadcell kt ni vi nhau ri tng hp kt qu u ra.
o Pneumatic loadcell: Loadcell kh nn hot ng trn nguyn tc cn bng lc.
Cc thit b ny s dng nhiu bung gim chn nn c chnh xc cao hn
loadcell thy lc. Trong mt s thit k, bung gim chn u tin c s
dng nh mt bung trng lng b. Loadcell kh nn thng c s dng
o trng lng tng i nh trong cc ngnh cng nghip m vn sch s
v an ton l mi quan tm chnh. Nhng u im ca loi loadcell ny l
khng nhy cm vi s thay i nhit . Ngoi ra, chng khng cha cc cht
lng c th gy nhim qu trnh nu v kt cu. Nhc im ca loi loadcell
ny l tc p ng tng i chm v kh cn thit phi sch s, khng kh
kh hoc nit.
o Strain-gauge load cells: Hot ng da trn nguyn l cu in tr cn bng
Wheatstone. Gi tr lc tc dng t l vi s thay i in tr cm ng trong cu
in tr v do tr v tn hiu in p t l.
c. Mch o cm bin lc
o Dng bn cu:

Trang 175

Hnh 2.228 Loadcell dng bn cu.
y c 2 strain gauge chnh, 2 strain gauge ph

Ng ra bn cu:
( ) ( )
+ +
+ +
+
=
R R R
R
R R R
R R
v v
S o
(2.103)
( ) ( )
+
+
=
R R
R R R
v v
S o
2
(2.104)
Nu R R <<

=
R
R
v v
S o
2
(2.105)
o Dng mch cu y :

Trang 176

Hnh 2.230 Loadcell dng cu y .

Ng ra mch cu y :
( ) ( )
+ +
+
=
R R R
R R
R R R
R R
v v
S o
(2.106)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ + +
+ + + +
=
R R R R R R
R R R R R R R R R R
v v
S o
(2.107)
Nu R R <<

=
R
R
v v
S o
(2.108)
d. So snh cc loi loadcell

Trang 177
Bng so snh cc loi Loadcell
Loi Tm o
chnh
xc
ng dng u im Nhc im
Mechanical Load Cells
Load
Cell
thy lc
Ln n
10,000,000
lb
0.25% Bn cha , x lan
ch bn, khu vc
nguy him.
khng b nh
hng bi nhit
.
Chi ph cao, phc
tp
Load
Cell kh
nn
Tng i
rng
Cao Cng nghip thc
phm, khu vc
nguy him.
An ton, thnh
phn khng
cha cc cht
nguy hi
p ng chm, i
hi kh phi sch v
kh.
Strain Gauge Load Cells
Load
Cell chu
un
10-5k lbs. 0.03% Bn cha, bn
cn.
Chi ph thp, cu
to n gin.
Strain gauge l ra
bn ngoi nn cn
c bin php bo
v.
Load
Cell chu
ko
10-5k lbs. 0.03% Bn cha, bn
cn, ti trng lch
tm.
D dng lp rp
Load
Cell
dng
hp
Ln n
500k lbs.
0.05% Cn xe ti, bn
cha, cn hnh
phu
Ti c th
chuyn ng.
Khng c bo v
theo phng ngang.
Load
Cell
dng
vng v
dng a
5- 500k
lbs.
Bn cha, cn. Cc b phn lm
bng thp khng
g .
Ti khng c
chuyn ng trong
khi cn.
Load
Cell
dng nt
0-50k lbs

1% Cc loi cn
nh
Nh gn, chi ph
thp.
Ti phi t ngay v
tr trung tm v
khng c chuyn
ng.
2.9.3 Cm bin lu lng v p sut (Pressure and Flowmeters sensor)
Cc cm bin o lu lng c s dng o c cht lng v cht kh
trong nhiu ng dng gim st v iu khin. Vi cht lng, khi lng ring c
th coi l hng s nn vic o lu lng nhn chung d thc hin hn. Mt s k
thut hot ng vi c cht lng v cht kh, mt s ch hot ng vi dng lu
cht xc nh. Vic o lu lng thng bt u bng vic o tc dng chy.

Trang 178
2.9.3.1 Cm bin o lu lng: (Flowmeters Sensor)
Mt trong s cc tham s quan trng ca qu trnh cng ngh l lu lng
cc cht chy qua ng dn. Mun nng cao cht lng sn phm v hiu qu ca
h thng iu khin t ng cc qu trnh cng ngh cn phi o chnh xc th
tch v lu lng cc cht.
Mi trng o khc nhau c c trng bng tnh cht l ha v cc yu
cu cng ngh. Do ta c nhiu phng php o da trn nhng nguyn l
khc nhau. S lng vt cht c xc nh bng khi lng v th tch ca n
tng ng vi cc n v o (kg, tn) hay n v th tch (m
3
, lt). Lu lng vt
cht l s lng cht y chy qua tit din ngang ca ng dn trong mt n v
thi gian.
o Lu lng th tch:
t
V
Q
V
= (2.109)
n v o m
3
/s; m
3
/giv v
o Lu lng khi: Q
m
t
m
= (2.110)
n v o kg/s; kg/gi; tn/giv v
Cn phn bit s khc nhau gia lu lng tc thi v lu lng trung
bnh. Chng hn lu lng th tch: Lu lng trung bnh Q
tb
=V(
2 1
), lu
lng tc thi: Q
V
= dV/d (V l th tch vt cht o c trong thi gian (
2 1
)).
i vi cht kh, kt qu o khng ph thuc vo iu kin p sut v
nhit , ta qui i v iu kin chun (nhit 20
0
C, p sut 760 mm thy
ngn).
thch ng vi cc nhu cu khc nhau trong cng nghip, ngi ta
pht trin rt nhiu phng php khc nhau o lu lng cht lng, hi nc,
kh...
c trng ca lu cht:
Mi lu cht c c trng bi nhng yu t sau:

Trang 179
o Khi lng ring
o H s nht ng lc
o H s nht ng hc
Khi lng ring:
Khi lng ring l khi lng ca 1 n v th tch lu cht
) / (
3
m kg
V
m
= (2.111)
m: khi lng ca khi lu cht
V: th tch ca khi lu cht

Hnh 2.232 Khi lng ring ca nc v hi nc trng thi bo ha vi cc iu
kin nhit khc nhau.
Tnh nht:
Tnh nht l tnh cht chng li s dch chuyn, n biu hin sc dnh phn
t hay kh nng lu ng ca lu cht. y l 1 tnh cht quan trng ca lu cht
v n l nguyn nhn c bn gy ra s tn tht nng lng khi lu cht chuyn
ng. Khi lu cht chuyn ng, gia chng c s chuyn ng tng i, ny
sinh ma st to nn s bin i 1 phn c nng thnh nhit nng v mt i. Tnh
nht c c trng bi h s nht ng lc, h s ny ph thuc vo loi lu
cht. C nhiu cch o nht, cch thc n gin thng c cc phng
th nghim cc trng i hc s dng chng minh s tn ti nht v xc
nh gi tr l: Cho 1 qu cu ri trong cht lng di tc dng ca trng lc. o
khong cch (d) v thi gian (t) qu cu ri, tnh vn tc u.

Trang 180
H s nht ng lc s c tnh theo phng trnh sau:
u
r g
. 9
. . . 2
2

= (2.112)
: H s nht ng lc (Pa s)
: S khc nhau gia khi lng ring qu cu v cht lng (kg/m
3
).
g: Gia tc trng trng 9,81 m/s
2
.
r: Bn knh qu cu (m).
u: Vn tc ri ca qu cu u= d/t (m/s)
n v ca h s nht ng lc:
Pa s= Ns/m
2
= 10
3

cP (centiPoise) = 10 P (Poise)

Hnh 2.233 H s nht ng lc ca nc v hi nc trng thi bo ha vi cc
iu kin nhit khc nhau.
nhn mnh mi quan h gia tnh nht v khi lng ring ca lu cht
ngi ta a ra h s nht ng hc.
v =
3
10 .
(2.113)
v: h s nht ng hc, n v centistokes (cSt)
: H s nht ng lc.
: Khi lng ring ca lu cht (kg/m
3
).
n v h s nht ng hc l cSt (centistokes), St (stokes), m
2
/s
1St = 100 cSt = 1 cm
2
/s = 10
-4
m
2
/s

Trang 181
nht ph thuc vo nhit v p sut. nht ca cht lng tng khi
nhit gim v khi p sut tng, i vi cht kh th ngc li.
Tr s Reynold: (Re)
Tt c cc yu t k trn u c nh hng ti dng chy ca lu cht
trong ng dn, ngi ta kt hp chng vi nhau to ra 1 i lng duy nht th
hin c trng ca lu cht
Tr s Reynold:
D u
R
e
. .
= (2.114)
: Khi lng ring ca lu cht (kg/m
3
)
D: ng knh trong ca ng dn lu cht (m)
u: Vn tc ca lu cht (m/s)
: H s nht ng lc (Pa s)
Hiu chun khi lng ring:
Khi lng ring ca cht lng, cht kh trong mi trng o nh hng
n php o lu lng. Thc cht khi lng ring thng khng l mt hng
s.
Khi lng ring ca cht lng ty thuc vo nhit . Trng hp ny
hiu chun khi lng ring ta ch cn o nhit .
Kh thng l mt hn hp gm nhiu thnh phn. Khi lng ring ca n
l thuc vo p sut v nhit . hiu chnh sai s cn o c hai i lng ny
(ly chun l khi lng ring iu kin 0
0
C, p sut kh quyn).
Trng thi dng chy:
Nu b i nh hng ca nht v s ma st vi thnh ng dn th vn
tc dng chy s nh nhau mi v tr trn mt ct ngang ca ng dn (hnh
2.234).

Trang 182

Hnh 2.234 Vn tc dng chy. (trng hp l tng)
Tuy nhin ch l trng hp l tng, trong thc t nht nh hng
n tc ca dng chy, cng vi s ma st ca ng dn lm gim vn tc ca
lu cht v tr gn thnh ng (hnh 2.235).

Hnh 2.235 Vn tc dng chy vi nh hng ca tnh nht v lc ma st.
Cc kh ( trng thi bo ha) v hu ht cc cht lng thng c vn
chuyn bng ng dn trng thi dng chy ri. Hnh 2.236

Hnh 2.236 Tr s Reynold.

Trang 183
2.9.3.2 Cm bin o p sut: (Pressure sensor)
a. Phng php o lu lng da trn nguyn tc s chnh lch p sut
dng cm bin p sut o lu lng, ngi ta o s chnh lch p sut
(hiu p) gia 2 v tr ng c tit din dng chy khc nhau. Cc lu lng k o
da trn hiu p (differential pressure flowmeter) c s dng rt ph bin, c
bit l dng vi cc cht lng. Cc thit b ny cng nh hu ht cc lu lng k
khc gm hai thnh phn c bn.
Thnh phn 1: l nguyn nhn gy nn s thay i trong nng lng ng
hc, to nn s thay i p sut trong ng. Thnh phn ny phi ph hp vi kch
thc ca ng ng, iu kin dng chy, tnh cht ca lu cht.
Thnh phn th 2: o s chnh lch p v tn hiu u ra c chuyn i
thnh gi tr lu lng.
b. nh ngha p sut
p sut l lc tc dng trn mt n v din tch
dS
dF
p = (2.115)
p: p sut
S: din tch
F: lc
o p sut ngi ta s dng mt nguyn tc ging nhau, p sut c
cho tc dng ln mt b mt xc nh, nh th p sut c bin thnh lc. Vic
o p sut c a v o lc. Tt c cc lc tc dng ln mt mt phng xc
nh l thc o p xut.
S
F
p = (2.116)
c. n v p sut
y ban quc t cho vic o c vi lut nh chn Pascal (Pa) = N/m
2
l
n v p sut (ISO 1000, DIN 1301).

Trang 184
o Vic phn chia thang o ca my o p sut c dng vi bi s ca n v
Pa.
1 mbar = 10
2
Pa
1 bar = 10
5
Pa
Nhng n v c dng ph bin trc y:
1 mmHg = 1,0000 Torr
1 atm = 760 Torr (atm n v p sut kh quyn vt l)
1Torr =1,333224 10
2
Pa
1kp/cm
2
= 0,980662. 10
5
Pa
1at =1kp/cm
2
= 0,980662. 10
5
Pa (at n v p sut kh quyn k thut)
1mm nc =9,80665 Pa
o Ngoi ra cc nc Anh, M ngi ta cn dng cc n v p sut sau:
1 pound-force/ square yard (Lb/yd
2
)
1 pound-force/ square foot (Lb/ft
2
)
1 pound-force/ square inch (Lb/in
2
= psi)
1 ounce/ square foot (oz/ft
2
)
1 ounce/ square inch (oz/in
2
)
1 Ton/ square foot (Ton/ft
2
)
1 inch of water (trong nc)
1 inch of mecuri (trong thy ngn)
= 5,422. 10
-5
at
= 4,883. 10
-4
at
= 7,031. 10
-2
at
= 3,052. 10
-5
at
= 4,394. 10
-3
at
= 2,540. 10
-3
at
= 2,40. 10-3 at
= 3,452. 10
-2
at
d. B phn to nn s chnh lch p sut
D hin nay c nhiu phng php o lu lng c pht trin,
phng php o lu lng bng ng co vn c ng dng rt rng ri trong
cng nghip v cc lnh vc khc. ng co dng to s chnh lch p sut
(gia v tr ng cha co v ng co) nn ng co phi l nhng linh kin c hc rt
bn b, cu trc n gin v khng c cc phn t di ng chu c nhng
iu kin v cng khc nghit trong cng nghip. Phng php o s dng Pitot

Trang 185
tube cng da trn s chnh lch p sut nhng khng to s co trc tip trn
dng chy.
e. B bin i p sut

Hnh 2.237 B bin i p sut.
Li dng cu to ca cm bin lc ta c th s dng o p sut.
p sut chnh l lc tc ng trn mt n v din tch.
Cm bin p sut thng dng l loi cm bin p sut cht lu, nguyn l
hot ng thng l bng cht lng cn bng thy tnh hay o bng phn t nhy
cm bin dng (c s bin dng n hi ca cc phn t cm bin). Cm bin p
sut th c nhiu loi : loi p tr, lai in dung ...
f. ng co Venturi
Phng php o lu lng bng ng co da trn nh lut lin tc v
phng trnh nng lng ca Bernoulli.
o Phng trnh lin tc:
A
1
u
1
=A
2
u
2
(2.117)
o Phng trnh Bernoulli:
p
1
+
1
. . h g +
2
2
1
u = p
2
+
2
. . h g +
2
2
2
u (2.118)
o p dng cho trng ng co venturi:
p
1
+
2
2
1
u = p
2
+
2
2
2
u (2.119)

Trang 186

Hnh 2.238 Phng php o lu lng ng co venturi.
o Trong :
A
1
: Din tch trc v tr co.
A
2
: Din tch v tr co.
u
1
: Vn tc trc v tr co
u
2
: Vn tc v tr co
p
1
: p sut tnh trc v tr co
p
2
: p sut tnh v tr co
: Khi lng ring.
h
1
: cao v tr v tr trc co
h
2
: cao v tr v tr sau co
ni din tch ng b thu nh, vn tc dng chy gia tng. Vi phng
trnh nng lng ca Bernoulli, nng lng ca dng chy l tng nng lng p
sut tnh v ng nng (vn tc) l mt hng s.
) (
2
2
1
2
2 2 1
u u p p p = =

(2.120)
o Gii phng trnh trn theo u
2
:
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
1 2 1
2
2
. ) (
2
) (
2
u
A
A
p p u p p u

+ = + =

(2.121)

Trang 187
o t
2
1
2
1
1
=
A
A
l hng s dng chy
Ta c:

2 1 2
.
2
p p u =
(2.122)
o T ta c lu lng tnh theo th tch v khi lng nh sau:
p k p p A u A Q
V
= = = . . .
2
. . .
2 1 2 2 2

(2.123)
p k p p A u A Q
m
= = = . . . 2 . . . .
'
2 1 2 2 2
(2.124)
Nh th lu lng t l vi cn s bc hai ca hiu p khi khi lng ring
l hng s.
Hnh nh thc t loi ng co Venturi H800 do hng Tetratec Instruments
sn xut.

Hnh 2.239 Hnh nh thc t loi ng co Venturi H800.
g. Orifice plate
Orifice plate l mt trong nhng cch thc n gin nht (v cng kinh t
nht) tc ng n dng chy, t c th tnh c lu lng.

Hnh 2.240 Cc dng ng co Orifice plate.

Trang 188
Orifice plate dy khong 1/16 n n inch. C 3 loi Orifice plate:
concentric (ng tm), eccentric (lch tm), segmental (hnh cung) (nh hnh
2.240).
Trong 3 loi, loi concentric c s dng nhiu nht. Khi lu cht i qua
Orifice plate, dng chy hi t, tc lu cht tng ln mc ti a. Ti im
ny, p sut l nh nht. Khi dng chy phn k, tc lu cht gim tr li mc
ban u.
Hai loi Eccentric v Segmental cng c chc nng hon ton ging nh
Consentric. Thit b c lp t ng tm vi ng dn lu cht (ng dn t
nm ngang) vi loi Segmental, v tr phn cung trn (phn c ct) ph
thuc vo dng cht lng c th trn hoc di nhm mc ch ngn chn cc
vt l t trong dng chy. Kt qu t c l php o tng mc chnh xc.
Loi eccentric cng c thit k vi cng mc ch trn.
Nguyn tc hot ng:

Hnh 2.241 Phng php o lu lng dng ng Orifice plate.
Nguyn tc o lu lng khi s dng Orifice plate cng da trn phng
trnh Bernoulli.
gh v 2 = (2.125)
gh A v A Q
V
2 . . = = (2.126)

Trang 189
Trong thc t gi tr vn tc thc s s nh hn gi tr vn tc trn l thuyt
(do ma st). S khc bit ny c iu chnh vi h s
V
C .
V
C =vn tc thc t/ vn tc l thuyt.
Bn cnh din tch dng chy hi t s nh hn din tch ca Orifice
plate, iu ny tip tc c iu chnh vi h s C
C
.
C
C
= din tch vng hi t / din tch Orifice plate
Hai h s
V
C , C
C
kt hp vi nhau c c h s iu chnh C.
Qv = C. gh A 2 . (2.127)
Q
v
: Lu lng m
3
/s
C: H s iu chnh.
A: Din tch Orifice plate.
h: S chnh lch v p sut (m)
g: Gia tc trng trng (9,8 m
2
/s)
H s C (c nh ngha theo tiu chun ISO 5167 2003) c th tra cc
gi tr da vo tiu chun ISO 5167.

Hnh 2.242 Yu cu lp t (theo tiu chun ISO 5167)

Trang 190
Cn c cc on ng dn lu cht khng cong, thng v tr trc v sau v
tr lp t Orifice Plate. di ti ti thiu ca cc on ng ny phi t mc:
o v tr sau Orifice Plate (cui ngun): 5 ln ng knh ng dn lu cht.
o v tr trc Orifice Plate (u ngun): Ph thuc vo t s v cch lp
t.
D
d
= (2.128)
d: ng knh ca Orifice Plate (ng knh ming vi).
D: ng knh ng dn lu cht.
Cn c vo gi tr v cch lp t (xem hnh 2.243) m s dng 1 trong
cc h s a, b, c. Tnh c di ti thiu cn thit = h s * D.
H s

<0,32 0,45 0,55 0,63 0,70 0,77 0,84
a 18 20 23 27 32 40 49
b 15 18 22 28 36 46 57
c 10 13 16 22 29 44 56
h. Pitot tube

Hnh 2.243 Lc Pitot tube.
Nguyn tc hot ng

Trang 191
p
1
+
2
2
1
v = p
2
+
2
2
2
v (2.129)
p
1
: p sut tnh trong dng chy ca lu cht ng dn.
p
2
: p sut tnh trong Pitot tube.
v
1
: Vn tc dng chy.
v
2
: Vn tc dng chy v tr ng (bng 0).
: Khi lng ring ca lu cht.

o Do v
2
=0
p
1
+
2
2
1
v = p
2
(2.130)
2
1 1 2
2
v p p p

= = (2.131)
o Gii phng trnh trn theo v
1

p
v

=
. 2
2
1

p
v

=
. 2
1
(2.132)
o T ta c lu lng tnh theo th tch v khi lng nh sau:
p
A v A Q
v

= =
. 2
. .
1
(2.133)
Trong thc t, Pitot tube c th c tch hp trong cng 1 khi, b phn o
tng p sut tnh v ng nng vi b phn o p sut tnh c t trong cng
mt thit b.
Do dng n gin ca pitot tube ch o ti 1 im, m gi tr ca vn tc
dng chy ti nhng v tr khc nhau l khng ging nhau (trn mt ct ngang
ca dng chy). Do v tr o mang tnh cht quyt nh.

Trang 192

Hnh 2.244 Dng n gin ca Pitot tube.
khc phc c im vn tc dng chy khc nhau, dng pitot tube
trung bnh c s dng. ng nng ca dng chy c o cc v tr khc
nhau, kt qu ly gi tr trung bnh.

