Giáo trình Mạch điện tử

I HC CNG NGHIP TP.
HCM
KHOA CNG NGH IN T
----------------------------
BI GING
M CH IN
BIN SON: Ng Ngc Th
LU HNH NI B
2008
Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN
Ng Ngc Th
1.1 Mch in & kt cu ca mch in

Dng ti tiu th
I1
Dng & p
do ngun cp
3
c
I2
I3
b
Ngun
MP
U1
R U2
Ti
1
B
2
p ti tiu th
* 3 thnh phn c bn ca mch in l:

Ngun Ti H thng ng dn
*4 thnh phn kt cu ca mch in:
- Nhnh (v d cc nhnh 1, 2, 3)
- Nt (v d cc nt A, B)
- Vng (v d cc vng a, b, c)
- Mt (v d cc mt a, b)
1.2 Cc phn t c bn ca mch in

i
R (
)
uR
L (H)
uL
C (F)
uC
1.2.1 in tr
in p trn in tr: uR = R.i (V)
Ch : Bn cnh khi nim in tr R, ngi ta cn
a ra khi nim in dn G = 1/R, tnh bng
SIEMEN (S).
1.2.2 in cm
in p trn in cm: uL = L.di (V)
dt
1.2.3 in dung
1 t
in p trn in dung: uC = idt (V)
C to
(vi uC(to) = 0)
1
Ng Ngc Th
1.2.4 Ngun in
1.2.4.1 Ngun c lp
i=j=const
i
e
u=e=const
Ngun p c lp
Ngun dng c lp
1.2.4.2 Ngun ph thuc

i1
i1
u1
ku1
ki1 u1
ki1
ku1
Ngun p ph Ngun p ph Ngun dng
thuc p
thuc dng
Ngun dng
ph thuc p ph thuc dng
1.3 nh lut OHM

1.3.1 nh lut OHM /v mt on mch
- an mch thun TR
uR = R.i (V) i = uR/R (A)
R (
)
uR
- an mch thun CM
di
1 t
u L = L (V ) i = u L dt ( A)
dt
L to
L (H)
(vi i(to) = 0
- an mch thun DUNG
du C
1
i
=
C
(A)
u C = idt (V)
dt
C to
t
(vi uC (to) = 0)
2
uL
C (F)
uC
Ro
1.3.2 nh lut OHM /v ton mch

R
i d
Ro
ut
u
e
i=
u
e
Ng Ngc Th
Rt
Rd
e
e
=
R Ro + Rd + Rt
u = e i.Ro
ut = i.Rt
e e'
e e'
i=
=
R o
R Ro + Rd + Ro '
e
u' = e'+i.Ro '
1.4. nh lut KIRCHHOFF

1.4.1 nh lut KIRCHHOFF 1 (nh lut nt)
i (n mt nt) = i (ri nt )
V d ti nt A: i1 + i2 + i4 = i3 + i5
i1
i2
Hay: i1 + i2 i3 + i4 i5 = 0
i5
Vy, nh lut K1, c pht biu
theo cch th hai nh sau:
A
i3
i s i (ti mt nt) = 0,
trong , dng no hng n nt
i4
mang du (+), dng no ri khi
nt mang du (-)
Ng Ngc Th
1.4.2 nh lut KIRCHHOFF 2 (nh lut vng)

isu (trong mt vng kn)
= ise (trong vng kn ),
trong , sc in ng v in p no cng chiu
vi chiu ca vng th mang du (+), ngc vi
chiu ca vng th mang du (-)
V d trong vng ABCA:
A i1
e1
uR + uL - uC = e1 - e2 - e3
e3
uC
Hay:
di 2 1 t
i3
i 3dt
C
dt C t o
= e1 e 2 e3
vi uC (to) = 0
R.i1 + L
uR
C
e2
R
L
u L i2
1.5 Cc php bin i tng ng

1.5.1 Php bin i ni tip
R1 R2 Rk Rn
RT
RT=R1+R2++RK++Rn
,
1.5.2 Php bin i song song
R1 R2 Rk Rn
RT
1 , vi G = G + G + ...+ G + ...+ G
T
1
2
k
n
GT
1
1
1
1
trong : G1 = , G 2 = ,..., G k =
,..., G n =
R1
R2
Rk
Rn
RT =
Ng Ngc Th
Trng hp c bit:
R1
I1
R T =
R2
R1.R 2
I
=
I
(
)
; 1
R1 + R 2
R1 + R 2
(Cng thc chia dng)

v: I 2 = I I1
I2 R2
1.5.3 Php bin i Y-

v -Y
A
A
RA
RC
C
RCA
RB
RAB
B
C
RBC
Php bin i Y
Bit RA,RB,RC, tm RAB,RBC,RCA
RAB=RA +RB +
RB.RC
R .R
RA.RB
; RBC=RB +RC + R ; RCA=RC +RA + CR A
RC
A
B
THB:
Nu RA= RB = RC = RY th RAB = RBC = RCA = R = 3RY
Php bin i Y
Bit RAB,RBC,RCA, tm RA,RB,RC
RC =
RBC.RAB
RAB.RCA
RCA.RBC
; RB =
; RA =
RAB + RBC + RCA
RAB + RBC + RCA
RAB + RBC + RCA
THB:
Nu RAB= RBC = RCA = R th RA = RB = RC = RY = R/3
Ng Ngc Th
1.5.4 Php bin i cc ngun in

1.5.4.1 Ngun tng ng
ca cc ngun p mc ni tip
Cc ngun sc in ng ek mc ni tip tng
ng vi mt ngun c sc in ng:
eT = is ek
Trong : ngun sc in ng ek no cng chiu
vi dng in i th mang du (+), ngc chiu vi
dng in i th mang du (-).
eT= e1+e2-e3
V d: e1 e2 e3
i
i
1.5.4.2 Ngun tng ng
ca cc ngun dng mc song song
Cc ngun dng jk mc song song tng ng vi
mt ngun dng:
jT = is jk
Trong : ngun dng jk no cng chiu vi dng
in i th mang du (+) , ngc chiu vi dng in i
th mang du (-).
j1
V d,
jT = j1 + j2 - j3
j2 i

i
j3
1.5.4.3 Ngun p tng ng
vi mt ngun dng v ngc li
e
Ro
j = e/Ro
Ro
Ro
Ng Ngc Th
Ro
e = j.Ro
Ngun dng (j, Ro) c th c thay th tng ng

bng mt ngun p (e, Ro), vi e = j.Ro v Ro ni tip
vi ngun s e.
Ngun p (e, Ro) c th c thay th tng ng
bng mt ngun dng (j, Ro), vi j = e/Ro v Ro song
song vi ngun dng j.
1.6 Gii mch in bng phng php dng nhnh
1.6.1 Th no l phng php dng nhnh?
* Dng nhnh l dng trong mi nhnh
* Nh vy, nu mch c n nhnh, tm dng trong

mi nhnh, cn mt h n phng trnh
* Gi s nhnh l n, s mt l M v s nt l N, ta
lun lun c: n = M + (N - 1) (*)
* Vi mi nt, da vo nh lut K1, ta vit c 1
phng trnh nt.Tng cng ta cn vit tt c
(N - 1) phng trnh nt.
* Vi mi mt, da vo nh lut K2, ta vit c 1
phng trnh vng.Tng cng ta cn vit tt c
M phng trnh vng.
* Theo quan h (*), vi (N -1) phng trnh nt v M
phng trnh vng ni trn, ta c tng cng n phng
trnh. V th, gii h n phng trnh ny, ta tm c
dng trong n nhnh cn tm.
7
Ng Ngc Th
Tm li, tm c y tt c dng
nhnh ca mt mch in, ta cn phi gii mt h
phng trnh nt (K1) v mt h phng trnh vng
(K2) tng ng vi s nt (ty b i 1 nt) v s
mt ca mch in. V vy, phng php dng
nhnh cn c tn l h phng trnh K1, K2 .
1.6.2 Cc bc gii mch in bng
phng php dng nhnh
Bc 1: m s nhnh
8
I3
(n), s nt (N) v s
mt (M) ca mch in
I2 12 b 6
Bc 2: Vit (N-1)
c
a
phng trnh nt v M
I1
I4 I5
I6
phng trnh vng
4
Bc 3: Gii h phng
4
12
trnh nt v h phng
12V
trnh vng vit c
bc 2
d
1.6.3 Bi tp p dng phng php dng nhnh
Tm dng trong mi nhnh ca mch in sau y:
Gii: V mch in c 6 nhnh nn cn c 6 phng
trnh. Vic gii mt h 6 phng trnh khng n gin,
v vy ta cn phi dng php bin i tng ng,
y l php bin i - Y gim s nhnh xung cn
3 (thay v 6).
Ra O Rc
a
c Bc 1: Bin i mch
Rb
Thay 3 in tr 8,
b
I1
I6 12, 6 mc abc bi 3
I4
in tr Ra, Rb, Rc mc
4
YOabc tng ng nh
12V 4 12
hnh bn.
d
8
Ng Ngc Th
12(6) 36
12(8) 48
= ;
= ; Rb =
12+8+6 13
12+8+6 13
6(8) 24
Rc =
=
12+ 8 + 6 13
Bc 2: Vit 1 phng trnh K1 v 2 phng trnh K2
Ti nt a:
I1 - I4 - I6 = 0 (1)
Mt bn tri : (4 + Ra)I1 + (4 + Rb)I4 = 12
hay
(4 + 48/13)I1 + (4 +36/13)I4 = 12 (2)
Mt bn phi: (4 + Rb)I4 + (12 + Rc) = 0
hay
(4 +36/13)I4 + (12 + 24/13)I6 = 0 (3)
Bc 3: Gii (1), (2), (3), ta c:
I1 = 0,98 A ; I4 = 0,66 A ; I6 = 0,32 A
Bc 4: Tm cc dng cn li
Ra =
U ac U aO + U Oc I 1 .R a + I 6 .R c
=
=
8
8
8
0,98(48/13 ) + 0,32(24/13 )
=
= 0,53A
8
T : I2 = I1 I3 = 0,98 - 0,53 = 0,45 A
v I5 = I6 I3 = 0,32 - 0,53 = - 0,21 A
(I5 c chiu thc l t nt c n nt b)
I3 =
Ch : Trng hp trong
mch c ngun ph
thuc th, nht thit I2
6
trong h phng trnh

Uo/2
dng gii, phi c
I3
phng trnh ngun ph
thuc. Xem v d sau.

I1
Uo 4A

9
Ng Ngc Th
Mch c 3 n I1, I2, I3 nn cn 3 phng trnh

gii, gm:
1 phng trnh nt, ti nt 1: - I1 I2 + Uo/2 + 4 = 0 (1)
1 phng rnh vng, vng chn nh hnh v:
(4 + 2)I1 - 6I2 = 0 (2)
1 phng trnh ngun ph thuc:
2I1 = Uo (3)
Gii (1), (2), (3) ta c:
I1 = I2 = I3 = 4 A
BI TP CHNG 1
Bi 1.1 Tm in tr tng ng ca cc mch in hnh 31 sau y:
10
30
30
50
50
50
50
30
5
7
6
12
30
c
10
10
10
10
4
12
HNH
31
e
d
3
Hng dn gii: Ln lt v li cc mch in bi cho nh hnh 32 sau y:
( 30)(50)
( 30)(50)
+
= 37,5
30 + 50
30 + 50
(50 + 30)( 30 + 50)
- Mch b c v li cho ta tnh d dng: RT =
= 40
50 + 30 + 30 + 50
- Mch a c v li cho ta tnh d dng: RT =
- Mch c c v li cho ta tnh d dng: RT =
(10 + 6)(4)
+ 12 = 15,2
10 + 6 + 4
- Xt mch d, gi I l dng chy qun trong vng cha 3 in tr 4 , nh lut K2 cho ta:
I(4 + 4 + 4) = 0 I = 0
Do mch d c th c v li nh d, v nh vy: RT = 5 + 7 + 12 + 3 = 27
10
- Mch e, ta thy ngay mch c RT = 10 +

50
30
30
50
a
10 6
10(10 + 10)
= 16,67
10 + 10 + 10
50
30
30
50
b
12
HNH
32
Ng Ngc Th
12
3
5
4
I
12
4
d
Bi 1.2 Tnh R trong mch in hnh 33.
6A
50V
I2
I1
R
HNH
33
9
HNH
34
Hng dn gii: Mch in cho c v li nh hnh 34, ta c:

9R
36 + 13R
=
9+R
9+R
50
E
450 + 50R
Dng trong mch chnh: I =
=
=
(1)
36 + 13R
R TM
36 + 13R
9+R
50 6R
25 3R
=
(2)
Bit: U = E 4I = 50 4I = I1.R = 6R I =
4
2
450 + 50R
25 3R
(1) & (2) cho ta:
=
36 + 13R
2
in tr ton mch: RTM = 4 +
900 + 100R = 900 108R + 325R 39R2 39R2 117R = 0

Hay: R(39R 117) = 0 R = 0 (loi v I1 ) v R =
117
=3
39
Bi 1.3 Tnh cc in p U1, U2, U3, U4 v s E trong mch in hnh 35,

bit in p hai u in tr 2 l 8V.
Hng dn gii: Mch in cho c v li nh hnh 36, ta c:
I2 =
8
= 4 A U3. = I2(3) = 4(3) =12 V ;. U4 = I2(4) = 4(4) = 16 V
2
11
U2 = U3 + 8 + U4 = 12 + 8 + 16 = 36 V I1 =
Ng Ngc Th
U2
36
=
=2A
18
18
I = I1 + I2 = 2 + 4 = 6 A U1 = I(4) = 6(4) = 24 V
E = U1 + U2 = 24 + 36 = 60 V
3
4
I 4
U1
U2
U3
2
18
U1
8V
U2
U4 HNH
35
Bi 1.4 Tm I1 v I2 trong mch in hnh 37.

32
I1 4
HNH 37 6
I1 4
E
15
12
50V
15
6
2
30
6(12)
6( 30)
=
= 4 ; R6//30 =
=5;
6 + 12
6 + 30
8V
U4 HNH
36
HNH
38
R32NT40
R6//30
2
I1
Mch in cho c v li nh hnh 38, trong :
I1 U3
2
18
4
R6//12
40
Hng dn gii I2
R6//12
I2 3
R32 ni tip 40 = 32 + 40 = 72
I2 R
2
HNH
39
15
2 I2
Mch in hnh 35 c v li nh hnh 39, trong :

(4 + 5).72
=8
4 + 5 + 72
15( 2 + 8)
in tr ton mch: RTM = R4 + R15 //(R2 + R2) = 4 +
= 10
15 + 2 + 8
E
50
Dng trong mch chnh: I1 =
=
=5A
R TM
10
15
15
Dng trong nhnh 2: I2 = - (I1)(
) = - (5)(
)=-3A
15 + 2 + R 2
15 + 2 + 8
R2 = (R6//12 + R6//30)//( R32 ni tip 40) =
Bi 1.5 Dng php bin i -Y tnh dng I trong mch in hnh 40 trong hai
trng hp: (a) Rab = Rbc = Rca = 3 ; (b) Rab = Rca = 30 v Rbc = 40 .
Hng dn gii: Thay 3 in tr Rab, Rbc, Rca u bng 3 in tr Ra, Rb, Rc
u Y tng ng, mch in cho c v li nh hnh 41, trong :
- Trng hp a: Ra = Rb = Rc =
12
3
=1
3
Ng Ngc Th
(1 + 2)(1 + 5)
=3
1+ 2+1+5
in tr ton mch: RTM = Rc + (Rb + 2)//(Ra + 5) = 1 +
E
57
=
= 19 A
R TM
3
R ab R ca
30( 30)
Trng hp b: Ra =
=
=9
R ab + R bc + R ca
30 + 40 + 30
R bc R ab
R ca R bc
40( 30)
30(40)
Rb =
=
= 12 ; Rc =
=
= 12
R ab + R bc + R ca
30 + 40 + 30
R ab + R bc + R ca
30 + 40 + 30
(12 + 2)(9 + 5)
in tr ton mch: RTM = Rc + (Rb + 2)//(Ra + 5) = 12 +
= 19
12 + 2 + 9 + 5
E
57
=
=3A
Dng cn tm: I =
R TM
19
Dng cn tm: I =
Rab
b R
b
Rbc
I1
c Rca
2
57V
Ra
Rc
c
I
I
HNH
40
I2
5
HNH
41
Bi 1.6 Tm dng I trong mch in hnh 42.

10
2
HNH
I
42
30 V
5
30 V
20 V
10 I I2 2
I1 II
HNH
43
20 V

Hng dn gii: Chn chiu cc dng in v chiu dng mt I v vng II nh hnh 43.
nh lut K1 ti nt 1: I I1 + I2 = 0 (1)
nh lut K2 cho mt I: 10I + 5I1 = 30 hay 2I + I1 = 6 (2)
nh lut K2 cho vng II: 10I 2I2 = 30 - 20 hay 5I I2 = 5 (3)
Gii h phng trnh (1), (2), (3): (2) I1 = 6 2I v (3) I2 = 5I 5
Thay vo (1): I 6 + 2I + 5I 5 = 0 hay 8I 11 = 0 I =
11
= 1,375 A
8

Hng dn gii: Chn chiu cc dng in v chiu dng vng I v mt II nh hnh 45.
nh lut K1 ti nt 1: I1 + I2 - I = 0 (1)
nh lut K2 cho vng I: 10I1 + 35I = 100 hay 2I1 + 7I = 20 (2)
nh lut K2 cho mt II: 20I2 + 35I = 100 hay 4I2 + 7I = 20 (3)
Gii h phng trnh (1), (2), (3): (2) I1 =
20 7I
20 7I
v (3) I2 =
2
4
13
Ng Ngc Th
20 7I
20 7I
60
+
-I=0I=
= 2,4 A
2
4
25
Thay vo (1):
10
10 I1 I
20
100V
20
I2
100V
35
HNH
44
100V
60V
30V
30V
35
II HNH
45
100V

40
HNH
I1
46
10
20
60V
HNH
47

40
I2
10
I
20
II
30V
30V

Hng dn gii: Chn chiu cc dng in v chiu dng 2 mt I v II nh hnh 47.
nh lut K1 ti nt 1: - I1 - I2 - I = 0 (1). nh lut K2 cho mt I: 40I1 - 10I = 60 + 30 = 90
hay 4I1 - I = 9 (2). nh lut K2 cho mt II: - 10I + 20I2 = 30 + 30 = 60 hay - I + 2I2 = 6 (3)
9+I
6+I
v (3) I2 =
4
2
9+I
6+I
21
Thay vo (1): - (
)(
)-I=0I==-3A
4
2
7
Gii h phng trnh (1), (2), (3): (2) I1 =
Bi 1.9 Tm dng in trong cc nhnh ca mch in hnh 48.

10
10 I2
I2
I1
I1
20
40
0,4V
20
II
40
0,4V
HNH
48 0,03A
HNH
50
38V
Hng dn gii
1V
I3
2A
4
HNH
49 0,03A
1
5A
I3
1V
2A

HNH
51 I2 4
b I3 1
a
I1
I
5A
38V
c
I4
3
Mch in cho c v li nh hnh 49. nh lut K1 ti nt 1: I1 0,03 + I2 I3 = 0

14
Ng Ngc Th
Hay: I1 + I2 I3 = 0,03 (1). nh lut K2 cho vng I: 10I1 + 20I3 = 0,4 (2)
nh lut K2 cho mt II: 40I2 + 20I3 = 1 (3)
Gii h phng trnh (1), (2), (3): (2) I1 =
V (3) I2 =
I3 =
0,4 20I 3
= 0,04 2I3
10
1 20I 3
= 0,025 0,5I3. Thay vo (1): 0,042I3+0,020,5I3-I3=0,03
40
0,035
= 0,01 A I1= 0,04 - 2(0,01) = 0,02 A. V: I2 = 0,025 0,5(0,01) = 0,02 A
3 ,5
Bi 1.10 Tm dng v p trn cc phn t ca mch in hnh 50, v nghim li s

cn bng cng sut trong mch (Tng cng sut pht phi bng tng cng sut thu).
Hng dn gii: Chn chiu cc dng in v chiu dng vng I nh hnh 51.
nh lut K1 ti nt a: I1 I2 + 2 = 0 (1). nh lut K1 ti nt b: I2 + 5 I3 = 0 (2)
nh lut K1 ti nt c: - 2 + I3 I4 = 0 (3). nh lut K2 cho vng I: 4I2 + I3 + 3I4 = 38 (4)
Gii h 4 phng trnh (1), (2), (3), (4): (2) I2 = I3 5 ; (3) I4 = I3 2
Thay vo (4): 4(I3 5) + I3 + 3(I3 2) = 38 I3 =
64
=8A
8
V: I2 = 8 5 = 3 A v I4 = 8 2 = 6 A. (1) I1 = I2 2 = 3 2 = 1 A
Cng sut in tr 4 tiu th: I22(4) = (9)2.4 = 36 W
Cng sut ngun p 38V pht ra: 38(I1) = 38(1) = 38 W
Cng sut ngun dng 2A pht ra:
Uac(2) = (Uab + Ubc)(2) = (I2.4 + I3.1)(2) = (3.4 + 8.1)(2) = 40 W
Cng sut ngun dng 5A pht ra:
Ubd(5) = (Ubc + Ucd)(5) = (I3.1 + I4.3)(5) = (8.1 + 6.3)(5) = 130 W
Nghim li: Tng CS pht ra l (38 + 40 + 130) = 208 W
Tng CS tiu th l (36 + 64 + 108) = 208 W
Bi 1.11 Xc nh in p U1 v cng sut in tr 8 trong mch in hnh 52
tiu th.
Hng dn gii: Chn chiu dng in v chiu dng mch vng nh hnh 53.
6
4
4
I 6
HNH
U1
3U1
U1
52
3U1
5V
20V
5V
20V
HNH
53
nh lut K2 cho ta: (6 + 4 + 8)I = 20 + 3U1 5 18I = 15 + 3U1

Bit: U1 = - 4I 18I = 15 + 3(- 4I) = 15 12I 30I = 15 I =
15
= 0,5 A
30
Suy ra cng sut in tr 8 tiu th l (0,5)2.8 = 2 W

Bi 1.12 Tnh h s khuch i k = Uo/E mch in hnh 54.
15
Ng Ngc Th
Hng dn gii
Chn chiu cc dng in v chiu dng 2 mt li I v II nh hnh 55.

10
10
I1
1000I
E
1000
Uo
HNH 54
nh lut K1 ti nt 1: I1 + I I2 = 0 (1)
nh lut K2 cho mt I: 10I1 = E
1000
HNH 55
50
E
10
nh lut K2 cho mt II: - 1000I2 = 1000I

I = - I2
E
- I2 I2 = 0
10
E
I2 =
20
E
Bit: Uo = 1000I2 = 1000( ) = 50E
20
U
o = k = 50
E
Uo
I1 =
I2
1000I
II
50 3000
E
Uo
Thay vo (1):
HNH 56
50
I1
50 3000
I
I
Uo
Bi 1.13 Tnh I v Uo ca mch in hnh 56 theo E v . HNH 57

Hng dn gii: Chn chiu cc dng in v chiu dng mt I nh hnh 57.
nh lut K1 ti nt 1: I1 + I I = 0 I1 = I( - 1)
nh lut K2 cho mt I: 50I1 50I = E 50[I( - 1)] 50I = E I =
Bit: Uo = (3000)(I) = 3000[(
E
50( 2)
E
60E
)] =
50( 2)
2
Bi 1.14 Xc nh t s U/E trong mch in hnh 58.

Hng dn gii: Chn chiu cc dng in v chiu dng mt I nh hnh 59.
nh lut K1 ti nt 1: I + I1 - I1 = 0 (1). nh lut K1 ti nt 2: I1 + I2 - I2 = 0 (2)

I I
E
v (2) I1 = 2 2
R1
E
- I2 + I2 = 0 I2 =
( 1) 2 R 1
nh lut K2 cho mt I: I.R1 = E (3). (3) I =

Thay vo (1):
I I
E
+ 2 2
R1
Bit: U = I2R2 U =
2 R 2E
2R2
U
hay
=
E
( 1) 2 R 1
( 1) 2 R 1
Bi 1.15 Xc nh R I trong mch in hnh 60 bng 5 A.