Hnh 2.245 Pitot tube trung bnh.
S chnh xc ca php o
o Khi din tch ct ngang ca dng chy v khi lng ring ca lu cht coi
nh c nh, trong phng trnh
Q
v
= h s.
p

(2.134)
o Hiu p p

t l vi bnh phng vi lu lng Q
V
, do khi Q
V
= 30%
thang o th p

= 9% thang o.
o Hiu p cng thp, sai s tng i cng ln. Khi p = 9% thang o, sai s
tng i lc ny ln gp 11 ln sai s cui thang o.
o Do ch nn thc hin vic o lu lng bng ng co t 30% n 100%
thang o.
B phn o s chnh lch p sut

Trang 193
B phn o s chnh lch p sut ny c thit k o p sut da trn cc
nguyn tc:
o Chuyn i p sut kiu in dung
o Chuyn i p sut kiu bin p vi sai
o Chuyn i p sut kiu in tr p in
o Chuyn i p sut kiu p in
o Chuyn i p sut kiu mng sc co gin...
Cm bin p sut loi in tr p in
Cm bin p sut loi in tr p in thay i in tr tng ng vi bin
dng trn bn thn n.
o Cm bin dng p in tr kim loi
o Cm bin dng p in tr bn dn
Cc thng s c bn:
o di bin dng: T s ca s thay i kch thc vi chiu di ban u
l
l
= (2.135)
n v l Strain v thng s dng microstrain
o H s bin dng: t s thay i in tr vi thay i chiu di.
R
R
l
l
R
R
GF

=
= (2.136)
H s GF ca kim loi: 2, bn dn: 80 120
Nguyn l o s dng cm bin dng p in tr:
Cc php o bin dng t khi c gi tr ln hn vi millistrain (. 10
-3
)
o V d: C cu chu lc bin dng 500. H s bin dng GF = 2.
Gi tr thay i in tr: R/R = GF. 500. 10
-3
= 0. 001

Trang 194
o s thay i nh gi tr in tr, cc cm bin dng p in tr s dng
mch cu.
S o
V
R R
R
R R
R
V .
2 1
1
4 3
3
+
= (2.137)
Khi R1/R2 = R3/R4 th in p ra bng 0. Nu thay th R4 bng cm bin th
khi c lc tc dng ln, in p ra s thay i

Hnh 2.246 Dng mch cu .
o thay i in tr: R = R
G
. GF.
o Chn R1 = R2 v R3 = R
G
ta c:
+
=
2
. 1
1
4
.
.
GF
GF
V V
S O
(2.138)
o Tuy nhin GF*/2 << 1 nn ta c th ly
4
.
.
GF
V V
S O
= (2.139)

Hnh 2.247 Dng mch cu v cu y .
2
.
.
GF
V V
S O
= (2.140)
o Mch cu y 4 nhnh nh hnh 2.247. in p ra c th xc nh:

V
0
= V
s
. GF.
2.9.3.3 Cm bin p sut loi in
Cm bin p sut in
i hay xut hin phn cc in khi mt s cht in mi b bin dng d
dng ca lc.
B cm bin gm ba lp m
mng gia l cht nn (cao su silicon) v
mng PVDF chu ng sut v
in tch thay i to n
lc tc ng vo b cm bin.
Cm bin p in
1000 ms
-1
(100N/mm
u im ca cm bin loi n
cy cao, c kh nng o cc i l
2.9.3.4 Cm bin p sut loi m
Mng sc co gi
c pht trin u ti
ca loi cm bin ny l tr
vi cu Wheatstone. c chnh xc, mch in cn nhiu in tr b
sa sai.
a. Nguyn tc hot ng
Chng 2: Cm

Trang 195
. GF.
m bin p sut loi in p
n p sut in p c nguyn tc hot ng da tr
i hay xut hin phn cc in khi mt s cht in mi b bin dng d
cm bin gm ba lp mng polyvinylidene flourid (PVDF)
t nn (cao su silicon) v lp p khi tc dng lc l
u ng sut v hnh thnh cc in tch trn b mt.
Hnh 2.248 Cm bin p sut in p.
n tch thay i to nn bin thin in p ra. Bin
cm bin.
n p in c dng o lc bin thin (n 10 kN), o p sut
(100N/mm
2
) v gia tc (ti 1kg) trong di tn t 0,5
m ca cm bin loi ny l cu trc n gin, kch th
y cao, c kh nng o cc i lng bin thin nhanh.
m bin p sut loi mng sc co gin kim loi
c co gin l loi cm bin rt quan trng dng
c pht trin u tin M trong nhng nm cui thp ni
y l tr s o chnh xc, kch thc b. Mch o th
i cu Wheatstone. c chnh xc, mch in cn nhiu in tr b
t ng
m Bin & Chuyn i
(2.141)
c hot ng da trn hin tng thay
i hay xut hin phn cc in khi mt s cht in mi b bin dng di tc
ng polyvinylidene flourid (PVDF) c dt
ng lc ln b cm bin
mt.

in p ra t l vi
n 10 kN), o p sut
c (ti 1kg) trong di tn t 0,5 100kHz.
n, kch thc nh, tin
ng o p sut, lc...
M trong nhng nm cui thp nin 40. u im
c b. Mch o thng dng
i cu Wheatstone. c chnh xc, mch in cn nhiu in tr b tr v

Trang 196
Khi 1 si dy dn in b ko cng ra, n tr nn di v m hn nn in
tr ca dy tng ln. Khi si dy b nn, co li, n tr nn ngn hn v mp hn
nn in tr gim i. Nu gi vic nn v ko gin ny trong gii hn n hi th
sau khi b bin dng n vn gi nguyn kch thc v tr s nh ban u. Nu
gn cht dy dn ny vo phn t cn o c, chiu di dy dn thay i theo s
bin dng ca phn t ny. Sao cho s thay i in tr ca dy dn tng ng
vi lc, p sut lm bin dng phn t cn kho st.
S
l
R = (2.142)
R: in tr dy dn.
l: Chiu di.
: in tr sut
S: Din tch mt ct ngang ca dy dn
b. ng dng o lu lng bng ng co vi cm bin p sut loi in tr p in
o s chnh lch ca p sut 2 v tr c th s dng cm bin p sut
loi in tr p in.
Loi cm bin ny c 2 mt:
o Mt trc cn gi l mt tch cc (mt cng tc), v l do cch in nn ch
chu ng c cc kh sch nh khng kh v kh Freon.
o Mt sau cn gi l mt th ng ch gm cc mt silic chu ng c nhiu
mi trng khc nhau.
Cho nn o hiu s p sut ca mt dng chy ta dng 2 cm bin v
cho mi trng tc dng mt sau cm bin.
o C th dng loi cm bin 240PC Series ca Honeywell.
o Cc loi cm bin ny c cc khong o: 0..0,345 bar, 01 bar, 0 2 bar,
04 bar, 07 bar, 010 bar.
o Hot ng vi in p 8 V.

Trang 197
o iu kin nhit mi trng: -40
0
C+85
0
C.

Hnh 2.249 Cm bin 240 PC Series.
o Vt liu ng dn l cao su buna - N nn c th chu ng c du la, du
nht, du thy lc, cn, kh Freon
i lng ng ra ca cm bin l gi tr in p. Tn hiu ra ca 2 cm bin
c a n mch x l cui cng c c kt qu ch th.
Chng 2: Cm bin & Chuyn i

Trang 198
2.10 Cm bin nhit (Temperature Sensors)
2.10.1 Khi nim
Trong tt c cc i lng vt l, nhit l mt trong nhng i lng
c quan tm nhiu nht v nhit ng vai tr quyt nh n nhiu tnh cht
ca vt cht. Nhit c th lm nh hng n cc i lng chu tc dng ca
n. Th d nh p sut, th tch ca cht kh. Bi vy trong cng nghip cng
nh i sng hng ngy phi o nhit . Dng c o nhit n gin nht l
nhit k s dng hin tng gin n nhit. ch to cc b cm bin nhit
ngi ta s dng nhiu nguyn l cm bin khc nhau nh:
o Phng php quang da trn s phn b ph bc x nhit do dao ng nhit
(hiu ng Doppler).
o Phng php da trn s gin n ca vt rn, cht lng hoc cht kh (vi p
sut khng i) hoc da trn tc m.
o Phng php in da trn s ph thuc ca cc in tr vo nhit .
o c tr s chnh xc ca nhit l vn khng n gin. Nhit
l i lng ch c th o gin tip trn c s tnh cht ca vt ph thuc vo
nhit . Trc khi o nhit ta cn cp n cc c tnh o nhit .
2.10.2 Cc c tnh ca cm bin nhit
a. Thang o nhit
Vic xc nh thang nhit xut pht t cc nh lut nhit ng hc.
Thang o nhit tuyt i c xc nh da trn tnh cht ca kh l tng.
nh lut Carnot nu r: Hiu sut ca mt ng c nhit thun nghch hot
ng gia 2 ngun c nhit
1
v
2
trong mt thang o bt k ch ph thuc
vo
1
v
2
:
) ( F
) ( F
2
1
= (2.143)
Dng ca hm F ch ph thuc vo thang o nhit . Ngc li, vic la
chn hm F s quyt nh thang o nhit . t F() = T chng ta s xc nh T

Trang 199
nh l nhit nhit ng hc tuyt i v hiu sut ca ng c nhit thun
nghch s c vit nh sau:
2
1
T
T
1 = (2.144)
Trong : T
1
v T
2
l nhit nhit ng hc tuyt i ca hai ngun.
b. Thang Kelvin
Nm 1664 Robert Hook thit lp im khng l im ng ca nc ct.
Thomson (Kelvin) nh vt l ngi Anh, nm 1852 xc nh thang nhit .
Thang Kelvin n v l
0
K, ngi ta gn cho nhit ca im cn bng ca 3
trng thi nc nc hi mt tr s bng 273,15
0
K.
c. Thang Celsius
Nm 1742 Andreas Celsius l nh vt l Thy in a ra thang nhit
bch phn. Trong thang ny n v o nhit l
0
C. Quan h gia nhit
Celsius v nhit Kelvin c xc nh bng biu thc:
T(
0
C) = T(
0
K) 273,15 (2.145)
d. Thang Fahrenheit
Nm 1706 Fahrenheit nh vt l H Lan a ra thang nhit c im
nc tan l 32
0
v si 212
0
. n v nhit l Fahrenheit (
0
F). Quan h gia
nhit Celsius v Fahrenheit c cho theo biu thc:
{ }
9
5
32 ) F ( T ) C ( T
0 0
= (2.146)
32 ) C ( T
5
9
) F ( T
0 0
+ = (2.147)
Bng thng s c trng ca mt s thang o nhit khc nhau:
Nhit Kelvin (
0
K) Celsius (
0
C) Fahrenheit (
0
F)
im 0 tuyt i 0 -273,15 -459,67
Hn hp nc nc 273,15 0 32

Trang 200
Cn bng nc nc hi nc 273,16 0,01 32,018
Nc si 373,15 100 212
Nhit o c
Nhit o c nh mt in tr hay mt cp nhit, chnh bng nhit
ca cm bin v k hiu l TC. N ph thuc vo nhit mi trng k hiu l
TX v vo s trao i nhit trong . Nhim v ca ngi thc nghim l lm
th no gim hiu s TX TC xung nh nht. C hai bin php gim s
khc bit gia TX v TC:
o Tng trao i nhit gia cm bin v mi trng o.
o Gim trao i nhit gia cm bin v mi trng bn ngoi.
o nhit trong lng vt rn
Thng thng cm bin c trang b mt lp v bc bn ngoi. o
nhit ca mt vt rn bng cm bin nhit , t b mt ca vt ngi ta
khoan mt l nh ng knh bng r v su bng L. L ny dng a cm
bin vo su trong cht rn. tng chnh xc ca kt qu phi m bo hai
iu kin:
o Chiu su ca l khoan phi bng hoc ln hn gp 10 ln ng knh ca
n (L 10r).
o Gim tr khng nhit gia vt rn v cm bin bng cch gim khong cch
gia v cm bin v thnh l khoan. Khong cch gia v cm bin v thnh
l khoan phi c lp y bng mt vt liu dn nhit tt.
2.10.3 Nhit in tr vi Platin v Nickel
in tr ca kim loi thay i theo nhit . nhit bnh thng, cc ion ch
dao ng nhit quanh cc v tr cn bng ca chng, cn cc electron th c th chuyn
ng t do trong khong khng gian gia cc ion bn trong vt th kim loi.

Hnh
Khi nhit cng cao
cc ion cng tng dn ti
nng va chm gia ion d
vi cc ion dng nm mt trt t trong mng tinh th l
lm cn tr s di chuyn ca ion
Vy in tr kim lo
a. in tr kim loi thay i theo nhit
S chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in tch theo mt h
dng in trong kim loi. S chuyn ng n
trng gy nn v i
nhau. dn in c
kim loi c h s nhit d
Trong hnh 2.25
. Nh th in tr kim loi c h s nhit in tr d
Temperature Coeffic
ny c th s dng
c ngha l c s thay i in tr kh ln i vi nhit . Ngo
cht ca kim loi khng
khng ph thuc v
Chng 2: Cm bin

Trang 201
Hnh 2.250 Cu trc mng tinh th ca kim loi.
ng cao lm cho cc ion dao ng cng mnh
n ti vn tc chuyn ng nhit ca electron tng
m gia ion dng vi electron cng ln. Chnh s va chm gia electron
m mt trt t trong mng tinh th l nguyn nhn gy ra i
n tr s di chuyn ca ion. Hnh 2.250
kim loi s tng ln khi nhit tng.
n tr kim loi thay i theo nhit
chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in tch theo mt h
n trong kim loi. S chuyn ng ny c th do mt lc c
n v in tch c th l m hay dng dch chuyn vi chiu ng
ca kim loi thun t l nghch vi nhit hay in tr ca
i c h s nhit dng.
251 ta c cc c tuyn in tr ca cc kim loi theo nhit
in tr kim loi c h s nhit in tr dng PTC (Positive
Temperature Coefficient): in tr kim loi tng khi nhit tng. hiu ng
s dng c trong vic o nhit , h s nhit cn phi ln.
thay i in tr kh ln i vi nhit . Ngo
t ca kim loi khng c thay i nhiu sau mt thi gian d
khng ph thuc vo nhit , p sut v khng b nh h
m bin & Chuyn i

u trc mng tinh th ca kim loi.
nh, nn s mt trt t
n tc chuyn ng nhit ca electron tng lm tng kh
n. Chnh s va chm gia electron
nguyn nhn gy ra in tr
ng hnh thnh mt
do mt lc c hc hay in
ch chuyn vi chiu ngc
l nghch vi nhit hay in tr ca
c tuyn in tr ca cc kim loi theo nhit
ng PTC (Positive
n tr kim loi tng khi nhit tng. hiu ng
c trong vic o nhit , h s nhit cn phi ln. iu
thay i in tr kh ln i vi nhit . Ngoi ra cc tnh
i nhiu sau mt thi gian di. H s nhit
nh hng bi cc ha

Trang 202
cht. Gia nhit v in tr thng khng c s tuyn tnh, n c din t
bi mt biu thc a cp cao:
R(t) = R
0
(1 + A.t + B.t
2
+ C.t
3
+) (2.148)

Hnh 2.251 Cc c tuyn in tr ca cc kim loi theo nhit .
o R
0
: in tr c xc nh mt nhit nht nh.
o t
2
, t
3
: Cc phn t c ch nhiu hay t ty theo yu cu chnh xc ca
php o.
o A, B, C: Cc h s ty theo vt liu kim loi v din t s lin h gia nhit
v in tr mt cch r rng.
Thng thng c tnh ca nhit in tr c th hin ch mt h s , n
thay th cho h s nhit trung bnh trong thang o (v d t 0
0
C n 100
0
C.)
= (R
100
- R
0
) / 100. R
0
(C
-1
) (2.149)
b. Nhit in tr Platin
Platin l vt liu cho nhit in tr c dng rng ri trong cng nghip.
C 2 tiu chun i vi nhit in tr platin, s khc nhau gia chng nm
mc tinh khit ca vt liu. Hu ht cc quc gia s dng tiu chun quc t

0 200 400 600 800 Nhit
in tr
St

ng

Than


Trang 203
DIN IEC751-1983 (c sa i ln th nht vo nm 1986, ln th 2 vo nm
1995), ring USA vn tip tc s dng tiu chun ring.
c 2 tiu chun u s dng phng trnh Callendar - Van Dusen:
R(t) = R
0
(1 + A.t + B.t
2
+ C[t - 100
0
C].t
3
) (2.150)
R
0
l tr s in tr nh mc 0
0
C.
Standard [ / /C] R
0
[ ] H s Nc sn sut
IEC751
(Pt100)
0.00385055 100
-200C < t < 0C
A = 3.90830x10
-3

B = -5.77500x10
-7

C = -4.18301x10
-12

0C < t < 850C
A &B nh trn,
ring
C = 0.0
c, o, B, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Canada, Cng
ha Czech, an mch, Ai
Cp, Phn Lan, Php, c,
Israel, , Nht, Ba Lan,
Rumania, Nam phi, Th
Nh K, Nga, Anh, USA
SAMA
RC-4
0.0039200 98.129
A= 3.97869x10
-3

B = -5.86863x10
-7

C = -4.16696x10
-12

USA
R
0
ca nhit in tr Pt 100 l 100, ca Pt 500 l 500, ca Pt 1000 l
1000. Cc loi Pt 500, Pt 1000 c h s nhit ln hn. Do nhy ln
hn: in tr thay i mnh hn theo nhit . Ngoi ra cn c loi Pt 10 c
nhy km dng o nhit trn 600
0
C.
Tiu chun IEC751 ch nh ngha 2 Cp dung sai A, B. Trn thc t xut
hin thm loi C v D xem bng pha di. Cc tiu chun ny cng p dng cho
cc loi nhit in tr khc.
Cp dung sai
Dung sai (C)
A t = (0.15 + 0.002.| t |)
B t = (0.30 + 0.005. | t |)

Trang 204
C t = (0.40 + 0.009. | t |)
D t = (0.60 + 0.0018. | t |)
Theo tiu chun DIN vt liu platin dng lm nhit in tr c pha tp. Do
khi b cc tp cht khc thm thu trong qu trnh s dng s thay i tr s
in tr ca n t hn so vi cc platin thun. Nh th c s n nh lu di theo
thi gian, thch hp hn trong cng nghip. Trong cng nghip nhit in tr
platin thng dng c ng knh 30m (so snh vi ng knh si tc khong
100m).
c. Nhit in tr nickel
Nhit in tr nickel so vi platin r tin hn v c h s nhit ln gn
gp hai ln (6,18.10
-3

0
C
-1
). Tuy nhin di o ch t -60
0
C n +250
0
C, v trn
350
0
C nickel c s thay i v pha. Cm bin nickel 100 thng dng trong cng
nghip iu ha nhit phng.
R(t) = R
0
(1 + A.t +B.t
2
+D.t
4
+F.t
6
) (2.151)
A = 5.485x10
-3
B = 2.650x10
-6
D = 2.805x10
-11
F = -2.000x10
-17
.
Vi cc trng hp khng i hi s chnh xc cao ta s dng phng trnh
sau:
R(t) = R
0
(1 + .t) (2.152)
= 0.00672
0
C
-1
T d dng chuyn i thnh gi tr nhit :
t = (R
t
/ R
0
- 1) / = (R
t
/ R
0
- 1) / 0.00672 (2.153)

Trang 205

Hnh 2.252 ng c tnh k thut ca cm bin ZNI1000
Cm bin nhit ZNI1000 do hng ZETEX Semiconductors sn xut s
dng nhit in tr Ni, c thit k c gi tr 1000 ti 0
0
C.
2.10.4 Cm bin nhit vi vt liu bn dn silic
Cm bin nhit vi vt liu silic ang ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng trong
cc h thng in t. Vi cm bin silic, bn cnh c im tuyn tnh, s chnh xc,
ph tn thp v c th c tch hp trong 1 IC cng vi b phn khuch i v cc
yu cu x l tn hiu khc. H thng tr nn nh gn, mc phc tp cao hn v
chy nhanh hn. K thut cm bin nhit truyn thng nh cp nhit in, nhit in
tr c c tuyn khng tuyn tnh v yu cu s iu chnh c th chuyn i chnh
xc t gi tr nhit sang i lng in (dng hay p) ang c thay th dn bi
cm bin silic vi li im l s nh gn ca mch in tch hp v d s dng.
a. Nguyn tc
Hnh 2.253 th hin cu trc c bn ca mt cm bin. Kch thc ca cm bin
l 500 x 500 x 200 m. Mt trn ca cm bin l mt lp SiO
2
c mt vng hnh trn
c m kim loi c ng knh khong 20m, ton b mt y c m kim loi.

Trang 206

Hnh 2.253 Cu trc c bn ca mt cm bin.
Hnh 2.254 biu din mch in tng ng tng trng thay th cho cm bin
silic, sn xut theo nguyn tc in tr phn ri (spreading resistance). S sp xp ny
dn n s phn b dng qua tinh th c dng hnh nn, y l ngun gc ca tn gi
in tr phn ri.

Hnh 2.254 Mch in tng ng cho cm bin silic.
o in tr cm bin nhit R c xc nh nh sau:
d R . / = (2.154)
R: in tr cm bin nhit.
: in tr sut ca vt liu silic ( ph thuc vo nhit ).
d: ng knh ca hnh trn vng m kim loi mt trn.
Hnh 2.254 th hin loi kt cu th hai ca cm bin. Li im ca kiu kt cu
ny l in tr cm bin khng ph thuc vo chiu dng in. Tri li kiu kt cu
th nht, dnh cho dng in ln hn v nhit trn 100
0
C, s thay i in tr ca
cm bin nh.

Trang 207
Cm bin nhit silic vi nguyn tc in tr phn ri c h s nhit dng nh
trng hp cm bin nhit vi vt liu platin hay nickel. Hnh 2.255

Hnh 2.255 Kt cu gm hai cm bin mc ni tip nhng ngc cc tnh.
b. c trng k thut c bn ca dng cm bin KTY (hng Philips sn xut)
Vi s chnh xc v n nh lu di ca cm bin, vi vt liu silic KTY s dng
cng ngh in tr phn ri l mt s thay th tt cho cc loi cm bin nhit
truyn thng. Cm bin KTY c cc u im chnh sau
o S n nh:
Gi thit cm bin lm vic nhit c gi tr bng mt na gi tr nhit
hot ng cc i, sau thi gian lm vic t nht l 450000 h (khong 51 nm) hoc
sau 1000 h (1,14 nm) hot ng lin tc vi dng nh mc ti gi tr nhit hot
ng cc i cm bin silic s cho kt qu o vi sai s nh bng.
Bng sai s ca cm bin silic (do thi gian s dng)
TYPE Sai s tiu biu (K) Sai s ln nht (K)
KTY81-1
KTY82-1
0.20 0.50
KTY81-2
KTY82-2
0.20 0.80
KTY83 0.15 0.40
o S dng cng ngh silic:
Do cm bin c sn xut da trn nn tng cng ngh silic nn gin tip chng
ta s hng c li ch t nhng tin b trong lnh vc cng ngh ny, ng thi iu
ny cng gin tip mang li nhng nh hng tch cc cho cng ngh ng gi, ni
m lun c khuynh hng thu nh.
o S tuyn tnh:

Trang 209
Gi tr R1 v R2 c chn sao cho gi tr dng in qua cm bin gn bng
1mA v tuyn tnh ha cm bin trong di nhit cn o. in p ng ra thay i
tuyn tnh t 0,2 V
S
n 0,6 V
S
(V
S
= 5 V th Vout thay i t 1V n 3V). Ta iu
chnh P1 V
out
=1V ti 0
0
C, ti 100
0
C iu chnh P2 V
out
= 3V. Vi mch in ny
vic iu chnh P2 khng nh hng n vic chnh offset.
d. IC cm bin nhit
Nhiu cng ty trn th gii ch to IC bn dn o v hiu chnh nhit .
IC cm bin nhit l mch tch hp nhn tn hiu nhit chuyn thnh tn hiu
di dng in p hoc tn hiu dng in. Da vo cc c tnh rt nhy cm ca cc
bn dn vi nhit , to ra in p hoc dng in t l thun vi nhit tuyt i
C, F, K hay ty loi. o tn hiu in ta bit c nhit cn o. Tm o nhit
gii hn t -55
0
C n 150
0
C, chnh xc t 1
0
C n 2
0
C ty theo tng loi.
S tch cc ca nhit s to ra in tch t do v cc l trng trong cht bn
dn bng s ph v cc phn t, bt cc electron thnh dng t do di chuyn qua cc
vng cu trc mng tinh th, to s xut hin cc l trng nhit lm cho t l in t t
do v cc l trng tng ln theo qui lut hm s m vi nhit . Kt qu ca hin
tng ny l di mc in p thun, dng thun ca mi ni p n trong diode hay
transistor s tng theo hm s m theo nhit .
Trong mch t hp, cm bin nhit thng l in p ca lp chuyn tip p-n
trong mt transistor loi lng cc. Texinstruments c STP35 A/B/C; National
Semiconductor LM 35/4.5/50
Cm bin nhit LM 35/ 34 ca National Semiconductor
Hu ht cc cm bin nhit ph bin u kh s dng. Chng hn cp nhit
ngu c mc ng ra thp v yu cu b nhit, thermistor th khng tuyn tnh. Thm
vo ng ra ca cc loi cm bin ny khng tuyn tnh tng ng vi bt k thang
chia nhit no. Cc khi cm bin tch hp c ch to khc phc c nhng
nhc im . Nhng ng ra ca chng quan h vi thang chia Kelvin hn l
Celsius v Fahrenheit.
Loi LM35: Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensor.