16
Ng Ngc Th
Hng dn gii: Chn chiu dng vng I v mt II nh hnh 61.
nh lut K2 cho vng I: R.I1 10I = 5 25 = - 20

10
R
R
I1
I1
I
5V
I
25V 5V
5I1
10
25V
5I1
II
HNH 61
R1
I
HNH 60
R1
I2
I1
R2
E
I1
HNH 58
R2
E
I
I2
I1
I2
HNH 59
I = 5 A th: R.I1 10(5) = - 20 R.I1 = 30 R =
30
I1
nh lut K2 cho mt II: 10I = 25 + 5I1 hay 10(5) = 25 + 5I1 I1 =

Vy: R =
I2
I1
25
=5A
5
30
=6
5
Bi 1.16 xc nh I1 v U trong mch in hnh 62.
3I1
9V 3I1
3V
I1
HNH 62
I2
3V
II
9V
I1

HNH 63
nh lut K1 ti nt 1: I I1 + I2 =0 (1). nh lut K2 cho mt I: 4I + 3 = 3I1 I =
3I 1 3
4
6
= 1,5 A. Thay vo (1):
4
3I 1 3
3( 3) 3
- I1 + 1,5 = 0 I1 = 3 A I =
= 1,5 A. Bit: U = 4I = 4(1,5) = 6 V
4
4
nh lut K2 cho mt II: 4I2 + 3 = 9 I2 =
Bi 1.17 Tm U trong mch in hnh 64.

nh lut K2 cho mt I: 10I = 5 I = 0,5 A
17
U1=4I =4(0,5)=2V v tr s ngun dng

6
Ng Ngc Th
U1 2
2
= A. nh lut K1 ti nt 1: +I1+I2=0 (1)
3 3
3
2
I
5V
U1
U1
3
6
24
U1
3
U1
U 5V
HNH 64
I1
6
24 U
II
I2
HNH 65
I
nh lut K2 cho mt II: 8I2 24I1 = 0 I1 = 2
3
I
2
Thay vo (1): + 2 + I2 = 0 I2 = - 0,5 A U = (- 0,5)6 = - 3 V
3
3
Bi 1.18 Tm Uo trong mch in hnh 66.
Uo
2
I1
2
4A
1
Uo
Uo
2
I2
2
4A
1
Uo

HNH 66
HNH 67
Hng dn gii: Chn chiu cc dng in v chiu dng vng I nh hnh 67.
nh lut K1 ti nt 1: I1 +
Uo
- I2 + 4 = 0 (1). V Uo = I2 nn (1) tr thnh:
2
I1 0,5I2 + 4 = 0 (2)
nh lut K2 cho vng I: 6I1 + 3I2 = 0 I1 = - 0,5I2. Thay vo (2):
- 0,5I2 0,5I2 + 4 = 0 I2 = 4 A Uo = I2 = 4 V
Uo
12(4)
3+
12 + 4
U
U
U 12
U
U
U
12
= o ; I3 = o ; I4 = 4Ix, vi: Ix = I2(
) = o ( ) = o I4 = 4( o ) = o
6
12
12 + 4
6 16
8
8
2
Hng dn gii: Chn chiu cc dng in nh hnh 69: I1 =
nh lut K1 ti nt 1: I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 6 =
Uo
; I2 =
4
Uo
U
U
U
+ o + o + o Uo = 6 V
4
6
12
2

Hng dn gii: Chn chiu cc dng in v chiu dng 3 mt I, II, III nh
hnh 71.
nh lut K1 ti nt 1: - I1 I2 + I = 0 (1). nh lut K1 ti nt 2: - I Ix + I3 = 0 (2)
18
Ng Ngc Th
(1) (2): - I1 I2 Ix + I3 = 0 (3).

nh lut K2 cho mt I: I1 2I2 = 2Ix I1 = 2Ix + 2I2 (4)
nh lut K2 cho mt II: 2I2 2Ix = 12 I2 = 6 + Ix (5)
12V
1 I 12V 1
1
Ix
2Ix
I1
1
Uo
4
Uo
4 Ix
4Ix
6A
Uo
II
III
HNH 71
I3
Ix
2 2
2Ix
HNH 70
6A
I2
I1
4
Uo
12
12
I2
3
I3
4 Ix
I4
4Ix
12
12
HNH 68
HNH 69
(5) thay vo (4): I1 = 2Ix + 2(6 + Ix) = 4Ix + 12 (6)

nh lut K2 cho mt III: 2Ix + 2I3 = 0 I3 = - Ix (7)
(5), (6) v (7) thay vo (3): - 4Ix 12 6 Ix Ix Ix = 0
Ix = -
18
18
18
A - I3 = Ix = A Uo = 1(- I3) = - 2,57 V
7
7
7
Charles Augustin de
COULOMB
1736 - 1806
19
Chng 2: MCH XAC LP IU HA
Ng Ngc Th
Th no l mch xc lp iu ha?
* Di tc ng ca cc ngun (cc kch thch), nu
dng v p (cc p ng) trong mch t trng thi
n nh, ta bo rng mch lm vic ch xc lp.
* ch xc lp, cc p ng trong mch bin
thin theo quy lut ging vi quy lut bin thin ca
cc kch thch t vo mch. Do , nu mch
c cc kch thch bin thin iu ha, th cc p
ng cng bin thin iu ha. Mch in lm vic
trng thi nh th c nh ngha l mch xc lp
iu ha.
* Trong thc t, v cc kch thch iu ha t vo
mch l cc ngun hnh sin nn ch xc lp, cc
p ng trong mch l cc i lng hnh sin.
2.1 Cc c trng ca mt i lng hnh sin
Trong mch xc lp iu ha hnh sin, dng,
p, ngun sc in ng v ngun dng u l cc
i lng hnh sin. th sau y biu din mt trong
4 i lng hnh sin ca mch, l dng sin.
i (A)
Im
i(t)
/2
0 t T/4
3
/2
T/2 3T/4
2
= t (rad)
T t (s)
T
- Im
1
Ng Ngc Th
c trng ca dng sin bao gm:

2.1.1 Tr tc thi
L gi tr ti mt thi im t no : i = Imsin
Vi: Im l bin dng sin
l gc pha ti thi im t ca dng sin
Gi s dng i bin thin vi tn s gc (rad/s)
v ti thi im ban u (t = 0), dng i c mt gc
pha u i th: = t + i
T :
i = Imsin(
t + i) (A)
Mt cch tng t, i vi in p, ngun sc
in ng v ngun dng hnh sin, biu thc tc thi
ca 3 i lng ny c vit nh sau:
- in p tc thi:
u = Umsin(
t + u) (V)
- Sc in ng tc thi: e = Emsin(
t + e) (V)
- Ngun dng tc thi: j = Jmsin(
t + j) (A)
Trong : Um, Em, Jm l bin ca in p, ca sc
in ng v ca ngun dng; u, e, j l pha u
ca in p, ca sc in ng v ca ngun dng.
2.1.2 Chu k
L khong thi gian m i lng hnh sin bin
thin trc khi c s lp li.
Chu k tnh bng giy (s) v k hiu l T.
Ta c:
T = 2
(rad)
2.1.3 Tn s
L s chu k m i lng hnh sin thc hin c
trong 1s.
Tn s c tnh bng HERTZ (Hz) v k hiu l f.
Ta c: f = 1/T (Hz) hay T = 1/f (s) v = 2
f (rad/s)
2.1.4 Gc lch pha
L hiu ca 2 gc pha.
2
Ng Ngc Th
V d, i lng hnh sin 1 l a1 = Amsin (t + 1)

v i lng hnh sin 2 l a2 = Amsin(t + 2), gc lch
pha ca a1 i vi a2 l:
12 = (t + 1) - (t + 2) = 1 2
Nh vy, gc lch pha chnh l hiu ca 2 gc pha
u, trong ta ly gc pha u ca i lng ang xt
tr cho gc pha u ca i lng chun.
By gi ta p dng iu ny cho mt on mch
nh sau:
Gi i l dng qua on mch (v ly i lm chun), u
l in p hai u on mch, gc lch pha ca u i
vi i l:
= u i
Ch :
- Nu u = i th = 0, ta bo u v i cng pha, v
ngc li.
- Nu u > i th > 0, ta bo u vt pha trc i
mt gc l , v ngc li.
- Nu u < i th < 0, ta bo u chm pha sau i (hay
i vt pha trc u) mt gc l , v ngc li
2.2 Tr hiu dng ca cc i lng
in xoay chiu hnh sin
Dng sin (i = Imsint) bin thin vi chu k T c
tr hiu dng l gi tr dng in khng i (I) gy ra
cng mt nng lng tiu tn trn mt in tr R,
trong 1 chu k T.
Theo nh lut Joule, nng lng tiu tn trn R
trong 2 trng hp l:
T
- Do dng sin gy ra: Ri 2dt
0
- Do dng khng i gy ra: RI2T
Ng Ngc Th
V theo nh ngha trn: Ri 2 dt = RI 2 T

0
1T 2
T : I =
i dt
T0
1T
2
Bit: i = Imsint, ta suy ra: I =
( I m sin t ) dt
T0
Sau khi ly tch phn v rt cn bc 2 ta c:

I=
Im
2
hay I m = I 2
Mt cch tng t, i vi p sin (u), sc in ng

sin (e) v ngun dng sin (j), tr hiu dng c tnh
nh sau:
U=
Um
2
E
U m = U 2 ; E = m hay Em = E 2
2
Jm
J=
hay J m = J 2
2
hay
Ch : T quan h gia bin v tr hiu dng, cc

biu thc tc thi ca cc i lng hnh sin c vit
li nh sau:
i = I 2sin(t + i ) (A) u = U 2sin(t + u ) (V)
e = E 2 sin(t + e ) (V)
j = J 2sin(t + j ) (A)
2.3 Biu din cc i lng in xoay chiu hnh sin

bng s phc
2.3.1 S phc l g?
S phc C l mt s bao gm 2 thnh phn:
- Thnh phn thc l mt s thc a
- Thnh phn o l mt s thc b, nhn vi n v o j
Do , ta vit: C = a + jb (dng i s)
- n v o j l 1 s m bnh phng bng - 1: j2 = - 1
4
Ng Ngc Th
Phc C, ngoi dng i s, cn c biu din bng

dng m:
C = C e j = C
Trong : C v l mun v argumen ca phc C
Trn mt phng phc, phc C = a + jb c biu din
nh hnh di y, v cng t , ngi ta nh
ngha mun C v argumen ca phc C nh sau:
b
C = a2 + b2 (1) v = Arctg a (2)
+j Trc o
o li, phc C = C
c phn thc v phn o l:
C
b
a = C cos (3) v b = C sin (4)
C
T , ta c th biu din
phc C = a + jb di mt
+1
a Trc thc dng khc na :
0
C = C cos + j C sin (dng lng gic)

Ch : Phc lin hp ca mt phc
Phc C = a + jb = C c phc lin hp l
C* = a jb = C v nc li
Vic i mt phc t dng i s sang dng m v
ngc li l mt vic lm thng xuyn trong qu
trnh gii mch in xoay chiu bng s phc. V vy,
sau y ta s hc cch thc hin vic quy i ny.
i th cng [s dng 4 cng thc (1), (2), (3) v (4)]
V d 1: Xc nh dng m ca phc C = 2 - j7.
Theo (1) v (2):
7
C = a 2 + b2 = 22 + (7)2 = 7,28 v = Arctg = 74,05o
2
Vy, dng m ca phc C = 2 - j7 l: C = 7,28 74,05o

5
Ng Ngc Th
V d 2: Xc nh dng i s ca phc
C = 7,28 74,05 o
o
Theo (3) v (4): a = C cos = 7,28 cos(74,05 ) = 2
b = C sin = 7,28 sin(74,05o ) = 7
Vy, dng i s ca phc C = 7,28 74,05o l:
C = 2 - j7
i bng my tnh
1) My CASIO f(x) 500 A
Tm mun v argumen ca C = 2 j7:
2 SHIFT + 7 +/- = 7.28 SHIFT [( - 74.05
o
Vy: C = 2 - j7 = 7,28 74,05
Tm phn thc v phn o ca C = 7,28 74,05o
7.28 SHIFT - 74.05 +/- = 2 SHIFT [(-7
Vy: C = 7,28 74,05o = 2 - j7
2) My CASIO f(x) 500 MS
Tm mun v argumen ca C = 2 - j7
Pol ( 2 , - 7 ) = 7.28 RCL tan - 74.05
Vy: C = 2 - j7 = 7,28 74,05o
Tm phn thc v phn o ca C = 7,28 74,05o
SHIFT Pol (7.28 , - 74.05 ) = 2 RCL tan - 7
Vy: C = 7,28 74,05o = 2 j7
3) My CASIO f(x) 570 MS
Tm mun v argumen ca C = 2 - j7
n MODE chn 2 vo ch s phc
2 - 7 ENG SHIFT + = 7.28 SHIFT = - 74.05
o
Vy: C = 2 - j7 = C = 7,28 74,05
Tm phn thc v phn o ca
7.28 SHIFT (-) - 74.05 SHIFT - = 2 SHIFT = - 7
Vy: C = 7,28 74,05o = 2 - j7
6
Ng Ngc Th
2.3.2 Cc php tnh trn s phc

Hy thc hin 4 php tnh (+), (-), (), (/) trn 2 s phc:
C1 = a1 + jb1 = C1 1 v C2 = a 2 + jb 2 = C 2 2
Php cng
C1 + C 2 = (a 1 + jb1 ) + (a 2 + jb 2 ) = (a 1 + a 2 ) + j( b1 + b 2 )
Nguyn tc: (Phc 1 + Phc 2) = (Thc 1 + Thc 2)
+ j(o 1 + o 2)
Php tr
C1 C 2 = (a1 + jb1 ) (a 2 + jb 2 ) = (a 1 a 2 ) + j(b1 b 2 )

Nguyn tc: (Phc 1 Phc 2) - (Thc 1 Thc 2)
+ j(o 1 - o 2)
Php nhn
C1.C 2 = (a1 + jb1 )(a 2 + jb 2 ) = (a1a 2 b1b 2 ) + j(a1b 2 + a 2 b1 )
Hay: C1.C 2 = ( C1 1 )( C 2 2 ) = ( C1 C 2 )(1 + 2 )
Nguyn tc: (Phc 1 Phc 2) =
(Mun 1 Mun 2)(Arg 1 + Arg 2)
Php chia
C1 a1 + jb1 a1a 2 + b1b 2
a 2 b1 a1b 2
=
=
+
j
a 22 + b 22
a 22 + b 22
C 2 a 2 + jb 2
Hay:
C
C
C1
= 1 1 = 1 (1 2 )
C 2 C 2 2 C 2
Nguyn tc: (Phc 1/Phc 2)

= (Mun 1/Mun 2)(Arg 1 - Arg 2)
2.3.3 Biu din cc i lng in xoay chiu
hnh sin bng s phc
Dng phc
Chuyn sang phc
&I = I m i (A)
Dng sin i = Imsin(t + i)
p phc
Chuyn sang phc
& = U m u ( V )
U
p sin u = Umsin(t + u)
7
Ng Ngc Th
Ngun sc in ng phc
Ngun sc in ng sin e = Emsin(t + e)
Chuyn sang phc
E& = E m e ( V )
Ngun dng phc
Ngun dng sin j = Jmsin(t + j)
Chuyn sang phc
J& = J m j (A)
2.4 Quan h dng v p trong 3 mch phc thun
2.4.1 Mch phc thun TR
R
&
R
i
Chuyn sang phc I
uR
&
U
R
mch sin:
uR = R.i = R[Imsin(t + i)] = R.Imsin(t + i)
Chuyn sang mch phc:
&
& R = R.I m i = R (I m i ) U
& R = R.I& hay I& = U R
U
R
2.4.2 Mch phc thun CM

i
uL
mch sin:
uL = L
Chuyn sang phc
I&
j
L
&
U
L
di
d[I sin(t + i )]
=L m
= L.I m cos(t + i )
dt
dt
u L = L.I m sin(t + i + 90o )

Hay:
Chuyn sang mch phc:
& L = L.I m ( i + 90o ) = (L90o )(I m i )
U
&L
U
&
&
&
U L = ( jL)I hay I =
jL
Ng Ngc Th
2.4.2 Mch phc thun DUNG

C
Chuyn sang phc
I&
- j1/
C
uC
U& C
mch sin:
1
1
1
.I m cos(t + i )
idt = I m sin(t + i )dt =
C
C
C
1
uC =
.I m sin(t + i 90o )
Hay:
C
uC =
Chuyn sang mch phc:

& C = 1 .I m ( t 90o ) = ( 1 90o )(I m i )
U
C
C
& C = ( j 1 )I& hay I& = ( jC)U
&C
U
C
2.5 Quan h dng v p trong mch phc tng qut
Z=R+jX
jX
i
Chuyn sang phc
A
uL uC
uR
u
mch sin: u = uR + uL + uC
Chuyn sang mch phc:
I&
jXL -jXC
B
&
&
&
U
R UL UC
&
U
& =U
&R +U
&L +U
& C = R.I& + ( jL)I& + ( j 1 )I&
U
C
1
& = [R + j(L
U
)]I&
C
Hay:
t: L = XL gi l CM KHNG () v 1 = XC
C
gi l DUNG KHNG ()
& = [ R + j( X L XC )]I&
T :
U
9
Ng Ngc Th
Li t: XL XC = X gi l IN KHNG ()
Do : U& = (R + jX)I&
Cui cng ta t: R + jX = Z gi l TNG TR hay
&
U
&
&
&
TR KHNG (). Ta c: U = Z.I hay I =
Z
l nh lut OHM phc i vi nhnh xoay

chiu hnh sin tng qut
Ch :
1) Nghch o ca TR KHNG Z l DN NP Y,
tnh bng Siemen (S), ta c:
Y = 1/Z (S) hay Z = 1/Y ()
2) Tr khng ca 3 mch thun:
&
&
&I = U R I& = U R Z R = R (thun TR)
ZR
R
&
&
U
U
I& = L I& =
Z L = jL
(thun CM)
ZL
jL
&
&
&I = U C I& = U C ZC = j 1 (thun DUNG)
1
ZC
C
j
C
Nh vy, khi chuyn t mch sin sang mch phc,

ta cn lu :
i vi mch thun tr: R vn l R
i vi mch thun cm:
L XL = L jXL = jL
i vi mch thun dung:
1
1
C XC =
jXC = j
C
C
3) Dng m ca tr khng Z:
10
Ng Ngc Th
& Umu Um
U
Z = R + jX = =
=
(u i ) = Z ()
&I Imi Im
Vy, Z c mun l Z = Um = U 2 = U () v c
Im
I 2 I
argumen l = u i
V cng t : R = Z cos v X = Z sin
2.6 Cng sut mch xoay chiu hnh sin
Z = R + jX
jX
I&
jXL -jXC
&L
U
&R
U
&C
U
&X
U
&
U
CNG SUT = IN P DNG IN

p = u.i (W): Cng sut tc thi, c tr s thay i
theo tng thi im, do khng mang ngha tc t.
Trn thc t cng sut in xoay chiu c phn bit
thnh 3 loi nh sau:
2.6.1 Cng sut tc dng P (Watt - W)
L cng sut do thnh phn in p UR trn in tr
R, gi l in p tc dng, to ra:
P = U R .I = (
U Rm I m
1
1
I
2
)( ) = U Rm .I m = R.I m
= R( m ) 2 = R.I 2 (W)
2
2 2
2
2
Bit: U Rm = R.I m = Z cos .I m = U m cos = U m cos( u i )

T , P cn c tnh theo cc cch khc na nh sau:
1
U
I
P = U m .I m cos( u i ) = ( m )( m )cos = U.Icos (W)
2
2
2
11
Ng Ngc Th
2.6.2 Cng sut phn khng Q

(Vn-ampe phn khng - VAR)
L cng sut do thnh phn in p UX trn in
khng X, gi l in p phn khng, to ra:
Q = U X .I = (
U Xm I m
1
)( ) = U Xm .I m ( VAR )
2
2
2
Bit: U Xm = X.I mta suy ra:
1
I
2
Q = X.I m
= X( m ) 2 = X.I 2 (VAR)
2
2
Li bit:
U Xm = X.I m = Z sin .I m = U m sin = U m sin( u i )
T , Q cn c tnh theo cc cch khc na nh sau:

1
U
I
Q = U m .I m sin( u i ) = ( m )( m )sin = UIsin (VAR)
2
2
2
2.6.2 Cng sut phn khng Q

(Vn-ampe phn khng - VAR)
L cng sut do thnh phn in p UX trn in
khng X, gi l in p phn khng, to ra:
Q = U X .I = (
U Xm I m
1
)( ) = U Xm .I m ( VAR )
2
2
2
Bit: U Xm = X.I mta suy ra:
1
I
2
Q = X.I m
= X( m ) 2 = X.I 2 (VAR)
2
2
Li bit:
U Xm = X.I m = Z sin .I m = U m sin = U m sin( u i )
T , Q cn c tnh theo cc cch khc na nh sau:

1
U
I
Q = U m .I m sin( u i ) = ( m )( m )sin = UIsin (VAR)
2
2
2
12
Arctg
Ng Ngc Th
Q
UI sin
= Arctg
= Arctg( tg) =
P
UI cos
V t , S cn c tnh theo cc cch khc na nh sau:

S=
P
(VA)
cos
hay
S=
Q
(VA)
sin
2.6.4 Cng sut phc S (VA)

Q
T cc kt qu: S = P 2 + Q 2 v = Arctg , ta kt lun
P
S v chnh l mun v argumen ca s phc:
S = S (VA)
V S c gi l cng sut phc.
V r rng rng, P v Q l phn thc v phn o ca
phc S , do vy, dng i s ca phc S l:
S = P + jQ (VA)
1
Mt khc: S = U m .I m v = u i , do :
2
1
1
S = ( U m .I m )( u i ) = (U m u )(I m i )
2
2
1 & &*
S& = U
.I (VA)
2
ngha ca cng sut phc:
Phn t
I& Phn t
I&

kho st A
kho st B
U&
Mun xc nh mt phn t no thc s tiu th
hay thc s pht ra cng sut, ta da vo cng sut phc
kt lun.
Trc tin ta tnh cng sut phc S ca nhnh cha
phn t kho st:
U&
13
Ng Ngc Th
1& &
S= U
.I* = P + jQ (VA )
2
Da vo kt qu P v Q tnh c, ta kt lun:
P>0
P<0
Q>0
Q<0
A tiu th P (W)
A pht ra P (W)
A tiu th Q (VAR)
A pht ra Q (VAR)
B pht ra P (W)
B tiu th P (W)
B pht ra Q (VAR)
B tiu th Q (VAR)
2.7 Gii mch xoay chiu hnh sin bng s phc

Bi tp p dng 1 Tm dng i qua mch v hnh
di y. i 2
0,25 F
- j2
& 2
I
2H
u
Chuyn
sang phc
e = 10cos(2t 90o) (V)
j4
&
U
o
E& = 10 90 (V)
Gii
Bc 1: Tnh cm khng v dung khng trong mch
XL = L = 2(2) = 4 v XC = 1/C = 1/2(0,25) = 2
Bc 2: Chuyn sang mch phc nh hnh cnh bn.
Bc 3: Tm i.
&
&
U
E&
E
I& = =
=
Z R + jX R + j( XL XC )
10 90o 10 90o
=
=
= 2,5 2 135o ( A)
o
2 + j(4 2) 2 245
Suy ra biu thc dng qua mch: i = 2,5 2 cos(2t 135o ) ( A )
Bi tp p dng 2 - Tm cc dng phc I&1 , I& 2 , I& 3 v I& 4

trong mch phc di y.
Gii: C 2 cch gii.
14
I& 1 A I& 3 2
B
I& 2
I& 4
j12
10
0o(V)
I& 5
- j2
2
-30o(A)
Ng Ngc Th
Cch 1: Mch c 5 dng

nhnh, trong bit
&I 5 = 2 30 o ( A )
Do ta ch cn tm 4
dng nhnh bng cch vit
h 4 phng trnh :
&I 1 &I 2 &I 3 = 0 (1)

Ti nt A:
&I 3 &I 4 + 2 30 o = 0 ( 2)
Ti nt B:
Mt tri:
5&I1 + (9 + j12)&I 2 = 10 (3)
Mt gia: (9 + j12)&I 2 + 2&I3 + ( 4 j2)&I 4 = 0 (4)
Gii h 4 phng trnh (1), (2), (3), (4) bng MATLAB,
ta c: I&1 = 0,5947,33o (A) ; I& 2 = 0,55 68,31o (A)
I& 3 = 0,97 78,31 o (A) ; I& 4 = 1,93 1,56o (A)
;
Cch 2:
Bc 1: Bin i mch
o
Thay ngun dng (2 30 )(A) song song (4 j2)()
bi ngun p tng ng
(2 30o )(4 j2) = 4,9282 j7,4641 (V)
ni tip vi (4 j2) ()
4 j2()
I&1 A I& 3 2
Mch in by gi ch cn
I& 2
3 nhnh, 2 mt v 2 nt
5
j12
nn cn c 3 phng trnh
gii, trong bao gm
9
(2 - 1 = 1) phng trnh
10
0o(V)
nt, v 2 phng trnh
4,9282 j7,4641(V) mt.
Buc 2: Vit h phng trnh K1 v K2
15
Ng Ngc Th
&I1 &I2 &I3 = 0 (1)

Ti nt A:
Mt tri:
5&I1 + (9 + j12)&I 2 = 10 (2)
Mt phi: (9 + j12)&I 2 (2 + 4 j2)&I3 = 4,928 j7,464 (3)
Bc 3: Gii h phng trnh (1), (2), (3) bng ma trn.
Ta c: &I 1 = 1 , &I 2 = 2 v &I 3 = &I 1 &I 2 ,trong :
1
1
1
9 + j12
0
1
1
= 5 9 + j12
0
=1
5
9 + j12 6 + j2
9 + j12 6 + j2
0 9 + j12 6 + j2
= (9 + j12)(6 + j2) 5[(1)(6 + j2) ( 1)(9 + j12)] = 153 j104
0
10
1 =
1
9 + j12
1
0
4,928 j7,464 9 + j12 6 + j2
= 10
9 + j12 6 + j2
+ ( 4,928 j7,464)
9 + j12
= -10[( -1)( -6 + j2) - ( -1)(9 + j12)]

+(4,928 - j7,464)[ - ( - 1)(9 + j12)]
1 = 16,08 j108,04
1
0
1
v 2 = 5
10
0
0 4,928 j7,464 6 + j2
=1
10
4,928 j7,464 6 + j2
4,928 j7,464 6 + j2
= 10( 6 + j2) 5[ ( 1)(4,928 j7,464)]

2 = - 84,64 + j57,32
16
Ng Ngc Th
16 , 08 j108 , 04
&I 1 =
= 0,59 47,33 o (A)
153 j104
&I 2 = 84 , 64 + j57 , 32 = 0,55 68,31 o (A)
153 j104
v &I 3 = &I 1 &I 2 = 0,97 78,31 o (A)
Bc 4: Tm &I 4 . nh lut K1 ti nt B:
&I 4 = &I 3 + &I 5 = 1,93 1,56
(A)
BI TP CHNG 2
Bi 2.1 Xc nh trn mt phng phc cc s phc sau: (1) 2 j2 ; (2) 3 + j8 ;
(3) - 5 j3 ; (4) - 4 j4 ; (5) 5 j10 ; (6) j6 ; (7) - 4 ; (8) - j5. Bin i cc s phc cho
sang dng cc v biu din s phc dng cc trn mt phng phc. So snh hai cch
biu din.
Hng dn gii: Dng i s Dng cc: (1) 2 j2 = 2 2 - 45o ;
(2) 3 + j8 = 8,5469,44o ; (3) 5 + j3 = 5,83149,04o ; (4) 4 j4 = 4 2 - 135o ; (5) 5
- j10 = 11,18- 63,43o ; (6) j6 = 690o ; (7) 4 = 4180o ; (8) j5 = 5- 90o
Biu din trn mt phng phc dng i s (hnh 95)
Biu din trn mt phng phc dng cc (hnh 96)
So snh: Mt phc dng i s C = a + jb c biu din trn mt phng phc
bng ta Descartes gm honh l phn thc a v tung l phn o b, trong khi
mt phc dng cc C = C c biu din trn mt phng phc bng ta cc gm
mt bn knh di bng C v gc l gc lm bi trc thc vi bn knh.