Trang 210
Vi loi LM35 ta c in p ng ra t l trc tip vi thang nhit Celsius
(thang bch phn). Nh th mt mch in b tr im zero ca thang Kelvin (thang
nhit tuyt i) khng cn cn thit nh mt s IC cm bin nhit khc.
c im:
in p hot ng: V
S
= 4V ti 30V
in p ng ra tuyn tnh: 10mV/
0
C
Thang o: -55
0
C n150
0
C vi LM 35/35A,
-40
0
C n110
0
C vi LM 35C/35CA
0
0
C n100
0
C vi LM 35D
S t nung nng rt nh: 0,08
0
C (trong mi trng khng kh)
Mc khng tuyn tnh ch 1/4
0
C
Cm bin nhit AD 590 ca Analog Devices:
Cm bin AD 590 (Analog Devices) c thit k lm cm bin nhit c tng tr
ng ra kh ln (10 M). Vi mch c cn bng bi nh sn xut, khin cho dng
mA ra tng ng vi chun nhit tuyt i K. in p lm vic cng nh cng tt
trnh hin tng t gia nhit. Khi cp in p thay i, dng in thay i rt t.
Thang o: -55
0
C ti 150
0
C
in p hot ng: 4 ti 30 VDC
Dng in ra t l: 1 A/
0
K
e. Cc mch o nhit
Mch o nhit bng LM35:

Trang 211

Hnh 2.258 Mch o nhit bng LM35.
Mch ng dng LM35 vi thit b khuch i m thanh:
Trong mch ng dng ny, nhit IC khuch i m thanh (IC1) l i
lng c quan tm. LM35 v IC1 c s gn kt v nhit. Tn hiu ng ra ca
b so snh s xung mc thp nu nhit vt qu gii hn (thng s ny c
chn bng R1, R2 v in p tham chiu). H thng c thit k qut hot
ng khi nhit vt qu khong gi tr 80
0
C v tt qut khi nhit h xung
di 60
0
C.

Hnh 2.259 LM35 vi b khuch i m thanh cng sut 60W.
2.10.5 Cch ni dy o
Nhit in tr thay i in tr theo nhit . Vi mt dng in khng
thay i qua nhit in tr, ta c in th o c U = R.I. cm bin khng b
nng ln qua php o, dng in cn phi nh khong 1mA. Vi Pt 100
0
C ta
R
2
V

5V
LM35
5V
12V
12V
R
1
R
3
R
3
R
4
R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
VADJ
1k
1k
1k
1k
10k
10k
8,2k
1,8k
2,2k

c in th khong 0,1V. in th n
c cc k thut ni dy o.
Hnh
Tiu chun IEC 751 y
mu ging nhau ( hoc trng) v
a. K thut hai dy
Gia nhit in tr v
in no u c in tr,
tr ca hai dy o, mch in tr s nhn
o. Kt qu ta c ch th nhit k cao h
xa, in tr dy o c th l
V d vi dy ng:
Din tch mt ct dy o:
in tr sut: 0,0017
Chiu di: 100m
R = 6,8, vi 6,8
17
0
C. trnh sai s ca php o do in tr ca dy o gy ra, ng
Chng 2: Cm bin

Trang 212
n th khong 0,1V. in th ny cn c a n my o qua dy o. Ta
thut ni dy o.

Hnh 2.260 Cch ni dy nhit in tr.
n IEC 751 yu cu dy ni n cng u nhit in tr phi c
ng nhau ( hoc trng) v dy ni n 2 u phi khc m

Hnh 2.261 K thut 2 dy.
a nhit in tr v mch in t c ni bi hai dy. Bt c dy dn
u c in tr, in tr ny ni ni tip vi nhit in tr. Vi hai in
ca hai dy o, mch in tr s nhn c mt in th cao h
t qu ta c ch th nhit k cao hn nhit cn o. Nu khong cch qu
n tr dy o c th ln n vi Ohm
vi dy ng:
n tch mt ct dy o: 0,5mm
2

0,0017mm
2
m
-1

100m
i 6,8 tng ng cho nhit in tr Pt 100 thay i nhit l
trnh sai s ca php o do in tr ca dy o gy ra, ng
m bin & Chuyn i
n my o qua dy o. Ta
u nhit in tr phi c
i n 2 u phi khc mu.

c ni bi hai dy. Bt c dy dn
i ni tip vi nhit in tr. Vi hai in
c mt in th cao hn in th cn
t cn o. Nu khong cch qu
ng cho nhit in tr Pt 100 thay i nhit l
trnh sai s ca php o do in tr ca dy o gy ra, ngi ta b tr

in tr ca dy o bng mt mch in nh
vo mt trong hai dy o v
Mch in t c th
chit p sao cho c ch
b. K thut 3 dy
T nhit in tr ca dy o
ny ta c hai mch o
chun. Vi k thut 3 dy, sai s cho php o do in tr dy o v
ca n do nhit khng c
v c cng mt nhit .
c. K thut 4 dy
Vi k thut 4 dy
mt dng in khng i qua nhit in tr. Hai dy khc
in th trn nhit in tr. Tr
Chng 2: Cm bin

Trang 213
n tr ca dy o bng mt mch in nh sau: Mt chit p
t trong hai dy o v nhit in tr c thay th bng mt in tr 100
c thit k vi in tr d phng ca dy o l
sao cho c ch th 0
0
C: Chit p v in tr ca dy o l

nhit in tr ca dy o c ni thm (hnh 2.262
ch o c hnh thnh, mt trong hai mch
n. Vi k thut 3 dy, sai s cho php o do in tr dy o v
a n do nhit khng cn na. Tuy nhin 3 dy o cn c c
t nhit . K thut 3 dy rt ph bin.

i k thut 4 dy s t kt qu o tt nht. Hai dy
n khng i qua nhit in tr. Hai dy khc
t in tr. Trng hp tng tr ng vo ca mch o rt ln so
m bin & Chuyn i
t p b tr c ni
c thay th bng mt in tr 100.
a dy o l 10. Ta chnh
n tr ca dy o l 10.

2). Vi cch ni dy
t trong hai mch c dng lm mch
n. Vi k thut 3 dy, sai s cho php o do in tr dy o v s thay i
n c cng tr s k thut

t kt qu o tt nht. Hai dy c dng cho
c dng lm dy o
a mch o rt ln so

Trang 214
vi in tr dy o, in tr dy o coi nh khng ng k. in th o c
khng b nh hng bi in tr dy o v s thay i ca n do nhit.
d. K thut 2 dy vi b bin i tn hiu o
Ngi ta vn c th dng hai dy o m khng b sai s cho php o vi b
bin i tn hiu o. B bin i tn hiu o bin i tn hiu ca cm bin thnh
mt dng in chun, tuyn tnh so vi nhit c cng t 4mA 20mA.
Dng in nui cho b bin i c ti qua hai dy o vi cng khong
4mA. Vi k thut ny tn hiu c khuch i trc khi truyn ti do khng
b nhiu nhiu.
o Nhit in tr vi k thut dy qun:
Nhit in tr vi v gm: Si platin c gi cht trong ng gm s vi
bt oxit nhm. Di o t -200
0
C n 800
0
C.
Nhit in tr vi v thy tinh: loi ny c bn c hc v nhy cao.
Di o t - 200
0
C n 400
0
C, c dng trong mi trng ha cht c n mn
ha hc cao.
Nhit in tr vi v nha: Gia 2 lp nha polyamid dy platin c ng
knh khong 30mm c dn kn. Vi cu trc mng, cm bin ny c dng
o nhit b mt cc ng hay cun dy bin th. Di o t -80
0
C n 230
0
C.

Hnh 2.264 Cu trc nhit in tr kim loi dy qun (v ceramic).
o Nhit in tr vi k thut mng mng:
Cu trc cm bin gm mt lp mng mng (platin) t trn nn ceramic
hoc thy tinh. Tia lazer c s dng chun ha gi tr in tr ca nhit
in tr.

Trang 215

Hnh 2.265 Cu trc nhit in tr kim loi dng mng mng ( ceramic).
2.10.6 Phng php o nhit
C hai phng pht o nhit :
Phng php trc tip:
o Cp nhit in (Thermocouple)
o Nhit in tr kim loi (RTD)
o Nhit in tr bn dn.
o nhit gin tip:
o Phng php quang (Optical Pyrmeter)
o Phng php bc x in t (Photon Detector)
2.10.6.1 o trc tip
o Trng hp chn la o trc tip
Khi tm nhit cn o khng qu cao
Thng dng o cc vt tnh (khng di chuyn)
Vt cn o khng yu cu cao v vic thay i cu trc, khi b gy nh
hng nhiu khi thc hin php o.
Phng php o khng qu phc tp d thc hin.
Gi thnh cho cc linh kin (nh cm bin, khi gia cng,) l khng cao
o Tm nhit o trong phng php o trc tip
c s dng tm o t: -190
o
C n 1063
o
C
Vi:
-190
o
C: l nhit m Oxy chuyn t th LNG th HI (Kh)
1063
o
C: l nhit nng chy ca vng (Au)

Trang 216
o Cu to:

Hnh 2.266 Cu to b o nhit phng php o trc tip.
Phng php o trc tip thng dng loi cm bin nhit platin v nickel
o Nguyn l hot ng:
in tr vt thay i theo nhit :
) 1 ( T
S
l
R
o

+ =
=
(2.155)
l : chiu di dy dn
S: din tch tit din dy dn
: in tr sut
Khi nhit tng in tr tng
S ph thuc ny gn nh tuyn tnh:
( ) T R R
T
+ = * 1
0
(2.156)
( ) ( ) [ ]
0 0 0
1 T T b T T a R R + = (2.157)
a,b,: hng s ph thuc kim loai
R
T
: in tr ti nhit cn o
R
o
: in tr ti nhit T
o

a. Cp nhit in (Thermocouple)
Thermocouple (c
kim loi khc nhau
nhit , u ra in p.
Thermocouple ho
khm ph nm 1821)
Cu to Thermocouple
Nguyn l o:
Chng 2: Cm bin

Trang 217
p nhit in (Thermocouple)
Thermocouple (cp nhit in) l cm bin nhit cu to bi 2 thanh
i khc nhau c tip xc nhit vi nhau. Cm bin tc ng: u v
t , u ra in p.
Hnh 2.267 Nguyn l vn hnh cp nhit in.
Thermocouple hot ng da trn hiu ng Seebeck. (Do Thomas Seebeck
khm ph nm 1821)
u to Thermocouple

Hnh 2.268 Cu to cp nhit in.
m bin & Chuyn i
m bin nhit cu to bi 2 thanh
c tip xc nhit vi nhau. Cm bin tc ng: u vo

p nhit in.
(Do Thomas Seebeck

o Thermocouple ch
chun so snh.
(
2 1
T C V =
o Quan h gia V vi T l
1
e V + =
/
/
e V
e
A B
B A
=
=
o Hai u ni T1,
li l u lnh hay u chun.
o o nhit chnh xc th
nh nhit chun n
c tuyn
Chng 2: Cm bin

Trang 218

Hnh 2.269 Nguyn l o cp nhit in.
ch o c s sai bit nhit . Do cn phi c nhit
n so snh.
) ( 2 )
2
1
2
2 1 2
T T C T +
gia V vi T l phi tuyn. Nhng ta chp nhn cng thc sau:
1 / 2 / 2
T e T e e
B A A B
+ = +

) (
1 2
/
T T
e
A
A B

u ni T1, T2. u nng l u tip xc vi nhit cn o. u c
u lnh hay u chun.
o nhit chnh xc th phi o c nhit u chun v
chun ny
Hnh 2.270 c tuyn cp nhit in.
m bin & Chuyn i
n.
c s sai bit nhit . Do cn phi c nhit
(2.158)
p nhn cng thc sau:
(2.159)
(2.160)
u tip xc vi nhit cn o. u cn
c nhit u chun v phi gi c

c tuyn cp nhit in.

Trang 219
Cc phng php xc nh v gi c nh nhit chun
o Cch 1: Nhit o c tnh nh sau

Hnh 2.271 Cch c nh nhit chun dng 1.
) )( (
Re f Tip B A out
T T S S V =
) (
Re
B A
out
f Tip
S S
V
T T
= (2.161)
S
A
, S
B
l h s Seebeck ph thuc vt liu ch to
B A B A
S S e =
/
(2.162)
o Cch 2: Dng mch in t to nhit chun.

Hnh 2.272 Cch c nh nhit chun dng 2.
o RT xc nh T
ref
, T
ref
s c chuyn sang V
ref

V
1
= V-V
ref
;

T
1
=V
1
/e
1
(2.163)

S v nguyn tc o

o in p o c ch ph thuc v
m khng ph thuc v
o Nu c mt vt liu kim loi th
bi nguyn l ny
(
/
1 /
T e E
T e E
A B
A B
=
=
Hnh 2.274
Ch : Tt c cc dy kt ni v
dy ng ni! Dy ni cho T/C l
o Nu ta ni 2 kim loi A v
khng nh hng
Hnh 2.275
Chng 2: Cm bin

Trang 220
Hnh 2.273 Nguyn tc o cp nhit in.
c ch ph thuc vo s chnh lch nhit gia hai u ni
thuc vo nhng ni khc trong mch
u c mt vt liu kim loi th 2 chn gia th p ra khng b
nguyn l ny nn bo m cho vic i dy di
)
2 1
2 / / / 1
T T
T e T e T e T
B A j A C i C A
+ + +

4 Nguyn tc o cp nhit in khi c vt th 2 ch
t c cc dy kt ni vo T/C phi ng loi dy,
ng ni! Dy ni cho T/C l loi dy cng chu nhit cao t tin!
u ta ni 2 kim loi A v B bi mt kim loi th 3 C th
ng
5 Nguyn tc o cp nhit in khi ta ni kim loi A v
m bin & Chuyn i

c o cp nhit in.
ch nhit gia hai u ni
p ra khng b nh hng
(2.164)

c o cp nhit in khi c vt th 2 chn gia.
i ng loi dy, khng s dng
i dy cng chu nhit cao t tin!
i mt kim loi th 3 C th in p o cng

c o cp nhit in khi ta ni kim loi A v B.

(
/
1 /
T e E
T e E
A B
C B
=
=
V:
C B A B
e e
/ /
=
o Khi o nhit m
Hnh 2.276
12 13
E E =
o Hoc ta c th o gin tip nh
Hnh
ac ab
E E =
Vt liu ch to
Thermocouple
chn theo 4 tiu ch sau:
o nhy
o n nh
o Tng thch vi h thng o
o Chi ph hp l
nhy nhit c xc nh bi cng thc
Chng 2: Cm bin

Trang 221
)
2 1
2 / 1 / 1
T T
T e T e T
B A A C
+ +

A C
e
/

t m cha bit nhit chun ta c th o gin tip nh
Nguyn tc o cp nhit in khi cha bit nhit chun.
23
E +
o gin tip nh sau:
Hnh 2.277 Nguyn tc o cp nhit in gin tip
cb
E +
Thermocouple c ch to bi cc kim loi khc nhau. Cc kim loi
u ch sau:
i h thng o

c xc nh bi cng thc:
m bin & Chuyn i
(2.165)
(2.166)
t nhit chun ta c th o gin tip nh sau:

t nhit chun.
(2.167)

c o cp nhit in gin tip
(2.168)
c ch to bi cc kim loi khc nhau. Cc kim loi c

Trang 222
dT
dE
s
B A/
= C V
o
/ (2.169)
b. Nhit in tr kim loi Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
o RTD c ch to t nhng dy dn rt nhy vi nhit , vt liu ch to
thng l Niken, ng, Niken-ng, Platin

Hnh 2.278 Cu to cm bin nhit trc tip (RTD)
o o c nhit , RTD c mc theo cu in tr
+
=
4 3
3
2 1
2
R R
R
R R
R
V V
in out
(2.170)

Hnh 2.279 Cu in tr.

Trang 224
o ng c tuyn tnh cao, tuy nhin do hot ng ha hc cao nn ch hot
ng trong tm < 180C.

Hnh 2.281 c tuyn ca cc loi kim loi thay i in tr theo nhit
RTD c 2 dng: RTD dy qun v RTD b mt.
o Cun dy Platin lm cho R c gi tr ln nn cho php chng o vi nhy
tng i tt
o Gm, mica t trong v bc chng rung ng v va chm mnh.
Cu to ca RTD b mt: RTD b mt thng dng o nhit b mt ca
vt rn.

Hnh 2.282 Cu to RTD loi b mt
Quan h gia in tr v nhit RTD
) . ... . . 1 (
2
2 1 0
N
N
T T T R R + + + + = (2.173)
Trong : R
0
l in tr ca RTD 0C

Trang 225
o Cc l cc h s nhit in tr, hay nhy nhit T.
o H s nhit in tr c trng cho kim loi, ph thuc vo kim loi v nhit
.
o Trong tm o nhit ca kim loi, th R thay i tuyn tnh vi nhit
nn:
) .( 1
0
0
T T
R
R
=
(2.174)
o Khi nhit ngoi tm o th quan h R v nhit l khng tuyn tnh. C
th biu din theo quan h bc hai:
2
0 0
0
) .( 2 ) .( 1 T T T T
R
R
+ =
(2.175)
Mch o RTD:
o Trng hp R tuyn tnh vi nhit

Hnh 2.283 o RTD trng hp R tuyn tnh vi nhit .
o Trng hp R khng tuyn tnh vi nhit

Hnh 2.284 o RTD trng hp R khng tuyn tnh vi nhit .
RTD

R
shunt DVM
Dy 1

Dy 2

Dy 3

Dy 4

V
i
Ngun
dng

RTD

Dy 1

Dy 2

Dy 3

V
i
Ngun
p

in tr
ni tip
Chnh
offset
R
1
R
2
+

_


Trang 226
o S dng thm Rshunt=3.RTD, lm tng tnh tuyn tnh (nhng khng hon
ton).
o Mch RTD c Rshunt hot ng trong tm -196C 260C
ng dng RTD
o Dng o nhit trong cc ng ng, kho cha, o nhit khng kh.
o Dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip thc phm, dc phm cn chnh
xc v nhit cao v an ton (RTD khng gy hi vi mi trng).
c. Nhit in tr bn dn Thermistor
Nguyn tc: Ging nh RTD nhng c cu to t cc loi oxit ca nikel,
mangan, cobal
Tnh cht: C nhy nhit m v rt cao, khong 10 ln so vi cc in tr
kim loi.
o n nh ca nhit in tr ph thuc vo vic ch to v iu kin s
dng.
o Tm hot ng ca thermistor c th t 1 vi tuyt i n khong 300C.
o Thermistor c ch to t nhng vt liu bn dn, s thay i in tr ca
vt liu t l vi nhit trong di o.
o Khi nhit tng th in tr gim, do vy Thermistor c h s nhit m.
Mc d vy cng c mt s Thermistor c h s nhit dng.
o Thch hp dng trong cc ng dng c di nhit nh.
Quan h gia in tr v nhit :
))
1 1
.( (
0
0
.
T T
B
e R R

= (2.176)
o R
0
l in tr nhit 25C
o Gi tr B nm trong khong 3000-5000K. Khi nhy nhit:
2
T
B
= (2.177)

Trang 227
o Quan h gia in tr v nhit ca thermistor l khng tuyn tnh.

Hnh 2.285 c tuyn ca RTD.
Mch o ca thermistor:

Hnh 2.286 Mch o RTD.
o Thermistor c ni vo mch cu H nh hnh v.
o Khi cu cn bng:
) ).( (
.
4 3 2
3 0
R R R R R
R R
E
E
T T
T
I
+ + +

=
(2.178)
o Thng thng ngi ta chn R
2
=R
3
, R
t
=R4. Khi :
T T T T T
T T
I
R R R R R R R R
R R
E
E
/ / / / 2
/
2 2 2
0
+ + + +

=
(2.179)
V
o
V
i
R
1
R
3
RT
RTD

R
2

Trang 228
Hn ch ca phng php o trc tip:
Ngoi mt s u im c nu trn, phng php o trc tip ny cn
mt s hn ch nh sau:
o Khng th o nhit trn din tch ln
o Khng o c nhng vt ang chuyn ng
o Ch dng trong tm t -190
o
C n 1063
o
C
o C th nh hng n cu trc h thng cn o nhit v cm bin c th
tch ln
2.10.6.2 o gin tip (cch ly)
a. Cc trng hp cn o cch ly
o Xc nh nhit ca mt vt ang di chuyn.
o Xc nh nhit ca mt vt rt nng khng th o c bng dng c
thng thng.
o Xc nh nhit ca mt vt nm trong khu vc nguy him nh l phn
ng ht nhn, l nung, l luyn kim
o Xc nh nhit ca mt khu vc c din tch rng.
o Xc nh nhit m khng gy nh hng n i tng cn o.
o Xc nh nhit m khng lm thay i cu trc ca vt cn o.
b. Nguyn l o nhit cch ly
o Cc vt th nhit ln hn 0
0
K pht ra mt bc x in t trn b mt t
l vi nhit ca vt.
o Ta o nhit ca vt da trn bc x in t vt pht ra
o Lin h gia cng v bc sng bc x vi nhit
) 1 (
2
/ 5
2
=
T k hc A
e
h c
W

(2.180)
W:cng quang ph bc x ca vt en

Trang 229
: bc sng bc x
h : hng s Planck
c : vn t nh sng
k : hng s Boltmann
o Ph pht x ca vt en theo bc sng

Hnh 2.287Ph pht x ca vt en theo bc sng
c. Cc cch o nhit cch ly
o S dng phng php quang (optical pyrometer).
o S dng phng php bc x in t (photon detector).
d. o nhit cch ly dng phng php quang (optical pyrometer)
o Dng o nhit trong khong t 973 - 4273
o
K.
o Pyrometer hot ng da trn nguyn tc so snh sng ca dy tc bng
n vi sng ca vt cn o
o sng ca bng n c chun ha vi mt ngun en tuyt i pht x
mt nhit bit trc.

Trang 230

Hnh 2.288 o nhit cch ly bng phng php quang
o Khi cng sng ca nn v dy tc bng nhau th ta c phng trnh:
1
1
1
/ /
2 2
f r r
T C T C
(2.181)
l bc sng ca nh sng khong 0.63m
l h s pht x ca vt
T
f
l nhit ca dy tc bng n
T l nhit ca vt
Khi T < 4273
o
K ta c:
1
/
2
T C
v
f r
T C
T
/ 1 / ) (ln
1
2
+
=

(2.182)
e. o nhit cch ly dng phng php bc x in t (photon detector)
o C rt nhiu ng dng i hi phi xc nh nhit khng tip xc nh: o
lng nhit ta nh, h thng ng dn, khu vc c din tch rng, hoc
nhng l luyn kim
o Thit b o nhit s dng Photon Detector l gii php cho vn trn.
o Photon Detector l mt loi sensor m p ng ca n l in p t l vi mt
dng photon tp trung trn b mt cm bin.

Trang 231

Hnh 2.289 Hnh dng cm bin o nhit bc x in t
Nguyn l hot ng:

Hnh 2.290 Cm bin o nhit dng cch ly
Cng thc:
) (
4
2
2
0
T g
f
D
k E
t
= (2.183)
o k
t
: nhy ca h thng (bao gm h s truyn, li in p v nhy
ca cm bin)

o Do c nhiu ng dng thng mi v cng nghip s dng photon detector
nn tm o ca n rt a dng
o Vi mt my o nhit quang c bn c th s dng o nhit trong
khong 253 n 1873
o
K

Trang 232
o nhy ca scanner trn 30
o
C l 0.1
o

o H thng o lng nhit bng hng ngoi.
o Cc vt th nhit ln hn 0
o
K pht ra mt bc x in t trn b mt t
l vi nhit ca vt.

Hnh 2.291 H thng o lng nhit bng hng ngoi.

Hnh 2.292 S khi h thng o lng nhit bng hng ngoi.

Hnh 2.293 B iu khin nhit cm tay dng nh sng hng ngoi
o Ba bc chnh o nhit ca vt:
Bc 1: Chuyn tn hiu hng ngoi pht x ra t vt nhn c ra tn
hiu in
Bc 2: B nhit nn ca mi trng cn o.

Bc 3: Tuyn tnh ha kt qu nhn
cn o.
2.10.7 Mch o
a. Gii thiu
o IC (LM135/235/335) h
l tuyn tnh vi nhit v
o Khi mun c tm o ln h
cc sensor khc nh Thermocouple, RTD ho
o Vi sensor l RTD, Thermistor th
l in tr, cn v
i l khng tuy
o C thm cc m
n tm mong mun.
b. o dng mch cu Wheatstone
Hnh
Vd: vi RTD 0
0
C, R = 100
R
R
V V
out
=
o R << R => in p ra thay i rt nh
(R I V + =
o in p ra thay i khng tuyn tnh vi R.
Chng 2: Cm bin

Trang 233
c 3: Tuyn tnh ha kt qu nhn c v xut ra thng tin v
IC (LM135/235/335) hn ch v tm o t -55
o
C n +150
n tnh vi nhit v d s dng
n c tm o ln hn hoc mun c nhy cao h
cc sensor khc nh Thermocouple, RTD hoc Thermistor.
RTD, Thermistor th i lng thay i tng
n vi Thermocouple l in p, nhng rt nh (V). S thay
khng tuyn tnh vi nhit
C thm cc mch gia cng tn hiu bin i thnh i
n tm mong mun.
u Wheatstone

Hnh 2.294 Mch o dng cu Wheatstone
C, R = 100 , TC = 0.385/
0
C
R R
R
V V
R R
R R
+
=
+
+
4 2

R << R => in p ra thay i rt nh
) R I V R = + *
n p ra thay i khng tuyn tnh vi R.
m bin & Chuyn i
ra thng tin v nhit
n +150
0
C, tuy u ra (p)
c mun c nhy cao hn th phi s dng
c Thermistor.
ng ng vi nhit
t nh (V). S thay
nh in p, khuch i

u Wheatstone
(2.184)
(2.185)

Trang 234
o p ra ln khi I ln
o I khng th qu ln
o Gii hn cng sut
o To nhit trn phn t o.
o C mt phng php tt hn l s dng cu Wheatstone s dng ngun
dng/p
C 4 loi cu Wheatstone ngun p thng dng

Hnh 2.295 Cc dng cu Wheatstone ngun p
o Cu Wheatstone vi 1 phn t thay i
p ra khng tuyn tnh (c th gii quyt bng phn mm hoc k thut
mch)
nhy 0.5%
o Cu Wheatstone vi 2 phn t thay i (dng 1)
Khng tuyn tnh (0.5%)
nhy tng gp i so vi trng hp u
o Cu Wheatstone vi 2 phn t thay i (dng 2)
Tuyn tnh
V
o
:
V
o
R+R

V
B
R+R

R-R

R-R

V
o
R

V
B
R+R

R-R

R

V
o
R+R

V
B
R+R

R

R

R

V
o
V
B
R+R

R

R

V
B

4
R

R+R/2

V
B

2
R

R+R/2

V
B

2
R

R

V
B

R

R

Sai s
TT:
0,5%
0,5% 0
0

Trang 235
nhy tng gp i so vi trng hp u
Cu ny thng dng cho cm bin p sut hoc lu lng.
o Cu Wheatstone vi 4 phn t thay i
Tuyn tnh.
nhy tng gp 4 so vi trng hp u
Cu dng ny thng dng vi Loadcell
Bn dng cu Wheatstone vi ngun dng

Hnh 2.296 Cc dng cu Wheatstone ngun dng
o u im:
in tr dy, tip xc khng gy sai lch kt qu
C th dng dy dn n gin, r hn.
c. Tuyn tnh ha khuch i tn hiu sau cu
o Tn hiu a ra cn nh (vi chc vi trm mV), do cn phi c
khuch i trc khi a vo b ADC hoc x l tip.
Khuch i n gin c th dng b OpAmp
V
o
:
V
o
R+R

R+R

R-R

R-R

V
o
R

R+R

R-R

R

V
o
R+R

R+R

R

R

R

V
o
I
B
R+R

R

R

I
B
R
4
R

R+R/4

I
B

2
R

I
B

2
R
I
B
R

Sai s
TT:
0,25%
0 0
0
I
B
I
B
I
B

Trang 236

Hnh 2.297 mch khuch i n gin dng Opamp
o Mch ny cho chnh xc khng cao
khuch i ph thuc vo in tr cu, R
F

Tng tr khng cn bng ng vo.
p ra khng tuyn tnh do ch n thun l b khuch i

Hnh 2.298 mch khuch i tuyn tnh c chnh li.
o Mch ny cho chnh xc cao
o u im:
chnh xc ln hn do khuch i ch ph thuc vo Rg.
Tng tr vo ln nn khng nh hng n cu o v in tr cu o
khng nh hng n mch, s cn bng ca b khuch i.
o Khuyt im:
p ra khng tuyn tnh, khc phc bng phn mm
R

REF

V
B

R

R+R

R
V
OUT

+V
S
-V
S
V
OUT
=
V
B

4
R

R+R/2

GAIN
V
REF
=V
B

R
G
V
S

R

R
F
V
B

R

R+R

R

2
+V
S


Trang 237
Mch ny va khuch i, va tuyn tnh ho Vout so vi R

Hnh 2.299 mch khuch i tuyn tnh dng 2 Opamp.
c tuyn ca cc loi cm bin

Hnh 2.300 c tuyn ca cc loi cm bin
d. Nguyn l x l tn hiu t RTD v Thermistor
Dng mch Opamp

Hnh 2.301 Mch x l tn hiu Thermistor dng opamp
R

V
B

R

R+R
R

V
OUT

+V
S
-V
S
V
OUT
=
V
B

2
R

R
R
1

R
2

1+

+V
S
-V
S

Dng mch cu cn bng
Hnh 2.30
Dng IC vi x l
Hnh 2.30
Chng 2: Cm bin

Trang 238
ch cu cn bng

2.302 Mch x l tn hiu RTD dng cu cn bng
l
2.303 Mch x l tn hiu Thermistor dng IC
m bin & Chuyn i

u cn bng

ng IC
Chng 3: Thit b cng sut & chp hnh

Trang 239
Chng 3
THIT B CNG SUT & CHP HNH
3.1 Gii thiu
Thit b cng sut v cc c cu chp hnh c th xem nh cc ngun truyn
ng bao gm:
o Ngun truyn ng in-c
ng c: ng c mt chiu, ng c xoay chiu, ng c bc, ng c
servo, ng c vn nng
Cc loi ly hp.
o Ngun truyn ng kh nn
Cc loi pittong xy lanh kh nn.
ng c kh nn.
o Ngun truyn ng thy lc
Ngun truyn ng tc ng trc tip ln c cu chp hnh.
C cu chp hnh c th hiu l mt b phn my mc, thit b c kh nng
thc hin mt cng vic no di tc ng ca tn hiu pht ra t thit b
iu khin.
3.2 Thit b in t
3.2.1 Rle thi gian: (Times Relay)
a. Khi nim
Rle thi gian l mt thit b dng trong lnh vc iu khin t ng, vi vai
tr iu khin trung gian gia cc thit b iu khin theo thi gian nh trc. Rle
thi gian gm: Mch t lm bng nam chm in, b nh thi gian lm bng linh
kin in t, h thng tip im chu dng in nh ( 5A), v bo v cc chn ra
tip im. Tu theo yu cu s dng khi lp rp h thng mch iu khin truyn

Trang 241
Khi cp ngun vo cun dy ca rle thi gian ON DELAY, cc tip im tc
ng khng tnh thi gian chuyn i trng thi tc thi (thng ng h ra,
thng h ng li), cc tip im tc ng c tnh thi gian khng i. Sau
khong thi gian nh trc, cc tip im tc ng c tnh thi gian s chuyn
trng thi v duy tr trng thi ny. Khi ngng cp ngun vo cun dy, tt c cc
tip im tc thi tr v trng thi ban u. Di y l s chn ca Rle thi
gian ON DELAY

Hnh 3.2 S chn ca rle thi gian.
c. Rle thi gian OFF DELAY
Rle thi gian OFF DELAY ging nh Rle thi gian ON DELAY ch khc
nguyn l hot ng l: Khi cp ngun vo cun dy ca Rle thi gian OFF
DELAY, cc tip im tc ng tc thi v duy tr trng thi ny. Khi ngng cp
ngun vo cun dy, tt c cc tip im tc ng khng tnh thi gian tr v trng
thi ban u. Tip sau mt khong thi gian nh trc, cc tip im tc
ng c tnh thi gian s chuyn v trng thi ban u.
3.2.2 Rle bn dn v b iu khin cng sut: (Solid State Relay and Power
Controller)
a. Khi nim
Trong ng iu khin thit b gia nhit v ng ngt, c th tm thy rt nhiu
SSR (Solid State Relay) v b iu khin cng sut (Power Controller). Power
control c s dng trong rt nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc nhau:
Cng nghip thy tinh, gm s, khun mu.
Ngun

Trang 242
Kim tra vt liu: Ngnh nha, sn.
t, cng ngh v tr, sn xut cp quang...
iu khin cng sut Power Controller da trn nn tng l Thysistor. c
phn chia lm 3 loi c bn: Solid state Relay, Power controller, true power
controller.
Solid State Relay: l thit b iu khin cng sut ON/OFF, c dng thay
th cho cc thit b ng ngt truyn thng nh rle, contactor vi nhng tnh nng
vt tri hn.
Loi Solid State Relay mt pha: Ngun iu khin c hai dng loi s dng
in AC hay DC v c mt tip im ng ngt.
Loi Solid State Relays ba pha: Ngun iu khin thng s dng in AC
nh contactor v c ba tip im ng ngt.

Hnh 3.3 Cu to ca Solid State Relay.
Power controller: cung cp 1 gii php iu khin cng sut mnh m hn
SSR, im mnh nht ca loi thit b ny l tn dng tnh nng ng ngt tc
cao ca Thysistor. Thng c s dng lin kt vi b iu khin (PLC) t ti
1 tham s setpoint c th no bng cch thay i mc cng sut phn phi cho
ti.
True Power controller: iu khin mc cng sut tuyt i phn phi cho ti.
Khi kt hp vi 1 controller n s cung cp 1 cng sut phn b ty theo ti True
Power controller.

Trang 243
b. Kt ni ti
o Kt ni ti cho rle bn dn:
T khong 1F/250V
Hnh 3.4 Kt ni ti vi Solid State Relay.
o Dng sng ra ti:

Hnh 3.5 Dng sng ra ti sau b Solid State Relay.
3.2.3 B m v t thi gian: (Counter-Times)
B m v t thi gian c s dng rt nhiu trong cc h thng iu khin
t ng, ngoi chc nng m v t thi gian n cn tch hp rt nhiu chc nng
v cng dng khc.

Hnh 3.6 Hnh dng b Counter-Times.
c im: C th chn chc nng l b m hoc b t thi gian. C nhiu
chc nng iu khin nh: chc nng ci t t l, m tc cao ln n 10kcps,

Trang 244
ng vo c in p (PNP) hoc ng vo khng c in p (NPN), c th ci t thi
gian ON/OFF ring bit
3.2.4 B iu khin nhit v iu khin s: (Temperature & Digital Controllers)
Ngy nay, vn s dng nhit rt ph bin trong cng nghip sn xut nh
cng nghip luyn kim, ch bin thc phm, sn xut nha. Cht lng sn phm
to ra ph thuc rt nhiu vo vic iu khin lng nhit sinh ra trong tng qui trnh
sn xut. thc hin iu ny, ngi ta dng cc b iu khin nhit thng qua
cc cm bin nhit gim st v iu khin cc thit b gia nhit.

Hnh 3.7 B iu khin nhit -s
Hin nay cc b iu khin nhit v iu khin s rt thng dng v d s
dng, cc sn phm ny thng c bn ch dn chi tit cch lp rp v ci t

Hnh 3.8 Hnh dng ca b iu khin nhit dng s.

Trang 245
3.2.5 Mn hnh HMI: (Human Machine Interface)
HMI l t vit tt ca Human-Machine-Interface, c ngha l thit b giao tip
gia ngi iu hnh thit k vi my mc thit b. Ni mt cch chnh xc, bt c
cch no m con ngi giao din vi mt my mc th l mt HMI. Cm ng
trn l viba cng l mt HMI, h thng s iu khin trn my git, bng hng dn
la chn phn mm hot ng t xa trn TV u l HMI,
HMI s dng ton b my tnh v mn hnh hin th th hn ch i vi cc
phng iu khin bi v mch my tnh, mn hnh v a d hng. Cng ngh c
pht trin gip cho HMI s dng my tnh c th nh v bn ngoi nh my, nhng
nh my ny th rt rng, knh cng v d hng do sc nng, m, s ra tri v cc
s c khc sn nh my.
HMI my tnh trc y cng tiu th rt nhiu in nng. Mt my tnh
desktop thng thng trong nhng nm 80 ca th k 20 c cng sut 200W.
Khi cc qu trnh sn nh my c t ng ha nhiu hn, ngi iu khin
cn c thm nhiu thng tin v qu trnh, yu cu v hin th v iu khin ni b tr
nn phc tp hn. Mt trong nhng c im tin b trong lnh vc ny l hin th
dng cm ng. iu ny gip cho vic iu khin n gin hn, ch cn n tng phn
ca hin th c mt nt o trn thit b thc hin hot ng hay nhn hin th. N
cng loi b yu cu c bn phm, chut v c cu iu khin, ngoi tr cng tc lp
trnh phc tp.
Mt u im khc na l hin th dng tinh th lng. N chim t khng gian
hn, mng hn hin th dng CRT, v do c th c s dng trong nhng khng
gian nh hn.
u im ln nht l trong cc my tnh nhng c hnh dng nh gn, c thay
th b hin th 2 ng trn mt cng c thng thng hay trn b truyn vi mt
HMI c y tnh nng.
Ngi iu khin lm vic trong khng gian rt hn ch ti nh my. i khi
khng c ch cho h. Cc cng c, ph tng v HMI c ln nn h cn c HMI c th
di chuyn c.

Trang 246
Phn loi HMI: C hai loi HMI truyn thng v HMI hin i
o Cc thit b HMI truyn thng:
HMI truyn thng bao gm c hai b phn chnh: Thit b nhp thng tin v thit
b xut thng tin.
Thit b nhp thng tin: cng tc chuyn mch, nt bm
Thit b xut thng tin: n bo, ci, ng h o, cc b t ghi dng giy.
Nhc im ca HMI truyn thng:
Thng tin khng y .
Thng tin khng chnh xc.
Kh nng lu tr thng tin hn ch.
tin cy v n nh thp.
i vi h thng rng v phc tp: phc tp rt cao v rt kh m rng.
o Cc thit b HMI hin i:
Do s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin v cng ngh vi in t, HMI ngy nay
s dng cc thit b tnh ton mnh m. HMI hin i chia lm 2 loi chnh:
HMI trn nn PC v Windows/MAC: SCADA.
HMI trn nn cc my tnh nhng: HMI chuyn dng
Ngoi ra cn c mt s loi HMI bin th khc MobileHMI dng Palm,
PoketPC.
Cc u im ca HMI hin i:
Tnh y kp thi v chnh xc ca thng tin.
Tnh mm do, d thay i b xung thng tin cn thit.
Tnh n gin ca h thng, d m rng, d vn hnh v sa cha.
Tnh M: c kh nng kt ni mnh, kt ni nhiu loi thit b v nhiu
loi giao thc.
Kh nng lu tr cao.

Trang 247

Hnh 3.9 Mn hnh GP3000 Series.
3.3 Thit b in t
3.3.1 Cng tc Nt nhn: (Basic Switches - Button)
a. Cng tc

Cng tc l thit b ng ngt mch in bng tay kiu hp, thng dng
mng in h p c in p < 1000V ng ct mch in c dng in < 10A.
Trong h thng in sinh hat cng tc thng s dng ng ngt mch in
cho n, qut, ng c cng sut nh. Trong mch iu khin ng ngt cun
dy contactor, hoc khng ch trong mch in t ng nh cng tc hnh trnh.
o Cng tc c phn loi:
Theo hnh dng bn ngai c cc loi cng tc sau: loi h, loi bo v, loi
kn
Theo kiu tc ng c loi: bt, bm, git, xoay
Theo cng dng c ba loi sau: C loi tc ng trc tip (nhng cng tc s
dng mng in gia nh) cng tc 2, 3, 4 chu
Cng tc chuyn mch (cng tc vn nng) thng ng ct mch in
chuyn i cun dy cng tc t, rle trung gian, rle thi gian
o Cu to ca cng tc gm c cc b phn sau:

Trang 248
B phn tip im: vt liu dn in tt, t b oxy ha, t mi mn, chu nhit,
thng s dng ng v hp kim ca ng thau, c hai loi tip im ng
v tnh. Tip im tnh gn trn cng tc, tip im ng lin kt vi b
phn tc ng.
B phn tc ng: bng s, nha tng hp hay bng kim loi, b phn ny
lin kt vi l xo phn hi khi tc ng c th ng hay ct. V hay ca
cng tc bng s, nha tng hp hoc bng kim loi

Hnh 3.10 Cc loi cng tc.
o Thng s k thut v c im s dng:
Chn lp t cng tc trn mch in hoc cho mt thit b in no cn
ch cc thng s sau:
U
mct
> U
mn

U
mct
: in p nh mc cng tc ( A).
U
mn
: in p nh mc ngun (A).
I
mct
> I
pt
I
mct
: dng in nh mc cng tc (A).
I
pt
: dng in ca ph ti (A).
Cng tc phi mc trn dy pha v sau thit b bo v nh cu ch, thao tc
ng ct dt khot
b. Nt nhn
Nt nhn l loi thit b in kt hp vi mt s thit b in khc nh
contactor, khi ng t, rle trung gian, rle thi gian ng hay ngt mch in
t xa, chuyn i qua li cho mch iu khin tn hiu

Trang 249
o Nt nhn c phn loi:
Theo hnh dng bn ngai nt nhn c phn thnh loi h, loi kn, loi
chng nc, chng bi, chng n
Theo chc nng c loi nt nhn n, nt nhn kp, loi nt nhn thng h,
nt nhn thng ng.
o Cu to ca nt nhn gm c cc b phn sau:
Vt liu ch to tip im l bc, ng v hp kim ca ng. Tip im
chia ra lm hai phn: phn c nh gn trn kt cu ca nt nhn gi l tip
im tnh, phn tip im lin kt vi b phn tc ng gi l tip im
ng.
v v ca nt nhn ch to bng nha tng hp hay kim loi ngai ra
cn c l xo phn hi.

Hnh 3.11 Cc loi nt nhn.
o Thng s k thut v c im s dng:
Khi s dng nt nhn cn ch thng s in p v dng in chy qua nt
nhn ph hp thng s k thut ca nh sn xut. Trn mch in c gn thit b
bo v qu ti v ngn mch nhm bo v cng tc v thit b in.

Ch tip im ca nt nhn cho d
nn lp nt nhn trn m
in iu khin.
3.3.2 Cng tc hnh trnh:
Cng tc hnh trnh: dng
h thng in trong t ng ha.
b phn my hot ng nhng v tr thch hp, cng tc
tc ng c hc ca b phn my di ng. Tip im ca cng tc
mch iu khin c tip im th
to c hai loi: loi cng t
Cng tc hot ng gii hn
trc ca n
Hnh 3.
3.3.3 Rle: (Relay)
a. Gii thiu
Rle l mt loi thit b in t ng m
khi u vo t nhng gi tr xc nh.
Chng 3: Thit b cng sut & chp h

Trang 250
p im ca nt nhn cho dng in b i qua. Do
trn mch in c cng sut trung bnh v ln, ch lp tr
nh trnh: (Limit Switches)
nh trnh: dng ng ngt mch in hn ch h
thng in trong t ng ha. Cng tc hnh trnh c t tr
t ng nhng v tr thch hp, cng tc c ng m bng s
c ca b phn my di ng. Tip im ca cng tc
ch iu khin c tip im thng h, thng ng v tip im kp. V cu
cng tc hnh trnh kiu n v kiu quay.
Hnh 3.12 Cc loi cng tc hnh trnh.
c hot ng gii hn tm hot ng trong khong

Hnh 3.13 Gc m ca cng tc hnh trnh.
t loi thit b in t ng m tn hiu u ra
t nhng gi tr xc nh. Rle l thit b in dng
t b cng sut & chp hnh
o chng ta khng
n, ch lp trn mch
ng ngt mch in hn ch hnh trnh hay
c t trn ng i ca
c ng m bng s
c ca b phn my di ng. Tip im ca cng tc c t trn
p im kp. V cu

m hot ng trong khong 45
o
hay 90
o
so vi

nh trnh.
u u ra thay i nhy bc
ng ng ct mch

Trang 251
in iu khin, bo v v iu khin lm vic ca mch ng lc.
Cc b phn chnh ca rle
o C cu tip thu (khi tip thu): c nhim v tip cn nhng tn hiu u vo v
bin i n thnh i lng cn thit cung cp tn hiu ph hp cho khi trung
gian.
o C cu trung gian (khi trung gian): lm nhim v tip nhn tn hiu c a
n t khi tip thu v bin i cn thit cho rle tc ng.
o C cu chp hnh (khi chp hnh): lm nhim v pht tn hiu cho mch iu
khin.

Hnh 3.14 Cc thnh phn ca rle.
Phn loi rle
o Phn loi theo nguyn l lm vic:
Rle in c (rle in t, rle t in, rle cm ng.)
Rle nhit.
Rle t.
Rle in t-bn dn, vi mch.
Rle s
o Phn loi theo nguyn l tc ng ca c cu chp hnh:
Rle c tip im: loi ny tc ng ng m cc tip im.
Rle khng tip im (rle tnh): loi ny tc ng bng cch thay i t
ngt cc tham s c cu chp hnh mc trong mch iu khin nh: in
dung, in cm, in tr
o Phn loi theo t tnh tham s vo:

Trang 252
Rle dng in.
Rle in p.
Rle cng sut.
Rle tng tr,...
o Phn loi theo cch mc c cu:
Rle s cp: loi ny c mc trc tip vo mch in cn bo v.
Rle th cp: loi ny mc vo mch thng qua bin p o lng hay bin
dng in.
o Phn theo gi tr v chiu cc i lng i vo rle:
Rle cc i.
Rle cc tiu.
Rle cc i - cc tiu.
Rle so lch.
Rle nh hng.
c tnh vo ra ca rle

Hnh 3.15 Minh ha c tnh vo ra ca rle
Quan h gia i lng vo v ra ca rle nh hnh minh ha: Khi x bin
thin t 0 n x
2
th y=y
1
n khi x= x
2
th y tng t y=y
1
n y=y
2
(nhy bc).
Nu x tng tip th y khng i y=y
2
. Khi x gim t x
2
v li x1 th y=y
2
n
x=x
1
th y gim t y
2
v y= y
1
.
Nu gi:
X = X
2
= X
t
l gi tr tc ng rle.
X = X
1
= X
nh
l gi tr nh ca rle.