+j
+j
8
6 (6)
(3)
(2)
(6) 6
149,04
69,44o
(3) 5,83
2
3
(1)
+1
-4
(8) -5
-10
(2) 8,54
-4 (7)
-5 O
-2
(4)
90o
- 45o
180o
(7) 4
+1
(4) 4 2
- 135o
(8) 5
(1) 2 2
- 90o
(5)
63,43o
(5) 11,18
HNH 96
HNH 95
Bi 2.2 Thc hin cc php tnh sau:
(a) Z = 3 j4 tnh Z.Z*
(e) Z = 2 + j8 tnh Z Z*
17
(b) Z = 10- 40o tnh Z.Z*

(c) Z = 2053,1o tnh Z + Z*
(d) Z = 2,5- 60o tnh Z.Z*
Ng Ngc Th
(f) Z = 10 j4 tnh Z + Z*
(g) Z = 9525o tnh Z Z*
(h) Z = r tnh Z/Z*
Hng dn gii: (a) Z = 3 j4 = 5- 53,13o Z* = 553,13o

Z.Z* = (5- 53,13o)(553,13o) = 25
(b) Z = 10- 40o Z* = 1040o Z.Z* = (10- 40o)(1040o) = 100
(c) Z = 2053,1o = 12 + j16 Z* = 12 j16
Z + Z* = (12 + j16) + (12 j16) = 24
o
o
(d) Z = 2,5- 60 Z* = 2,560 Z.Z* = (2,5- 60o)(2,560o) = 6,25
(e) Z = 2 + j8 Z* = 2 j8 Z - Z* = (2 + j8) (2 j8) = j16
(f) Z = 10 j4 Z* = 10 + j4 Z + Z* = (10 j4) + (10 + j4) = 20
(g) Z = 9525o = 86,1 + j40,15 Z* = 86,1 - j40,15
Z - Z* = (86,1 + j40,15) (86,1 - j40,15) = j80,3
(h) Z = r Z* = r- Z /Z* =
r
= 12
r
Bi 2.3 Bin i cc phc sau sang dng cc: (a) - 12 + j16 ; (b) 2 j4 ;
(c) - 59 j25 ; (d) 700 + j200 ; (e) 0,048 j0,153 ; (f) 0,0171 j0,047 ;
(g) - 69,4 j40 ; (h) 2 + j2.
Hng dn gii: (a) - 12 + j16 = 20126,87o ; (b) 2 j4 = 4,47- 63,43o ; (c) - 59
(e) 0,048
j25 = 64,08- 157,04o ; (d) 700 + j200 = 728,0115,95o ;
o
o
(g) j0,153 = 0,16- 72,58 ; (f) 0,0171 j0,047 = 0,05- 70,01 ;
o
o
69,4 j40 = 80,1- 150,04 ; (h) 2 + j2 = 2 2 45
Bi 2.4 Chuyn t dng cc sang dng i s cc phc sau: (a) 103o ;
(b) 2588o ; (c) 50 - 93o ; (d) 45179o ; (e) 0,0294o ; (f) 0,7- 94o ;
(g) 0,8- 5o ; (h) 200- 179o.
Hng dn gii: (a) 103o = 9,99+ j0,52 ; (b) 2588o = 0,87+ j24,98 ;
(c) 50 - 93o = - 2,62 j49,93 ; (d) 45179o = - 44,99 + j0,79 ; (e) 0,0294o = - 1,4 +
j0,02 ; (f) 0,7- 94o = - 0,05 j0,7 ; (g) 0,8- 5o = 0,8 j0,07 ; (h) 200- 179o
= - 199,97 j3,49.
Bi 2.5 Tnh cc biu thc sau: (a) 1053,1o + (4 + j2) ; (b) 1090o (8 + j2) (c)
(- 4 - j6) + (2 j4) ; (d) 2,8645o (2 j8) ; (e) (- 5 + j5) 7,07135o ;
(f)
o
o
(2 j10) (1 j10) ; (g) (10 + j1) + 6 13,45- 42 ; (h) 553,1 (1 j6).
Hng dn gii: (a) 1053,1o + (4 + j2) = 6 + j8 + 4 + j2 = 10 + j10 ;
(b) 1090o (8 + j2) = j10 8 - j2 = - 8 + j8 ; (c) (- 4 - j6) + (2 + j4) = - 2 - j2 ;
(d) 2,8645o (2 j8) = 2,02 + j2,02 2 + j8 = j10 ; (e) (- 5 + j5) 7,07135o
= - 5 + j5 (- 5 j5) = 0 ; (f) (2 j10) (1 j10) = 1 ; (g) (10 + j1) + 6
13,45- 42o = 10 + j1 + 6 (10 j9) = 6 + j10 ; (h) - 553,1o (1 j6)
= (- 1)(553,1o) 1 + j6 = (1180o)(553,1o) 1 + j6 = (5- 126,9o) 1 + j6
= - 3 j4 1 + j6 = - 4 + j2
18
Ng Ngc Th
Bi 2.6 Tnh cc tch sau theo hai cch, dng i s v dng cc:
(a) (3 - j2)(1 j4) ; (b) (2 + j10)(3 j3) ; (c) (- 1 j1)(1 + j1) ; (d) (j2)(4 j3)
(e) (j2)(j5) ; (f) (- j1)(j6) ; (g) (2 + j2)(2 j2) ; (h) (x + jy)(x jy).
Hng dn gii: (a) (3 - j2)(1 j4) = 3 j12 j2 8 = - 5 j14 hay
(3,6- 33,69o)(4,12- 75.96o) = 14,83- 109,65o = - 5 j14 ; (b) (2 + j10)(3 j3)
= 6 j6 + j30 + 30 = 36 + j24 hay (10,278,69o)(3 2 - 45o) = 30,6 2 33,69o
= 36 + j24 ; (c) (- 1 j1)(1 + j1) = - 1 j1 j1 + 1 = - j2 hay ( 2 - 135o)( 2 45o) =
2- 90o = - j2 ; (d) (j2)(4 j3) = 6 + j8 hay (290o)(5- 36,87o) = 1053,13o
=
o
o
o
6 + j8 ; (e) (j2)(j5) = - 10 hay (290 )( 590 ) = 10180 = - 10 ; (f) (- j1)(j6)
= 6 hay (1- 90o)(690o) = 60o = 6 ; (g) (2 + j2)(2 j2) = 4 j4 + j4 + 4 = 8 hay
(2 2 45o)(2 2 - 45o) = 80o = 8 ; (h) (x + jy)(x jy) = x2 jxy + jxy + y2
y
x
=x2+y2 hay ( x 2 + y 2 Arctg )( x 2 + ( y ) 2 Arctg
y
y
y
)=(x2+y2)(Arctg -Arctg )
x
x
x
x2+ y2
Bi 2.7 Tnh cc php chia sau theo hai cch, dng i s v dng cc:
(a) (5 + j5)/(1 j1) ; (b) (4 j8)/(2 + j2) ; (c) (5 - j10)/(3 + j4) ;
(d) (8
+ j12)/j2 ; (e) (3 + j3)/(2 + j2) ; (f) (- 5 j10)/(2 + j4) ; (g) 10/(6 + j8) ;
(h) j5/(2 j2).
Hng dn gii: (a) (5 + j5)/(1 j1) =
5 245 o
(5 + j5(1 + j1)
5 + j5 + j5 5
=
= j5 hay
(1 j1)(1 + j1)
12 + 12
= 590o = j5 ; (b) (4 j8)/(2 + j2) =
(4 j8)( 2 j2)
8 j8 j16 16
=
( 2 + j2)( 2 j2)
22 + 22
2 45 o
8 j24
8,94 63,43 o
= - 1 j3 hay
= 3,16- 108,43o = - 1 j3 ;
(c) (5
o
8
2 245
(5 j10)( 3 j4) 15 j20 j30 40
25 j50
- j10)/(3 + j4) =
=
=
= - 1 j2 hay = 2,242
2
( 3 + j4)( 3 j4)
25
3 +4
(8 + j12)( j2)
24 j16
14,4256,31o
116,56o = - 1 j2 ; (d) (8 + j2)/j2 =
=
= 6 j4 hay
=
( j2)( j2)
4
290 o
( 3 + j3)( 2 j2)
6 j6 + j6 + 6
7,21- 33,69o = 6 j4 ; (e) (3 + j3)/(2 + j2) =
=
=
( 2 + j2)( 2 j2)
22 + 22
12
3 245 o
( 5 j10)( 2 j4)
o
= 1,5 hay
=
1,50
=
1,5
;
(f)
(5
j10)/(2
+
j4)
=
8
( 2 + j4)( 2 j4)
2 245 o
o
10 + j20 j20 40
50
11,18 116,57
=
=
= - 2,5 hay
= 2,5- 180o = - 2,5 ;
2
2
o
20
2 +4
4,4763,43
10(6 j8)
60 j80
100 o
(g) 10/(6 + j8) =
= 2 2 = 0,6 j0,8 hay
= 1- 53,13o = 0,6 o
(6 + j8)(6 j8)
6 +8
1053,13
j5( 2 + j2)
10 + j10
j0,8 ; (h) j5/(2 j2) =
=
= - 1,25 + j1,25 hay
( 2 j2)( 2 + j2)
22 + 22
590 o
= 1,25 2 135o = - 1,25 + j1,25.
o
2 2 45
Bi 2.8 Thc hin cc php tnh sau: (a) (23,5 + j8,55)/(4,53 j2,11) ;
(b) (21,2 j21,2)/(3,54 j3,54) ; (c) (- 7,07 + j7,07)/(4,92 + j0,868) ;
(d)
19
Ng Ngc Th
(- j45)/(6,36 j6,36) ; (e) (6,8812o)/(2 + j1) (f) (5+ j5)/(580o) ; (g) (1)/(6 + j8) (h) (- 10
+ j20)/(2 j1).
2520 o
Hng dn gii: (a) (23,5 + j8,55)/(4,53 j2,11) =
= 545o ;
o
5 25
o
30 45
(b) (21,2 j21,2)/(3,54 j3,54) =
= 6 ; (c) (- 7,07 + j7,07)/(4,92 + j0,868) =
5 45 o
10135 o
45 90 o
o
=
2125
;
(d)
(j45)/(6,36
j6,36)
=
= 5- 45o ;
(e)
o
o
510
6,36 2 45
(6,8812o)/(2 + j1) =
5 245 o
=
580 o
6,8812 o
= 3,07- 14,57o ; (f) (5+ j5)/(580o)
o
2,2426,57
2 - 35 ; (g) (1)/(6 + j8) =

o
1
= 0,1- 53,13o ;
o
1053,13
(h)
22,36116,57 o
= 10143,14o
o
2.236 26,57
Z .Z
Bi 2.9 Thc hin php tnh 1 2 khi bit: (a) Z1 = 10 + j5 v Z2 = 2030o (b)
Z1 + Z 2
(- 10 + j20)/(2 j1) =
Z1 =545o v Z2 =10-70o ; (c) Z1 =6 j2 v Z2 =1+j8 ; (d) Z1 = 20 v Z2 = j40.

Hng dn gii: (a)
=
=
=
Z 1 .Z 2
(10 + j5)( 2030 o )
(11,1826,57 o )( 2030 o )
=
=
Z1 + Z 2
10 + j5 + 17,32 + j10
27,32 + j15
Z 1 .Z 2
(545 o )(10 70 o )
223,656,57 o
o
=
7,1727,8
;
(b)
=
Z1 + Z 2
31,1728,77 o
2,5 2 + j2,5 2 + 3,42 j9,4
Z 1 .Z 2
(6,32 18,43 o )(8,0682,87 o )
50 25 o
o
=
5,515,12
;
(c)
=
Z1 + Z 2
6 j2 + 1 + j8
9,09 40,12 o
Z 1 .Z 2
( 20)(4090 o )
50,9464,44 o
80090 o
o
=
5,5223,84
;(d)
=
=
Z1 + Z 2
20 + j40
9,2240,6 o
44,7263,43 o
= 17,8926,57o
Bi 2.10 Mch ni tip gm R = 20 v L = 0,02 H c tr khng Z = 40. Xc
nh v tn s f ca mch.
Hng dn gii: Tr s tr khng ca mch: Z = R 2 + X 2 = R 2 + X L2
= R 2 + (L) 2 = 20 2 + ( 2f .0,02) 2 = 40 400 + 42f2(4.10-4) = 1600 f2 =

f =
75.10 4
2
100 75
= 275,66 Hz
Gc lch pha gia dng v p trong mch:

= Arctg
X
X
2fL
= Arctg L = Arctg
= Arctg
R
R
R
2(
100 75
)0,02
= 60o
20
Bi 2.11 Mch ni tip gm R = 25 v L = 0,01 H lm vic tn s

f khc nhau ln lt l 100 Hz, 500 Hz v 1000 Hz. Tnh tr khng Z ca mch
tng ng vi cc tn s .
20
Ng Ngc Th
Hng dn gii: Tr s tr khng ca mch:

Z = R 2 + X 2 = R 2 + X L2 = R 2 + (L ) 2 = 25 2 + ( 2f .0,01) 2
- Khi f = 100 Hz: Z = 25 2 + ( 2.100.0,01) 2 = 25,78

= Arctg
X
X
2fL
2(100)0,01
= Arctg L = Arctg
= Arctg
= 14,12o
R
R
R
25
Vy, tr khng ca mch tn s 100 Hz l: Z = 25,7814,12o ()

- Khi f = 500 Hz: Z = 25 2 + ( 2.500.0,01) 2 = 40,15
= Arctg
X
X
2fL
2(500)0,01
= Arctg L = Arctg
= Arctg
= 51,49o
R
R
R
25

- Khi f = 1000 Hz: Z = 25 2 + ( 2.1000.0,01) 2 = 67,62
= Arctg
X
X
2fL
2(1000)0,01
= Arctg L = Arctg
= Arctg
= 68,3o
R
R
R
25

Bi 2.12 Mch ni tip gm R = 10 v C = 40 F chu tc dng ca p
u(t) = 500cos(2500t 20o) (V). Tm dng i(t).
Hng dn gii: Dung khng ca mch: XC =
1
1
=
= 10
C
2500(40.10 6 )
Tr khng ca mch: Z = R + jX = 10 j10 = 10 2 - 45o ()

&
U
500 20 o
Dng qua mch: I& =
=
= 25 2 25o (A)
o
Z
10 2 45
Vy: i(t) = 25 2 cos(2500t + 250o) (A)

Bi 2.13 Mch ni tip gm R = 8 v L = 0,02 H chu tc dng ca p
u(t) = 283sin(300t + 90o) (V). Tm dng i(t).
Hng dn gii: Cm khng ca mch: XL = L = 300(0,02) = 6
Tr khng ca mch: Z = R + jX = 8 + j6 = 1036,87o ()
&
U
28390 o
Dng qua mch: I& =
=
= 28,353,13o (A)
o
Z
1036,87
Vy: i(t) = 28,3sin(300t + 53,13o) (A)

Bi 2.14 Mch ni tip gm R = 5 v L = 0,03 H. trong mch c dng chm pha
sau p mt gc 80o. xc nh tn s ngun v tr khng ca mch.
Hng dn gii: Gc lch pha gia p v dng trong mch:
X
X
L
L
= Arctg L = Arctg
= 80o
= 5,67
R
R
R
R
5,67 R
5,67(5)
945
=
=
= 945 rad/s f =
=
= 150,4 Hz
L
0,03
2
2
= Arctg
Cm khng ca mch: XL = L = 945(0,03) = 28,35

Tr khng ca mch: Z= R + jX = R + jXL = 5 + j28,35 = 28,7980o ()
21
Ng Ngc Th
Bi 2.15 C 2 ngun p mc ni tip: ngun u1(t) = 50sin(t + 90o) (V) ;

u2(t) = 50sin(t + 30o) (V). Tm in p u(t) v s ch ca Vn k V mc gia hai cc ca
b ngun ny.
Hng dn gii: u(t) = u1(t)+u2(t) U& = U& 1 + U& 2 =5090o+5030o
= j50+43,3+ j25 = 43,3 + j75 = 86,660o (V) u(t) = 86,6sin(t + 60o) (V)
Suy ra vn k V ch: U =
Um
2
86,6
2
= 61,2 V
Bi 2.16 Tm tr khng v dn np ca hai mch hnh 97 v 98. Bit = 2 rad/s.

2
1
&
&
&
I1
0,25 H
1
0,25 F
HNH 97
0,5
I2
3 10
-j4
500o
(V)
HNH 99
HNH 98
Hng dn gii: (a) Mch in hnh 97
Dung khng: XC =
Tr khng: Z = 1 +
1
1
=
=2
C
2(0,25)
( 2)( j2)
4 90 o
=1+
2 j2
2 2 45 o
= 1 + 2 - 45o = 1 + 1 j1 = 2 j1
= 2,236- 26,57o ()
Dn np: Y =
1
1
=
Z
2,236 26,57 o
10
I&
1000o
(V)
I& 2
I& 1
j10
HNH 100
= 0,44726,57o = 0,4 + j0,2 (S)

(b) Mch in hnh 98: Cm khng: XL = L = 2(0,25) = 0,5
(1)(0,5 + j0,5)
0,5 245 o
Tr khng: Z =
=
= 0,44726,57o = 0,4 + j0,2 ()
o
1 + 0,5 + j0,5
1,5818,43
1
1
Dn np: Y = =
= 2,236- 26,57o = 2 j1 (S)
o
Z
0,44726,57
Bi 2.17 Tm cc dng I& 1 ; I& 2 ; I& v tr khng Z ca mch in hnh 99.

500 o
50
&
Hng dn gii: Dng trong 2 nhnh r: I 1 =
=
3 j4
5 53,13 o
= 1053,13o = 6 + j8 (A) ; I& 2 =
500 o
= 5 (A)
10
Dng trong mch chnh: I& = I& 1 + I& 2 = 6 + j8 + 5 = 11 + j8 = 13,636o (A)

500 o
= 3,68- 36o ()
o
13,636
Bi 2.18 Tm cc dng I& ; I& 1 ; I& 2 ca mch in hnh 100.
Tr khng ca mch: Z =
22
Ng Ngc Th
Hng dn gii: Tr khng ca mch: Z = 10 +
( j10)(5)
5090 o
= 10 +
5 + j10
11,1863,43 o
= 10 + 4 + j2 = 14 + j2 = 14,148,13o ()
1000 o
= 7,07- 8,13o (A)
o
14,148,13
5
5
Dng trong 2 nhnh r: I& 1 = I& (
) = (7,07- 8,13o)(
)
5 + j10
11,1863,43 o
Dng trong mch chnh: I& =
= 3,16- 71,56o (A) ; I& 2 = I& (
1090 o
j0
) = (7,07- 8,13o)(
)
5 + j10
11,1863,43 o
= 6,3218,44o (A)
Bi 2.19 Xc nh tr hiu dng phc ca cc dng nhnh trong mch in hnh
101. Bit u(t) = 100sint (V).
Hng dn gii: Tr khng ca mch:
( j40)( j80)
( j60)( j30)
- j20 + 50 +
= 50 j20 + j80 j60 = 50 ()
j40 j80
j60 j30
&
U
100
2
=
= 2 (A) I =
= 2 A I& 5hd = 2 (A)
Dng trong mch chnh: I& 5 =
50
50
2
j
60
Dng trong cc nhnh r: I& 1hd = I& 5hd (
) = 2 2 (A) ; I& 2hd = I& 5hd - I& 1hd
j60 j30
j40
= 2 2 2 = - 2 = 2 180o (A) ; I& 3hd = I& 5hd (
)=- 2
j40 j80
= 2 180o (A) ; I& = I& - I& = 2 - (- 2 ) = 2 2 (A)
Z=
4 hd
j60
j40
I& 4
- j20
- j80
I& 5
I& 2
&
U
3 hd
I& 1 10mH
5mH
- j30
I&
50
I& 3
5 hd
I& 1
150
200
&
U
0,667F
1F
I& 2
HNH 101
HNH 100
Bi 2.20 Tm p tc thi trn t in 1 F trong mch in hnh 102.
Bit u(t) = 10 2 sin104t (V).
Hng dn gii: Cm khng ca 2 cun cm: XL5mH =104(5.10-3)=50 ;
XL10mH =104(10.10-3)=100
1
1
=100 ; XC0,667F= 4
=150
6
10 (1.10 )
10 (0,667.10 6 )
( j100)( 200 j100)
Tr khng ca mch: Z = 150 + j50 +
- j150
200 + j100 j100
Dung khng ca 2 t in: XC1F=
= 150 + j50 + 50 + j100 j150 = 200 ()

&
U
10 2
=
= 0,05 2 (A)
Dng trong mch chnh: I& =
Z
200
j
100
Dng qua t 1F: I& 2 = I& (
) = (0,05 2 )(0,590o) = 0,025 2 90o
200 + j100 j100
23
Ng Ngc Th
= j0,025 2 (A)
p trn t 1F: U& 1F = I& 2 (- jXC1F) = (j0,025 2 )(- j100) = 2,5 2 (V)
Chuyn v tr tc thi: u1F(t) = 2,5 2 sin104t (V)
I& 1
I&
I& 2
j5
j10
j4
B
HNH 102
5 A
I& 1
I&
C V
I& 2
j6
j3
j4
B
3
HNH 103
Bi 2.21 Xc nh U& AB trong mch in hnh 102. Bit I& = 10 (A).

Hng dn gii: I& 1 = I& (
3 + j4
553,13 o
5053,13 o
) = 10(
)=
j5. j10
10
8,8855,71o
2+
+ 3 + j4
5 + j4 + j
j5 + j10
3
= 5,63- 2,58o (A)

j5. j10
10
2+ j
38,8759,04 o
j5 + j10
3
&I = I& (
) = 10(
)=
= 4,383,33o (A)
2
o
10
j5. j10
8,8855,71
5 + j4 + j
2+
+ 3 + j4
3
j5 + j10
2+
o
o
o
&
&
&
&
&
U
AB = U AC + U CB = - I 1 (2) + I 2 (3) = [5,63(- 2,58 + 180 )]2 + (4,383,33 )3 =
11,26177,42o + 13,143,33o = - 11,25 + j0,51 + 13,12 + j0,76

= 1,87 + j1,27 = 2,2634,18o (V)
Bi 2.22 Trong mch in hnh 103, vn k V ch 5 V, tm s ch ca ampe k A
v tr hiu dng UAB.
U CA
5
= = 1 A. Coi pha u ca I& 1hd = 0: I& 1hd = 1 (A)
5
5
j6. j3
&
&
U
) = (1)(5 + j2,25) =5,4824,23o (V)
CDhd = I 1hd (5 +
j5 + j3
&
U
5,4824,23 o
I& 2hd = CDhd =
= 1,096- 28,9o = 0,96 j0,53 (A)
o
3 + j4
553,13
&
&
= I + I = 1 + 0,96 j0,53 = 1,96 j0,53 = 2,03- 15,13o (A)
Hng dn gii: I1 =
I& hd
1hd
2 hd
Vy ampe k A ch 2 A.
&
&
&
&
&
U
ABhd = U AChd + U CBhd = - I 1hd (5) + I 2 hd (3) = (-1)(5) + (0,96 j0,53)(3)
= - 5 + 2,88 j1,59 = - 2,12 j1,59 = 2,65- 143,13o (V)

Vy: UAB = 2,65 V
Bi 2.23 Tm in p tc thi uo(t) mch in hnh 104.
24
Ng Ngc Th
Hng dn gii: Cm v dung khng trong mch: XL =1000(10.10-3) = 10 ;
XC =
1
=10
1000(100.10 6 )
Chuyn sang mch phc hnh 105.

nh lut K1 ti nt 1: I& 1 - I& 2 - I& 3 = 0 (1)
nh lut K2 cho vng I: j10 I& 1 + (5 j10) I& 3 = 20 (2)
10 mH
j10
uo(t)
I& 2
I& 1
uX(t)
&
U
X
100F
20cos1000t uX(t) /10
I& 3
20 (V)
- j10
&
U
o
& /10
U
X

HNH 105
HNH 104
Phng trnh cho ngun ph thuc: U& X = 5 I& 3 I& 2 =
&
U
5I&
X
= 3 = 0,5 I& 3
10
10
Thay vo (1): I& 3 0,5 I& 3 - I& 3 = 0 I& 1 = 1,5 I& 3

Thay vo (2): j10(1,5 I& 3) + 5 I& 3 - j10 I& 3 = 20 5 I& 3 + j5 I& 3 = 20
20
I& 3 =
5 + j5
20
o
= 2 2 - 45o (A)
5 245
in p trn t 100 F: U& o = I& 3(- jXC) =(2 2 - 45o)(10- 90o) = 20 2 - 135o (V)
Chuyn sang tr tc thi: uo(t) = 20 2 cos(1000t 135o) (V)

Bi 2.24 Xc nh cc p hiu dng U12, U23, U14 v U trong mch in
hnh 106 (cc tr s in p cho trn hnh l tr hiu dng).
Hng dn gii: Coi dng trong mch c pha u bng 0, p trn on mch 12:
o
&
U
12 hd = j20 + 20 = 20 2 45 (V) U12 = 20 2 V
&
U
23 hd = - j30 j20 + j10 = - j40 U23 = 40 V
o
&
&
&
U
14 hd = U 12 + U 24 = j20 + 20 j30 = 20 j10 = 22,36- 26,57 (V) U14 = 22,36 V
o
& =10 + U
&
&
U
14 hd + U 43 =10 + 20 j10 j20 + j10 =30 j20 =36- 33,69 U = 36 V
360o()
10V 20V 20V 30V

E
U
10V
3
&
E
20V
HNH 106
I&
A
&
U
I& 1
I& 2
40
j2
-j30
HNH 107
Bi 2.25 in p gia A v B trong mch in hnh 107 c tr hiu dng
50 V. Xc nh tr hiu dng U ca p ngun.
25
Ng Ngc Th
Hng dn gii: Tr khng ca mch: Z = 360o +
(5 + j2)(40 j30)
5 + j2 + 40 j30
269,2 15,07 o
260 j70
= 1,5 + j2,6 +
= 1,5 + j2,6 +
= 1,5 + j2,6 + 5,0816,82o
o
45 j28
53 31,89
= 1,5 + j2,6 + 4,86 + j1,47 = 6,36 + j4,07 = 7,5532,62o ()

&
E&
U
Dng trong mch chnh: I& = =
=
&
U
7,5532,62 o
Z
5 + j2
Dng trong nhnh 2: I& 2 = I& (
)
5 + j2 + 40 j30
U& AB = I& (360o) + I& 2 (40) = I& (360o) + I& (

200 + j80
= I& (1,5 + j2,6 +
)=(
45 j28
Coi U& = U0o: U& AB = (

=(
5 + j2
)(40)
5 + j2 + 40 j30
&
U
7,5532,62 o
)(1,5 + j2,6 + 2,4 + j3,275)
U0 o
)(3,9 + j5,875)
7,5532,62 o
U0 o
)(7,051656,42o) = (U0o)(0,9339923,8o) = 0,93399U23,8o (V)
o
7,5532,62
50
Bit U& AB = 50uAB 0,93399U23,8o = 50uAB U =
= 53,53 V
0,93399
Bi 2.26 Xc nh dng I& trong mch in hnh 108. Bit E& = 100o (V). Nhn
xt.
Hng dn gii: Gi & A, & C, & D ln lt l in th ti nt A, C, D, ta c:
4
4
& = & A - & D = E
& = 100o (V); U
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
U
AC = A - C = I 2 (j10 ); U CD = C - D = I 4 (- j10 )
Coi & D = 0: & A - & D = & A 0 = 100o (V) & A = 100o (V)
o
4
4
& A - & C = 100 - & C = j10 I& 2 & C = 10 - j10 I& 2 (*)
4
4
& C - & D = & C 0 = - j10 I& 4 & C = - j10 I& 4 (**)
(*) v (**) cho ta: 10 - j104 I& 2 = - j104 I& 4 I& 4 = j10-3 + I& 2
nh lut K1 ti nt C: I& 2 - I& - I& 4 = 0 I& 2 - I& - j10-3 - I& 2 = 0
I& = - j10-3 (A) hay I& = - j1 (mA) (Dng I& khng ph thuc Z)
A
5
I& 5
&
E
&
U
I& 1
I& 2
20K
I&
B
j10K
C
I& 3
20K
I& 4
I& hd
&
E
hd
I& 1hd
I& 2hd
j10
- j4
- j10K
HNH 109
D
HNH 108
Bi 2.27 Xem mch in hnh 109 vi E& hd = 500o (V). Xc nh cng sut tc
dng pht ra bi ngun v cng sut cc in tr tiu th.
26
Ng Ngc Th
Hng dn gii: Tr khng ca mch: Z = 5 +
( j10)( 3 j4)
40 + j30
=5+
j10 + 3 j4
3 + j6
5036,87 o
=5+7,45-26,56o =5+6,66j3,33 =11,66j3,33 =12,13- 15,94o ()
o
6,7163,43
&
E
500 o
Dng trong mch chnh: I& hd = hd =
= 4,1215,94o (A)
o
Z
12,13 15,94
=5+
Cng sut in tr 5 tiu th: P5 = I2(5) = (4,12)25 = 85 W

Dng trong nhnh 2: I& 2hd = I& hd (
1090 o
j10
) = (4,1215,94o)(
)
j10 + 3 j4
6,7163,43 o
= 6,1442,51o (A)
Cng sut in tr 3 tiu th: P3 = I22(3) = (6,14)23 = 113 W
Cng sut tc dng ca ngun cung cp: Pf = P5 + P3 = 85 + 113 = 198 W
Kim tra li:
Cng sut phc ca ngun: Sf = E& hd . I& hd *
= (500o)(4,12-15,94o) = 206-15,94o = 198j57 (VA). Vy: Pf = Re Sf = 198 W
Bi 2.28 Xem mch in hnh 110 vi e(t) = 10cost (V). Xc nh i(t), i1(i), i2(t),
cng sut tc dng v phn khng ca ngun.
Hng dn gii: Cm khng nhnh 2: XL = 1(2) = 2 .
Dung khng nhnh 1: XC =
1
=4
1(0,25)
Chuyn sang mch phc hnh 111.
i
e(t)
5 - j4
0,25F
i2
2H
2i
&
E
I& 1
I& 2
I&
i1
j2
I
HNH 110
2 I&
II
HNH 111
nh lut K1 ti nt C: I& 2 - I& - I& 4 = 0 I& 2 - I& - j10-3 - I& 2 = 0

I& = - j10-3 (A) hay I& = - j1 (mA) (Dng I& khng ph thuc Z)
nh lut K1 ti nt 1: I& - I& 1 - I& 2 = 0 (1)
nh lut K2 cho mt I: I& (5) + I& 2 (j2) = E& = 10 (2)
nh lut K2 cho mt II: - I& 2 (j2) + I& 1 (- j4) = - 2 I& hay 2 I& - j4 I& 1 - j2 I& 2 = 0 (3)
10 5I&
(2) I& 2 =
= - j5 + j2,5 I& (4) ; (1) I& 1 = I& - I& 2 = I& + j5 j2,5 I& (5)
j2
Thay (4) v (5) vo (3): 2 I& - j4( I& + j5 j2,5 I& ) j2(- j5 + j2,5 I& ) = 0
I& =
10
100 o
=
= 2- 53,13o (A)
o
3 + j4
553,13
Chuyn v min thi gian: i(t) = 2cos(t 53,13o) (A)

27
Ng Ngc Th
Dng trong nhnh 2: I& 2 = - j5 + j2,5(2- 53,13o) = - j5 + (2,590o)(2- 53,13o)

= - j5 + 536,87o = - j5 + 4 + j3 = 4 j2 = 4,47- 26,57o (A)
Chuyn v min thi gian: i2(t) = 4,472cos(t 26,57o) (A)
Dng trong nhnh 1: I& 1 = (2- 53,13o) - 4 + j2 = 1,2 j1,6 4 + j2 = - 2,8 + j0,4
= 2,83171,87o (A)
Chuyn v min thi gian: i1(t) = 2,83cos(t + 171,87o) (A)
10
2
Cng sut phc ca ngun: Sf = E& hd . I& hd * = (
0o)(
53,13o)
2
= 1053,13o = 6 + j8 (VA)
Vy: Pf =Re Sf =6 W v Qf =Im Sf = 8 VAR
Bi 2.29 Xc nh s ch ca ampe k v watt k trong mch in hnh 112. Bit
& = 1000o (V).
U
Hng dn gii
I&
Tr khng ca mch:
Z = 20 +
20
( j20)( j10)
j20 j10
&
U
= 20 2 - 45o ()
Dng trong mch chnh:
&
U
1000 o
I& =
=
Z
20 2 45 o
= 2,5 2 45o (A)
Im
2 ,5 2
I=
j20
A
- j10
HNH 112
= 2,5 A. Vy Ampe k ch 2,5 A
Cng sut in tr 20 tiu th: P = I2(20) = (2,5)220 = 125 W.
Michael FARADAY
1791 - 1867
28
Chng 3: CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH MCH
Ng Ngc Th
3.1 Gii mch in bng phng php th nt

L khng tm trc tip dng trong cc nhnh
nh phng php dng nhnh, m tm gin tip
thng qua in th cc nt ca mch.
3.1.1 Cch tnh dng qua mt nhnh
Nhc li nh lut OHM i vi mt nhnh, xem
nhnh AB:
Z
A
I&
AB
&
U
&I = U
& .YAB = (& A & B ).YAB = (& A & B ) 1
Z AB
Ch : A l nt xut pht ca dng qua nhnh, v B l
nt n ca dng, do ta c th pht biu cch tnh
dng qua mt nhnh nh sau:
Dng qua nhnh bng in th nt xut pht
tr in th nt n, tt c nhn vi dn np ca
nhnh (hoc chia cho tr khng nhnh).
3.1.2 Cch tnh in th cc nt
Mch c N nt, coi ty
1 nt c in th bng 0,
J& 3
I& 3
cn li (N1) nt. tm
Y3

c gi tr in th ca
Y
4
&
I& 2
I& 1 I 4
(N1) nt ny, ta cn phi
gii mt h (N1) phng
Y1
Y2 J&
2
J& 1
trnh th nt. Lm th no

vit c h phng trnh
, ta hy xem v d mch in c 3 nt, trong nt
c in th bng 0, cn li 2 nt v vi gi tr
th nt c tnh nh sau:
1
Ng Ngc Th
Ti nt 1:
J&1 J& 3 + &I 3 &I 4 &I1 = 0 hay J&1 J& 3 = &I 3 + &I 4 + &I1
J&1 J& 3 = (& 2 & 1 )Y3 + (& 1 & 2 ) Y4 + (& 1 & 3 ) Y1
By gi, nu coi in th nt 3 bng 0, ta suy ra:

( Y1 + Y3 + Y4 )& 1 ( Y3 + Y4 )& 2 = J&1 J& 3 (1)
Tng cc dn np bao quanh nt ang xt nhn
vi in th nt ang xt, tr tng cc dn np ni
nt ang xt vi nt khc nhn vi in th nt khc
, bng tng i s cc ngun dng bao quanh nt
ang xt.
Ngun dng no hng n nt ang xt th mang
du (+) ri khi nt ang xt th mang du (-).
p dng pht biu trn cho nt ang xt by gi l nt 2:
( Y2 + Y3 + Y4 )& 2 ( Y3 + Y4 )& 1 = J& 2 + J& 3 (2)
Gii h 2 phng trnh (1) v (2), ta s tm c gi
tr in th cc nt v
phng php th nt
Bc 1: Nu trong mch cha ngun p th cn thay
bng ngun dng tng ng.
Bc 2: Coi ty 1 nt c in th bng 0, tm in th
cc nt cn li.
Bc 3: Vit h phng trnh th nt (mch c N nt th
vit N-1 phng trnh).
Bc 4: Gii h phng trnh th nt
Bc 5: Suy ra dng trong tng nhnh.
3.1.4 Bi tp p dng phng php th nt
I& 1 A I& 3 2
B
I& 2
I& 4
j12
10
0o(V)
Ng Ngc Th
I&1 A I& 3 2
I& o
I& 2
j12
I& 4
- j2
C
2
-30o(A)
Hnh A
2A
C
Hnh B
- j2
2
-30o(A)
Gii mch in hnh A bng phng php th nt.

Bc 1: Thay ngun p 100o(V) ni tip 5 () bi
ngun dng tng ng 10/5 = 2 (A) song song 5 ()
(hnh B)
Bc 2: Coi in th ti C bng 0, tm in th ti A
v ti B.
Bc 3: Vit h phng trnh th nt.
1
1
1
1
+ )& A & B = 2
5 9 + j12 2
2
- Ti nt A: ( +
Hay:
(0,74 j0,053)& A 0,5& B = 2 (1)
1
1
1
&
) B & A = 2 30o
- Ti nt B: ( +
2 4 j2
2
Hay:
0,5& A + (0,7 + j0,1)& B = 3 j1 (2)
Bc 4: Gii h phng trnh (1) v (2)
Ta c: & A = A ; & B = B , vi:
0,5
0,74 j0,053
0,5
0,7 + j0,1
= (0,74 j0,053)(0,7 + j0,1) (0,5)(0,5)
= 0,2733 + j0,0367
3
A =
Ng Ngc Th
0 ,5
3 j1 0,7 + j1
= ( 2 )( 0 ,7 + j0 ,1) ( 0,5)( 3 j1)

= 2, 266 j0 ,3
B =
0,74 j0,053
0 ,5
2
3 j1
= ( 0,74 j0,053 )( 3 j1) ( 0,5 )( 2 )

= 2, 2284 j0,8323
2,266 j0,3
= 8 j2,17 (V )
0,2733 + j0,0367
2,2284 j0,8323
& B =
= 7,307 j4,07 (V )
0,2733 + j0,0367
& A =
&I 2 = (& A & C ) Y2 = (8 j2,17 0)
1
9 + j12
&I 2 = 0,55 68,31o (A)

&I 3 = (& A & B ) Y3 = (8 j2,17 7,607 + j4,07) 1
2
o
&I 3 = 0,97 78,31 (A)
&I 4 = &I 3 + 2 30 o &I 4 = 1,93 1,56o (A)
&I1 = 2 &I o = 2 (& A & C ) Yo = 2 (8 j2,17 0) 1
5
o
&I1 = 0,5947,33 (A)
3.2 Gii mch in bng phng php dng mt li

Dng mt li l mt dng in tng tng chy
qun trong mt mt hay mt vng in, trong khi dng
nhnh l dng in chy gii hn trong mt nhnh.
4
Dng mt li
Dng nhnh
Ng Ngc Th
Gii mch in bng

phng php dng mt
li l khng tm trc tip
cc dng nhnh, m tm
gin tip thng qua cc
dng mt li. Sau ta
s xp chng cc dng
mt li cng chy qua
mt nhnh d suy ra dng
in chy trong nhnh .
3.2.1 Cch tnh cc dng mt li

Mch c M mt, phi tnh gi tr ca M dng mt
li. tm c gi tr M dng mt li ny, phi gii
mt h M phng trnh dng mt li.
Lm th no vit c h phng trnh , ta hy
xem &v d sau y, mch c 3 mt: mt tri vi dng mt
li I m1 , mt gia vi dng mt li &I m 2 , mt phi vi
dng mt li &I m 3 .
- nh lut K2 vit cho
Z3
A
B
mt tri, trong lu
&
ngoi cc in p do I& m1
&I 2I 3
I& 4
gy ra, cn c cc in p
Z1
Z5
&m2 Z
I
Z2
4
I&
I&1
I& 5 do m 2 gy ra nhnh
chung AC gia 2 mt
I& m1
I& m3
tri v mt gia:
&E
&E
&
&
&
1
( Z1 + Z 2 )I m1 Z 2 I m 2 = E1 (1)
-nh lut K2 vit cho mt gia, trong ngoi cc in

p do &I m 2 gy ra, cn c cc in p do &I m1 gy ra nhnh
chung AC gia mt gia v mt tri, cc in p do &I m 3
gy ra nhnh chung BC gia mt gia v mt phi
5
Ng Ngc Th
( Z 2 + Z 3 + Z 4 )I& m 2 Z 2I& m1 + Z 4 I& m 3 = 0 ( 2)
- nh lut K2 vit cho mt phi, trong lu ngoi cc

in p do I& m 3 gy ra, cn c cc in p do I& m 2 gy ra
nhnh chung BC gia mt phi v mt gia:
& 5 (3)
(Z 4 + Z 5 )I& m 3 + Z 4 I& m 2 = E
Gii h 3 phng trnh (1), (2), (3), ta tm c gi tr
ca cc dng I&m1, I&m2,I&m3.
phng php dng mt li
Bc 1: Nu trong mch c ngun dng th cn thay bng
ngun p tng ng.
Bc 2: Vit h phng trnh dng mt li (mch c M
mt th vit M phng trnh
Bc 3: Gii h phng trnh trn, ta tm c gi tr
ca cc dng mt li.
Bc 4: Suy ra cc dng nhnh theo nguyn tc sau y:
- Nu ch duy nht 1 dng mt li chy qua nhnh th
dng mt li chnh l dng nhnh. V d, mch in
trn:
I& 1 = I& m1 ; I& 3 = I m2 ; I& 5 = I& m3
- Nu c nhiu dng mt li chy qua cng 1 nhnh th
xp chng tt c cc dng mt li li, ta s c dng
nhnh. V d, mch in trn:
I&2 = I&m1 I&m2; I& 4 = I&m2 + I&m3
I& 2
3.2.3 Bi tp p dng phng php dng
mt li
2
A
B
Gii mch in hnh C
I& 1
I& 3
I& 4
bng phng php dng
5
j12
mt li.
Bc 1: Thay ngun
9
dng 2 - 30o (A) song

- j2
C
10
0o(V) Hnh C 2
-30o(A) song 4 j2 () bi ngun
Ng Ngc Th
p tng ng (2 30o )(4 j2) = 4,928 j7,464(V) ni tip

4- j2 () (hnh D). I&
&
2
I3
I& 2
4-j2 (
)
j12
I& m1
10
0o(V)
I& m 2
4,928 - j7,464 (V)

Hnh D
Bc 2: Vit h 2 phng trnh dng mt li

- Mt tri: (5 + 9 + j12)&I m1 + (9 + j12)&I m 2 = 10
Hay : (14 + j12)&I m1 + (9 + j12)&I m1 = 10 (1)
- Mt phi:(9 + j12 + 2 + 4 j2)&I m 2 + (9 + j12)&I m1
Hay : (9 + j12)&I m1 + (15 + j10)&I m 2
= 4,928 j7,464
= 4,928 j7,464 (2)
Bc 3: Gii h 2 phng trnh (1) v (2) - Ta c:

&I m1 = 1 / v &I m 2 = 2 /
Trong : =
14 + j12
9 + j12
= (14 + j12)(15 + j10) (9 + j12) 2
9 + j12 15 + j10
= 153 + j104
10
9 + j12
1 =
= (10)(15 + j10) (9 + j12)(4,928 j7,464)
4,928 j7,464 15 + j10
1 = 16,08 + j108,04
14 + j12
10
= (14 + j12)(4,928 j7,464) (10)(9 + j12)
2 =
9 + j12 4,928 j7,464
2 = 68,56 j165,36
Suy ra: &I m1 =
16,08 + j108,04
= 0,5947,33o (A )
153 + j104
&I m 2 = 68,56 j165,36 = 0,97 101,69o (A)
153 + j104
Bc 4: Suy ra cc dng nhnh - Ta c:

&I1 = &I m1 = 0,5947,33 o (A)
&I 2 = &I m1 + &I m 2 = 0,55 68,31o (A)
&I 4 = &I3 + &I5 = 1,93 1,56o (A)
&I 3 = &I m 2 = 0,97 78,31 o (A)
7
Ng Ngc Th
3.3 Gii mch in bng phng php xp chng

L xp chng cc dng in do tng ngun tc ng
ring r cung cp cho mt nhnh in, tm ra dng
nhnh . Phng php ny, c bit hiu qu khi trong
mch c nhiu ngun cng tc ng, nhng li tc ng
vi nhng tn s khc nhau.
3.3.1 Cch tnh cc dng in do tng ngun tc ng
ring r cung cp
Z3
Mch in c bao nhiu

I& 1
&I 3
I& 2
I& 4
Z1
ngun, phi lp i lp li
vic tnh cc dng in ny
&1
Z2
E
Z4
J& 4 by nhiu ln. Ta hy xem
v d sau y, mch c 2
ngun (1 ngun p v 1
ngun dng), bi ton c 2 bc lp nh sau:
Z1
I&'1
Z3
I&'2
Z2
&1
E
I&'3
Z4
Hnh E
& 1 = 100o (V ); Z1 = 5()

E
Z 2 = 9 + j12(); Z 3 = 2()
J& 4 = 2 30o ( A); Z 4 = 4 j2()
Bc 1: H mch ngun dng, ch ngun p tc ng

E& 1
(hnh E). Ta c:
&I' =
1
Z1 + Z 2 //( Z3 + Z 4 )
&
E
10
1
&I'1 =
=
Z (Z + Z4 )
(9 + j12)(2 + 4 j2)
Z1 + 2 3
5+
Z 2 + Z3 + Z 4
9 + j12 + 2 + 4 j2
150 + j100
( A)
153 + j104
Z2
150+ j100
9 + j12
90+ j120
I&'3 = I&' (
)=
(
)=
(A)
Z2 + Z3 + Z4 153+ j104 9 + j12+ 2 + 4 j2 153+ j104
I& '1 =
Ng Ngc Th
60 j20
v : I& '2 = I& '1 I& '3 =
( A)
153 + j104
Bc 2: Ni tt ngun p, ch ngun dng tc ng

(hnh F). Ta c:
Z4
I& "1
Z1
I&"3 = J& 4 (
Z3
I& "3
I& " 2
Z2
Z4
4 j2
]
5(9 + j12)
4 j2 + 2 +
5 + 9 + j12
158,564 j45,359
=
( A)
153 + j104
= (2 30o )[
J& 4
Hnh F
Z .Z
Z 4 + Z3 + 1 2
Z1 + Z 2
Z1
158,564 j45,359
5
)
)=(
)(
5 + 9 + j12
Z1 + Z 2
153 + j104
24,641 j37,3205
&I"2 =
(A)
153 + j104
&I"2 = &I"3 (
158,564 j45,359 24,641 j37,3205

v &I"1 = &I"3 &I"2 = (
) (
)
153+ j104
153+ j104
133,923 j8,0385
I&"1 =
(A)
153+ j104
3.3.2 Xp chng cc dng in suy ra dng nhnh

Xt mch in ly lm v d trn, ta c:
150 + j100
133,923 j8,0385
I&1 = I& '1 I&"1 = (
)(
) = 0,5947,33o (A)
153 + j104
153 + j104
60 j20
24,641 j37,3205
I& 2 = I& '2 + I&"2 = (
)+(
) = 0,55 68,31o (A)
153 + j104
153 + j104
90 + j120
158,564 j45,359
I& 3 = I& '3 I&"3 = (
)(
) = 0,9778,31o (A)
153 + j104
153 + j104
I& 4 = I& 3 + J& 4 = (0,9778,31o ) + ( 2 30o ) = 1,93 1,56 o (A)
3.4 Gii mch in

bng phng php mch tng ng
9
Ng Ngc Th
Gi s ta cn tm dng &I t qua nhnh cha ti X no

ca mch, ta c th ct b nhnh ra khi mch.
Phn cn li ca mch l mt mng 1 ca. Mng 1
ca ny s c thay th bng mch tng ng
Thvnin hoc Norton. By gi mun tm dng &I t , ta
ch vic rp nhnh ct b vo mch tng ng
Thvnin hoc Norton xc nh c trn, ta s
tnh c dng &I t . l ni dung ca phng php
mch tng ng.
3.4.1 Cc bc gii mch in
bng phng php mch tng ng
S gii thut ca phng php mch tng ng
c trnh by trang sau..
3.4.2 Cch xc nh tr khng trong Zo
ca ngun tng ng
A
Phn
cn
li
ca
mch
Mng
mt
ca
& hm
U
B
Mng
mt
ca
&I t
X
& hm
U
Mch Thvnin B
Tng
tng ng
ng
Mch Norton
nhau
tng ng
A
I&nm
Zo
&I t
Tng
X ng
vi
B
Zo
&I t
I&nm
X
B
I& t : Dng qua ti X ; Z o:Tr khng trong ca cc
& hm : in p ca ngun p tng

ngun tng ng ; U
ng (Thvnin) ; I& nm : Gi tr ca ngun dng tng
ng (Norton)
10
Ng Ngc Th
C 2 ngun tng ng Thvnin v Norton u c

tr khng trong Zo ging nhau khi c 2 u thay th
tng ng cho cng mt mng 1 ca (A,B).
V tr khng trong Zo ny chnh l tr khng tng
ng ca mng 1 ca nhn t 2 cc A,B.
:
Cn
tun th 2 nguyn tc sau y khi xc nh Zo:
1) Nu trong mng 1 ca (A,B) cha cc ngun p
c lp th phi ni tt tt c cc ngun ny li, cn nu
trong mng 1 ca (A,B) cha cc ngun dng c lp th
phi h mch tt c cc ngun ny li, sau vn dng
cc php bin i tng ng hc tnh tr khng
tng ng ca mng 1 ca nhn t 2 cc A, B.
2) Nu trong mng 1 ca (A,B), ngoi cc ngun c
lp, cn c thm cc ngun ph thuc th, trc tin phi
ni tt hoc h mch cc ngun c lp, sau phi kch
thch 2 cc A, B mt ngun p tng tng 1V hoc
mt ngun dng tng tng 1A, ri vn dng cc
phng php gii mch in hc , nu kch thch
l ngun p 1V, tnh dng I& qua mng, hoc nu kch
& 2 u A,B
thch l ngun dng 1 A, tnh in p U
ca mng. T , ta tnh c:
Mng 1 ca
c ngun
ph thuc
I&
1
Zo =
I&
Mng 1 ca
c ngun
1V ph thuc
&
U
1A
&
Zo = U
V d 1: Tm Zo ca mch tng ng thay th mng 1

ca (A,B) sau y (hnh G).
11

A B
j12
9
100o(V)
4
- j2
C 2-30o(A)
Hnh G

A B
j12
Ng Ngc Th
- j2
9
C
Hnh H
Ni tt ngun 100o(V) v h mch ngun 2- 30o(A)