Trang 253
Th h s nh:
K
nh
=
X
1
X
2
=
X
nh
X
t

Cc thng s ca rle
H s iu khin rle:
K
k
=
P
k
P
t

vi:
P
k
: l cng sut iu khin nh mc ca rle, chnh l cng sut nh mc
ca c cu chp hnh.
P
t
: l cng sut tc ng, chnh l cng sut cn thit cung cp cho u vo
rle tc ng.
Vi rle in t P
k
l cng sut tip im (ngha l cng sut tip im cho
php truyn qua). P
t
l cng sut cun dy nam chm ht.
Thi gian tc ng
L thi gian k t thi im cung cp tn hiu cho u vo, n lc c cu
chp hnh lm vic. Vi rle in t khong thi gian cun dy c cung cp
dng (hay p) cho n lc h thng tip im ng hon ton (vi tip im
thng m) v m hon ton (vi tip im thng ng).
b. Rle in t
Nguyn l lm vic

Hnh 3.16 Cu trc ca rle in t
S lm vic ca loi rle ny da trn nguyn l in t. Xt mt rle nh
hnh minh ha. Khi cho dng in i i vo cun dy ca nam chm in th np s

Trang 254
chu mt lc ht F. Lc ht in t t vo np
Rle in t c cc c im:
Cng sut iu khin P
k
t vi W n hng nghn W.
Cng sut tc ng P
t
t vi W n hng trm W.
H s iu khin K
k
= (5 - 20).
Thi gian tc ng t
t
= (2 -20)ms.
Mt s loi rle in t:
Rle dng in v in p loi T
Rle trung gian: Nhim v chnh ca rle trung gian l khuch i tn hiu
iu khin, n thng nm v tr trung gian gia cc rle khc. c im
rle trung gian c c cu iu chnh in p tc ng c th tc ng khi
in p tng gim trong khong 15% U
m
.
Rle thi gian in t khi t thng gim th sc in ng e chng s gim
duy tr thi gian khong t = (0,5 - 5)s.
c. Rle in ng
Nguyn l:
Theo nguyn tc, rle in ng c hai cun dy nh hnh 3.17

Hnh 3.17 Rle in ng
Khi c dng qua cun dy 1 l i
1
v cun dy 2 c dng in i
2
. Ti v tr nh
hnh 3.17 ta c cm ng t B
12
= K.i
1
v c lc in t F = K.B
12
.i
2
hay lc
F=K
1
.i
1
.i
2
s sinh ra moment M = K.i
1
i
2
t ln cun dy 2, lm cun dy 2 quay
v ng tip im. Nu hai cun c mc ni tip th i
1
= i
2
= i c M = Ki
2
lc ny

Trang 255
moment c lp vi chiu dng in. Khi mch in xoay chiu vi tn s f th F
thay i, rle s lm vic vi gi tr trung bnh ca lc in t v moment.
H
tb
=
1
1
] H = KI
1
I
2
cos
1
o

Trong :
I
1
, I
2
: tr hiu dng.
: gc lch pha gia hai dng in i
1
, i
2
.
Nu i
1
= i
2
th cos =1 va M
tb
= Ki
2
.
Khi mt trong hai cun dy c i chiu dng in th chiu moment
trung bnh M
tb
cng thay i.
ng dng:
Rle in ng c s dng lm rle cng sut tc dng, phn khng. C
th ch to rle st in ng tng tr s moment M
tb
v s tng nhy ca
rle. Loi rle in ng xoay chiu khng c mch st t tuy M
tb
nh nhng
dng nhiu trong t ng.
d. Rle t in
Nguyn l:
S lm vic ca rle loi ny da trn c s lc in t do t trng ca
nam chm vnh cu tc dng ln mt cun dy khi c dng in chy qua.
Nguyn l chung biu din nh hnh 3.18.

Hnh 3.18 rle t in
T trng nam chm vnh cu vi cm ng t B tc dng ln khung c
dng I to ra moment quay.

Trang 256
Lc in t l: F = KB
12
I.
Moment quay M = KI (t l vi dng in I).
c im:
Rle t in c nhy ln, cng sut tc ng nh (c 10 100W) s
dng nhiu trong t ng ha, cng sut iu khin c 1 n 2W. Rle khng
lm vic mch xoay chiu v mch xoay chiu moment trung bnh M
tb
= 0.
e. Rle cm ng
Nguyn l:
Da trn tc ng tng h gia t trng xoay chiu vi dng in cm
ng trong b phn quay (a, ci) to moment quay. Hai t thng
1
,
2
bin
thin xuyn qua a nhm tng ng, cm ng cc sc in ng e
1
, e
2
sinh ra
cc dng i
1
, i
2
. Cc lc in t l F
12
= B
2
i
1l
v F
21
= B
1
i
2l
, lc in t tng:

=
12
+
21

=
12

21
=
1
s
|
2
1

1
2
]
V dng in v t thng l nhng i lng thay i theo thi gian nn
tm kim loi s chu lc trung bnh:

tb
=
1
1
]
1
s
|
2
1

1
2
] =
m1
m2
sno
1
o

vi l gc lch pha gia
1
v
2
.
Moment quay trung bnh tc dng vo phn ng s l:
M
tb
= km.m
1
. m
2
.sin
Trong thc t s lch pha t thng c th thc hin bng nhiu cch nhng
thng dng vng ngn mch.
Nhn xt:
= 0 th F=0 ngha l hai t thng trng pha nhau a khng quay.

Trang 257
= 90
o
th F = F
max
.
Vy mun a quay th t thng ca hai nam chm phi c v tr khc nhau
trong khng gian v lch pha v thi gian.
f. Rle tnh
S i mi ca k thut rle:
Nhng hn ch ca rle in- c: Cho n khong nhng nm 70 cc thit
b bo v rle ch yu cng ch thc hin vi c cu so snh l in t v c kh,
c cu thi hnh l tip im hp kim. C cu o v so snh c in t c nhng
c im:
Chm: mch in t o mt khong 20ms, c cu so snh n by, l xo, cun
dy nhanh cng c 10ms.
Km chnh xc: vic o in t trc kia thng o qua bin dng (BI) 5A,
100A, o p ca BV c 100V. Nn khng qua lc, khi o ln c thnh phn
tn s cng nghip vi cc thnh phn t do v hi. Nhng thnh phn ny
thng kh ln c th lm sai kt qu o rt nhiu.
C cu o v so snh li thng ch l loi o n bin, mt dng hoc mt
p. Thng kh thc hin c nhng php x l phc tp cn c nh cc
php s hc, gii tch, php tr, php m ,...
Do mun bo v cho mt i tng n gin l mt ng dy phn
phi, cng phi cn dng ti mi phn t rle, km theo mt s ni dy
phc tp chim mt t thit b. Chi ph cao m tin cy thp, tc v cc
chc nng bo v th khim tn.
Rle in t ha: (Rle tnh)
T khong nhng nm 70 n 90 cc rle c- in c ci tin theo hng
in t ha. Ch yu ngi ta tm cch thay cc c cu o, c cu so ngng
bng cc mch in t v vi mch bn dn. Mt s php x l n gin nh cng,
o hm, tch phn, m, tr,... cng thc hin bng mch in t.
Vi mch in t khin thit b bo v tin mt bc kh di, tiu ha

Trang 258
thit b, nng cao thm chnh xc v cht lng cc chc nng rle. Rle tnh
c dng phi hp bo v trong h thng in t nhng nm 1970, u
tin l s dng cc n in t sau n cc transistor silic vi tc tin cy
cao to nn cc cng tn hiu.
Rle k thut analog, cc loi rle ny s dng c lp ring l cc b phn
c mt s chc nng ring tng t rle in c vi cc chc nng thng thng,
c th s dng khi thay th trc tip.
Rle s ha:
Phi n nhng nm 90 khi a k thut vi x l, vi iu khin vo th thit
b rle c thc hin mt s thay i tin ho ton din.
Vi x l, vi iu khin l cng c thc hin rt tt nh lc tn hiu vo, o
nhanh nhiu bin, tnh ton nhanh nhng x l phc tp (s hc, gii tch, tch
phn, ph) v so nhiu ngng ..V vy cc rle s ha c u vic ln:
Tc o, tnh nhanh cc vector bin vo, vi chnh xc tin cy cao.
Do mt s rle c th thc hin cng mt lc tt c nhng chc nng bo
v phc tp khc nhau cho mt i tng t sinh ra mt s c im mi
khc vi hai th h rle truyn thng c.
Rle s c ch to theo hng mt rle thc hin nhiu php o lng,
phn tch tnh ton tt c nhng php so snh, cc chc nng bo v cn cho
mt thit b in lc. l nhng rle a chc nng tng hp thnh b.
Ngi ta phn loi cc rle thnh b theo nhm cc i tng bo v, s
kiu rle c thu gn li trong mt s nhm sau:
Cc kiu rle bo v my pht in.
Cc kiu rle bo v ng dy siu cao p v cao p.
Cc kiu rle bo v bin p.
Cc kiu rle bo v thanh ci.
Cc kiu rle bo v motor in ng b.
Rle thay i theo tn s.

Trang 259
u im trong phi hp bo v h thng: trong rle tnh nht l rle k
thut s, vic s dng cp quang qua m un giao din d liu dn n tc
truyn tn hiu rt nhanh v tin cy tt khng b nh hng ca dng in t.
Rle k thut s:
o c im: cc tn hiu x l bn trong ca rle k thut s dng s (dng nh
phn 0 hoc 1) m n c th thc hin nhiu chc nng tun t. Tn hiu u
vo c chuyn sang tn hiu s iu khin tn hiu ra.
o Chc nng v cu trc tng quan rle s: Mt rle s c nhng nhim v chc
nng sau
Chc nng o lng: l chc nng u tin v quan trng nht nhm o, lc,
tnh ra nhng thng s.
Mch in m rle phi kim tra cc i lng vo u tin ni chung l: Dng
ba pha, dng trung tnh, p ba pha, p th t zero.
Chc nng lp mu, tnh ton kim tra s c, khi ng cc rle ch yu gm
cc vic sau: Lp mu dng, p, tn s, m pha a vo b m mu, lc s
nu cn, tnh ton phn tch cc s liu, tnh cc biu thc c trng s c, cc
thnh phn bo v rle v ghi chp s c
Khi xy ra s c th m un kim tra s khi ng chy chc nng bo v
rle x l ng vi s c nh: chc nng ngt s c, chc nng ng li,
chc nng t kim tra thit b nh: kim tra BV, BI, t, chp, kim tra in p
ng ngt in, khng nht thit l kim tra cc b vi x l c chy tt khng
3.3.4 Contactor
a. Khi nim
Contactor l mt thit b in nhng cng c s dng rt nhiu trong t
ng, n dng ng ngt cc tip im, to lin lc trong mch in bng nt
nhn. Nh vy khi s dng contactor ta c th iu khin mch in t xa c ph

Trang 260
ti vi in p n 500V v dng l 600A (v tr iu khin, trng thi hot ng
ca contactor rt xa v tr cc tip im ng ngt mch in).
Phn loi contactor tu theo cc c im sau:
o Theo nguyn l truyn ng: Ta c contactor kiu in t (truyn in bng lc
ht in t), kiu hi p, kiu thu lc. Thng thng s dng contactor kiu
in t.
o Theo dng dng in: contactor mt chiu v contactor xoay chiu
(contactor 1 pha v 3 pha).
b. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
Cu to: contactor c cu to gm cc thnh phn c cu in t
(nam chm in), h thng dp h quang, h thng tip im (tip im chnh v
ph).

(a) Trng thi nam chm cha ht (b) Trng thi nam chm to lc ht
Hnh 3.19 Trng thi lm vic ca contactor.
Nam chm in: Nam chm in gm c cc thnh phn cun dy dng to
ra lc ht nam chm. Li st (hay mch t) ca nam chm gm hai phn, phn c
nh v phn np di ng. Li thp nam chm c th c dng EE, EI hay dng CI,
l xo phn lc c tc dng y phn np di ng tr v v tr ban u khi
ngng cung cp in vo cun dy.
H thng dp h quang in: Khi contactor chuyn mch, h quang in s
xut hin lm cc tip im b chy, mn dn. V vy cn c h thng dp h
quang gm nhiu vch ngn lm bng kim loi t cnh bn hai tip im tip
3
c
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
a
b
c
9
C
1
C
2
C
3
3
a
c
1
2
4
6
8
b
c
9
C
1
C
2
C
3
5
7
3

Trang 261
xc nhau, nht l cc tip im chnh ca contactor.
H thng tip im ca contactor: H thng tip im lin h vi phn li
t di ng qua b phn lin ng v c. Tu theo kh nng ti dn qua cc tip
im, ta c th chia cc tip im chun contactor thnh hai loi:
Tip im chnh c kh nng cho dng in ln i qua (t 10A n vi
nghn A, th d khong 1600A hay 2250A). Tip im chnh l tip im thng
h v khi cp ngun vo mch t ca contactor th mch t contactor ht cc tip
im ng li.
Tip im ph c kh nng cho dng in i qua cc tip im nh hn 5A.
Tip im ph c hai trng thi: thng ng v thng h.
Tip im thng ng l loi tip im trng thi ng (c lin lc vi
nhau gia hai tip im) khi cun dy nam chm trong contactor trng thi
ngh (khng c cung cp in). Tip im ny h ra khi contactor trng thi
hot ng. Ngc li l tip im thng h.
Nh vy, h thng tip im chnh thng c lp trong mch in ng
lc, cn cc tip im ph s lp trong h thng mch iu khin (dng iu
khin vic cung cp in n cc cun dy nam chm ca cc contactor theo quy
trnh nh trc).
Theo mt s kt cu thng thng ca contactor, cc tip im ph c
th c lin kt c nh v s lng trong mi b contactor, tuy nhin cng
c mt vi nh sn xut ch b tr c nh s tip im chnh trn mi contactor,
cn cc tip im ph c ch to thnh nhng khi ri n l.
Khi cn s dng ta ch ghp thm vo trn contactor, s lng tip im
ph trong trng hp ny c th b tr tu .
Nguyn l hot ng ca Contactor:

Khi cp ngun
ca cun dy qun
ng hnh thnh mch
trng thi hot ng
ng v h thng
chuyn i trng th
trng thi ny. Khi ng
cc tip im tr v
Cc k hiu
contactor v cc lo
dng biu din ch
Cun dy
c. Cc thng s c b
in p nh
mch in tng n

Trang 262
Hnh 3.20 Hot ng ca contactor.
n in bng gi tr in p nh mc ca c
trn phn li t c nh th lc t to ra
ch t kn (lc t ln hn phn lc ca
g. Lc ny nh vo b phn lin ng v
tip im lm cho tip im chnh ng
thi (thng ng s m ra, thng h s
ngng cp ngun cho cun dy th contac
trng thi ban u.
dng biu din cho cun dy (nam
i tip im. C nhiu tiu chun ca cc
ho cun dy v tip im ca contactor.
Tip im thng ng Tip
bn ca contactor
mc: in p nh mc ca contactor U
ng m tip im chnh phi ng ngt, c

contactor vo hai u
ra ht phn li t di
a l xo), contactor
v c gia li t di
g li, tip im ph
ng li) v duy tr
actor trng thi ngh,
am chm in) trong
quc gia khc nhau,

p im thng h
U
m
l in p ca
chnh l in p t

Trang 263
vo hai u cun dy ca nam chm in sao cho mch t ht li.
Cun dy ht c th lm vic bnh thng in p trong gii hn (85
105)% in p nh mc ca cun dy. Thng s ny c ghi trn nhn t
hai u cun dy contactor, c cc cp in p nh mc: 110V, 220V, 440V mt
chiu v 127V, 220V, 380V, 500V xoay chiu.
Dng in nh mc: dng in nh mc ca contactor I
m
l dng in
nh mc i qua tip im chnh trong ch lm vic lu di. Dng in nh
mc ca contactor h p thng dng c cc cp l: 10A, 20A, 25A, 40A, 60A,
75A, 100A, 150A, 250A, 300A, 600A. Nu t trong t in th dng in nh
mc phi ly thp hn 10% v lm mt km, dng in cho php qua contactor
cn phi ly thp hn na trong ch lm vic di hn.
Kh nng ct v kh nng ng: kh nng ct ca contactor in xoay
chiu t bi s n 10 ln dng in nh mc vi ph ti in cm. Kh nng
ng contactor in xoay chiu dng khi ng ng c in cn phi c kh
nng ng t 4 n 7 ln I
m
.
Tui th ca contactor: tui th ca contactor c tnh bng s ln ng
m, sau s ln ng m y th contactor s b hng v khng dng c.
Tn s thao tc: l s ln ng ct contactor trong mt gi. C cc cp
30, 100, 120, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 1500 ln/gi.
Tnh n nh lc in ng: tip im chnh ca contactor cho php mt
dng in ln i qua (khong 10 ln dng in nh mc) m lc in ng
khng lm tch ri tip im th contactor c tnh n nh lc in ng.
Tnh n nh nhit: contactor c tnh n nh nhit ngha l khi c dng
in ngn mch chy qua trong mt khong thi gian cho php, cc tip im
khng b nng chy v hn dnh li.

3.4 ng c in
3.4.1 ng c DC
a. ng c mt pha nam chm vnh cu
Cu to hnh dng
Hnh 3.21 Cu to c
Stator (phn ng y
nam chm vnh cu,
vi ngun in mt chiu, 1 phn quan trng khc ca ng c
phn chnh lu, n c nhi
ca rotor l lin tc. Thng th
chi than tip xc v
c ch c th iu khin thng qua iu khin d
c bng cch o chiu ca d
Nguyn tc hot ng
Pha 1: T trng ca
ng quay ca rotor
i cc sao cho t tr
Pha 1
Hnh 3.

Trang 264
t pha nam chm vnh cu
ng
u to c bn ca ng c DC nam chm v
n ng yn) ca ng c in 1 chiu thng l
nh cu, rotor (phn chuyn ng) c cc cun dy qun v
i ngun in mt chiu, 1 phn quan trng khc ca ng c
u, n c nhim v i chiu dng in trong khi chuyn ng quay
c. Thng thng b phn ny gm c mt b c
xc vi c gp. Cng t trng khng thay i. Tc ng
c th iu khin thng qua iu khin dng rotor. C th
ng cch o chiu ca dng in t vo rotor.
c hot ng
ng ca rotor cng cc vi stator, s y nhau to ra chuyn
rotor. Pha 2: Rotor tip tc quay. Pha 3: B phn chnh in s
i cc sao cho t trng gia stator v rotor cng du, tr li pha 1.
Pha 2 Pha 3
Hnh 3.22 Hot ng ca ng c DC nam chm v
Cun dy Rotor
Nam chm vnh cu

DC nam chm vnh cu
ng l 1 hay nhiu cp
n dy qun v c ni
i ngun in mt chiu, 1 phn quan trng khc ca ng c in 1 chiu l b
n trong khi chuyn ng quay
m c mt b c gp v mt b
ng khng thay i. Tc ng
. C th o chiu ng
y nhau to ra chuyn
p tc quay. Pha 3: B phn chnh in s
u, tr li pha 1.
Pha 3
DC nam chm vnh cu.

Trang 265
Nu trc ca mt ng c in mt chiu c ko bng 1 lc ngoi, ng
c s hot ng nh mt my pht in mt chiu v to ra mt sc in ng
cm ng EMF (Electromotive force). Khi vn hnh bnh thng, rotor khi quay
s pht ra mt in p gi l sc phn in ng CEMF (Counter-EMF) hoc sc
in ng i khng, v n i khng li in p bn ngoi t vo ng c. Sc
in ng ny tng t nh sc in ng pht ra khi ng c c s dng nh
mt my pht in (nh lc ta ni mt in tr ti vo u ra ca ng c v ko
trc ng c bng mt ngu lc bn ngoi). Nh vy in p t trn ng c
bao gm 2 thnh phn: sc phn in ng v in p ging to ra do in tr ni
ca cc cun dy phn ng.
o Dng in chy qua ng c c tnh theo biu thc sau:
I = (V
Ngun
V
Phn in ng
) / R
Phn ng
(3.1)
o Cng sut c m ng c a ra c tnh bng:
P = I * (V
Phn in ng
) (3.2)
C ch sinh lc quay ca ng c
Khi c mt dng in chy qua cun dy qun xung quanh mt li st non,
cnh pha bn cc dng s b tc ng bi mt lc hng ln, trong khi cnh
i din li b tc ng bng mt lc hng xung theo nguyn l bn tay tri
ca Fleming. Cc lc ny gy tc ng quay ln cun dy v lm cho rotor quay.
lm cho rotor quay lin tc v ng chiu, mt b c gp in s lm chuyn
mch dng in sau mi v tr ng vi 1/2 chu k. Ch khi b mt ca cun dy
song song vi cc ng sc t trng. Ngha l lc quay ca ng c bng 0
khi cun dy lch 90
o
so vi phng ban u ca n, khi rotor s quay theo
qun tnh.
Trong cc my in mt chiu ln, ngi ta c nhiu cun dy ni ra nhiu
phin gp khc nhau trn c gp. Nh vy dng in v lc quay c lin tc
v hu nh khng b thay i theo cc v tr khc nhau ca rotor.
b. ng c DC cun dy kch t

Khi nim
ng c in mt chiu l
cc dy qun phn cm v
t. ng c in mt chiu
ln tng tc v hm v
cc truyn ng trong khong iu khin tc rng v
c in mt chiu c
t, tu thy, cc thit b in ha, thit b h
ng c in mt chiu c
tnh c theo cc yu c
l b c gp khin my c cu to phc tp, t tin, km tin cy, chi ph vn
hnh cao.
Cu to
Phn cm l ph
lin tip lun phin B
dng dn t thng.

Trang 266
n mt chiu l loi ng c s dng dng i
n phn cm v phn ng. Vn hnh da trn qu trnh c
t chiu c s dng vi nhng yu cu v moment m my
hm vi t trng nng. My in mt chiu cng d d
n ng trong khong iu khin tc rng v o chiu nhanh. ng
n mt chiu cn c dng trong cc nh my cn , cc cn trc, thit b
y, cc thit b in ha, thit b hn in cht lng cao.

Hnh 3.23 Hnh dng ng c DC.
n mt chiu c u im chnh l d dng i
tnh c theo cc yu cu khc nhau. Nhc im ch yu ca my in mt chiu
c gp khin my c cu to phc tp, t tin, km tin cy, chi ph vn
phn c nh (stator) mang dy qun kch t sao cho cc cc t
n Bc Nam ( k hiu N S). Cc cc t gn tr
dn t thng.

Hnh 3.24 Stator ng c DC
in mt chiu trong
n qu trnh cm ng in
u v moment m my
i t trng nng. My in mt chiu cng d dng p ng
o chiu nhanh. ng
cc cn trc, thit b
ng cao.
DC.
ng iu chnh cc c
m ch yu ca my in mt chiu
c gp khin my c cu to phc tp, t tin, km tin cy, chi ph vn
n kch t sao cho cc cc t
c t gn trn gng t cng


Trang 268
v
B
F
n
N N
S
S

Hnh 3.27 Chiu ca sc in ng v lc ko ca ng c.
Phn loi
Ty thuc vo cch ni cun dy kch thch, ng c mt chiu c th phn
ra thnh bn loi c bn sau:
o ng c mt chiu kch t c lp.
o ng c mt chiu kch t song song.
o ng c mt chiu kch t ni tip.
o ng c mt chiu kch t hn hp.
3.4.2 ng c AC
a. Gii thiu v ng c AC
ng c in khng ng b rotor lng sc cu to n gin nht l loi
rotor lng sc c nhm nn chim mt s lng kh ln trong loi ng c
cng sut nh v trung bnh. Nhc im ca ng c ny l iu chnh tc
kh khn v dng in khi ng ln thng bng 6-7 ln dng in nh mc.
b khuyt cho nhc im ny, ngi ta ch to ng c khng ng b rotor
lng sc nhiu tc v dng rotor rnh su, lng sc kp h dng in khi
ng, ng thi tng moment khi ng ln.
ng c in khng ng b rotor dy qun c th iu chnh c tc
trong mt chng mc nht nh, c th to mt moment khi ng ln m dng
khi ng khng ln lm, nhng ch to kh hn so vi loi rotor lng sc. Do
gi thnh cao hn v bo qun cng kh hn.