(hnh H), ta c:
Z o = Z AB = [5 //(9 + j12)] + ( 4 j2)
5(9 + j12)
Zo =
+ 4 j2 = 7,9706 j1,1176()
5 + 9 + j12
V d 2: Tm Zo ca mch tng ng thay th

mng 1 ca (A,B) sau y (hnh I).
Ni tt ngun 6V, kch thch ca (A,B) mt ngun
dng 1A (hnh J), ta dng phng php th nt tm U
(v Zo = U).
1 C
0,5
UX
1 C 0,5 1A A
UX
6V
2UX
2UX
Hnh I
Hnh J
1A
B
1 1
1
Coi B = 0, ta c: ( + )C A = 2UX, vi UX = C A
0,5
1 0,5
ta suy ra C = 0.
V: 0 ,5 C + (1 + 0 ,5 ) A = 1 hay 2 C + 3 A = 1 , bit
C = 0, ta suy ra A = 1/3 V
Vy: Zo = U = A - B = 1/3 0 = 1/3
3.4.3 Cch xc nh in p do ngun tong ng
Thvnin cung cp
in p, do ngun Thvnin cung cp cho mch thay
12
Ng Ngc Th
th tng ng mng 1 ca (A,B), chnh l in p

trn 2 cc A, B ca mng khi ta h ca (A,B), k
hiu U& hm , c l in p h mch. Thng U& hm c
xc nh bng phng php th nt.
V d 3: Hy xc nh in p U& hm ca ngun Thvnin
thay th tng ng mng 1ca (A,B) sau y (hnh K)
A
5
j12
9
100o(V)
B Hnh K
Hnh L
& hm
U
j12
- j2
2A
B
4
- j2
C 2-30o(A)
2-30o(A)
Thay ngun p (10V ni tip 5) bi ngn dng tng

ng (10/5 = 2A song song 5) (hnh L).
Coi & C = 0 , ta c:
1
1
( +
)& A = 2 & A = 7,9412 + j1,7647 (V)
5 9 + j12
1
& B = 2 30o & B = 4,9282 j7,4641 (V)
V:
4 j2
& hm = & A & B = 3,013 + 9,2288 (V)
Suy ra: U
Ch :
1) Vi kt qu trn v kt qu tnh c v d 1, ta v
c s mch Thvnin thay th tng ng
mng 1 ca (A,B) v d 1 nh sau (hnh M)
Hnh
M
7,9706 - j1,1176 ()
&
U
hm = 3,013 + j9,2288 (V)
Hnh
N
B
7,9706 - j1,1176 ()
I& 3
&
U
hm = 3,013+ j9,2288(V)
13
Ng Ngc Th
2) Mng 1 ca (A,B) v d 1 cng l phn cn li ca

mch in trong bi tp p dng 2 (chng 2) sau khi
ct b nhnh 2 , v vy, kim chng kt qu dng
&I3 qua nhnh 2 m ta gii bng cc phng
php th nt, dng mt li, xp chng, ta rp nhnh
2 vo mch ng ng Thvnin (hnh N), ta tnh
&
c:
&I 3 = U hm = 0,9778,31o (A)
Zo + 2
3.4.4 Cch xc nh dng in do
ngun tng ng Norton cung cp
Dng in, do ngun Norton cung cp cho mch thay
th tng ong mng 1 ca (A,B), chnh l dng in
ni tt 2 cc A, B ca mng, k hiu &I nm , c l dng
ngn mch. Thng &I nm c xc nh bng phng
php dng mt li.
&
V d 4: Hy xc nh dng in I nm ca ngun
Norton thay th tng ng mng 1 ca (A,B) sau dy
(hnh K).
4 - j2 (
)
Hnh K A
5
j12
10
0o(V)
Hnh Q A
j12
I& m1
- j2
2
-30o(A)
I& nm B
I& m2
10
0o(V) C
(2 30o )(4 j2)(V)
Thay ngun dng 2-30o(A) song song (4-j2) () bi

ngun p (230o )(4 j2)(V) ni tip (4 j2)() (hnh Q).
H 2 phng trnh dng mt li:
(5 + 9 + j12)&I m1 + (9 + j12)&I m 2 = 10 (1)
(9 + j12)I& m1 + (9 + j12 + 4 j2)I& m2 = (2 30o )(4 j2) (2)
14
Ng Ngc Th
Gii h 2 phng trnh (1) v (2), ta c:

&I m 2 = 0,2115 j1,1875 ( A )
Suy ra: &I nm = &I m 2 = 0, 2115 + j1,1875 ( A )
Ch :
1)Vi kt qu trn v kt qu tnh c v d 1, ta v
c s mch Norton thay th tng ng mng
1 ca (A,B) v d 1 nh sau (hnh R)
Hnh R
I& nm
Zo
B
0,2115 + j1,1875 (A)
7,9706 j1,1176 ()
Hnh S
I& nm
Zo
A
I& 3
B
7,9706 j1,1176 ()
0,2115 + j1,1875 (A)
2) Mng 1 ca (A,B) v d 1 cng l phn cn li ca

mch in trong bi tp p dng 2 (chong 2) sau khi
ct b nhnh 2 , v vy, kim chng kt qu dng
I& 3 qua nhnh 2 m ta gii bng cc phng php
th nt,&I3 dng mt li, xp chng, ta rp nhnh 2 vo

mch ng ng Norton (hnh S), ta tnh c:
&I3 = &I nm ( Zo ) = 0,9778,31o (A)
Zo + 2
Nhn xt: Nu ngun Thvnin v ngun Norton cng
thay th tng ng mt mng 1 ca th gia 2 ngun
ny c th bin i qua li nh sau:
&
& hm = Z o .I& nm I& nm = U hm
U
Zo
3.5 Mch cha khuch i thut ton
3.5.1 Khuch ai thut ton l g
Khuch i thut ton hay OP-AMP (Operational
amplifier) l mt phn t a cc, trong ta n 5
cc chnh (1)(2)(3)(4)(5).
15
Ng Ngc Th
(1)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(2)
* 2 cc (1) v (2) nhn 2 ngun in DC tri cc tnh V

(khong 10V n 15V). Hai ngun DC ny c im ni
chung ni t (in th bng 0)
* 2 u vo (3) v (4): - u (+) l u vo khng o
- u (-) l u vo o
t mt in th dng vo u (+), cn u (-) ni
t th u ra s c in th dng
t mt in th dng vo u (-), cn u (+) ni
t th u ra s c in th m
* 1 u ra (5) a tn hiu c khuch i ra ti.
3.5.2 Cc m hnh ca OP-AMP

M hnh gn ng
Nu ch n 2 u vo v u ra, b qua 2 cc
nhn 2 ngun in DC, th OP-AMP c m hnh ha
gn ng nh sau:
u vo khng o
Ro u ra
i+
R
u+
i-
u- u vo o A(u+ - u-)
uo
Ri: in tr vo, thng rt ln (>1M), Ro: l in

tr ra, thng rt b (<100), A: li rt cao (>105)
16
Ng Ngc Th
M hnh n gin
V in tr Ro rt b nn c th xem bng 0, v in
tr Ri rt ln nn i+ = i- = 0 (*). Ta c m hnh n
gin hn na ca OP-AMP:
i+ = 0
u+
i- = 0
A(u+ - u-)
u-
uo
M hnh l tng
Khi OP-AMP lm vic tuyn tnh th c th xem
gn ng: u+ - u- = 0 hay u+ = u- (**). M hnh mch
ca OP-AMP c cc thng s (*) v (**) c gi l m
hnh l tng.
3.5.3 Cc v d v mch cha OP-AMP

u-
i1
R1
i2
i+

i-
eS
u+
R2

uo
V d 1: Tnh li in p uo/eS ca mch cha

OP-AMP sau y. Bit R1 = 1000 ; R2 = 5000 .
p dng m hnh l tng: u+ = u- v i+ = i- = 0
Bit: u+ = 3 = 0 ; u- = 1 1 = 0 v 2 = uo
1
1
i1 i 2 i + = 0 (eS 1 ) (1 2 )
0 = 0
R1
R2
u
1
1
hay : (eS 0)
(0 u o )
= 0 o = 5
1000
5000
eS
17
Ng Ngc Th
V d 2: Tm li in p uo/eS ca mch cha

OP-AMP sau y.
i+
u+
eS
iu-
i1
i2
R1
R2
Rt
uo

Bit: u+ = 1 = eS ; u- = 3 3 = 1 = eS v 2 = 0
nh lut K1 ti nt :
1
1
i1 i 2 i = 0 ( 4 3 ) (3 2 )
0 = 0
R1
R2
hay (0 eS )
u
1
1
R
(eS u o )
= 0 o = 1+ 2
R1
R2
eS
R1
V d 3: Tnh uo theo ui trong mch cha OP-AMP sau

y.
C
ui(t)
i2
i1 i
u-
i+
u+
uo(t)

Bit: u+ = 3 = 0 ; u- = 2 2 = 3 = 0 v 1 = uo
nh lut K1 ti nt 2: i1 i2 i- = 0
hay C
C
18
d (u i 2 )
1
( 2 1 ) 0 = 0
dt
R
d ( u i 0)
1
du
(0 u o ) = 0 u o = RC i
dt
R
dt
Ng Ngc Th
V d 4: Tnh uo theo ui trong mch cha OP-AMP

sau y.
i
R u 2 i
i1
ui(t)

uo(t)
i+
u+

Bit: u+ = 3 = 0 ; u- = 2 2 = 3 = 0 v 1 = uo
nh lut K1 ti nt 2: i1 i2 i- = 0
1
d ( 2 u o )
hay (u i 2 ) C
0 = 0
R
dt
d (0 u o )
du
1
( u i 0) C
= 0 u i = RC o
R
dt
dt
u o = 1 ot u i dt + u o (0), coi u (0) = 0,
RC
1 t
ta c : u o =
o u i dt
RC
&2
U
V d 5: Tm & trong mch cha OP-AMP sau y.
U1
&+ =U
& v &I + .= &I = 0
p dng m hnh l tng: U
I& 2
&
Z1 I1 I& +
&
U
&1
U
&+
U
I&
Z2
&2
U
& + = & 4 = 0 ; U
& = & 3 & 3 = & 4 = 0
Bit: U
19
Ng Ngc Th
& 1 ; & 2 = U
&2
V: & 1 = U
nh lut K1 ti nt : &I1 &I 2 &I = 0
1
1
& 1 & 3 ) (
& 3 & 2 ) 0 = 0
Hay: (
Z1
Z2
&
& 1 0) 1 ( 0 U
& 2 ) 1 = 0 U2 = Z2
(U
&1
U
Z1
Z1
Z2
V d 6: Tm U& 2 / U& 1 trong mch cha OP-AMP sau y.
Y1
&1
U
Y4
Y3
Y5
&
U
Y2
&+
U
&2
U
p dng m hnh l tng: U& + = U&

& + = & 5 = 0 ; U
& = & 3 & 3 = & 5 = 0
Bit: U
& 1;
&2
&1 =U
V:
& 2 =U
H phng trnh th nt vit cho cc nt:
- Nt : (Y3 + Y5 )
& 3 Y3& 4 Y5& 2 = 0
&2
Y5 U
&
Y3& 4 Y5 U 2 = 0 & 4 =
(1)
Y3
- Nt :
(Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 )& 4 Y1& 1 Y2 & 5 Y4& 2 Y3& 3 = 0
& 1 Y4 U
&2 =0
( Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 )& 4 Y1U
& 1 + Y4 U
&2
Y1U
& 4 =
( 2)
Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4
Y1 Y3
(1) & (2) cho ta U& 2 =
& 1 Y3 Y4 + Y5 (Y1 + Y2 + Y 3 + Y4 )
U
tnh c:
20
Ng Ngc Th
BI TP CHNG 3
A. Bi tp v phng php th nt v dng mt li
Bi 3.1 Tm I trong mch in hnh 148.
10
I 10
I
5
5
30V
20V
30V Im1
Im2 20V
HNH 149
HNH 148
Hng dn gii (Phng php dng mt li)
Chn chiu 2 dng mt li Im1 v Im2 nh hnh 149. H 2 phng trnh dng mt li:
(10+ 5)Im1 + 5Im2 = 30 (1) ; 5Im1 + (2 + 5)Im2 = 20 (2)
(1) Im2 =
30 15I m1
=6 3Im1. Thay vo (2): 5Im1 + 7(6 3Im1)=20 I = Im1 =1,375 A
5

(10+ 20)Im1 - 20Im2 = 100 100 = 0 (1) ; - 20 Im1 + (20 + 35) Im2 = 100 (2)
10
10
20
100V
20
35
35
Im2
100V Im1
100V
HNH 151
HNH 150
2
2
(1) Im1 = Im2. Thay vo (2): - 20( Im2) + 55 Im2 = 100 I = Im2 = 2,4 A
100V
40
10
I
20 40
Im1
60V
60V
30V
30V
HNH 152
10
20
30V 30V
Im2
HNH 153
(40 + 10)Im1 + 10Im2 = 60 + 30 = 90 (1) ; 10Im1 + (10 + 20)Im2 = 30 + 30 = 60 (2)
21
(1) Im2 =
Ng Ngc Th
90 50I m1
= 9 5Im1. Thay vo (2): 10Im1 + 30(9 5Im1) = 60
10
Im1 = 1,5 A
Im2 = 9 5(1,5) = 1,5 A
I = - Im1 Im2 = - 1,5 1,5 = - 3 A
2
3
1
Bi 3.4 Tm U trong mch in hnh 154.
12A
Hng dn gii (Phng php th nt) HNH 154
Coi 3 = 0, vit h 2 phng trnh th nt 1 v 2:
2A
1
1
1
1 1
1
)1 - 2 = 12 (1) ; - 1 + ( + )2 = 2 (2). T (1) 1 = 8 + 2.
2
2
2
2 3
3
1
1
5
Thay vo (2): - (8 + 2) + 2 =2 2 = 9 V. T : U =2 - 3= 2 = 9 V
2
3
6
(1+
I
8
36
12
36
12
Im1
Im2
2A
16V
60V
90V
60V
90V
HNH 155
HNH 156
Bin i ngun dng (2A // in tr 8) thnh ngun p (2x8 = 16V ni tip
in tr 8) nh hnh 156. H 2 phng trnh dng mt li Im1 v Im2:
(36 + 12)Im1 12Im2 = 90 60 = 30 (1) ; - 12Im1 + (12 + 8)Im2 = 60 16 = 44 (2)
(1) Im1 = 0,625 + 0,25Im2 . Thay vo (2): - 12(0,625 + 0,25Im2) + 20Im2 = 44
Im2 =
51,5
17
AI=2+
51,5
17
85,5
5,03 A
17
Bi 3.6 Xc nh 1 v 2 trong mch in hnh 157.
10
j5

- j10
10
2
3
- j10
j5
j4
j4

o
500 (V) HNH 157
5 (A)
Hng dn gii (Phng php th nt)

22

HNH 158
Ng Ngc Th
Bin i ngun p (50V ni tip 10) thnh ngun dng (
50
= 5A // 10) nh
10
hnh 158.
Coi 3 = 0, h phng trnh th nt 1 v 2 c vit nh sau:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+ )1 - 2 = 5 (1) ; - 1 + ( +
+
)2 = 0 (2)
10
j5
2
2
2
2
3 + j4
j10
5 + 0 ,5 2
1 5 + 0 ,5 2
. Thay vo (2): - (
) + (0,62 j0,06)2 = 0
(1) 1 =
2 0,6 j0,2
0,6 j0,2
2 = 12,8855,49o (V) 1 =
5 + 0,5(12,8855,49 o )
= 16,0449,96o (V)
0,6 j0,2
Bi 3.7 Xc nh I& A , I& B , I& C trong mch in hnh 159.

Chn chiu 2 dng mt li I& m1 v I& m 2 nh hnh 160. H 2 phng trnh dng mt li:
(20 + 10) I& m1 - 10 I& m 2 = 100120o = - 50 + j50 3 hay 3 I& m1 - I& m 2 = - 5 + j5 3 (1)
- 10 I& m1 + (10 + 10) I& m 2 = 100 hay - I& m1 + 2 I& m 2 = 10 (2)
20
20 I& A
I& A
100120o(V)
100120o(V)
I& m1 10
I& B
10
1000o(V)
I& C
1000o(V)
I& B
I& m 2
10
10 I& C
HNH 159
HNH 160
&
10
+
I
m
1
(2) I& m 2 =
= 5 + 0,5 I& m1 . Thay vo (1): 3 I& m1 - 5 0,5 I& m1 = - 5 + j5 3
2
&
&
I A = I m1 = j2 3 = 2 3 90o (A) I& m 2 = 5 + 0,5(j2 3 ) = 5 + j 3 = 5,2919,1o (A)
I& B = I& m 2 - I& m1 = 5 + j 3 - j2 3 = 5 - j 3 = 5,29- 19,1o (A)
I& = - I& = 5,29(19,1o 180o) = 5,29- 160,9o (A)
C
m2
Bi 3.8 Xc nh cng sut tc dng ngun 500o (hiu dng) (V) pht ra v
cng sut tiu tn trn tng in tr trong mch in hnh 161.
I&
j10
j10
-j4
500 (V)
HNH 161
I& 2
I& m1
-j4
I& m 2
500o(V) HNH 162
23

I& m1
Ng Ngc Th
Hng dn gii (Phng php dng mt li): Chn chiu 2 dng mt li

v I& m 2 nh hnh 162. H 2 phng trnh dng mt li:
(5 + j10) I& m1 - j10 I& m 2 = 50 hay (1 + j2) I& m1 - j2 I& m 2 = 10 (1)
- j10 I& m1 + (j10 + 3 j4) I& m 2 = 0 hay - j10 I& m1 + (3 + j6) I& m 2 = 0 (2)
( 3 + j6)I& m 2
(2) I& m1 =
= (0,6 j0,3) I& m 2 . Thay vo (1): (1 + j2) (0,6 j0,3) I& m 2 j10
j2 I& m 2 = 10 I& 2 = I& m 2 = 6,14342,51o (A) P3 = I22(3) = (6,143)2.3 = 113,21 W

Dng trong mch chnh: I& = I& m1 = (0,6 j0,3)(6,14342,51o) = 4,1269,08o (A)
P5 = I2(5) = (4,12)2.5 = 84,87 W
Cng sut tc dng ngun cung cp: P = P3 + P5 = 113,21 + 84,87 = 198,08 W
Bi 3.9 Xc nh cng sut tc dng ngun 500o (V) (hiu dng) pht ra v
I& 2
I&
10
10
3
-j5
-j5
j4
I& m1
500 (V)
(10 j5) I& m1
I& m 2
j4
500o(V) HNH 164

HNH 163
- (- j5) I& m 2 = 50 hay (1 j0,5) I& m1 + j0,5 I& m 2 = 5 (1)
- (- j5) I& m1 + (- j5 + 3 + j4) I& m 2 = 0 hay j5 I& m1 + (3 j1) I& m 2 = 0 (2)
j5I& m1
j5I& m1
. Thay vo (1): (1 j0,5) I& m1 + (j0,5)(
)=5
(2) I& m 2 =
3 j1
3 j1
o
2
2
&
&
I = I m1 = 2,838,13 (A) P10 = I (10) = (2,83) .10 = 80 W
j5( 2,838,13 o )
I& 2 = I& m 2 =
= 4,47- 63,43o (A) P3 = I22(3) = (4,47)2.3 = 60W
3 j1
Vy, cng sut tc dng ngun cung cp: P = P10 + P3 = 80 + 60 = 140 W

3 I& 2
3
-j2
-j2
I&
-j2
1
o
100 (V)
HNH 165
24
-j2
I& m1
I& m 2
100o(V) HNH 166
Ng Ngc Th
Hng dn gii (Phng php dng mt li): Chn chiu 2 dng mt li I& m1
v I& m 2 nh hnh 166. H 2 phng trnh dng mt li:
(2 j2 + j2) I& m1 - j2 I& m 2 = 10 hay I& m1 - j I& m 2 = 5 (1)
- j2 I& m1 + (j2 + 3 j5 + 1) I& m 2 = 0 hay - j2 I& m1 + (4 j3) I& m 2 = 0 (2)
(1) I& m1 = 5 + j I& m 2 . Thay vo (2): - j2(5 + j I& m 2 ) + (4 j3) I& m 2 = 0
I& 2 = I& m 2 = 1,49116,57o (A) P3 = I22(3) = (1,49)2.3 = 6,66 W ;
P1 = I22(1) = (1,49)2.1 = 2,22 W
I& = I& m1 =5 + j(1,49116,57o) =3,727- 10,3o (A) P2 =I2(2)=(3,727)2.2 = 27,78 W
Vy, cng sut tc dng ngun cung cp:
P = P3 + P1 + P2 = 6,66 + 2,22 + 27,78 = 36,66 W
Bi 3.11 Dng phng php th nt tm U& AB trong mch in hnh 167.
A
A
5
20
j20
5
HNH
167
10045o(V) B
20
j20
2045o(A)
HNH
168
Hng dn gii: Bin i ngun p [10045o (V) ni tip in tr 5] thnh
ngun dng [(
100
= 20)45o (A) // in tr 5] nh hnh 168.
5
Coi B = 0, h phng trnh th nt A c vit nh sau:

(
1
1
1
111,25
20
+
+
) & A = 2045o hay (
-j
) & A = 2045o
5
5 + j20
20
425
425
2045 o
= 75,255,2o (V)
111,25
20
j
425
425
Bi 3.12 Dng phng php th nt tm & 1 trong mch in hnh 169.
U& AB = & A - & B = & A - 0 = & A =
3
HNH
169
-j8
HNH
170
3
2
j5
o
500 (V)
j5
-j8
500 (V)
250o(A)
150 + j400 0 o ( A )
73
25
Ng Ngc Th
Hng dn gii: Bin i ngun p [500o (V) ni tip in tr 2] thnh

50
= 25)0o (A) // in tr 2] v ngun p [500o (V) ni tip tr
2
50
150 + j400
khng (3 j8) ()] thnh ngun dng [(
=
)0o (A) // tr khng (3 j8)
3 j8
73
ngun dng [(
()] (hnh 170)

Coi 2 = 0, h phng trnh th nt 1 c vit nh sau: (
= 25+
1
1
1
+
+
) & 1
2 3 + j5 3 j8
150 + j400 1975 + j400

=
hay (1562j93) & 1 =67150+j13600 & 1 =43,7914,86o (V)
73
73
Bi 3.13 Tm I& 2 trong mch in hnh 171.