Trang 269
ng c in khng ng b c sn xut theo kiu bo v IP23 v kiu
IP44. Nhng ng c in theo cp bo v IP23 dng qut gi hng tm t
hai u rotor ng c in. Trong cc ng c rotor lng sc c nhm th cnh
qut nhm c c trc tip ln vnh ngn mch. Loi ng c in theo cp
bo v IP44 thng nh vo cnh qut t ngoi v my thi gi mt
ngoi v my. Do tn nhit km hn so vi loi IP23 nhng bo dng my
d dng hn.
Hin nay cc nc sn xut ng c in khng ng b theo tiu
chun. Nhng ng c khng ng b cng sut t 0,55-90 KW k hiu l K
theo tiu chun Vit Nam. Theo tiu chun ny, cc ng c in khng ng b
trong thuc dy ch to theo kiu IP44.
Ngoi tiu chun trn cn c tiu chun quy nh dy cng sut ng c
in khng ng b rotor lng sc t 110kW - 1000kW, gm c cng sut sau:
110,160, 200, 250, 320, 400, 500, 630, 800 v 1000 kW.
K hiu ca mt ng c in khng ng b rotor lng sc c ghi theo
k hiu v tn gi ca dy ng c in, k hiu v chiu cao tm trc quay, k
hiu v kch thc lp t dc trc v k hiu v s trc.
b. ng c AC mt pha
Cc thnh phn ca ng c AC
Stator ca ng c AC: Bao gm mch t lm bng cc l thp k thut,
trn mch t c cc cun dy qun cch in vi mch t, bn ngoi l lp v
bo v.

Hnh 3.28 Stator ca ng c.

Trang 270
Rotor ca ng c AC: Gm nhiu l thp k thut bn trong c mc cc
rnh gn cc on dy ng hay nhm to cc vng ngn mch.

Hnh 3.29 Rotor ca ng c.
Khc bit ng c DC v ng c AC
Trong ng c DC, dng DC chy trong cun dy ca rotor, cun dy ny
t trong t trng. T trng s tng tc vi khung dy to ra chuyn ng.
Trong ng c AC, dng AC khng chy trong rotor m chy trong cc cun dy
stator sinh t trng. Hiu ng ca ngun AC ln cc t: so vi ngun in
tc ng ln mch t ta c hai loi lc t y rotor v lc t ko rotor nh hnh
3.30

Hnh 3.30 Hiu ng ca ngun AC ln cc t.

Trang 271
Hot ng ca ng c AC
Khi cp ngun ti nhng ni in p vo bng khng s khng c t trng
vo v t trng ny s tng dn n gi tr cc i khi p vo cc i, do c
tnh ca cun dy qun quanh mch t ch sinh lc t khi t thng trn mch t
phi bin thin do ngun cung cp vo phi l ngun bin thin trnh bo
ho t

Hnh 3.31 Bn trng thi lm vic ca ng c AC.
o Nhc im ca ng c AC s cp:
Hng quay ph thuc vo v tr cc t ca rotor lc khng hot ng, nu
rotor v stator cng cc tnh s y nhau hoc ht nhau nh hnh 3.32.

Hnh 3.32 Gc quay ban u ca rotro.

Trang 272
Trong trng hp rotor v stator cng cc tnh yu cu lc khi ng,
lc ny chiu quay ca ng c ph thuc vo lc khi ng ban u

Hnh 3.33 Trng thi yu cu lc khi ng cho ng c.
o Moment quay ca ng c AC
Moment l lc xon hoc quay gy ra bi i tng c quay. Moment
c tnh bng tch gia lc v bn knh hay chiu di n by. Khi c mt lc
t vo u cui n by s gy ra mt moment trc quay.

Hnh 3.34 Moment quay ca ng c.
H = .
o Cng sut ng c:
ng c c tnh theo sc nga (m lc) k hiu l HP

Hnh 3.35 Cng sut ng c tnh theo HP.

Trang 273
Cng sut c th c tnh bng lc hoc cng nng mt pound ln mt
foot.
1 pound foot = 1.35581794833 N.M
M lc (HP) c James Watt tm ra. ng ta th nhiu con nga lm cng
mt cng ko vt nh c cu hnh 3.35. ng ta tm ra c lc trung bnh ca
mt con nga ko vt trong mt giy:
1HP = 550 foot-pound/ giy = 33.000 food-pounds/pht
HP = (Moment xon x vng trn pht)/5250. (3.3)
1KW= 746 HP
Hay 1HP = 1,341KW
V d: Mt ng c 25HP s bng 746 x 25 HP = 18,65KW
Khi ng ng c AC mt pha
ng c AC s dng ngun mt pha khi cp ngun s c mt vi trng
hp ng c khng khi ng c v khi v tr cc t ca rotor v stator
khng c lc t. Do ta cn phi to ra mt cun dy v t to ra lch
pha so ngun 90
o
khi s khng c v tr no trong mt chu k ca sng vo m
khng c lc t, v ng c c coi nh c ngun cp vo l 2 pha lch nhau
90
o

Hnh 3.36 S cu to ca ng c AC hai cp cc.

Trang 274
Gc pha gia 2 tn hiu l 90
o
: do khng c v tr no trong mt chu k
m ng c khng c lc t, nu pha 1 c in vo bng 0 th pha 2 cc i.

Hnh 3.37 Gc pha gia 2 tn hiu l 90 .
Gii thch nguyn tc hot ng ca ng c AC 1 pha, 2 cc t. Cc v tr
to t trng quay ng c tng ng ngun cung cp nh hnh 3.37, mi chu k
dch chuyn ca lc t l 45
o

Hnh 3.38 Hot ng ca ng c AC 2 cp cc.
ng c AC khi ng bng cun lch pha 90
o
cn c gi l cun ,
cun dy cn li gi l cun chy. S lch pha ny l nh c t lm tr pha gia
2 cun dy. C ba cch cp in c cun dy
o Cp ngun trc tip: phng php dng t ngm, phng php ny cun dy
tham gia khi khi ng v ng c hot ng.
o Cp ngun qua tip im ly tm: phng php dng t , phng php ny
cun dy ch tham gia khi khi ng ng c.
o Phng php s dng 2 t: kt hp hai phng php trn 1 t v mt t
ngm

Trang 275

Hnh 3.39 Cc kiu khi ng ng c AC mt pha.
ng c AC mt pha khi ng bng t ngm thng dng trong my git,
bm nc, my ht bi Vic to ra s lch pha gia cun khi ng t v
cun chnh (giai on u, chy nh 2 pha, 2 cp cc), sau khi chy n 70% tc
nh mc, kha ngn mch cun to lch pha chy vi cun chnh (chy 1
pha, 1 cp cc)

Hnh 3.40 S khi ng bng cun lch pha.
ng c AC s dng t dng trong t lnh, my nn kh, iu ha nhit
, T to ra s lch pha gia cun khi ng v cun chnh (khong 30
o
)
Sau khi chy n 70% tc nh mc, kha ngt cun khi ng khi mch.

Trang 276

Hnh 3.41 S khi ng bng cun t .
Tnh ton moment cho ng c AC
Moment sinh ra bi ng c
T = K
T
I
run
I
start
sin() (3.4)
Trong :
T: moment c sinh ra bi ng c AC
K
T
: h s t l
I
run
: dng trong cun chnh
I
start
: dng trong cun khi ng
: gc lch pha gia dng trong cun chnh v dng trong cun khi
ng.
Tnh tc ng b cho ng c AC
(3.5)
o V d: tnh tc ng b ca ng c AC ba pha c 6 cp cc ngun cung
cp 110V, tn s 60Hz.
Tc ng b=(60*120)*3/6=3600 (rpm)
ng c AC bt ng b
Tn s ngun AC*(120)
S cp cc/S pha
Tc ng b =
[rpm (vng/ pht)]

Trang 277
Tng t nh ng c AC ng b. C rotor lng sc, khng phi l mt
nam chm vnh cu, t trng quay bn ngoi i qua khung dy rotor Khung
dy xut hin dng in cm ng trong rotor T trng ca dng in cm
ng chng li t trng quay bn ngoi

Hnh 3.42 Cu to ng c AC khng ng b.
Hin tng trt trong ng c AC bt ng b: C mt s sai lch gia
tc t trng quay v vn tc ca trc ng c (v nu quay cng tc th
khng c ng sc no c th i qua khung dy rotor v gy ra hin tng cm
ng in t). Hay ta c th ni s sai lch gia tc ng b v tc ca rotor
gi l hin tng trt trong ng c khng ng b. Tc trt ph thuc vo
ti cn thit cung cp moment cho ng c.
Tng ti Tc ng c gim xung Trt nhiu hn. Gim ti
gim trt

Hnh 3.43 Hin tng trt ca ng c AC khng ng b.
o Tnh tc trt:
(3.6)
N
S
- N
R
N
S
%Tc trt =
x 100


Trang 278
N
S
: tc ng b ca ng c.
N
R
: tc khi ng c hot ng y ti.
o V d: ng c 2 cp cc t, tn s 60 Hz, hot ng khi y ti l 1765
rpm. Tnh tc trt?
Gii:
Tc ng b ca ng c l (60*120)/(4/2) = 1800 rpm.
Tc trt: (1800-1765)/(1800)*100% = 1.9%
c. ng c khng ng b ba pha
Cu to
ng c khng ng b 3 pha c ph bin trong hu ht cc h thng
my cng nghip ngy nay vi cng sut c th t n 500 KW (tng ng
670 HP).

Hnh 3.44 ng c khng ng b 3 pha
Gm 2 phn: phn tnh v phn ng.
Phn tnh (stator): gm v my, li st, dy qun.

Hnh 3.45 Sattor ng c khng ng b 3 pha

Trang 279
o V my: C tc dng c nh li st v dy qun, khng dng lm mch
dn t. V my thng lm bng gang, i vi my c cng sut ln (1000
KW) th v my thng dng thp tm ghp li.
o Li st: L phn dn t. V t trng qua li st l t trng quay nn
gim tn hao th li st c ch to t nhng l thp k thut in ghp li
vi nhau v cn chng c dng Fu-c trong mch t.
o Dy qun: Dy qun t vo cc rnh ca li st v cch in vi li st.
Dy qun ca Stator gm 3 cun dy t lch nhau 120
o
.
Phn ng (Rotor): Trc rotor, li st, dy qun rotor

Hnh 3.46 T trng trn ng c khng ng b 3 pha
o Trc: Lm bng thp, dng li st rotor.
o Li st: Gm cc l thp k thut in ging nh phn stator. Li st c
p trc tip ln trc. Bn ngoi li st c mc rnh t dy qun..
o Dy qun rotor: kiu dy qun v kiu lng sc
Kiu dy qun: loi ny ging vi dy qun stator. Dy qun 3 pha ca
rotor thng u hnh sao.
Kiu lng sc: khc dy qun stator, mi rnh ca li st c bng mt
thanh dn bng ng hoc nhm v c ni tt hai u bng 2 vng
ngn mch ng hoc nhm.
Nguyn l hot ng
T trng quay trn rotor: T tng to ra quay rotor cng ging nh
trong ng c khng ng b mt pha, dng in trn sator s sinh ra t trng

Trang 280
trn stator v cng nh hng n t trng to ra trn rotor, t trng trn stator
xuyn qua cc khung dy ngn mch trn rotor.

Hnh 3.47 T trng quay ng c khng ng b 3 pha
V tr ca t trng trn rotor s dch chuyn theo s thay i cc t (Nam:
S hay Bc: N) gia stator v rotor c nh th lm rotor quay

Hnh 3.48 Cc v tr to t trng quay ng c khng ng b 3 pha
T trng to ra trn stator: Mi pha c 2 cc. (2p=2), ngun cung cp
tng ng ba pha ln tng cun dy ca ng c t lch nhau 120
o
, nn t
trng trn stator v rotor ti mt thi im chc chn s c mt v tr khng
trng t trng nh trong ng c mt pha nn ta khng cn cun dy khi ng
khi ng cho ng c ba pha. Khi cp ngun t trng to ra theo cc i t
cc v dch chuyn lch nhau theo ba pha ca ngun cung cp vo.

Trang 281

Hnh 3.49 T trng trn stator ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha
Cp ngun: khi cp ngun AC cc cun dy s to ra t trng theo tng
thi im tng ng ti 0
o
, 60
o
, 120
o

Hnh 3.50 T trng to ra theo ngun cung cp
Khi chiu ca dng in chy qua cc cun dy thay i s to ra cc cc t
tng ng. Nh vy trong mt chu k sng vo (0 n 360
o
) t trng quay to
ra 6 v tr tng ng vi t trng hnh thnh v n s lm quay rotor.

Trang 282

Hnh 3.51 T trng quay ca ng c AC khng ng b.
Khi u dy qun ba pha vo li in ba pha, trong dy qun s c cc
dng in chy, h thng dng in ny to ra t trng quay, quay vi tc :
p
f
n
1
1
* 60 = (3.7)

Trong :
f
1
: tn s ngun in
p: s i cc t ca dy qun
Phn quay, nm trn trc quay bao gm li thp rotor. Dy qun rotor bao
gm mt s thanh dn t trong cc rnh ca mch t, hai u c ni bng hai
vnh ngn mch.
T trng quay ca stator cm ng trong dy rotor sc in ng E, v dy
qun stator kn mch nn trong c dng in chy. S tc dng tng h gia
cc thanh dn mang dng in vi t trng ca my to ra cc lc in t F
t
tc

Trang 283
dng ln thanh dn c chiu xc nh theo quy tc bn tay tri.
Tp hp cc lc tc dng ln thanh dn theo phng tip tuyn vi b mt
rotor to ra moment quay rotor. Nh vy, ta thy in nng ly t li in
c bin thnh c nng trn trc ng c. Ni cch khc, ng c khng ng
b l mt thit b in t, c kh nng bin in nng ly t li in thnh c
nng a ra trn trc ca n. Chiu quay ca rotor l chiu quay ca t trng, v
vy ph thuc vo th t pha ca in p li t trn dy qun stator. Tc
ca rotor n
2
l tc lm vic v lun lun nh hn tc t trng, ch trong
trng hp mi xy ra cm ng sc in ng trong dy qun rotor. Hiu s
tc quay ca t trng v rotor c c trng bng mt i lng gi l h
s trt s:
1
2 1
n
n n
s

= (3.8)
Khi s=0 ngha l n
1
=n
2
, tc rotor bng tc t trng, ch ny gi l
ch khng ti l tng (khng c bt c sc cn no ln trc). ch khng
ti thc, s0 v c mt t sc cn gi, ma st do bi
Khi h s trt s=1, lc rotor ng yn (n
2
=0), moment trn trc bng
moment m my. H s trt ng vi ti nh mc gi l h s trt nh mc.
Tng ng vi h s trt ny ta gi tc ng c l tc nh mc.
Tc ng c khng ng b bng:
) 1 ( *
1 2
s n n = (3.9)
Mt c im quan trng ca ng c khng ng b l dy qun stator
khng c ni trc tip vi li in, sc in ng v dng in trong rotor c
c l do cm ng, chnh v vy ngi ta cng gi ng c ny l ng c cm
ng. Tn s dng in trong rotor rt nh, n ph thuc vo tc trt ca rotor
so vi t trng:
1
1
2 1 1 2 1
2
*
* 60
) ( * *
60
* f s
n
n n n p n n
p f =
= (3.10)
ng c khng ng b c th lm vic ch my pht in nu ta dng

Trang 284
mt ng c khc quay n vi tc cao hn tc ng b, trong khi cc u
ra ca n c ni vi li in. N cng c th lm vic c lp nu trn u ra
ca n c kch bng cc t in. ng c khng ng b c th cu to thnh
ng c mt pha. ng c mt pha khng th t m my c, v vy khi
ng ng c mt pha cn c cc phn t khi ng nh t in, in tr
Cc phng php iu khin
So vi ng c DC, vic iu khin ng c xoay chiu tng i phc tp
v cc thng s ca ng c xoay chiu l cc thng s bin i theo thi gian.
Cc phng php iu khin ph bin:
o iu khin in p stator.
o iu khin in tr rotor.
o iu khin tn s.
o iu khin cng sut trt rotor.
c tnh k thut ca ng c
Nhn mc ca ng c: l bin ghi thng tin, l lch ca ng c, nh sn
xut. Cc i lng chnh cn ch
o Cng sut thng c ghi theo sc nga. (HP)
o Dng hay in p, tn s ca ngun cung cp. (A, V hay Hz)
o Tc quay ca ng c, hay s cp cc. (Vng/pht)
o Loi ng c ba pha hay mt pha.
o Nhit lm vic (
o
C)
o Kiu, i ca ng c.

Trang 285

Hnh 3.52 Nhn mc ng c AC khng ng b.
Tiu chun thit k: hu ht cc ng c c thit k ph thuc vo s
thay i ca ti, cc nh sn xut a ra bn tiu chun thit k tng ng bn
kiu A, B, C v D. Kiu B l thng dng nht cn kiu A, C v D c s dng
trong cc ng dng c bit. Khi chn la cc motor cho cc ng dng phi m
bo moment ln khi ng t tc v chy ng vi tc khi c ti
o V d: Motor c 30HP c tc quay 1765RPM, Tnh moment xon.
5250
TxRPM
HP = (3.11)
2 , 89
1765
5250 30 5250
= = =
x
RPM
HPx
T LP-Ft
3.4.3 ng c bc
a. Gii thiu ng c bc
ng c bc c th c m t nh l mt ng c in khng dng b
chuyn mch. C th, cc b phn trong ng c bc gm stator v rotor c
lm bng nam chm vnh cu hoc trong trng hp ca ng c bin t tr, n
l nhng khi rng lm bng vt liu nh c t tnh. Tt c cc mch o phi
c iu khin bn ngoi bi b iu khin. c bit cc ng c v b iu
khin c thit k ng c c th gi nguyn bt k v tr c nh no cng
nh l quay n bt k v tr no. Hu ht cc ng c bc c th chuyn ng
tn s m thanh, cho php chng quay kh nhanh v vi mt b iu khin
thch hp, chng c th khi ng v dng li d dng cc v tr bt k.

Trang 286
Trong mt vi ng dng, cn la chn gia ng c servo v ng c bc.
C hai loi ng c ny u nh nhau v c th xc nh c v tr chnh xc,
nhng chng cng khc nhau mt s im. ng c Servo i hi tn hiu hi
tip analog. c bit, iu ny i hi mt b chuyn i cung cp tn hiu
hi tip v v tr ca rotor, v mt s mch phc tp iu khin s sai lch
gia v tr mong mun v v tr tc thi v lc dng qua ng c s dao ng
tt dn.
la chn gia ng c bc v ng c servo, phi xem xt mt s vn
, n ph thuc vo cc ng dng thc t. V d, kh nng tr v mt v tr
vt qua ph thuc vo hnh dng rotor ng c bc. Trong khi , kh nng
lp li v tr ca ng c servo ni chung ph thuc vo n nh ca b tc c
v cc linh kin analog khc trong mch hi tip.
ng c bc c th c dng trong h thng iu khin vng h n
gin, nhng h thng ny m bo cho h thng iu khin gia tc vi ti trng
tnh, nhng khi ti trng thay i hoc iu khin gia tc ln, ngi ta vn
dng h iu khin vng kn vi ng c bc. Nu mt ng c bc trong h
thng iu khin vng h qu ti, tt c cc gi tr v v tr ca ng c u b
mt v h thng phi nhn din li nhng ng c servo khng xy ra vn
ny.
Nguyn tc hot ng
ng c bc c chia lm hai loi, nam chm vnh cu v bin t tr
(cng c loi ng c hn hp, nhng n khng khc bit g vi ng c nam
chm vnh cu). Nu mt i nhn trn ng c, ta vn c th phn bit hai loi
ng c ny bng cm gic m khng cn cp in cho chng. ng c nam
chm vnh cu ging nh c cc nc khi ta dng tay xoay nh rotor ca chng,
trong khi ng c bin t tr th xoay t do (mc d cm thy chng cng c
nhng nc nh bi s gim t tnh trong rotor). Ta cng c th phn bit hai loi
ng c ny bng ohm k. ng c bin t tr thng c 3 u, vi mt dy v
chung. Trong khi , ng c nam chm vnh cu thng c hai u phn bit,

Trang 287
c hoc khng c im gia. im gia c dng trong ng c nam chm
vnh cu n cc.
ng c bc phong ph v gc quay. Cc ng c km nht quay 90
o
mi
bc, trong khi cc ng c nam chm vnh cu x l cao thng quay 1.8
o

n 0.72
o
mi bc. Vi mt b iu khin, hu ht cc loi ng c nam chm
vnh cu v hn hp u c th chy ch na bc v mt vi b iu khin
c th iu khin cc phn bc nh hn hay cn gi l vi bc.
ng c bin t tr
i vi c ng c nam chm vnh cu hoc ng c bin t tr, nu ch
mt u ca ng c c kch, rotor ( khng ti) s nhy n mt gc c nh
v sau gi nguyn gc cho n khi moment xon vt qua gi tr
moment xon gi (hold torque) ca ng c.

Hnh 3.53 ng c bc loi bin t tr.
Nu motor c 3 cun dy, c ni nh trong s hnh 3.53, vi mt u
ni chung cho tt c cc cun, th n chc hn l mt ng c bin t tr. Khi s
dng, dy ni chung (C) thng c ni vo cc dng ca ngun v cc cun
c kch theo th t lin tc.
Du thp trong hnh 3.53 l rotor ca ng c bin t tr quay 30
o
mi
bc. Rotor trong ng c ny c 4 rng v stator c 6 cc, mi cun qun
quanh hai cc i din. Khi cun 1 c kch in, rng X ca rotor b ht vo
cc 1. Nu dng qua cun 1 b ngt v ng dng qua cun 2, rotor s quay 30
o

theo chiu kim ng h v rng Y s ht vo cc 2.

Trang 288

Hnh 3.54 ng c bc c ba pha ra 5 dy.
o Cu to: ng c c ba pha (loi pha l). Rotor khng s dng nam chm
vnh cu, khng i hi rotor phi t ha nn c hnh dng phong ph hn.
Hnh 3.54 stator gm 12 cc t, mi mch t gm 4 cun dy, rotor ch c
8 rng, cc rng rotor s khng bao gi thng hng vi rng stator.
o Hot ng: Gc bc trong ng c l s khc bit v gc gia rotor v
stotor, khi 1cp in th rng A thng hng, khi 2 cp in th rng B gn
nht

Hnh 3.55 Bc quay ca ng c 3 pha.
Hnh 3.55 th gc cc t l 30
o
v gc gia cc cc rotor l 45
o
. V vy gc
bc l: 45
o
-30
o
= 15
o
.
Vi cch thit k nh vy nn ng c loi ny c gc bc rt nh c th
nh hn 1 . y l u im ca n v cho chnh xc cao hn.
ng c bc n cc
ng c bc n cc, c nam chm vnh cu v ng c hn hp vi 5, 6
hoc 8 dy ra thng c qun nh s hnh 3.56, vi mt u ni trung tm
trn cc cun. Khi dng, cc u ni trung tm thng c ni vo cc dng

Trang 289
ngun cp, v hai u cn li ca mi u ln lt ni t o chiu t trng
to bi cun .

Hnh 3.56 ng c bc n cc.
S khc nhau gia hai loi ng c nam chm vnh cu n cc v ng c
hn hp n cc khng th ni r trong ni dung ca ti liu ny. T y, khi
kho st ng c n cc, chng ta ch kho st ng c nam chm vnh cu,
vic iu khin ng c hn hp n cc hon ton tng t.
u 1 nm cc trn v di ca stator, cn u 2 nm hai cc bn phi
v bn tri ng c. Rotor l mt nam chm vnh cu vi 6 cc, 3 Nam v 3 Bc,
xp xen k trn vng trn.
x l gc bc mc cao hn, rotor phi c nhiu cc i xng hn.
ng c 30
o
mi bc trong hnh l mt trong nhng thit k ng c nam chm
vnh cu thng dng nht, mc d ng c c bc 15
o
v 7.5
o
l kh ln. Ngi
ta cng to ra c ng c nam chm vnh cu vi mi bc l 1.8
o
v vi
ng c hn hp mi bc nh nht c th t c l 3.6
o
n 1.8
o
, cn tt hn
na c th t n 0.72
o
.
ng c bc lng cc
ng c nam chm vnh cu hoc hn hp hai cc c cu trc c kh ging
nh ng c n cc, nhng hai u ca ng c c ni n gin hn, khng
c u trung tm. V vy, bn thn ng c n gin hn, nhng mch iu
khin o cc mi cp cc trong ng c th phc tp hn.

Trang 290

Hnh 3.57 ng c bc hai cc.
Mch iu khin cho ng c i hi mt mch iu khin cu H cho mi
u; iu ny s c trnh by chi tit trong phn cc mch iu khin.
Tm li, cu H cho php cc ca ngun p n mi u ca u c iu
khin mt cch c lp.
ng c nhiu pha
Mt b phn cc ng c khng c ph bin nh nhng loi trn l
ng c nam chm vnh cu m cc cun dy c qun ni tip thnh mt vng
kn nh hnh 3.58.

Hnh 3.58 ng c bc nhiu cc.
Thit k ph bin nht i vi loi ny s dng dy ni 3 pha v 5 pha. B
iu khin cn cu H cho mi mt u ra ca ng c, nhng nhng ng c
ny c th cung cp moment xon ln hn so vi cc loi ng c bc khc
cng kch thc. Mt vi ng c 5 pha c th x l cp cao c c bc
0.72
o
(500 bc mi vng). Vi mt ng c 5 pha nh trn s quay 10 bc
mi vng bc
y, ging nh trong trng hp ng c hai cc, mi u c ni vo
cc dng hoc cc m ca h thng cp in ng c. Ch rng, ti mi
bc, ch c mt u thay i cc. S thay i ny lm ngt in mt u ni

Trang 291
vo u (bi v c hai u ca u c cng in cc) v p in vo mt u
ang trong trng thi ngh trc . Hnh dng ca ng c c m t nh hnh
3.58, dy iu khin s iu khin ng c quay 2 vng.
phn bit ng c 5 pha vi cc loi ng c c 5 dy dn chnh, cn
nh rng, nu in tr gia 2 u lin tip ca mt ng c 5 pha l R, th in
tr gia hai u khng lin tip s l 1.5R. V cng cn ghi nhn rng mt vi
ng c 5 pha c 5 u chia, vi 10 u dy dn chnh. Nhng dy ny c th ni
thnh hnh sao nh hnh minh ho trn, s dng mch iu khin gm 5 na cu
H, ni cch khc mi u c th c iu khin bi mt vng cu H y ca
n. trnh vic tnh ton l thuyt vi cc linh kin in t, c th dng chip
mch cu tch hp y tnh ton gn ng.
ng c bc lai

Hnh 3.59 ng c bc lai.
ng c bc lai l loi kt hp gia ng c bc t thng thay i v
loi nam chm vnh cu. Rotor cho ng c bc lai c nhiu rng, ging nh
loi t thng thay i, cha li t ha trn ng tm xoay quanh trc ca n.
Rng ca rotor to ng dn gip nh hng cho t thng u tin vo trong l
khng kh. ng c bc lai c iu khin ging nh ng c bc n cc
v lng cc.
b. c tnh c ca ng c bc v cc phng php iu khin

Trang 292
iu khin v tr theo vng h: Mt li th rt ln ca ng c bc l ta c
th iu chnh v tr quay ca rotor theo mun m khng cn n phn hi v tr
nh cc ng c khc, khng phi dng n encoder hay my pht tc.
c lp vi ti: Vi cc loi ng c khc, c tnh ca ti rt nh hng
ti cht lng iu khin. Vi ng c bc, tc quay ca rotor khng ph
thuc vo ti (khi vn nm trong vng moment c th ko c). Khi moment ti
qu ln gy ra hin tng trt, do khng th kim sot c gc quay.
Nhn bit :
o Khi mt nhn mc, khi quay trc ng c bc c rotor l nam chm vnh
cu ta s thy vng theo chu k rng ca. Trong khi , nu l ng c t
tr s thy trn.
o Cng c th phn bit bng ng h vn nng. ng c t tr thng c 3-
4 cun dy c u chung GND trong khi ng c nam chm vnh cu th
khng.
ng c bc vi rotor l nam chm vnh cu
c tnh: Moment ph thuc vo gc bc. Khi rotor cng gn cc t stator
th lc ht mnh dn nhng moment yu i

Hnh 3.60 Moment quay ng c bc.
ng c vnh cu hai pha lng cc. Ch gm hai cun dy nhng c 4 cc
t.

Trang 293

Hnh 3.61 B dy qun ng c bc.
Cc phng php iu khin
ng c bc loi no i na cng c ba cch iu khin:
Wave drive: Loi ny iu khin theo tng cc ring
Full drive: Loi iu khin ton bc
Half step drive: iu khin na bc
o Ch Wave drive: Kch tng cc ring, loi ny moment thp. Chu k
xung kch l 4 xung

Hnh 3.62 S dy ra ng c bc lng cc.
Trnh t cp in:
Quay thun: A D B C
Quay nghch: A C B D

Trang 294
Xung kch
Th t kch cho cc ng c
A D B C
1 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 0
3 0 0 1 0
4 0 0 0 1
ng c i chiu
1 1 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 1
3 0 0 1 0
4 0 1 0 0
o Ch full drive: Cp in mt pha (nhiu cc) nn moment rt ln, chu k
xung kch l 4 xung

Hnh 3.63 S dy ra ng c bc lng cc.
Trnh t cp in:
o Quay thun AD DB BC CA
o Quay nghch AC CB BD DA
Xung kch
A D B C
1 1 1 0 0

Trang 295
2 0 1 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 1 0 0 1
ng c i chiu
1 1 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 1
3 0 1 1 0
4 1 1 0 0
o Ch half step drive: l cch kt hp 2 phng php trn, cch ny ng c
hot ng na bc nn ng c quay m hn hai cch trn v sai bc t, chu
k xung kch l 8 xung

Hnh 3.64 iu khin ng c bc theo kiu na bc.
Xung kch
A D B C
1 1 1 0 0
2 0 1 0 0
3 0 1 1 0
4 0 0 1 0
5 0 0 1 1

Trang 296
6 0 0 0 1
7 1 0 0 1
8 1 0 0 0
i chiu quay
1 1 0 0 1
2 0 0 0 1
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 0 1 0
5 0 1 1 0
6 0 1 0 0
7 1 1 0 0
8 1 0 0 0

Trnh t cp in:
o Quay thun: AAD D DB B BC C CA
o Quay nghch: AAC C CB B BD D DA
ng c buc n cc bn pha

Hnh 3.65 ng c bc 4 pha ra 5 dy dng 1.
i vi ng c bc bn pha hay loi ng c pha chn u nh nhau v
ta c th u ni li thnh ng c c s pha chn, nhng nh hn s pha ban
u ty theo s pha ca n. Ta c th u li thnh ng c hai pha 4 hoc 5 dy
ra nh hnh 3.66

Trang 297

Hnh 3.66 ng c bc 4 pha ra 5 dy dng hai .
Mch cng sut iu khin ng c bc
o ng c bc kiu t tr:

Hnh 3.67 iu khin ng c bc bin t tr.
Vn bo v kha iu khin: Do cun dy ng c c tnh cht cm nn
khng th ng ct dng qua cun dy ngay lp tc. Khi ng, dng trong cun
dy tng t t, tr so vi p. Khi m kho, dng ny c th gy ln mt in p
ln nh thng tip im ca kho.

Hnh 3.68 Mch bo v iu khin ng c bc.
o ng c bc n cc
ng c bc n cc c th cp ngun vo dy chung hay ni mass ty

theo xung iu khin m hay d
Hnh 3.
gim bt hin t
song cun dy ca ng c
Hnh 3.
o ng c bc l
Cch mc dng
cng sut UL N2003.
Hnh 3.71
u nhc im
o ng c bc iu khin
vnh cu v nam chm khng
o Khng c momen
o Gc bc nh v

Trang 298
u khin m hay dng.

Hnh 3.69 Ni dy cho ng c bc n cc.
gim bt hin tng chuyn mch t ngt ngi ta th
n dy ca ng c trnh hin tng p mch.

Hnh 3.70 Dng xung ra trn cun ng c bc .
c lng cc:
ng cu H nh hnh 3.71 dng cho ng c
t UL N2003.

71 Cu H iu khin cng sut cho ng c
c iu khin n cc c t moment hn so v
nam chm khng c t ha.
c moment hm khi mt ngun.
c nh v moment hm gim nn d b thiu bc.
c.
i ta thng mc t song
c .
ng c lng cc v IC

u H iu khin cng sut cho ng c.
hn so vi loi nam chm
c.

Trang 299
o Nn dng cc b iu khin vng kn khi iu khin ng c loi ny.
o Rotor bng st t, mi rng rotor s ht cc t stator nhng khng bng nh
lc ht loi nam chm vnh cu.
o ng c t tr bin thin c moment nh hn.
o Chng thng c loi 3 hoc 4 pha.
3.4.4 ng c servo
a. Gii thiu v ng c servo
o ng c DC v ng c bc vn l nhng h hi tip vng h, ta cp in
ng c quay nhng chng quay bao nhiu th khng bit, k c i vi ng c
bc l ng c quay mt gc xc nh ty vo s xung nhn c. Vic thit
lp mt h thng iu khin xc nh nhng g ngn cn chuyn ng quay
ca ng c hoc lm ng c khng quay cng khng d dng.

Hnh 3.72 ng c servo.
o ng c servo c nhiu kiu dng v kch thc, c s dng trong nhiu my
khc nhau, t my tin iu khin bng my tnh cho n cc m hnh my bay
v xe hi.
o ng dng mi nht ca ng c servo l trong cc robot, cng loi vi cc ng
c dng trong m hnh my bay v xe hi. Cc ng c servo iu khin bng
lin lc v tuyn c gi l ng c servo R/C (radio-controlled). Trong thc t,
bn thn ng c servo khng phi c iu khin bng v tuyn, n ch ni vi
my thu v tuyn trn my bay hay xe hi. ng c servo nhn tn hiu t my
thu ny. Nh vy c ngha l ta khng cn phi iu khin robot bng tn hiu v

Trang 300
tuyn bng cch s dng mt ng c servo, tr khi ta mun th. Ta c th iu
khin ng c servo bng my tnh, mt b vi x l hay thm ch mt mch in
t n gin dng IC 555.
b. Nguyn l hot ng
ng c servo c thit k cho nhng h thng hi tip vng kn. Tn hiu
ra ca ng c c ni vi mt mch iu khin. Khi ng c quay, vn tc v
v tr s c hi tip v mch iu khin ny. Nu c bt k l do no ngn cn
chuyn ng quay ca ng c, c cu hi tip s nhn thy tn hiu ra cha t
c v tr mong mun. Mch iu khin tip tc chnh sai lch cho ng c t
c im chnh xc
c. Cc loi v kch thc servo c bit
Ngoi servo kch thc chun dng trong robot v m hnh iu khin v
tuyn cn c cc loi servo R/C khc:
o Servo c t l hoc ln hn: kch thc gp khong 2 ln servo chun, cng
sut ln hn r, c dng trong cc m hnh my bay ln nhng cng c th
lm ng c cng sut tt cho robot.
o Servo nh: kch thc nh hn khong 2 ln so vi servo chun, khng mnh
bng servo chun, dng nhng khng gian hp trong m hnh my bay hay
xe hi.
o Servo ti bum: mnh nht, dng iu khin cc dy thng ca bum nh
v bum chnh trong m hnh thuyn bum.
o Servo thu b phn h cnh: dng thu b phn h cnh trong m hnh my
bay va v ln. Thit k b phn h cnh thng i hi servo phi m bo
gc quay t nht l 170
o
. Cc servo ny thng nh hn kch thc chun v
khng gian gii hn trong m hnh my bay.
d. Mch iu khin ng c servo
Mch iu khin ng c servo dng IC 555:

Trang 301

Hnh 3.73 Mch iu khin ng c servo bng IC 555.

Hnh 3.74 Mch iu khin ba ng c khc nhau.

Trang 302
3.5 Thit b kh nn
H thng iu khin kh nn c chc nng:
Bin i nng lng kh sang nng lng dng c.
L phn t a tn hiu v x l tn hiu ra.
Cc c cu iu khin v iu chnh lm nhin v khc nhau.
Ty thuc vo nhin v ca h thng m cc c cu ny chia ra lm ba loi:
c cu chnh p, c cu chnh lu lng v c cu chnh hng.
3.5.1 Ngun cung cp kh nn
Ngun cung cp kh nn l mt thit b dng cung cp kh nn cho cc
c cu iu khin lm vic. Ngun cung cp kh nn bao gm: Ngun kh nn, b
lc kh, van iu p, b bi trn. Hnh 3.75

Hnh 3.75 Ngun cp kh nn.
3.5.2 C cu iu khin bng kh nn
C cu iu khin l loi c cu dng iu khin ng, m hay ni lin
hoc ngn cc ng dn v nhng b phn tng ng ca h thng kh nn. C
cu chnh hng thng dng cc loi sau:
a. Van an ton
Van an ton c nhim v gi p sut ln nht m h thng c th ti. Khi p
sut ln hn p sut cho php ca h thng th dng p sut lu cht s thng lc
l xo v lu cht s theo ca T ra ngoi khng kh nu l kh nn, cn l du th
s chy v li thng cha du hnh 3.76

Trang 303

Hnh 3.76 Cu to v k hin van an ton.
b. Van chnh gim p
Trong mt h thng iu khin kh nn, mt bm to nng lng phi cung
cp nng lng cho nhiu c cu chp hnh c p sut khc nhau. Trong trng
hp ny ta phi cho bm lm vic vi p sut ln nht v dng van gim p t
trc c cu chp hnh gim p sut n mt tr s cn thit. Hnh 3.77

Hnh 3.77 Cu to v k hin van chnh p.
c. R le p sut
R le p sut thng dng trong h thng kh nn ca cc my t ng v
bn t ng. Phn t ny c dng nh l mt c cu phng qu ti, tc l c
nhim v ng hoc m cc cng tc in, khi p sut trong h thng vt qu
gii hn nht nh v do lm ngng hot ng ca h thng. V c im
nn phm vi s dng ca r le p sut c dng rt rng ri, nht l trong phm
vi iu khin. Nguyn l hot ng, cu to v k hiu ca r le p sut m t
hnh 3.78. Trong h thng iu khin in - kh nn, r le p sut c th coi l
phn t chuyn i tn hiu kh nn in.

Trang 305
Van o chiu c rt nhiu dng khc nhau, nhng da vo c im chung
l s ca, s v tr v s tn hiu tc ng phn bit chng vi nhau:
o S v tr: l s ch nh v con trt ca van. Thng thng van o chiu c
hai hoc ba v tr; nhng trng hp c bit th c th nhiu hn. Thng k
hiu: bng cc ch ci o, a, b, hoc cc con s 0,1, 2, Hnh 3.81
o S ca (ng): l s l dn kh hoc du vo hay ra. S ca ca van o
chiu thng dng l 2, 3, 4, 5. i khi c th nhiu hn. Thng k hiu: Ca
ni vi ngun: P
Ca ni lm vic: A, B, C
Ca x lu cht: R, S, T
o S tn hiu: l tn hiu kch thch con trt chuyn t v tr ny sang v tr khc.
C th l 1 hoc 2. Thng dng cc k hiu: X, Y,

Hnh 3.81 K hiu van o chiu.
f. Mt s van o chiu thng dng
Van c tc ng bng c l xo ln nng van v k hiu l xo nm ngay v
tr bn phi ca k hiu van ta gi l v tr khng. Tc ng tn hiu ln pha
i din nng van ( vung pha bn tri k hiu van) c th l tn hiu bng c,
kh nn. Khi cha c tn hiu tc ng ln pha bn tri nng van th lc ny tt
c cc ca ni ca van ang v tr vung nm bn phi, trng hp c gi tr
i vi van o chiu hai v tr. i vi van o chiu 3 v tr th v tr khng
d nhin l nm vung gia.
o Van o 2/2:

Trang 306
Hnh 3.82 l van c 2 ca ni P v A, 2 v tr 0 v 1. V tr 0 ca P v ca A
b chn. Nu c tn hiu tc ng vo th v tr 0 s chuyn sang v tr 1, nh vy
ca P v ca A ni thng vi nhau. Nu tn hiu khng cn tc ng na, th van
s chuyn t v tr 1 v v tr 0 ban u, v tr 0 bng lc nn l xo.

Hnh 3.82 Cu to v k hiu van o chiu 2/2.
o Van o 3/2:
Hnh 3.83 c 3 ca v 2 v tr. Ca P ni vi ngun nng lng, ca A ni
vi bung xilanh c cu chp hnh, ca T ca x. Khi con trt di chuyn sang
tri ca P thng vi ca A. khi con trt di chuyn sang phi th ca A thng vi
ca T x du v thng hoc l x kh ra mi trng. Van ny thng dng lm
r le kh nn.

o Van o 4/2:
Hnh 3.84 l van c 4 ca v 2 v tr. Ca P ni vi ngun nng lng, ca
A v ca B lp vo bung tri v bung phi ca xilanh c cu chp hnh, ca T
lp ca thi kh ra mi trng xung quanh.

Trang 307

Khi con trt ca van di chuyn qua phi ca P thng vi ca A nng
lng vo xilanh c cu chp hnh, nng lng bung ra xilanh qua ca B ni
thng vi ca T ra ngoi. Ngc li khi con trt ca van di chuyn qua tri, ca
P thng vi ca B v ca A thng vi ca x T. Hnh 3.84
Hnh 3.85 m t van 4/2 tc ng mc nh l lc y l xo v tn hiu tc
ng pha cn li l cun solenoid in v c c nt nhn ph.

Hnh 3.85 Cu to v k hiu van o chiu 4/2, 1 cun solenoid.
o Van o 5/2:
Hnh 3.86 l van c 5 ca 2 v tr. Ca P l cung cp ngun nng lng, ca
A lp vi bung bn tri xilanh c cu chp hnh, ca B lp vi bung bn phi
ca xi lanh c cu chp hnh, ca T v ca R l ca x nng lng. Khi con trt
van di chuyn qua phi, ca P thng vi ca A, ca B thng vi ca T. Khi con
trt ca van di chuyn qua tri, ca P thng vi ca B, ca A thng vi ca R.

1. Pt tng
2. L xo
3. V van
4. Cun solenoid
5. Li

Trang 308
o Van o chiu 4/3:
Van 4/3 l van c 4 ca 3 v tr. Ca A, B lp vo bung lm vic ca xilanh c
cu chp hnh, ca P ni vi ngun nng lng, ca T x ra mi trng i vi kh.
Hnh 3.87 m t van 4/3 c v tr trung gian nm gia do s cn bng lc cn
l xo hai v tr tri v v tr phi ca van. S di chuyn v tr con trt (pttng) sang
tri hoc sang phi bng tn hiu tc ng bng in vo hai cun solenoid hoc c th
l nt nhn ph hai u. v tr trung gian nng lng vo ca P b chn li, ca A
v ca B b ng nn xilanh c cu chp hnh khng di chuyn. Khi tc ng tn hiu
in vo solenoid phi, pttng (1) di chuyn sang tri, ca P thng vi ca A, ca B
thng vi ca T. Ngc li tc ng tn hiu in vo solenoid tri, pttng (1) di
chuyn sang phi, ca P thng vi ca B, ca A thng vi ca T.

Hnh 3.87 Cu to v k hiu van o chiu 4/3 tc ng in 2 u.
Hnh 3.88 m t van 4/3 c v tr trung gian an ton. V tr trung gian ca P b
ng, ca lm vic A, B thng vi ca T.

Hnh 3.88 Cu to v k hiu van o chiu 4/3 v tr trung gian 2 u.
3.5.3 C cu chp hnh dng kh nn
Thng c cu chp hnh ca h thng kh nn rt a dng, tuy nhin y
ta ch kho st cc loi xi lanh l loi thng dng trong iu khin.
5. Soilenoi phi
6. Soilenoi tri
7. Li phi
8. Li tri
1. Pt tng
2. V van
3. L xo phi
4. L xo tri

Trang 309
o Xi lanh c nhim v bin i nng lng th nng hay ng nng ca lu cht
thnh nng lng c hc chuyn ng thng hoc chuyn ng quay (gc quay
< 360
o
).
o Thng thng xi lanh c lp c nh, pt tng chuyn ng. Mt s trng hp
c th pt tng c nh, xi lanh chuyn ng.
o Pt tng bt u chuyn ng khi lc tc ng mt trong hai pha ca n (lc p
sut, l xo hoc c kh) ln hn tng cc lc cn c hng ngc li chiu
chuyn ng (lc ma st, ph ti, l xo, thy ng, lc ).
o Xi lanh c chia lm hai loi: xi lanh lc v xi lanh quay. Trong xi lanh lc,
chuyn ng tng i gia pt tng vi xi lanh l chuyn ng tnh tin. Trong
xi lanh quay chuyn ng gia pt tng vi xi lanh l chuyn ng quay. Gc
quay thng nh hn 360
o
.

Hnh 3.89 a) Xi lanh c hng dn trc. b) Hnh ct khng gian bn trong xi lanh.

Hnh 3.90 Xi lanh quay kh.
a. Xi lanh tc dng n
p lc tc ng vo xi lanh n ch mt pha, pha ngc li l do l xo
tc ng hoc l ngoi lc tc ng hnh 3.91

Trang 310

Hnh 3.91 Cu to v k hiu xi lanh tc dng n.
b. Xi lanh mng
Xi lanh mng hot ng nh xi lanh tc dng n hnh 3.92. Xi lanh mng
c hnh trnh dch chuyn ln nht (h
max

= 80) nn c dng trong iu khin,
v d trong cng nghip t (iu khin thng, li hp), trong cng nghip ha
cht (ng m van).
Ch : xi lanh mng ch c s dng trong iu khin kh nn.