Hng dn gii (phng php dng mt li)
I& 2
I& 2
j10
10
j10
10
j5
j5
500o(V)
I& m1
o
HNH 172 500 (V)
HNH 171
(2) I& m1
I& m 2
(j10 + 5 + j5) I& m1 + j10 I& m 2 = 50 hay (1 + j3) I& m1 + j2 I& m 2 = 10 (1)
j10 I& m1 + (10 + j10) I& m 2 = 50 hay j I& m1 + (1 + j1) I& m 2 = 5 (2)
= - j5 - (1 j1) I& m 2 , Thay vo (1): (1 + j3)[ - j5 - (1 j1) I& m 2 ] + j2 I& m 2 = 10
I& m 2 = 1,25 2 - 45o (A) I& 2 = 1,25 2 135o (A)
cng sut tiu tn trn tng in tr trong mch in hnh 173. Bit R1 = R3 = 5 ;
R2 = 3 ; R4 = 2. R3
- j2
- j2
j5
j5
I& 1
R4
R1
R2
I& 2
500o(V) HNH 173
I& 5
R3
- j2
I& 4
3
I& m1
I& m 2
5
I& m 3
- j2
500o(V) HNH 174

Chn chiu 3 dng mt li I& m1 , I& m 2 , I& m 3 nh hnh 174. H 3 phng trnh
dng mt li:
(5 j2 + 3) I& m1 - 3 I& m 2 = 50 hay (8 j2) I& m1 - 3 I& m 2 = 50 (1)
26
Ng Ngc Th
- 3 I& m1 + (3 + j5 + 5) I& m 2 - 5 I& m 3 = 0 hay - 3 I& m1 + (8 + j5) I& m 2 - 5 I& m 3 = 0 (2)

- 5 I& m 2 + (5 + 2 j2) I& m 3 = 0 hay - 5 I& m 2 + (7 j2) I& m 3 = 0 (3)
50 + 3I& m 2
5I&
(1) I& m1 =
v (3) I& m 3 = m 2 . Thay vo (2):
8 j2
- 3(
7 j2
50 + 3I& m 2
5I&
) + (8 + j5) I& m 2 - 5( m 2 ) = 0 I& m 2 = 3,461- 32,14o (A)
8 j2
7 j2
I& m1 =
50 + 3( 3,461 32,14 o )
= 7,1618,67o (A)
8 j2
5I& m 2
5( 3,461 32,14 o )
V: I& m 3 =
=
= 2,377- 16,19o (A)
7 j2
7 j2
Ta c: I& 1 = I& m1 = 7,1618,67o (A) PR1 = I12(5) = (7,161)2.5 = 256,4 W
o
o
o
I& = I& - I& = (7,1618,67 ) (3,461- 32,14 ) = 5,07335,15 (A)
2
m1
m2
PR2 = I22(3) = (5,073)2.3 = 77,2 W

o
o
o
I& 4 = I& m 2 - I& m 3 = (3,461- 32,14 ) (2,377- 16,19 ) = 1,345- 61,19 (A)
PR3 = I42(5) = (1,345)2.5 = 9,05 W
o
2
2
I& 5 = I& m 3 = 2,377- 16,19 (A) PR4 = I5 (2) = (2,377) .2 = 11,3 W
Cng sut tc dng do ngun cung cp:
P = PR1 + PR2 + PR3 + PR4 = 256,4 + 77,2 + 9,05 + 11,3 = 353,95 W
Bi 3.15 Xc nh cng sut in tr 6 tiu th v dng I& trong mch in
hnh 175 (Phc s ca cc ngun l phc hiu dng)
Chn chiu 3 dng mt li I& m1 , I& m 2 , I& m 3 nh hnh 176. H 3 phng trnh dng
mt li:
(5 + j5) I& m1 - j5 I& m 2 = 30 hay (1 + j1) I& m1 - j I& m 2 = 6 (1)
- j5 I& m1 + (j5 + 2 + j3 + 6) I& m 2 + 6 I& m 3 = 0 hay - j5 I& m1 + (8 + j8) I& m 2 + 6 I& m 3 = 0 (2)
6 I& m 2 + (6 + 5) I& m 3 = 20 hay 6 I& m 2 + 11 I& m 3 = 20 (3)
I& 2 j3
I& 2 j3
I&'
5
j5
j5
I& m1
300o(V) HNH 175
200o (V)
I& m 2
300o(V) HNH 176
I& m 3
200o (V)
20 6I& m 2
6 + jI& m 2
v (3) I& m 3 =
. Thay vo (2):
1 + j1
11
20 6I& m 2
6 + jI& m 2
- j5(
+ (8 + j8) I& m 2 + 6(
) = 0 I& = I& m 2 = 1,7137,47o (A)
1 + j1
11
(1) I& m1 =
20 6(1,7137,47 o )
= 2,4811o (A)
I& m 3 =
11
Ta c: I&' = I& m 2 + I& m 3 = (1,7137,47 ) + (2,4811 ) = 2,4811o (A)

27
Ng Ngc Th
P6 = I2(6) = (2,48)2.6 = 36,9W

Bi 3.16 Xc nh U& trong mch in hnh 177 dng I& qua ngun bng 0.
Hng dn gii (phng php dng mt li): Chn chiu 3 dng mt li
I& m1 , I& m 2 , I& m 3 nh hnh 178. H 3 phng trnh dng mt li: (j5 + 3) I& m1 - 3 I& m 2 = 10 (1)
- 3 I& m1 + (3 + j2 j2) I& m 2 - j2 I& m 3 = 0 hay - 3 I& m1 + 3 I& m 2 - j2 I& m 3 = 0 (2)
- j2 I& + (- j2 + 5) I& = U& (3)
m2
j2
m3
j2
I&
j5
-j2
3
I&
-j2
5
j5
3
&
U
100o(V) HNH 177
&
U
100o(V) HNH 178
V dng qua ngun U& l I& = I& m 3 phi trit tiu nn :

T (2) - 3 I& m1 + 3 I& m 2 = 0 I& m1 = I& m 2 . Thay vo (1): (j5 + 3) I& m 2 - 3 I& m 2 = 10
I& m 2 = - j2 (A). Thay vo (3): - j2(- j2) = U& U& = - 4 = 4180o (V)
Bi 3.17 Tm I& A , I& B , I& C trong mch in hnh 179.
Hng dn gii (phng php dng mt li): Chn chiu 2 dng mt li
I& m1 , I& m 2 nh hnh 180. H 2 phng trnh dng mt li:
2(3 j4) I& m1 - (3 j4) I& m 2 = 220120o = - 110 + j110 3 (1)
- (3 j4) I& + 2(3 j4) I& = 220 (2)
m1
I& A
3-j4()
220120o(V)
I& B
3-j4()
2200o(V)
I& C
3-j4()
I& A
220120o(V)
HNH
HNH
179
180
2200o(V)
I& B
m2
3-j4()
I& m1
3-j4()
I& C
I& m 2
3-j4()
(1)x2: 4(3 j4) I& m1 - 2(3 j4) I& m 2 = - 220 + j220 3 (3)
(3) + (2): 3(3 j4) I& m1 = j220 3 I& A = I& m1 = 25,4143,13o (A). Thay vo (2):
- (3 j4)(25,4143,13o) + 2(3 j4) I& m 2 = 220 I& m 2 = 25,483,13o (A)
I& C = - I& m 2 = 25,4- 96,87o (A)
Ta c: I& B = I& m 2 - I& m1 = (25,483,13o) (25,4143,13o) = 25,423,13o (A)
Bi 3.18 Tnh cc p U& AB v U& BC trong mch in hnh 181.
28
Ng Ngc Th
Chn chiu 2 dng mt li I& m1 , I& m 2 nh hnh 182. H 2 phng trnh dng mt li:
(3 + j4 + j10) I& m1 - j10 I& m 2 = 1045o hay (3 + j14) I& m1 - j10 I& m 2 = 1045o (1)
- j10 I& m1 + (j10 j10) I& m 2 = 0 (2)
(2) I& m1 = 0. Thay vo (1): - j10 I& m 2 = 1045o I& m 2 = 1135o (A)
j4
B
B
A
j4
I&
3
3
j10
-j10
j10
-j10
I& m 2
I& m1
1045o (V)
1045o (V)
C
HNH 182
HNH 181
U& BC = I& (j10). Bit: I& = I& m1 - I& m 2 = 0 - 1135o = 1- 45o (A).
Do : U& BC = (1- 45o)(1090o) = 1045o (V)
Ta c: U& AB = I& m1 (3 + j4) = 0
Bi 3.19 Xc nh cng sut tc dng do mi ngun trong mch in hnh 183
cung cp. Bit E& 1hd = E& 2hd = 1090o (V).
(4 + j2 + 2) I& m1 + 4 I& m 2 = 1090o hay (3 + j1) I& m1 + 2 I& m 2 = j5 (1)
4 I& m1 + (4 + 5 j2) I& m 2 = 1090o - 1090o = 0 hay 4 I& m1 + (9 j2) I& m 2 = 0 (2)
j2
j2
5
5
I& 1
-j2
I& 2
-j2
2
&
E
1
HNH 183
(2) I& m 2
&
E
2
I& m1
&
E
1
I& m 2
&
E
2
HNH 184
4I& m1
4I& m1
=
. Thay vo (1): (3 + j1) I& m1 + 2(
) = j5
9 j2
9 j2
4( 2,17369,34 o )
I& m1 = 2,17369,34o (A). T : I& m 2 =
= 0,9428- 98,13o (A)
9 j2
*
&
&
&
&
&
= E1 . I 1 , vi I 1 = I m1 + I m 2 = (0,9428- 98,13o) + (2,17369,34o)
Ta c: S E1
= 1,26960,07o (A) S E1 = (1090o)(1,269- 60,07o) = 12,6929,93o
29
Ng Ngc Th
= 11 + j6,33 (VA) PE1 = 11 W.

V: S E 2 = E& 2 . I& , vi I& 2 = - I& m 2 = 0,9428(- 98,13o + 180o) = 0,942881,87o (A)
S E 2 =(1090o)(0,9428- 81,87o)=9,4288,13o =9,33 + j1,33 (VA) PE2 = 9,33 W.
*
2
B. Bi tp tng hp
Bi 3.20 Tm cng sut tiu th trn in tr 10 trong mch in hnh 185.

5
1
2V
15
10
4A
1
2A
15
10
4A

HNH 186
HNH 185
Hng dn gii: Bin i ngun p (2V ni tip in tr 1) thnh ngun

2
dng ( = 2A // in tr 1) nh hnh 186. Coi 3 = 0, h 2 phng trnh th nt 1 v 2
1
1
1
1
1
c vit nh sau: ( +
+ )1 - 2 = 2 hay 1,31 0,22 = 2 (1)
1
10
5
5
1
1
1
- 1 + ( + )2 = 4 hay - 3 1 + 42 = 60 (2)
5
5
15
100
(1) 2 = 6,51 10. Thay vo (2): - 3 1 + 4(6,51 10) = 2 1 =
V
23
100 2
(
)
2
U 13
100
23
U13 = 1 - 3 = 1 =
P10 =
=
= 1,89 W
23
10
10
Bi 3.21 Tm dng trong cc nhnh ca mch in hnh 187.
2
I1
A
4A
I4
1
1 1

I3
24V
I5
I2
2
12A
B
16V
16A
2
2 4A
HNH 188
HNH 187
Hng dn gii: Bin i ngun p (24V ni tip in tr 2) thnh
ngun dng (
dng (
24
= 12A // in tr 2) v ngun p (16V ni tip 1) thnh ngun
2
16
= 16A // in tr 1) nh hnh 188.
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
Coi 3 = 0, h 2 phng trnh th nt 1 v 2 c vit nh sau: ( + + )1 30
1
2
1
Ng Ngc Th
= 12 + 4 = 16 hay 21 - 2 = 16 (1)
-
1
1
1
1
1 + ( + + )2 = 16 hay - 1 + 2,52 = 16 (2)
1
1
2
1
(2)x2: - 21 + 52 = 32 (3) ; (1) + (3): 42 = 48 2 = 12 V

V t (1) 1 =
Ta c: I1 =
I3 =
16 + 2
16 + 12
=
= 14 V
2
2

U A1
U
24 14
16 12
= A 1 =
= 5 A ; I2 = B 2 = B 2 =
=4A
2
2
2
1
1
1

U
U
U 12 1 2 14 12
0 14
12 0
=
=
= 2 A ; I4 = 31 =
= - 7 A ; I5 = 23 = 2 3 =
=6 A
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
Bi 3.22 Tm dng trong cc nhnh ca mch in hnh 189. Nghim li s

cn bng cng sut tc dng trong mch.
Hng dn gii
(2 + 3 + j5) I& m1 + (3 + j5) I& m 2 = 50 hay (5 + j5) I& m1 + (3 + j5) I& m 2 = 50 (1)
(3 + j5) I& m1 + (3 + j5 + 3 j8) I& m 2 = 50 hay (3 + j5) I& m1 + (6 j3) I& m 2 = 50 (2)
(1) I& m1 = 5 j5 (0,8 + j0,2) I& m 2 . Thay vo (2):
(3 + j5)[ 5 j5 (0,8 + j0,2) I& m 2 ] + (6 j3) I& m 2 = 50 I& 2 = I& m 2 = 1,5913,815o (A)
T : I& 1 = I& m1 = 5 j5 (0,8 + j0,2)(1,5913,815o) = 6,8- 55,63o (A)
V: I& 3 = I& m1 + I& m 2 = (6,8- 55,63o) + (1,5913,815o) = 7,51- 44,18o (A)
2
3
-j8
I& 1
I& 3
3 -j8
3
I& 2
I& 3
I& 1
I& 2
3
50V
&
E
1
j5
&
E
2
I& m1
j5
50V
I& m 2
HNH 190
HNH 189
*
Cng sut phc ca ngun E& 1 : S E1 = E& 1 . I& 1 = 50(6,855,63o)
= 340,0355,63o = 191,97 + j280,66 (VA) PE1 = 191,97 W
Cng sut phc ca ngun E& 2 : S E 2 = E& 2 . I& *2 = 50(1,59- 13,815o)
= 79,596- 13,815o = 77,29 j19 (VA) PE2 = 77,29 W
Vy, tng cng sut tc dng do 2 ngun cung cp: Pf =PE1+PE2=191,97+77,29=269,26 W
Cng sut cc in tr tiu th: P2 = I12(2) = (6,8)2.2 = 92,5 W
P3(nhnh gia) = I32(3) = (7,51)2.3 = 169,16 W
P3 (nhnh phi) = I22(3) = (1,59)2.3 = 7,6 W
Vy, tng cng sut tiu th: Pthu =P2+P3+P3=92,5+169,16+7,6 = 269,26 W
Tm li: Pthu = Pft
Bi 3.23 Tm i(t) trong mch in hnh 191.
31
Ng Ngc Th
1
= 1000
5000(0,2.10 6 )
3000 I&
Hng dn gii: Dung khng cc nhnh cha t: XC =
3000i
0,5K
i(t)
0,5K
I&
2K
2K
2K
0,2F
I& m1
0,2F
I& m 2
-j1K
40o(V) HNH 192 0,4-j0,8(K)

Chuyn sang mch phc, thay nhnh (2K) // vi nhnh (-j1000) bi nhnh
4cos5000t (V) HNH 191

tng ng c tr khng l
2000( j1000)
= 400 j800 (), v chn chiu 2 dng
2000 j1000
mt li I& m1 , I& m 2 nh hnh 192. H 2 phng trnh dng mt li:

(500 + 400 j800) I& m1 - (400 j800) I& m 2 = 4 hay (9 j8) I& m1 - (4 j8) I& m 2 = 0,04 (1)
- (400 j8) I& m1 + (400 j800 + 2000 j1000) I& m 2 = 3000 I& , vi: I& = I& m1
(- 4 + j8) I& m1 + (24 j18) I& m 2 = 30 I& m1 (- 34 + j8) I& m1 + (24 j18) I& m 2 = 0 (2)
34 j8 &
48 + j21 &
48 + j21 &
I m1 =(
) I m1 . Thay vo (1): (9j8) I& m1 -(4j8)(
) I m1 = 0,04
24 j18
45
45
1,8
I& = I& m1 =
= 0,02453,13o (A) hay i(t) = 0,024cos(5000t + 53,13o) (A)
o
75 53,13
(2) I& m 2 =
Bi 3.24 Tm i(t) v u(t) trong mch in hnh 193.

L1 =0,5H
i(t)
0,5
I&
C1=1F
C2=0,5F
L2=0,25H
5cos2t (V)
j1
-j1
-j0,5
u(t)
5A
10A
0,5
-j1
j0,5
&
U
5A
HNH 193

Hng dn gii: Cm v dung khng trong mch: HNH 194
XL1 = 2(0,5) = 1 ; XL2 = 2(0,25) = 0,5 ; XC1 =
1
1
= 0,5 ; XC2 =
=1
2(1)
2(0,5)
Chuyn sang mch phc, ta c: jXL1 = j1 () ; jXL2 = j0,5 () ;

- jXC1 = - j0,5 () ; - jXC2 = - j1 ()
32
Ng Ngc Th
Bin i ngun p [50o(V) ni tip in tr 0,5] thnh ngun dng

5
0o = 100o (A) // in tr 0,5], v thay nhnh (j1//-j0,5) bi nhnh
0 ,5
j1( j0,5)
tng ng (
= -j1) (hnh 194).
j1 j0,5
Coi & 3 = 0, h 2 phng trnh th nt 1 v 2 c vit nh sau:
1
1
1
1
+
+
) & 1 - (
) & 2 = 10 hay (2 + j2) & 1 - j & 2 = 10 (1)
(
0 ,5
j1
j1
j1
1
1
1
1
-(
) & 1 + (
+
+ ) & 2 = 5 hay - j & 1 + (1 j1) & 2 = 5 (2)
j1
j1
j0,5
1
(2) & 2 = 2,5 + j2,5 - (0,5 j0,5) & 1 . Thay vo (1):
(2 + j2) & 1
T : & 2
Vy: U& =
- j[2,5 + j2,5 - (0,5 j0,5) & 1 ] = 5 & 1 = 2,236- 26,57o (V)

= 2,5 + j2,5 - (0,5 j0,5)(2,236- 26,57o) = 2 5 63,43o (V)
o
o
& 2 = 2 5 63,43 (V) hay u(t) = 2 5 cos(2t + 63,43 ) (V)
&
U
V: I& = A1 = 2( & A - & 1 ) = 2[5 (2,236- 26,57o)] = 6,3218,43o (V)
0,5
Hay: i(t) = 6,32cos(2t + 18,43o) (A)

Bi 3.25 Tm u1(t) trong mch in hnh 195.
sin2t (V)
1
4cos2t (V)
C=0,5F
u1(t)
-j1 (A)
1

-j1 ()
4 (A)
2u1
2 U& 1
&
U
1
j1 ()
j2 ()
L1=0,5H
L2=1H

HNH 195
HNH 196
Hng dn gii: Cm v dung khng trong mch: X L1 = 2(0,5) = 1 ;
XL2 = 2(1) = 2 ; XC =
1
= 1. Ngun dng sin2t (A) hay cos(2t 90o) (A)
2(0,5)
Chuyn sang mch phc, ta c: jXL1= j1 () ; jXL2 = j2 () ; - jXC = - j1 ()

v ngun dng phc - j1 (A) (hnh 196)
Coi & 3 = 0 th U& 1 = & 1 v h 2 phng trnh th nt 1 v 2 c vit nh sau:
1
1
1
1
+
) & 1 - (
) & 2 = 4 + (- j1) hay & 2 = 4 j1 & 2 = 1 + j4 (1)
j1
j1
j1
j1
1
1
1
1 + j3
-(
) & 1 + (
+
) & 2 = - (- j1) + 2 U& 1 hay - j & 1 + (
) & 2 = j1 + 2 & 1
j1
j1
1 + j2
5
1 + j3
- j1 + (
) & 2 = (2 + j1) & 1 (2)
5
1 + j3
11 + j2
)(1 + j4) = (2 + j1) & 1 & 1 =
= 1143,13o (V)
Thay (1) vo (2): - j1 + (
5
10 + j5
o
Vy: U& 1 = & 1 = 1143,13 (V) hay u1(t) = cos(2t + 143,13o) (V)
33
Ng Ngc Th
Bi 3.26 Tm u(t) trong mch in hnh 197.

Hng dn gii: Cm v dung khng trong mch:
X C1 = X C3 =
1
1
1
= 6 ; X C2 =
= 3 ; XL = 6( ) = 3
1
1
2
6( )
6( )
36
18
-j3
C2=1/18F
C1=1/36F
C3=1/36F
ux/3
ux 6

+
I& 1
+
L=0,5H
u(t)
3
5cos(6t-45o)(V) HNH 197
& /3
U
X

-j6
&
U
X
j3
&
U
6 -j6
5-45o(V)
HNH 198
Chuyn sang mch phc, ta c: -jXC1 = -jXC3 = -j6 () ; -jXC2 = -j3 () ; jXL = j3 ()
Thay nhnh (3+j3)//(-j6) bi nhnh tng ng (
3 + j3( j6)
= 6) (hnh 198)
3 j3
Coi & 3 = 0 th ta c ngay & 1 = 5- 45o (V)

I& 1 =
&
& &
U
5 45 o 0
5 2
13
& = I& (6) = 5 2 (6) = 5 2 (V)
= 1 3 o=
=
(A)
U
X
1
6 j6 6 2 45
12
12
2
6 2 45 o
&
U
5 2
Ngun dng ph thuc
(A)
T phng trnh th nt vit cho nt 2 nh sau:

-(
1
1
1
5 2
5 45 o
1 + j2
5 2
) & 1 + (
+ ) & 2 =
hay (
)+(
) & 2 =
o
j3
j3
6
6
6
6
3 90
& 2 =
5 2
5
2 + j1
+ 45o = 5 2 (
) = 5 2 - 36,87o (V)
6
3
1 + j2
Vy: U& = & 2 = 5 2 - 36,87o (V) hay u(t) = 5 2 cos(6t 36,87o) (V)
Bi 3.27 Tm u(t) trong mch in hnh 199.
Hng dn gii
1
3
= . Ngun dng 2sin4t hay 2cos(4t 90o) (A)
1
2
4( )
6
3
Chuyn sang mch phc,ta c: - jXC= -j () v ngun dng phc -j2 (A) (hnh 200)
2
Coi & 2 = 0, ta c ngay & 1 = 3 (V), do , ta ch cn vit duy nht 1
1
1
1
1
phng trnh th nt cho nt 3 nh sau: - & 1 & 2 + ( +
) & = - 8 (- j2)
3
3 3
2
2
j
j
2
2
1
2
2
Hay: - (3) - j (0) + (0,5 + j ) & 3 = - 8 + j2 & 3 = - 2,76 + j7,68 (V)
2
3
3
&
Ta c: U = & 1 - & 3 = 3 (- 2,76 + j7,68) = 5,76 j7,68 = 9,6- 53,13o (V)
Dung khng trong mch: XC =
34
Hay: u(t) = 9,6cos(4t 53,13o) (V)

3cos4t (V)
HNH
199
Ng Ngc Th
3(V)
2
2
u(t)
3
2
2
&
U
1/6F
8(A)
-j ()
3
2
-j ()
-j2(A)
2sin4t (A)

HNH 200
Bi 3.28 Tm E& 2 dng qua in tr 4 trong mch in hnh 201 bng 0.
Tnh U& AC v U& BC
8cos4t (A)
A
5
B
4
j2
-j2
HNH 202
A I& 2 4
B
&
E
2
I& 1
I& 3
50o(V)
j2
C
HNH 201
50o(V)
I& m1
-j2
&
E
2
I& m 3
I& m 2
C
Hng dn gii: Chn chiu 3 dng mt li I& m1 , I& m 2 , I& m 3 nh hnh 202.
H 3 phng trnh dng mt li: (5 + j2) I& m1 - j2 I& m 2 = 50 (1)
- j2 I& m1 + (j2 + 4 j2) I& m 2 + (- j2) I& m 3 = 0 hay - j2 I& m1 + 4 I& m 2 - j2 I& m 3 = 0 (2)
- j2 I& m 2 + (- j2 + 2) I& m 3 = E& 2 (3)
Dng qua in tr 4 l I& 2 = I& m 2 , theo yu cu phi trit tiu, do (1), (2), (3)
tr thnh: (5 + j2) I& m1 = 50 (1) ; - j2 I& m1 - j2 I& m 3 = 0 (2) ; (- j2 + 2) I& m 3 = E& 2 (3)
250 j100
250 j100
(1) I& m1 =
. Thay vo (2): - j2(
) - j2 I& m 3 = 0
29
29
250 + j100
250 + j100
I& m 3 =
= - I& m1 . Thay vo (3): (- j2 + 2)(
) = E& 2
29
29
300 + j700
E& 2 =
= 26,26113,2o (V)
29
&
&
&
&
&
&
Ta c: U AC = I 1 (j2), vi I 1 = I m1 - I m 2 = I m1
250 j100
U& AC = ( I& m1 )(j2) = (
)(j2) = 18,5768,2o (V)
29
V: U& BC = I& 3 (- j2), vi I& 3 = I& m 2 + I& m 3 = I& m 3 = - I& m1
U& = (- I& )(- j2) = ( I& )(j2) = U& = 18,5768,2o (V)
BC
m1
m1
AC
C. Bi tp v mch tng ng Thvnin - Norton

Bi 3.29 Tm mch tng ng Thvnin ca mng mt ca (A,B) hnh 203.
35
Ng Ngc Th
Hng dn gii
Tm Ro: Ni tt 2 ngun p (hnh 204): Ro =
1
1
1
1
, vi Go =
+
+
Go
10
20
20
1
= 0,2 S Ro =
=5
0, 2
A
20
10
20
HNH
100V
B 203
A
100V
10A
10
10
20
20
HNH
204
Uhm
20
5A
20
HNH
B 205
5
75V
HNH
B 206
Tm Uhm (dng pp th nt): Bin i 2 ngun p thnh 2 ngun dng

(hnh 205), Coi B = 0, ta c: (
1
1
1
+
+
)A = 10 + 5 = 15 A = 75 V
10
20
20
Ta c: Uhm = A - B = A 0 = A = 75 V. S mch tng ng Thvnin

c v nh hnh 206.
Hng dn gii: 1) Tm Ro: Ni tt ngun p (in tr 12 b ngn mch) v
h mch ngun dng (hnh 208): Ro =
(1 + 2)(6)
=2
1+ 2+ 6
2) Tm Uhm (dng pp th nt) (hnh 209): Coi B = 0, c ngay D = 18 V

1
1
1
+ )C - A = 18 hay 1,5C - A = 18 (1)
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
Phng trnh th nt A: - C + ( + )A - D = 0 hay - C + A 3 = 0 (2)
1
1
6
6
6
7
7
(2) C = A 3. Thay vo (1): 1,5( A 3) - A = 18 A = 30 V
6
6
Phng trnh th nt C: (
Ta c: Uhm = A - B = A 0 = A = 30 V. S mch tng ng Thvnin

c v nh hnh 210.
(50V l gi tr hiu dng ca ngun p). Da trn tnh dng qua tr khng
Z1 = 5 j5 () v qua tr khng Z2 = 100o () khi ta ln lt mc Z1 v Z2 vo 2 cc
A, B ca mch tng ng Th vnin. Tnh cng sut Z1 v Z2 tiu th.
Hng dn gii: 1) Tm Zo: Ni tt ngun p (hnh 212): Zo =
36
j5(5 + j5)
= 5 j5 ()
j5 + 5 + j5
Ng Ngc Th
2) Tm Uhm : nh lut K2 vit cho mch vng hnh 213: I& (- j5 + 5 j5) = 50
I& =
50
=10 (A) U& hm = I& (5 + j5) = 10(5 + j5) = 50 + j50 = 50 2 45o (V)
j5 + 5 + j5
1
2
6
A
12
18A
12
18A
30V
18V
A
-j5()
5
j5()
500 (V)
j5()
-j5()
5
HNH
B 212
HNH
B 211
I&
HNH 210
HNH 209
-j5()
12
HNH 208
A
6
A
A
B
18V
HNH 207
I&
A
5-j5()
500 (V)
100o()
5-j5()
j5()
HNH
B 213
50 2 45o(V)
HNH
214
U hm
50 245 o
3) Rp Z1 vo 2 cc A, B (hnh 214): I1 =
=
= 590o (A)
Z o + Z1
5 j5 + 5 j5
P1 = I12(5) = 52(5) = 125 W

4) Rp Z2 vo 2 cc A, B (hnh 214): I2 =
U hm
50 245 o
=
=4,4763,43o (A)
Z o + Z 2 5 j5 + 10
P2 = I22(10) = (4,47)2(10) = 200 W

Hng dn gii: 1) Tm Zo: Ni tt ngun p (hnh 216):
5( 3 + j5)
245 + j570
+ j5 =
2,75 + j6,4 ()
5 + 3 + j5
89
2) Tm Uhm: nh lut K2 vit cho mch vng hnh 217: I& (5 + 3 + j5) = 10
Zo=
37
Ng Ngc Th
80 j50
(A) U& hm = U& AC + U& CB = I& 1 (j5) + I& (3 + j5)
8 + j5
89
80 j50
490 + j250
= 0(j5) + (
)(3 + j5) =
6,1827,03o (V)
89
89
10
I& =
S mch tng ng Thvnin c v nh hnh 218.

j5
5
3
j5
j5
100 (V)
I&
j5
j5 I&
1
HNH
B 215
100 (V)
HNH
B 216
A
2,75+j6,4()
I&
o
3
6,1827,03o(V)
j5
HNH
B 217
HNH
B 218

Hng dn gii
( 3 j4)10
1475 j400
+5=
7,97j2,16 ()
3 j4 + 10
185
Tm Uhm: nh lut K2 vit cho mch vng hnh 221: I& (3 j4 + 10) = 20
Tm Zo: Ni tt 2 ngun p (hnh 220): Zo=

I& =
20
260 + j80
=
U& hm = U& AC + U& CB = I& 1 (5) - 1045o + 20 - I& (10)
13 j4
185
=0(5)-5 2 -j5 2 +20(
260 + j80
1100 925 2 j(800 + 925 2 )
)(10)=
11,45-95,64o (V)
185
185

Hng dn gii
21(12 + j4)
50( 30 + j60)
+
21 + 12 + j4
50 + 30 + j60
70362 + j35559
=
42,26 + j21,36 ()
1665
Tm U& hm (dng pp th nt) (hnh 225): Coi & D = 0, c ngay & C = 18 V
Tm Zo: Ni tt ngun p (hnh 224): Zo =
Phng trnh th nt A: 38
1
1
1
& C + (
+
) & A = 0 hay
21
21
12 + j24
Ng Ngc Th
20
1
1
+( +
) & A = 0 & A = 11,676 + j6,054 (V)
21
21
12 + j24
1
1
1
Phng trnh th nt B: & C + (
+
) & B = 0 hay
50
50
30 + j60
20
1
1
+(
+
) & B = 0 & B = 12 + j6 (V)
50
50
30 + j60
Vy: Uhm = & A - & B =11,676 + j6,054 (12 + j6)= - 0,324 + j0,054=0,328170,54o (V)
A
5
1045o(V)
200 (V)
-j4()
10
I&
1045 (V)
3
I&
-j4()
HNH
219
B
A
I& 1
-j4()
10
A
7,97-j2,16()
200o(V)
11,45- 95,64o(V)
10
HNH
221
HNH
222
B
B
50
21
12
30 HNH
223
j60
j24
200o(V)
C
50
21
A
12
j24
o
200 (V)
50
21
HNH
220
B
30 HNH
225
j60
12
j24
30 HNH
224
j60
A
42,26+j21,36()
0,328170,54o(V)
HNH
226
39
Ng Ngc Th

A B
A B
4
10 5
o
530o(V) HNH 227 50 (V)
HNH 228
A B
5,55
5
10
4
5,916,4o(V)
130 (A)
C
HNH 229
1,250o(A)
HNH 230

Hng dn gii: 1) Tm Ro: Ni tt 2 ngun p (hnh 228):
Ro =
5(10)
5(4)
150
+
=
5,55
5 + 10
5+4
27
2) Tm Uhm (dng pp th nt): Bin i 2 ngun p thnh 2 ngun dng nh

hnh 229. Coi C = 0, vit phng trnh th nt A:
1
1
3
1
5 3
5
+ )A = 130o hay 0,3 A =
+ j A =
+ j (V)
5
10
2
2
3
3
1
1
25
V phng trnh th nt B: ( + )B = - 1,25 hay 0,45B = - 1,25 B = (V)
5
4
9
5 3
5
25
Vy:
Uhm = A - B =
+ j - () = 5,916,4o (V)
3
3
9

Hng dn gii: 1) Tm Ro: Ni tt 2 ngun p (hnh 232):
Zo =
(10 + j20)10
+ j5 = 7,5 + j7,5 ()
10 + j20 + 10
2) Tm Uhm: nh lut K2 vit cho mch vnh hnh 233:

o
I& (10 + j20 + 10) = 10 + 1090 hay (20 + j20) I& = 10 + j10 I& = 0,5 (A)
T : U& hm = U& AC + U& CB = I& 1 (j5) + I& (10) j10 = (0)(j5) + (0,5)(10) j10
= 5 j10 11,18- 63,43o (V)
Bi 3.37 Tm mch tng ng Thvnin v Norton ca mng mt ca (A,B)
hnh 235 (Phc ngun dng v phc ngun p trong mch l cc phc hiu dng).
40
Ng Ngc Th
Mc gia hai cc A, B mt in tr R. Xc nh R cng sut truyn n R l

cc i. Tnh cng sut .
A
j5
j20
10
10
10
o
100o(V) 1090 (V)
I& 1
C
j20 &
I
10
j20
j5
j5
10
HNH
B 231
HNH
B 232
A
7,5+j7,5()
10
11,18- 63,43o(V)
HNH
HNH
234
B
B 233
Hng dn gii: 1) Tm Zo: Ni tt ngun p v h mch ngun dng (hnh 236):
100o(V) 1090o(V)
Zo =
( 3 + j4)10
= 2,973 + j2,162 ()
3 + j4 + 10
2) Tm U& hm (dng pp th nt): Bin i ngun p thnh ngun dng (hnh 237) v
coi & B = 0, phng trnh th nt A c vit nh sau: (
1
1
+ ) & A
3 + j4
10
25
90o hay (0,22 j0,16) & A = 2 2 + j2 2 + j2,5 & A = 22,1898,07o (V)
10
Vy: U& hm = & A - & B = 22,1898,07o (V).
= 445o +

3)Tm I& nm : I& nm =
&
U
22,18 98,07 o
hm
=
= 6,0362,04o (A).
Zo
2,973 + j2,162
S mch tng ng Norton c v nh hnh 239.

4)Tnh R: Rp in tr R vo 2 cc A,B ca mch tng ng Thvnin (hnh
240). iu kin cng sut truyn n R cc i: R = Z o = ( 2,973) 2 + ( 2,162) 2 =3,68
V khi gi tr cng sut cc i l: Pmax = I2R
Vi I cho bi: I& =
&
U
22,1898,07 o
hm
=
= 3,1780,05o (A) I = 3,17 A
2,973 + j2,162 + 3,68
Zo + R
T : Pmax = (3,17)23,68 = 37 W
Bi 3.38 Tnh R trong mch in hnh 241 cng sut tiu th trn R l
cc i. Tnh cng sut .
Hng dn gii: Ct nhnh cha R ra khi mch, phn mch cn li l mt
mng mt ca (A,C) nh hnh 242. Ta tm mch tng ng Thvnin ca mng mt
ca ny.
41
Ng Ngc Th
1) Tm Ro: Ni tt 2 ngun p v h mch ngun dng (hnh 243): Ro =
4(12)
=3
4 + 12
A
3
10
j4
2590o(V)
10
j4
445o(A) HNH 235
HNH 236
A
2,973+j2,162()
3
10
22,1898,07o(V)
j4
B
445o(A) HNH 237 2,590o(A)
6,0362,04o(A)
A
HNH 238
I&
B
A
2,973+j2,162()
R
2,973+j2,162()
22,1898,07o(V)
HNH 239
HNH 240
2) Tm Uhm (dng pp th nt): Bin i ngun p [8V ni tip in tr 4] thnh

8
4
ngun dng [ = 2A // in tr 4] nh hnh 244 v coi C = 0, ta c ngay B = 6 V v

phng trnh th nt A c vit nh sau:
1
4
( +
1
1
1
1
)A - B = 2 + 1 hay A - (6) = 3 A = 10,5 V
12
12
3
12
Vy: Uhm = A - C = 10,5 V. S mch tng ng Thvnin c v nh hnh 245

3) Tm R: Rp in tr R vo 2 cc A,C ca mch tng ng Thvnin
(hnh 246). iu kin cng sut R tiu th cc i: R = Ro = 3
V khi gi tr cng sut cc i l: Pmax = I2R= (
U hm 2
10,5 2
) R= (
) (3) = 9,1875 W
3+3
Ro + R

Hng dn gii: 1) Tm Ro: Thay in tr 10 // in tr 30 bi in tr
tng ng
42
10( 30)
= 7,5, kch thch 2 ca (A,B) mt ngun p Et = 1V v chn
10 + 30
Ng Ngc Th
chiu 3 dng mt li Im1, Im2, Im3 nh hnh 248, h 3 phng trnh dng mt li c
vit nh sau: 12Im1 + 12Im2 = 1 + 3V1 , vi V1 = I1(6) = (Im3 Im2)(6)
12
8V
1A
12
A 3
C
3
8V
6V
1A
HNH 241
HNH 242
12
A
3
C
12
A 3
C
4
1A
2A
HNH 243
A
6V
B
6V
HNH 244
A
10,5V
10,5V
I
R
C
HNH 246
12Im1 + 12Im2 = 1 + 3(Im3 Im2)(6) 12Im1 + 30Im2 18Im3 = 1 (1)
12Im1 + (12 + 6 + 2 + 40)Im2 (2 + 6)Im3 = 3V1 = 18Im3 18Im2
6Im1 + 39Im2 13Im3 = 0 (2)
- (6 + 2)Im2 + (7,5 + 2 + 6)Im3 = 0 hay 8Im2 + 15,5Im3 = 0 (3)
HNH 245
15,5I m 3
15,5I m 3
(4). Thay (4) vo (2): 6Im1 + 39(
) 13Im3 = 0
8
8
62,5625I m 3
Im1 =
(5). Thay (4) v (5) vo (1):
6
62,5625I m 3
15,5I m 3
1
12(
) + 30(
) - 18Im3 = 1 Im3 = A. Thay vo (5):
6
8
85
1
62,5625( )
62,5625I m 3
1
85 = 62,5625 A. Vy: R = E t = E t =
Im1 =
=
= 8,152 .
o
62,5625
6
6
510
I
I m1
510
(3) Im2 =
2) Tm Uhm (dng pp dng mt li): Chn chiu 3 dng mt li Im1, Im2, Im3
nh hnh 249, h 3 phng trnh dng mt li c vit nh sau:
(12 + 40 + 2 + 6)Im1 (2 + 6)Im2 = 3V1, vi V1 = I1(6) = (Im2 Im1)6
60Im1 8Im2 = 3(Im2 Im1)6 3Im1 Im2 = 0 (6)
- (2 + 6)Im1 + (30 + 2 + 6)Im2 30Im3 = 0 hay 4Im1 + 19Im2 15Im3 = 0 (7)
43
Ng Ngc Th
- 30Im2 + (10 + 30)Im3 = 0,55 hay 6Im2 + 8Im3 = 0,11 (8)

Im2
(9) v (8) Im3 = 0,01375 + 0,75Im2 (10). Thay (9) v (10) vo (7):
3
I
0,61875
- 4( m 2 ) + 19Im2 15(0,01375 + 0,75Im2) = 0 Im2 =
A. Thay vo (9):
3
19,25
0,61875
0,61875
Im1 = 19,25 =
A. T ta tnh c Uhm nh sau:
3
57,75
(6) Im1 =
Uhm = Im1(12) 3V1 = Im1(12) (18Im2 18Im1) = 30Im1 18Im2

= 30(
0,61875
0,61875
) 18(
) = - 0,257 V
57,75
19,25

40
A
3V1
0,55V
Ihm1
2
30
Ihm1
3V1
V1
1V
HNH
B 248
6
A
8,152
12
3V1 Uhm
Ihm2 V1
0,55V
40
Ihm3
10
HNH
B 247
12
2
Ihm2
7,5
V1
I1
Ihm3
12
2
10
30
40
I1
- 0,257V
HNH
B 250
HNH
B 249
D. Bi tp v nguyn l xp chng
Bi 3.40 Tm cc dng I1, I2, I3, I4 trong mch in hnh 251 bng phng php
xp chng.
Hng dn gii: 1) H mch ngun dng 1A, ch ngun p 5V tc ng
(hnh 252). Coi D = 0: C = 5 V I1 =
C D
50
= I2 =
=1A
2+3
5
2) Ni tt ngun p 5V, ch ngun dng 1A tc ng (hnh 253).

in tr ton mch nhn t 2 nt A,B: R =
2( 3)
3( 2)
+
= 2,4
2+3
3+2
Vy, mch in tng ng ca mch hnh 253 c v nh hnh 254:

U = IR = 1(2,4) = 2,4 V. Do , nu coi B = 0 th A =2,4 V
44
Ng Ngc Th
U CA

U

= C A v I3 = DA = D A
2
2
3
3

5( C A )

I1 + I3 = C A + D A . Bit: C = D I1 + I3 =
2
3
6
5( C A )
Li bit: I1 + I3 = - 1
= - 1 5(C 2,4) = - 6 C = 1,2 V
6

2,4 1,2
1,2 0
T : I1 =
= 0,6 A v I2 = C B =
= 0,4 A
2
3
3
Ta c: I1 =
I1
I3
A
2
I1
2
3
C
1A
3
HNH HNH
251
252
5V
2
1A
I2
1A
2
B
U
3
I2
5V
A
I3
3
I4
I1
I2
I4
HNH HNH
254
253
B
3) Xp chng: I1 = I1 I1 = 1 0,6 = 0,4 A v I2 = I2 + I2 = 1 + 0,4 = 1,4 A
nh lut K1 ti A (hnh 251) cho ta: I1 + 1 + I3 = 0 I3= - 1 I1 = - 1 0,4 = - 1,4 A
nh lut K1 ti B (hnh 251) cho ta: I2 1 + I4 = 0 I4 = 1 I2 = 1 1,4 = - 0,4 A
Bi 3.41 Dng phng php xp chng tnh dng qua tr khng (3 + j4) trong
mch in hnh 255.
Hng dn gii
1) Ni tt ngun p 50 (V), ch ngun p j50 (V) tc ng,
v bin i ngun p [j50 (V) ni tip in tr 5] thnh ngun dng [
j50
=j10 (A) //
5
in tr 5] nh hnh 256. Coi & B = 0, phng trnh th nt A c vit nh sau:

1
1
1
j10
+
+ ) & A = j10 hay (0,32 j0,36) & A = j10 & A =
(V)
5
3 + j4
j5
0,32 j0,36
j10
&
j10
0,32 j0,36
=
(A)
I&' = A =
3 + j4
3 + j4
(0,32 j0,36)( 3 + j4)
45
Ng Ngc Th
2) Ni tt ngun p j50 (V), ch ngun p 50 (V) tc ng,

v bin i ngun p [50 (V) ni tip tr khng j5] thnh ngun dng [
50
=-j10 (A)//
j5
tr khng j5] nh hnh 257. Coi & B = 0, phng trnh th nt A c vit nh sau:
1
1
1
j10
+
+ ) & A = - j10 hay (0,32 j0,36) & A = - j10 & A =
(V)
5
3 + j4
j5
0,32 j0,36
j10
&
j10
0,32 j0,36
I&" = A =
=
(A)
3 + j4
3 + j4
(0,32 j0,36)( 3 + j4)
j10
j10
3) Xp chng: I& = I&' + I&" =
+[
]=0
(0,32 j0,36)( 3 + j4)
(0,32 j0,36)( 3 + j4)
Bi 3.42 Trong mch in hnh 258, cho cc ngun tc ng ring r, tnh t s

& /E
& khi cc dng trn in tr 10 do cc ngun tc ng ring r to ra c tr s
E
1
2
bng nhau.
Hng dn gii: 1) Ni tt ngun p E& 2 , ch ngun p E& 1 tc ng (hnh 259),
10( j10)
] = 10 2 45o ()
10 + j10
&
E&
E
tr khng ton mch l: Z = 5 + j5 + [

Dng trong mch chnh: I&' =
10 245 o
E& 1
j10
j10
Dng qua in tr 10: I&'1 = I&' (
)=
(
) = 0,05 E& 1
o
10 + j10
10
+
j
10
10 245
Z
2) Ni tt ngun p E& 1 , ch ngun p E& 2 tc ng (hnh 260), tr khng

ton mch l: Z = j10 + [
10(5 + j5)
] = 4 + j12 (). Dng trong mch chnh:
10 + 5 + j5
&
&
E
E
2
I&" = 2 =
= (0,025 2 - 45o) E& 2 .Dng qua in tr 10:
Z
4 + j12
&
E
5 + j5
5 + j5
2
I&"1 = I&" (
)=
(
) = (0,025 2 - 45o) E& 2
4 + j12 15 + j5
5 + j5 + 10
&
E
3) Tnh t s E& 1 / E& 2 : Bit I&'1 = I&"1 0,05 E& 1 =(0,025 2 -45o) E& 2 & 1 = 0,05 2 - 45o
E
2
Bi 3.43 Xem mch in hnh 261. (a) Trit tiu ngun dng j(t) = 3cos2t (A),
vit biu thc dng i1(t) qua in tr 1 . (b) Trit tiu ngun s e(t)= 6cos4t (V),
vit biu thc dng i2(t) qua in tr 1. (c) Dng nguyn l xp chng tm biu thc
dng i(t) qua in tr 1 v tnh cng sut tiu th trn in tr 1.
Hng dn gii: (a) H mch ngun dng, kch thch ca mch by gi ch cn
ngun p vi =4 rad/s, do : ZL=jL=j(4)(1)=j4(); ZC =- j

S mch in nh hnh 262.
Ta c: I& 1 =
46
&
E
6
=
=1 j1 =
1 + j4 j1 + 2 3 + j3
2 - 45 (A)
o
1
1
=- j
= - j1 ().
C
4(0,25)
Ng Ngc Th
Vy, biu thc tc thi ca dng qua in tr 1 l: i1(t) = 2 cos(4t 45o) (A)
A
I&'
I&
j5
j4
j50V
50V
j50V
j4
B
HNH 256
HNH 255
A
j5
5
I&"
j5
j5
j10
10
j4
&
E
2
&
E
1
50V
B
HNH 257
I&'
j5
5
I&'1
HNH 258
j5
5
j10
I&"1
I&"
j10
10
10
&
E
2
&
E
1
HNH 260
HNH 259
2
i(t)
j(t)
1H
0,25F
-j1
HNH 262
HNH 261
I& 2
J&
2
&
E
e(t)
j4
I& 1
j2
1
- j2 2
HNH
263
47
Ng Ngc Th
(b) Ngn mch ngun p, kch thch ca mch by gi ch cn ngun dng vi

= 2 rad/s, do :
ZL = jL = j(2)(1) = j2 () ; ZC = - j
1
1
=-j
= - j2 ()
C
2(0,25)
S mch in nh hnh 263.

Ta c: I& 2 = J& (
j2 j2 + 2
2
) = (30o)( ) = 20o (A)
j2 j2 + 2 + 1
3
Vy, biu thc tc thi ca dng qua in tr 1 l: i2(t) = 2cos2t (A)

(c) Xp chng 2 dng i1(t) v i2(t) cng qua in tr 1 ta c:
i(t) = i1(t) + i2(t) = 2 cos(4t 45o) + 2cos2t (A)
Cng sut tiu th trn in tr 1 l: P = P1 + P2
Vi P1 = I12(1) = (
2
2
)2(1) = 1 W v P2 = I22(1) = (
)2(1) = 2 W
P = 1 + 2 = 3 W.
Cch khc: P = I2(1), vi I = I 12 + I 22 = (
2
2
)2 + (
2
2
Georg Simon OHM

1789 - 1854
48
)2 =
3 P =( 3 ) (1)= 3 W
2
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
Mng 2 ca l g?
I& 2
I& 1
Mch
ngoi
1
U& 1
I& 1
Ca 1
MNG
HAI
CA
U& 2
&I
2
Mch
ngoi
2
Ca 2
Mng hai ca l mt phn ca mch in c hai i

cc trao i nng lng v tn hiu vi bn ngoi.
mi ca, nng lng v tn hiu c th c a vo
hoc c ly ra. Dng in chy vo cc ca mt ca
bng dng in chy ra cc cn li ca ca .
4.1 Cc h phng trnh trng thi ca mng hai ca
Trng thi v qu trnh nng lng trn hai ca c
c trng v o bi hai cp bin trng thi U& 1 ; &I1 v U& 2 ; &I 2
Mi bin s c xc nh bng quan h vi 2 trong 3
bin cn li. Tng cng c 6 t hp 2 bin bt k t 4
bin ni trn nh sau, gi l h phng trnh trng thi
ca mng hai ca.
4.1.1 H phng trnh trng thi Z ca mng hai ca
(tnh U& 1 ; U& 2 theo &I1 ; &I 2)
& 1 = Z11I& 1 + Z12 I& 2 ; U
& 2 = Z 21I& 1 + Z 22 I& 2
U
T h phng trnh trn, ngi ta nh ngha 4 thng s

Z nh sau, v gi l cc tr khng h mch.
&1
U
(), gi l tr khng vo ca 1
Z11 =
&I1 &
I =0
khi h mch ca 2
2
&2
U
(), gi l tr khng vo ca 2
Z 22 =
&I 2 &
khi h mch ca 1
I =0
1
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
&1
U
Z12 =
&I 2 &(), gi l tr khng tng h ca 1 /v
I1 = 0
ca 2 khi h mch ca 1
&2
U
(), gi l tr khng tng h ca 2 /v
Z 21 =
&I1 &
ca 1 khi h mch ca 2
I 2 =0
4.1.2 H phng trnh trng thi Y ca mng hai ca
(tnh &I1 ; &I 2 theo U& 1 ; U& 2 )
& 1 + Y12 U
& 2 ; I& 2 = Y21 U
& 1 + Y22 U
&2
I& 1 = Y11 U

Y nh sau, v gi l cc dn np ngn mch.
&I 2
Y2 =
& 2 &(S), gi l dn np vo ca 2
U
U1 = 0
khi ngn mch ca 1
&I1
Y11 =
& 1 &(S), gi l dn np vo ca 1
U
U 2 =0
khi ngn mch ca 2
&I1
& 2 &(S), gi l dn np tung h ca 1 /v
U
U1 = 0
ca 2 khi ngn mch ca 1
&I 2
Y21 =
(S), gi l dn np tung h ca 2 /v
&1 &
U
U =0
Y12 =
4.1.3 H phng trnh trng thi H ca mng hai ca

& 1 ; &I 2 theo &I1 ; U
& 2)
(tnh U
& 1 = H 11I& 1 + H 12 U
& 2 ; I& 2 = H 21I& 1 + H 22 U
&2
U
H nh sau:
&
U
H11 = 1 (), gi l tr khng vo ca 1
&I1 &
U 2 =0
khi ngn mch ca 2
&
U
H12 = 1 , gi l hm truyn t p t ca 2 n
&2&
U
ca 1 khi h mch ca 1
I1 = 0
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
H 21 =
Ng Ngc Th
&I 2 , gi l hm truyn t dng t ca 1 n

&I1 &
U 2 =0
H 22
&I 2
=
(S), gi l dn np vo ca 2 khi
&2&
U
h mch ca 1
4.1.4 H phng trnh trng thi G ca mng hai ca
(tnh &I1 ; U& 2 theo U& 1 ; &I 2)
I1 = 0
& 1 + G 12 I& 2 ; U
& 2 = G 21 U
& 1 + G 22 I& 2
I& 1 = G 11U

G nh sau:
&I1 (S), gi l dn np vo ca 1
G11 =
&1&
U
khi h mch ca 2
I 2 =0
&I1
G12 = , gi l hm truyn t dng t ca 2 n ca 1
&I 2 &
khi ngn mch ca 1
U1 = 0
G 21 =
&2
U
, gi l hm truyn at p t ca 1 n
&1 &
U
ca 2 khi h mch ca 2
I 2 =0
G 22 =
U& 2
, gi l tr khng vo ca 2
&I 2 ()
&
U =0
khi ngn mch ca 1

4.1.5 H phng trnh trng thi A ca mng hai ca
(tnh U& 1 ; &I1 theo U& 2 ;&I 2)
& 1 = A11U
& 2 A12I& 2 ; I& 1 = A 21U
& 2 A 22 I& 2
U
1

A nh sau:
&1
U
&2&
U
&I1
&2&
U
A11 =
I2 =0
A21 =
I2 =0
&
1
U
1
; A12 = 1
= ()
G21
&I2 U& =0 Y21
2
&I
1
1
(S) ; A22 = 1
=
Z21
&I2 U& =0 H21
2
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
4.1.6 H phng trnh trng thi B ca mng hai ca