Hnh 3.92 Cu to v k hiu xi lanh mng.
c. Xi lanh tc dng kp
p lc tc ng vo xi lanh theo hai pha nh hnh 3.93

Hnh 3.93 Cu to xi lanh tc dng kp.
7. Np xi lanh
8,13. Ca lu cht
9. Thn xi lanh
10. Bung trc
11. Bung pt tng
12. xi lanh
1. Pt tng
2. m kn pt tng
3. Trc pt tng
4. Dn hng trc
5. m kn trc
6. Vng chn bi
1. Ca vo lu cht
2. Thn xi lanh
3. Vng chn du
4. Pt tng
5. L xo

Trang 311
d. Xi lanh quay
Xi lanh quay c kh nng to moment quay rt ln. Gc quay ph thuc
vo s cnh gt ca trc. i vi xi lanh c mt cnh gt, gc quay c th t
270
o
280
o
hnh 3.94

Hnh 3.94 Cu to xi lanh quay.
e. Xi lanh lng
Xi lanh lng l mt loi xi lanh lc gm nhiu xi lanh v pt tng lng ng
tm vi nhau. Khong chy ca xi lanh lng l bng tng khong chy ca cc
pt tng. Xi lanh c s dng trong cc trng hp cn khong chy ln nhng
khng gian khng cho php lp t mt xi lanh di. Hnh 3.95 s kt cu xi
lanh lng hai xi lanh. Khoang trong ca cn 2 pt tng ln, 5 l xi lanh ca pt
tng 4. Cn 1 ca pt tng 4 ni vi ph ti. Khi cp cht kh c p sut vo
khoang phi e xi lanh 3, cht kh s ng thi i qua l 6 vo khoang c ca xi
lanh b 2. Do tc ng ca cht kh c p sut, c hai pt tng 4 v 5 s chuyn
ng sang tri.

Hnh 3.95 Cu to xi lanh lng.

Trang 312
f. Xi lanh c gim chn
giai on cui khong chy, khi pt tng chm ln b mt u ca xi lanh
c th gy ra va p nu vn tc dch chuyn ca pt tng ln, c bit i vi
nhng pt tng xi lanh c khi lng ln. trnh hin tng ny, cui hnh
trnh pt tng mt s xi lanh c lp t thm phn t gim chn cui hnh
trnh. Hnh 3.96

Hnh 3.96 Cu to xi lanh gim chn.
g. Xi lanh c v tr pit tng trung gian
Hnh 3.97 s kt cu xi lanh c v tr trung gian ca pt tng. Xi lanh c
hai pt tng, pt tng th nht c ng knh D
1
ni vi cn 4, cn pt tng th
hai c ng knh D
2
trt t do trong xi lanh 1 v trn cn 5.

Hnh 3.97 Cu to xi lanh c v tr pit tng trung gian.
Khi cp cht lng vo khoang a; giai on u ca chuyn ng, din tch
lm vic ca pt tng l F
2
; sau khi pt tng 2 dch chuyn n c ca xi lanh,
din tch lm vic ch cn l f
2
. Khi cp cht lng vo khoang b, din tch lm
vic l F
1
.
4
2
2
2
D
F

= ;
4
2
2
2
d
f

= ;
( )
4
2
1
2
1
1
d D
F

=

(3.12)

4.1 Gii thiu
Trong mt h thng iu khin b iu khin l
quyt nh n kt qu ca qu tr
mch in t n gin (d
trnh tch hp sn (Logo!, PLC) cc b iu khin n
c th kt ni vi my tnh ha
gim st. Hnh 4.1 cho ta m
Hnh 4.1 M hnh h
4.1.1 Phng php i
a. iu khin vng h: (h khng phn hi)
Nhng h thn
c tc ng ln tn
cch khc, trong h
khng c phn h
thng iu khin h
nh nhng nc, gi
Chng 4: B

Trang 313
B IU KHIN
t h thng iu khin b iu khin l thnh phn rt quan trng, n
t nh n kt qu ca qu trnh iu khin. Cc b iu khin c th l
n (dng linh kin in t, IC s, vi iu khin) n cc b lp
p sn (Logo!, PLC) cc b iu khin ny cng thng
kt ni vi my tnh hay mn hnh HMI giao tip trong vic iu khin v
gim st. Hnh 4.1 cho ta mt h thng iu khin sn phm vi b iu khin PLC.
1 M hnh h thng iu khin bng ti dng PLC.
iu khin
: (h khng phn hi)
ng iu khin m tn hiu ra khng c
hiu iu khin th c gi l h iu
thng iu khin h th tn hiu ra k
i so snh vi tn hiu vo. Mt v d
l chic my git. Trong chic my git,
it v gi bn chy theo thi gian. My gi
Chng 4: B iu khin
Chng 4
IU KHIN
n rt quan trng, n
n. Cc b iu khin c th l nhng
n in t, IC s, vi iu khin) n cc b lp
ng c thit k
giao tip trong vic iu khin v
t h thng iu khin sn phm vi b iu khin PLC.

ng PLC.
c phn hi v khng
u khin h. Ni mt
khng c o hoc
trong thc t v h
t, nhng hot ng
it khng o tn hiu
Chng 4: B iu khin

Trang 314
ra, l sch ca qun o.
Trong h thng iu khin h, tn hiu ra khng c so snh vi tn hiu
vo tham chiu. V th mi tn hiu vo tham chiu s tng ng vi mt iu
kin hot ng c nh, kt qu l chnh xc ca h thng ph thuc vo s
xc nh trc. Khi c nhiu lon th h thng iu khin h s khng thc hin
c cng vic theo mun. Trong thc t h thng iu khin h ch c s
dng khi bit mi quan h gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra v khi khng c
nhiu lon bn trong ln bn ngoi. Hin nhin rng nhng h thng iu khin
nh vy khng th gi l h thng iu khin phn hi. Cn lu rng bt k
mt h thng iu khin no hot ng trn c s thi gian u c gi l h
thng h. V d iu khin n tn hiu giao thng da trn c s thi gian l
mt v d khc v h thng iu khin h.
Chng ta hy xt mt v d rt c bn v h thng h n gin iu khin
tc dng mt ng c mt chiu kch hot ring bit. Tc ca trc ng c
c iu khin bng cc iu chnh bng tay. V vy, theo l thuyt chng ta
thy s c mt tc nht nh cho i vi mt v tr ca thanh trt, m
c xc nh trc bng s vng quay (rpm) tng ng ca trc. Hnh 4.2
biu din s khi n gin ca h thng h ny.

Hnh 4.2 S khi h thng iu khin motor.

Hnh 4.3 H thng iu khin tc ng c.
Chng 4: B iu khin

Trang 315
chnh xc m chng ta duy tr mt tc mong mun nh s km i
khi c nhng nh hng ca nhng yu t sau:
in p ngun cung cp thay i.
in tr ca bin tr thay i, cun dy trng, cun dy amature, v
nhng bin i ny s gy nn s thay i nhit do t nng ln hoc
do s thay i ca nhit mi trng xung quanh.
Bin i c tnh ti.
t tr trong ng c s lm cho gi tr vn tc cn duy tr ph thuc vo
nhng bin i vn tc t trong qu kh.
Ni chung th nhng c tnh ca mt h iu khin h c tm tt nh sau:
o u im:
Kh n gin v d vn hnh, gi r, tin cy c, d bo qun v duy tr.
n nh c hu
o Nhc im
Kh chm chp phn ng i vi nhng thay i theo lnh.
Khng chnh xc, thiu im xut pht ca gi tr thc khc so vi gi tr
mong mun.
b. iu khin vng kn (h khp kn- phn hi)
Mt h thng duy tr s so snh gia tn hiu ra v tn hiu vo v dng s
khc bit (sai s) gia hai tn hiu lm phng tin iu khin th c gi l
h thng iu khin phn hi. Mt v d v h thng iu khin kn l h thng
iu khin nhit trong phng.
Trong h thng vng kn nhit thc trong phng c duy tr v so snh
vi nhit nh (nhit mong mun), b iu khin nhit s t ng bt
my si hoc my lnh duy tr nhit khng i m khng ph thuc vo
iu kin bn ngoi.
Chng 4: B iu khin

Trang 316
H thng iu khin phn hi khng gii hn trong cng ngh, m cn c
trong nhiu ngnh ngh v lnh vc khc nhau. V d, c th con ngi l mt v
d v h thng iu khin kn. Trong c th nhit v huyt p c duy tr
khng i bng phn hi sinh l hc. Thc t th s phn hi l mt chc nng
sng: s phn hi lm cho c th nhy cm vi nhiu lon bn ngoi v vy lm
cho c th c kh nng thc hin nhim v chnh xc vi mi trng thay i.

Hnh 4.4 S h thng iu khin ng c.
H thng iu khin phn hi thng c gi l h thng iu khin kn.
Trong thc t, cc thut ng iu khin phn hi v iu khin kn c th dng
thay th cho nhau. Trong mt h thng kn, tn hiu sai s kch hot l sai lch
gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu phn hi (thc cht chnh l tn hiu ra hoc mt
hm s ca tn hiu ra v o hm hoc tch phn ca tn hiu ra), c phn hi
li cho b iu khin lm gim sai s v lm cho tn hiu ra ca h thng gi
nguyn gi tr mong mun.

Thut ng iu
khin phn hi nh
motor c duy tr
dng thit b o l
nhng thao tc iu
k s sai lch no c
S sp xp n
mt cng vic thc
khin ph thuc ln
iu hnh vin.
H thng ny
i. Nhn chung, c
o u im
Phn ng kh nhanh v
Kh chnh xc
Chng 4: B

Trang 317
Hnh 4.5 Lu iu khin ng c.
u khin kn thng din t ngha s d
m lm gim sai s h thng. chnh
s tng ln ng k bng cch kim tra
ng thch hp (v d tc k) cn c ng
u chnh thch hp cho vic t bin tr n
a gi tr vn tc o c so vi gi tr m
y biu din hnh thc c bn ca iu khi
hin iu chnh sai s ca h thng lm
n vo s kho tay cng nh tp trung
c t ng ha, v vy cht lng iu
c tnh ca mt h thng iu khin kn nh
kh nhanh vi nhng thay i theo mnh lnh.
c lm ph hp gi tr thc vi gi tr mong
Chng 4: B iu khin

.
dng hnh ng iu
nh xc m tc ca
tc trc ng c
i duy tr hot ng
nhm hiu chnh bt
mong mun.
khin kn c thao tc
cho cht lng iu
ng u c ca ngi
u khin khng thay
h sau:
.
g mun.
Chng 4: B iu khin

Trang 319

Hnh 4.6 Mch ng lc ca xilanh p sn phm nha.
Trong s mch hnh 4.6 m t qu trnh ca xilanh y khun p sn
phm nha vi 3 cp tc khc nhau v
1
v
3
(v
1
> v
2
> v
3
) tng ng vi 3 tr s
p sut khc nhau l p
1
p
3
(p
1
> p
2
> p
3
). Nh vy p ng cc yu cu v
thay i tc , p sut, th mch ny ta phi s dng n 14 phn t thy lc.
Nu s dng n cc phn t van tuyn tnh th s phn t s dng n rt
t. Hnh 4.7 ch dng mt van tuyn tnh 4/3 th iu chnh v cp c tc
ca xilanh p v dng mt van p sut tuyn tnh iu chnh p sut v cp.
Tng cng cc phn t s dng l 4.

Hnh 4.7 S mch lp van tuyn tnh.

Tm li: i vi nhng h thng kh nn
p sut v tc ca cc c
s dng n cc van servo tuyn tnh. Ngo
khin tch hp cao nh
iu khin tr n
4.2.2 H thng iu khin bng tip im
S dng van kh nn lo
hiu iu khin ca 2 cm bin mc thp v
4.3 B iu khin dng
Hin nay hu ht cc b vi x l
theo tng ng dng c th
cc b iu khin: b m v
thnh mt trong nhng thit b t ng rt ph bin.
Hnh
Chng 4: B

Trang 320
i vi nhng h thng kh nn thy lc khi yu cu n s thay i v
c ca cc c cu chp hnh chnh xc v v c
dng n cc van servo tuyn tnh. Ngoi ra vi vic kt hp cc b iu
n tch hp cao nh: B iu khin PID, b lp trnh
u khin tr nn n gin, tnh n nh v linh hot cao.
ng iu khin bng tip im
kh nn loi 3/2 iu khin ng m cho bn n
u iu khin ca 2 cm bin mc thp v cao trong bn. Hnh 4.8

Hnh 4.8 H thng ng m nc.
ng vi x l
n nay hu ht cc b vi x l c tch hp thnh nh
ng dng c th vi nhiu hng sn xut, v d nh
iu khin: b m v t thi gian, b iu khin nhit m
t trong nhng thit b t ng rt ph bin. Hnh 4.9
Hnh 4.9 S khi b iu khin dng vi x l.
Chng 4: B iu khin
u n s thay i v
nh chnh xc v v cp ngi ta s
i vic kt hp cc b iu
nh PLC th h thng
t cao.
u khin ng m cho bn nc theo 2 tn
Hnh 4.8

nh nhng b iu khin
n xut, v d nh hng Omron c
t thi gian, b iu khin nhit m n tr
Hnh 4.9

l.
Chng 4: B iu khin

Trang 321
4.3.1 iu khin ng c my git
H thng iu khin ng c my git s dng cng ngh inverter nh hnh
4.10. Mch nghch lu thc hin phng php iu khin khng gian vector
cp in ba pha cho ng c my git, ngun vo c chnh lu t in li
qua mch bin i DC ly ngun nui cung cp cho cc mch iu khin. Ngoi
ra mch cn giao tip c qua cng RS232

Hnh 4.10 H thng iu khin ng c my git.
4.3.2 iu khin nh lng dng my tnh
S khi ca h thng nh lng dng ht nh hnh 4.11. S c
chia lm cc khi chnh:
o Ng vo l mt b cn in t dng load cell ly tn hiu ti trng qua mch
phn tch v hin th ln mn hnh.
o u cn c kt ni vi b iu khin PLC hay vi iu khin giao tip qua
my tnh v my in bng cng COM.
o Mch cn c b phn hi tip nhn tn hiu iu khin t ng ra quay v
ng vo cn ti trng
Chng 4: B iu khin

Trang 322

Hnh 4.11 S nh lng sn phm dng ht.
4.4 B iu khin dng PLC - My tnh
4.4.1 Gii thiu cc b logic kh trnh
Cc b iu khin theo phng php logic c th lp trnh theo cc hm c
sn trong b iu khin nh hin nay th rt a dng, ty theo quy m ca ng
dng m ta c cc b iu khin khc nhau:
o i vi ng dng trung bnh v nh ta c th dng b iu khin lp trnh
LOGO! Hay ZEN Micro PLC.
o i vi cc ng dng ln ta s dng b lp trnh PLC v cc b PLC c
phn m rng.
4.4.2 M hnh iu khin bng PLC
o Gii thiu v kt ni PLC
Chng 4: B iu khin

Trang 323

Hnh 4.12 PLC iu khin trong iu khin.

Hnh 4.13 Cu trc b PLC.
o Cc b iu khin dng PLC:
ng dng dng Micro PLC:

Hnh 4.14 LOGO! iu khin ng c.
Chng 4: B iu khin

Trang 324

Hnh 4.15 LOGO! iu khin mc nc trong bn.
ng dng dng PLC:

Hnh 4.16 PLC iu khin ng c giao tip my tnh.

Hnh 4.17 PLC iu khin nhiu ng c dng mn hnh HMI.

4.4.3 iu khin giao tip vi my tnh
o H thng iu khin
Hnh 4.
o H thng iu khin nhit l
Hnh 4.19 min
trong l in
thit b lin tc (analogue
(transducer hoc tra
0-5V). Tn hiu nhi
thng qua b i t
Hnh 4.
Trong my tnh
nhit c lp
Chng 4: B

Trang 325
u khin giao tip vi my tnh
thng iu khin giao tip my tnh c trnh by nh s
Hnh 4.18 S khi b iu khin giao tip my tnh.
thng iu khin nhit l bng my tnh:
nh ho s h thng iu khin nhit
c o bng nhit k in (thermocoupl
alogue device). Nhit c thng qua b
ansmitter) thnh dng tn hiu chun (c th
t lin tc c chuyn thnh tn hiu
ng t s (A/D) c a vo my tnh.
Hnh 4.19 H thng iu khin nhit l bng my tnh
tnh, mt chng trnh iu khin chy s tnh
p trnh (programmed input) vi tn hiu nh
Chng 4: B iu khin
y nh s hnh 4.18

khi b iu khin giao tip my tnh.
ca l in. Nhit
le hoc RTD), mt
b chuyn tn hiu
th l 4-20mA, hoc
s (digital signal)

ng my tnh
tnh ton sai s gia
nhit thc t. Nu
Chng 4: B iu khin

Trang 326
c sai s, chng trnh iu khin s pht tn hiu iu khin thng qua b i
s tng t (D/A), ri tn hiu qua b khuch i (amplifier), tn hiu iu khin
ny thng qua r le iu khin my sy (heater) nhit nh.
4.5 iu khin dng bin tn
iu khin ng c khng ng b ba pha dng bin tn l mt phng
php thng dng nht hin nay, v cc ng c AC rt kh iu khin vi dng
sng phi sin do cc sng hi bc cao to ra nht l ng c ba pha.

Hnh 4.20 Bn tn iu khin ng c AC.
a. Vai tr ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha trong h thng sn xut
o Chuyn in nng thnh ng nng.
o S dng trong cc h thng truyn ng in.
o Chn kiu u dy cho ng c: Chn kiu u dy, lp t dy cp ngun
Ni Y, : 3 pha 3 dy

Hnh 4.21 u dy cp ngun cho ng c.
o Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha dng bin tn:
Khi cp ngun 3 pha vo 3 cun dy Stator: Ni Y hay ni th ng c s
L1
L2

L3

N

CB

M3

chy vi tc gn b
Hnh
b. Chc nng ca b bi
Bin tn dng
h thng truyn ng
Dng iu
i tc ng c khng
3 pha, khi ng m
ti, kt ti, nng cao ch
tit kim nng ln
Dng khi
trng hp ng c mang t
trc tip. Trong tr
s t 0 n tn s
ng mm hay dng m
Chng 4: B

Trang 327
n bng 60*f/p.
Hnh 4.22 Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c ba pha.
bin tn
iu khin tc ng c khng ng b 3 pha
ng in.
khin tc ng c khng ng b 3 pha
khng ng b 3 pha, n nh tc ng c
ng mm v dng mm ng c, hn dng kh
ng cao cht lng sn phm, gim h thng c (h
ng.
ng mm v dng mm ng c: Khi kh
ng c mang ti nng dng khi ng s rt l
p. Trong trng hp ny bin tn c nhim v tng ho
nh mc s cp cho ng c tng tc t
ng mm ng c.

Hnh 4.23 Dng sng khi ng ng c
Chng 4: B iu khin

ba pha.
ng b 3 pha trong cc
3 pha: iu khin thay
ng c khng ng b
n dng khi ng, bo v qu
ng c (hp s, rulo,),
Khi khi ng i vi
n nu ta cp ngun
tng hoc gim dn tn
c t t ta gi l khi

ng sng khi ng ng c.

Hnh 4.24 Kh
iu khin n
hp n nh tc
khi thay ti
c. Cu trc ca b bi
B bin tn bao gm cc ph
Mch ng l
Mch iu khi
Mch giao ti
V, u ni dy
Chng 4: B

Trang 328
Hnh 4.24 Khi ng mm, dng mm ng c.
n nh tc ng c khng ng b 3
ng c, bin tn c chc nng hi ti
n tn
m cc phn sau:
c
u khin
p, hin th, iu khin, ci t
dy, tn nhit,
Hnh 4.25 Cu trc b bin tn.
Khi ng
mm
Dng ng
mm
Chng 4: B iu khin

.
pha: Trong trng
p n nh tc

Chng 4: B iu khin

Trang 329
d. Nguyn l hot ng ca b bin tn
thay i c tn s bin tn s dng k thut bin i nghch lu 3 pha
(dng SCR, BJT, MosFET, IGBT) hnh 4.26, k thut ny s dng cc phng
php bin i khc nhau bin i b iu khin sng ra. B nghch lu ny
bao gm 2 giai on chnh lu v nghch lu

Hnh 4.26 B nghch lu trong b bin tn.
Thay i tn s v bin in p ng ra ca bin tn. Thng bin tn s
dng ch iu khin V/f v b nghch lu ng ra c iu khin theo
phng php iu ch xung sin (SPWM) sng ra c dng hnh sin nh hnh
4.27

Hnh 4.27 Thay i tn s trong bin tn iu khin ng c.
Ngoi ra bin tn c th o chiu quay ng c m khng cn o pha,

trn thc t bn thn bi
bin tn m ta khng c
Hnh 4.
Bin tn c h
tnh nng n nh t
a v b iu khi
e. Tnh ton thng s
ci t cc ch
dng v mi loi bi
tuy nhin nhn chung ta c
Ta tnh ton cc thng s
sut, tc .
Chng 4: B

Trang 330
n thn bin tn c th thay i pha bin trong b
n m ta khng cn thay i bn ngoi.
Hnh 4.28 Chc nng o chiu khng cn o pha.
i tip tc : n nh tc khi thay
c ng c nh cc b hi tip nh bi
n x l.
Hnh 4.29 Bin tn c hi tip tc .
ci t
cc ch hot ng cho bin tn ta cn
bin tn c mt s chc nng khc v cch ci
tuy nhin nhn chung ta cn quan tm:
Ta tnh ton cc thng s ci t: in p, dng in,
Chng 4: B iu khin
i pha bin trong b iu khin ca

c nng o chiu khng cn o pha.
khi thay i ti bin tn c
n dng hay encoder

n c hng dn s
c nng khc v cch ci t cng khc
, cos , tn s, cng
Chng 4: B iu khin

Trang 331
Tnh cc thng s khc ca ng c nh: gii hn tn s, gii hn dng in,
gii hn in p, thi gian tng, thi gian gim tc, ch c hi tip tc ,
tc cn iu khin, iu khin theo cp tc , iu khin thay i tc
lin tc, iu khin gim st t xa
Ni mng iu khin: Bin tn c ni qua mng iu khin thng qua
mng cng nghip nh hnh 4.30

Hnh 4.30 Bin tn ni mng iu khin.
Cp ngun cho b bin tn: Khi cp ngun cho bin tn ta cng cn quan tm
khi s dng ngun mt pha hay ba pha cho bin tn, tu loi bin tn m ta
c th ta kt ni khc nhau

Hnh 4.31 Cp ngun cho bin tn.
Chng 4: B iu khin

Trang 332
f. Phn loi bin tn v lp t bin tn
o Phn loi bin tn
iu khin vng kn
Ni mng iu khin t xa
Ch bo v
Mc gy nhiu
chnh xc v n nh ca tc
Tc p ng
o V tr, khong cch lp t
Cch ly v in
Chng m
Chy n

Hnh 4.32 Kim tra vic v tr khong cch lp bin tn.
o Ci t ti u ch iu khin
Thng s ng c
Chng 4: B iu khin

Trang 333
Ch iu khin
Thng s iu khin

Hnh 4.33 Ci t thng s cho bin tn.
o Lp ti, khi ng v vn hnh c ti
Kim tra p ng tc h thng
Kim tra tn s, dng in, kim tra kt ni
Kim tra qu nhit, qut lm mt, trc, rung ng
Kim tra tc h thng
Kim tra qu dng in

Hnh 4.34 Vn hnh h thng.
Kim tra qu nhit, qut lm mt, trc, rung ng,
Chng 4: B iu khin

Trang 334

Hnh 4.35 Kim tra ton b h thng.
o Phng nga v sa cha cc h hng thng gp
Ci t sai lch thng s
ng c qu ti, qu dng, qu p
ng c khng khi ng c
ng c qu nhit
o Gim st tnh trng, pht hin sm s c, bo v khi xy ra h hng.

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T

= : gi l nhy ca cm bin. (2.4)

= : T tr ca khe h khng kh.

l vector cm ng t ti 1 im bt k trn din tch y.

vi din tch ang xt,

: Khi lng ring ca lu cht.

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