(tnh U& 2 ; &I 2 theo U& 1;&I1 )
& 2 = B11U
& 1 B12 I& 1 ; I& 2 = B 21 U
& 1 B 22 I& 1
U
B nh sau:
&
&
U
1
U
1
B11 = 2 =
; B12 = 2
= ()
&2&
U
H12
&I1 U& =0 Y12
I1=0
1
B21 =
&I2
&I
1
1
= (S) ; B22 = 2
=
&1 &
U
Z12
&I1 U& =0 G12
I =0
1
4.2 Cch xc nh thng s ca mng hai ca

C 3 cch xc nh thng s ca mng hai ca.
4.2.1 T nh ngha ca thng s mng
xc inh thng s mng
V d: Hy xc nh b thng s A ca mng hai ca
sau y (hnh a).
A
2
(a)
I& 1
&
U
1
(b)
2
&
U
1
I& 1
&
U
1
Gii: Theo nh ngha: A12 =
4
I& 2
4
I& 1
I& 1
(c)
I& 3
&
U
2
(d)
&1
U
&I 2
&I
() v A 22 = &1
I2
& 2 =0
U
,
& 2 =0
U
do ta ngn mch ca 2 (hnh b) tm 2 thng s

ny.
4
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
& 1 = 2&I1 + 4&I 3

nh lut K2 vit cho mch vng hnh b: U
nh lut K1 ti nt A: &I1 + &I 2 &I3 = 0 &I3 = &I1 + &I 2 , do :
& 1 = 2&I1 + 4(&I1 + &I 2 ) = 6&I1 + 4&I 2 (1)

U
Mt khc, thay 2 in tr 4 mc song song mch
in hnh b bi in tr tng ng 2, ta c mch
in hnh c, v nh lut K2 vit cho mch vng hnh c:
& 1 = (2 + 2)&I1 = 4&I1 (2)
U
T (1) v (2):
&I
6&I1 + 4&I 2 = 4&I1 2&I1 = 4&I 2 1 = 2 hay A 22 = 2
&I 2
V t :
&
& 1 = 4&I1 = 4(4&I 2 ) = 8&I 2 U1 = 8 hay A12 = 8 ()
U
&I 2
&I1
&1
U
Cng theo nh ngha: A11 =
v A21 = & (S), do
&U2 &
U2 &I =0
I2=0
2
ta h mch ca 2 (hnh d) tm 2 thng s ny.
nh lut K2 vit cho mch vng hnh d:

& 1 = (4 + 2)&I1 = 6&I1 (3)
U
V /v nhnh gia, ta c:
&I1
&
&
U 2 = 4I1 (4)
= 0,25 (S) hay A 21 = 0,25 (S)
&2
U
&
U
6&I
Cui cng, t (3) v (4): 1 = 1 = 1,5 hay A11 = 1,5
& 2 4&I1
U
1,5
8
Tm li, b thng s A cn tm l: A =
0,25 S 2
4.2.2 Gii mch in xc nh thng s mng
Vn dng cc phng php gii mch in nh
phng php dng nhnh, th nt, dng mt
li.v.v tm cc thng s ca mng hai ca cn tm.
V d: Hy xc nh b thng s Z ca mng hai ca
sau y (hnh e).
5
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
Gii: Ta gii bi ton ny bng phng php dng

nhnh. -j2
-j2
j4
(e)
I& 1
&1
E
&
U
1
I& 3
j4
&
5 U
2
I& 2
&2
E
(f)
Coi ca 1 c mt ngun s E& 1 cung cp in p U& 1 ,

ca 2 c mt ngun s E& 2 cung cp in p U& 2 nh
hnh f.
nh lut K2 vit cho mch vng hnh f pha bn tri:
& 1 (1)
( j2 ) &I1 + 5 &I 3 = E& 1 = U
nh lut K2 vit cho mch vng hnh f pha bn phi:
& 2 ( 2)
( j4)&I 2 + 5&I 3 = E& 2 = U
nh lut K1 ti nt A: &I1 + &I 2 &I3 = 0 &I 3 = &I1 + &I 2 (3)

(3) (1) v (2):
& 1 = (5 j2)&I1 + 5&I 2 ( 4) v U
& 2 = 5&I1 + (5 + j4)&I 2 (5)
U
(4)
V (5) chnh l h phng trnh trng thi Z ca mng

hai ca ang xt, do vy:
5 j2( )
5 ( )
Z=
5 ( )
5 + j4 ()
4.2.3 T thng s cho trc suy ra

thng s ca mng cn tm
Da vo thng s cho trc, tra bng quy i thng
s xc nh thng s cn tm.
V d: Hy xc nh b thng s A ca mng hai ca
c h phng trnh trng thi: U& 1 = 2 &I1 + 7 &I 2 ; U& 2 = 2 &I1 + 4 &I 2
6
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
BNG QUY I THNG S

Z
Z 22
Z
Z 21
Z
Z
Z
Z 22 Z
Z 21
Z 22
Y 12
Z 12
Z
Z 11
Z
22
Y11
Y21
Y12
Y22
1
Y 11
Y
Y
Y 11
Y 12
Y 22
Z 11
Z 21
Z
Z 11
Z
Z 21
Y 21
Y 11
Y
Y 22
Y 21
Y 22
Y
22
Y 21
1
Z 21
Z
Z
Y 21
11
Z
Z
21
11
Z
Z
12
22
Z
Z
Z12 Y Y
Z22 Y 21 Y 11
Z11
Z21
22
12
11
22
21
22
21
Z
Z 21
Z
Z
21
11
21
12
11
1
Y
22
H
H 22
H
H
H
22
1
H
22
22
11
12
11
H
H 11
21
11
G
G
11
21
11
1
H
H 21
Y 21
Y
H
11
Y 21
H
22
21
Y
Y H
22
Y 12
Y 12 H
H
H
21
G
G
22
12
11
12
22
1
G
22
21
A
A 21
B
B
21
A
A
B
B 21
B 11
B 12
11
12
22
22
12
1
A
A
G 12 A 12
A 22
G A 22
1
A
G 11
A
A
22
G
A
G12 A
G22
G
G
21
11
1
A
11
A
A
21
A
A 12
A
A
12
22
11
12
21
22
A
A 11
12
11
22
A11
A21
A12
A22
G
G
A 22
11
G 12
G 12 A
A 12
A
A 11
A
G
1
H 21 G
H
H
11
A
A
A
A
21
11
12
G
G 11
G
G 22
G
A
G
G
G 22
H12 G
H11
H21
H22 G 21
G
H 22
H 12
H G11
H
H 21 H 11 G
21
H
H
Y
1
1
11
Y 12
Y 12 H 12
12
21
1
H
H
21
11
21
21
G
G 21
H
G
1
11
H 12
G 12 G 12
A 21
A
22
21
B
B 12
B 12
B 11
B
B
21
B
B
21
11
12
22
12
1
B
11
B
B 21
B 11
B 11
B 21
1
B 22
B 22
B
B 22
B 22
B
B 21
B
B11
B21
B
B
12
22
B 12
B
B 11
B
B12
B22
Ghi ch: X = X 11 .X 22 X 12 .X 21 vi X c th l Z,
Y, H, G, A, B.
Gii: H phng trnh trn l h phng trnh trng
thi Z, do ta tra bng quy i thng s theo ct Z,
hng A, ta c:
Z11 2
= =1
Z 21 2
Z Z11.Z 22 Z12 .Z 21 2( 4) 7(2)
A12 =
=
=
= 3 ()
Z 21
Z 21
2
1
1
Z
4
A 21 =
= (S) ; A 22 = 22 = = 2
Z 21 2
Z 21 2
A11 =
Tm li, b thng s A cn tm l:
A=
3 ()
0,5 (S)
4.3 Cc thng s lm vic ca mng hai ca

7
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
1
Z1
&1
U
&1
E
Ngun
2
I& 2
I&1
1
ZV1
Mng
hai
ca
&2
U
(g)
Z2
Ti
Khi lm vic, mng hai ca c kt ni vi ngun

v ti nh s hnh g, trong Z1 l tr khng trong
ca ngun s E& 1 , Z2 l tr khng ti. Ca ni vi ngun
(1,1) l ca s cp, ca ni vi ti (2,2) l ca th cp.
Cc thng s m t trng thi lm vic ca mng hai ca
c gi l thng s lm vic.
Cc thng s lm vic ca mng hai ca bao gm:
tr khng vo h s khuch i p h s khuch i
dng h s khuch i cng sut.
4.3.1 Tr khng vo Zv
C th tnh Zv1 theo bt k b thng s no trong 6 b
thng s Z, Y, H, G, A, B.
4.3.1.1 Tr khng vo s cp Zv1
L t s gia p v dng s cp khi th cp c ni
&
vi ti :
U
Z v1 = 1
I& 1
By gi ta xc inh Zv1 theo b thng s Z chng hn.
Ta c h phng trnh trng thi Z:
& 1 = Z11&I1 + Z12 &I 2 (1) ; U
& 2 = Z 21&I1 + Z 22 &I 2 (2)
U
& 2 = Z 2 ( &I 2 ) , thay vo
Mt khc, p trn ti (hnh g): U
(2):
Z &I
Z 2 ( &I 2 ) = Z 21&I1 + Z 22 &I 2 &I 2 =
21 1
Z 2 + Z 22
(3)
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
Thay (3) vo (1):
Z 21&I1
&
&
& 1 = ( Z11 Z12 .Z 21 )&I1
U1 = Z11I1 + Z12 (
)U
Z + Z 22
Z 2 + Z 22
&1
U
Z Z
Z .Z + Z
Hay: Zv1 = = Z11 12 21 Zv1 = 11 2
&I1
Z2 + Z22
Z2 + Z22
4.3.1.2 Tr khng vo th cp Zv2
I& 1
Z1
I& 2
&1
U
Mng
hai ca
&2
U
(h)
2
ZV2
L t s gia p v dng th cp khi trit tiu ngun p

&2
U
pha s cp (hnh h):
Zv2 =
&I 2
By gi ta xc nh Zv2 theo b thng s Z chng hn.
p s cp (hnh h): U& 1 = Z1 (&I1 ) , thay vo (1):
Z12 &I 2
Z1 ( &I1 ) = Z11&I1 + Z12 &I 2 &I1 =
( 4)
Z1 + Z11
Thay (4) vo (2):
Z12 &I 2
&
& 2 = ( Z 22 Z12 .Z 21 )&I 2
U 2 = Z 21 (
) + Z 22 &I 2 U
Z1 + Z11
Z1 + Z11
&
U
Z .Z
Z .Z + Z
Hay: Z v 2 = 2 = Z 22 12 21 Z v2 = 22 1
&I 2
Z1 + Z11
Z1 + Z11
4.3.2.1 H s khuch i p
L t s
U& 2
E& 1
hay
U& 2
U& 1
khi mng hai ca lm vic.
Pha s cp ca mng hnh g cho ta:

& 1 (5)
E& 1 = Z1&I1 + U
Pha th cp ca mng hnh g cho ta:
9
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
& 2 = Z 2 ( &I 2 ) (6)

U
H phng trnh trng thi Z ca mng:
& 1 = Z11&I1 + Z12 &I 2 (7) ; U
& 2 = Z 21&I1 + Z 22 &I 2 (8)
U
&2
U
&
( 6) I 2 =
(9) , thay vo (8):
Z2
&2
& 2 ( Z 2 + Z 22 )
U
U
&
&
&
U 2 = Z 21I1 + Z 22 ( ) I1 =
(10)
Z2
Z 2 .Z 21
&2
U
&
&
(9)(7): U1 = Z11I1 + Z12 (
) , thay vo (5):
Z2
&
&E1 = ( Z1 + Z11 )&I1 + Z12 ( U 2 ) (11)
Z2
U ( Z + Z 22 )
U
(10)(11): E& 1 = ( Z1 + Z11 )[ 2 2
] Z12 ( 2 )
&
&
Z 2 .Z 21
Z2
&2
U
Z 2 .Z 21
=
& 1 Z 2 (Z1 + Z11 ) + Z1 .Z 22 + Z
E
4.3.2.2 H s khuch i dng

&I 2
L t s
khi mng hai ca lm vic.
&I1
I& 2
Z 21
T (3) ta suy ra:
=
I& 1
Z 2 + Z 22
4.3.2.3 H s khch i cng sut

L t s gia cng sut tc dng ca ti (P2) vi
cng sut tc dng a vo ca 1 (P1).
* Tnh P2:
1&
1
1 2
&
&
&
P2 = Re[ U
(
I
)*
=
Re[
Z
(
I
)(
I
)*]
=
I 2 Re Z 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
* Tnh P1:
10
Chng 4: MNG
1 HAI CA
1
Ng Ngc Th
& 1&I1*) = Re( Z v1.&I1.&I1*) = 1 I1 2 Re Z v1

P1 = Re( U
2
2
2
* Tnh h s khuch i cng sut:

1 2
I Re Z2
P2 2 2
P
Z 21
ReZ2
=
2=
P1 1 I 2 Re Z
P1 Z 2 + Z 22 ReZ v1
1
v1
2
BI TP CHNG 4
Bi 4.1 (a) Xc nh cc phn t ca cc ma trn A, Z, Y, H ca mng hai ca
hnh 363. Bit Z1 = 10 , Z2 = 5 . (b) Nu cho Z1 = 8 K, Z2 = 4 K, xc nh
dng I1 do ngun cung cp v p U2 trn ti khi p ngun cung cp l U1 = 48 V v ti
c tr khng Rt = ; 6 K ; 0.
I& 2 = 0
0,5Z1
0,5Z1
0,5Z1 A
I& 1
I& 2
&
U
1
Z2
I& 1
I& 1
&
U
2
&
U
1
&
U
2
0,5Z1
Z2
HNH 363
0,5Z1 A
I& 1
HNH 364
0,5Z1
0,5Z1 A 0,5Z1
I& 2
I& 3
I& 2
I& 1
&
U
1
Ngun U& 1
Z2
&
U
2
Ti
Zt
Z2
HNH 366
HNH 365
Hng dn gii:
(a) Xc nh cc ma trn
Cc phn t ca ma trn A (pp nh ngha):
* H mch ca 2 (hnh 364):
&
& = I& (0,5Z1 + Z2) v U
& = I& Z2 A11 = U 1 I& = 0 = 0,5Z 1 + Z 2 = 0,5(10) + 5 = 2
U
1
1
2
1
2
&
5
U
Z2
2
I&
1
1
= = 0,2 S
V:
A21 = & 1 I& 2 = 0 =
Z
5
U
2
* Ngn mch ca 2 (hnh 365): I& 1 + I& 2 - I& 3 = 0 (nh lut K1 ti A) I& 3 = I& 1 + I& 2
- U& 1 + I& 1 (0,5Z1) + I& 3 (Z2) = 0 (nh lut K2 cho mt tri)
- U& 1 + I& 1 (0,5Z1) + I& 3 (Z2) = 0 (nh lut K2 cho mt tri)
Hay: - U& 1 + I& 1 (0,5Z1) + ( I& 1 + I& 2 )(Z2) = 0 U& 1 = (0,5Z1 + Z2) I& 1 + Z2 I& 2 (1)
11
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
I& 2 (0,5Z1) + I& 3 (Z2) = 0 (nh lut K2 cho mt phi)

Hay: I& 2 (0,5Z1) + ( I& 1 + I& 2 )(Z2) = 0 Z2 I& 1 = (0,5Z1 + Z2)(- I& 2 ) (2)
I&
0,5Z 1 + Z 2
0,5(10) + 5
=
=2
Vy:
A22 = &1 U& 2 = 0 =
Z
5
I
2
Thay (2) vo (1): U& 1 = (0,5Z1 + Z2)[
(0,5Z 1 + Z 2 )( I& 2 )
( 0 ,5 Z 1 ) 2 + Z 1 Z 2
] + Z2 I& 2 =
(- I& 2 )
Z2
Z2
&
U
( 0 ,5 Z 1 ) 2 + Z 1 Z 2
(0,5.10) 2 + 10(5)
1
&
Vy: A12 = & U 2 = 0 =
=
= 15
Z2
5
I2
2
Tm li:
15
A=
2
0, 2 S
Cc phn t ca ma trn Z, Y, H (dng bng quy i thng s):
T thng s A, bng quy i thng s cho ta:
A 11
A
2
=
= 10 ; Z12 =
,
A 21
0, 2
A 21
1
= (2)(2) (15)(0,2) = 1 Z12 =
= 5 ;
0, 2
- Cc phn t ca ma trn Z l: Z11 =

vi A = A11A22 A12A21
Z21 =
10 5
A
1
1
2
= = 5 ; Z22 = 22 = = 10 . Tm li: Z =
A 21 0,2
A 21 0,2
5 10
A
A
2
1
- Cc phn t ca ma trn Y l: Y11 = 22 =
S ; Y12 = =S;
A 12
15
A 12
15
A
1
1
2
Y21 = =S ; Y22 = 11 =
S. Tm li: Y =
A 12
15
A 12
15
- Cc phn t ca ma trn H l: H11 =

H21 = -
1
2
15 S 15 S
1
2
S
S
15
15
A 12
A
15
1
=
= 7,5 ; H12 =
= = 0,5 ;
A 22
2
A 22
2
A
1
7 ,5 0 ,5
1
0, 2
= - = - 0,5 ; H22 = 21 =
= 0,1 S. Tm li: H =
A 22
2
A 22
2
0,5 0,1 S
(b) Mng hai ca lm vic vi ngun v ti nh hnh 366.

Nu Z1 = 8 K v Z2 = 4 K th cc phn t ca ma trn A c tnh li nh sau:
A11 = A22 =
0,5( Z 1 ) + Z 2
1
0,5(8000) + 4000
1
=
= 2000 ; A21 =
=
= 0,00025 S
Z2
Z2
4000
4000
( 0 ,5 Z 1 ) 2 + Z 1 Z 2
(0,5.8000) 2 + 8000(4000)
A12 =
=
= 12000
Z2
4000
A
2000
Suy ra cc phn t ca ma trn Z: Z11 = 11 =
= 8000 = Z22
A 21
0,00025
Z12 =
A
1
1
=
=
= 4000 = Z21. Tm li, trong hp ny: Z =
A 21
A 21
0,00025
V h phng trnh trng thi Z l: U& = 8000 I& + 4000 I& (3)
1
& = 4000 I& + 8000 I& (4)

U
2
1
2
12
8 K 4 K
4 K 8 K
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
&
U
TH 1: Rt = Zt = , tr khng vo s cp ZV1 = & 1

I1
Z
&
Z Z + Z
U
Zt
I& 1 = 1 , vi U& 1 = 48u1 (V) v ZV1 = 11 t
=
= Z11 = 8000
Z 22
Z V1
Z t + Z 22
1+
Zt
48 u1
I& 1 =
= 6.10-3u1 (A) hay I1 = 6 mA
T :
8000
V t (4) ta suy ra ( I& = 0 v Zt = , tc h mch ca 2):
Z 11 +
& = 4000(6.10-3u1) (V) = 24u1 (V) hay U2 = 24 V

U
2
&
U
TH 2: Rt = Zt = 6 K, tr khng vo s cp ZV1 = & 1
I
1
&
Z Z + Z
U
8(6) + 8(8) 4(4) 48
I& 1 = 1 , vi U& 1 = 48u1 (V) v ZV1 = 11 t
=
=
K
Z V1
Z t + Z 22
6+8
7
48 u1
T :
I& 1 =
= 7.10-3u1 (A) hay I1 = 7 mA
3
48.10
7
&
& = - Zt I& . V bit: I& = Z 21 I ! .
U
Bit:
2
2
2
Z t + Z 22
Z 21 I& !
Z Z I&
6000(4000)(7.10 3 u1 )
U& 2 = - Zt(
) = t 21 1 =
=12u1 (V) hay U2 =12 V
Z t + Z 22
Z t + Z 22
6000 + 8000
&
U
TH 3: Rt = Zt = 0, tr khng vo s cp ZV1 = & 1
I
1
&
Z Z + Z
U
Z
8(8) 4(4)
I& 1 = 1 , vi U& 1 = 48u1 (V) v ZV1 = 11 t
=
=
= 6 K
Z V1
Z t + Z 22
Z 22
8
48 u1
T :
I& 1 =
= 8.10-3u1 (A) hay I1 = 8 mA
6000
&
V:
U 2 = - Zt I& 2 = - 0( I& 2 ) = 0 hay U2 = 0
Bi 4.2 Xc nh cc phn t ma trn A ca mng hai ca hnh 367.
Z1
Z2
I& 1
&
U
1
Z1
I& 2
Z3
I& 2 = 0
I& 1
I& 1
Z2
&
U
2
&
& U
U
1
2
Z3
HNH 367
HNH 368
Z1
I& 1
Z2
I& 2
I& 3
&
U
1
Z3
HNH 369
Hng dn gii:
Cc phn t ca ma trn A (pp nh ngha):

* H mch ca 2 (hnh 368)
Ta c: U& 1 = I& 1 (Z1 + Z3) v U& 2 = I& 1 Z3
13
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
&
U
I&
Z + Z3
Z
1
A11 = & 1 I& 2 = 0 = 1
= 1 + 1 v A21 = & 1 I& 2 = 0 =
U2
Z3
Z3
U2
Z3
* Ngn mch ca 2 (hnh 369)
Ta c: I& 1 + I& 2 - I& 3 = 0 (nh lut K1 ti A) I& 3 = I& 1 + I& 2
V: - U& 1 + I& 1 (Z1) + I& 3 (Z3) = 0 (nh lut K2 cho mt tri)
Hay: - U& 1 + I& 1 (Z1) + ( I& 1 + I& 2 )(Z3) = 0 U& 1 = (Z1 + Z3) I& 1 + Z3 I& 2 (1)
Ta li c: I& 2 (Z2) + I& 3 (Z3) = 0 (nh lut K2 cho mt phi)
Hay: I& 2 (Z2) + ( I& 1 + I& 2 )(Z3) = 0 Z3 I& 1 = (Z2 + Z3)(- I& 2 ) (2)
I& 1 &
Z + Z3
Z2
U2 = 0 = 2
=
1
+
I& 2
Z3
Z3
Z Z + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1
( Z + Z 3 )( I& 2 )
] + Z3 I& 2 = ( 1 2
)(- I& 2 )
Thay (2) vo (1): U& 1 = (Z1 + Z3)[ 2
Z3
Z3
Vy:
A22 =
&
U
Vy: A12= &1

I2
Z1Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1
Z3
Z2
1+
Z3
Z1
1 + Z
Z
Z
+
Z
Z
+
Z
Z
1
2
2
3
3
1
3
& =0=
U
.Tm li: A =
2
1
Z3
Z 3
Bi 4.3 Xc nh cc phn t ca cc ma tn Y v H ca mng hai ca hnh 370.

Nghim li cc iu kin i xng ca mng hai ca.
20
20
I& 1
&
U
1
I& 2
100
100
20
I& 1
&
U
2
I& 2
HNH 370
&
U
1
100
100
&
U
1
I& 2
I& 1
100
HNH 371
20
20
I& 2
I& 1
100
100
HNH 372
I& 2
I& 1
&
U
2
HNH 373
100
&
U
2
HNH 374
Hng dn gii (pp nh ngha):
Ma trn Y
* Ngn mch ca 2, hnh 371 c mch tng ng hnh 372, trong ch c
in tr 100 // in tr 20 , cn in tr 100 th hai b ni tt, do vy:
&
U
I&
1
= 0,06 U& 1 Y11 = & 1 U& 2 = 0 = 0,06 S
100( 20)
U1
100 + 20
100
5
) (Cng thc chia dng) hay I& 2 = - (0,06 U& 1 )( ) = - 0,05 U& 1
V: - I& 2 = I& 1 (
100 + 20)
6
I& 1 =
14
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
&
I
Y21 = & 2 U& 2 = 0 = - 0,05 S
U1
Vy:
* Ngn mch ca 1, hnh 373 c mch tng ng hnh 374, trong ch c

in tr 100 // in tr 20 , cn in tr 100 th nht b ni tt, do vy:
&
U
I&
2
= 0,06 U& 2 Y22 = & 2 U& 1 = 0 = 0,06 S
100( 20)
U2
100 + 20
100
5
V: - I& 1 = I& 2 (
) (Cng thc chia dng) hay I& 1 = - (0,06 U& 2 )( ) = - 0,05 U& 2
100 + 20)
6
0,06 S 0,05 S
I&
Vy:
Y12 = & 1 U& 1 = 0 = - 0,05 S. Tm li: Y =
U
0,05 S 0,06 S
I& 2 =
* Nghim li tnh i xng: Y12 = - 0,05S = Y21 v Y11 = 0,006S = Y22

Mng hai ca l i xng.
Ma trn H
1
1
50
=
=
;
Y11
0,06
3
Y
Y
0,05
0,05
Y Y11 Y22 Y12 Y21
5
5
11
H12 = - 12 = - (
)= ; H21 = 21 =
= - ; H22 =
=
=
S
Y11
0,06
6
Y11
0,06
6
Y11
Y11
600
Dng bng quy i thng s, t Y H11 =
50

Tm li: H = 3
5

6
5
6 . Nghim li tnh i xng: H = 5 = - H
12
21
11
6
S
600
50
11
5
5
v H = H11H22 H12H21 = ( )(
) ( )(- ) = 1 Mng hai ca l i xng.
3
600
6
6
Bi 4.4 Xc nh ma trn A ca mng hai ca hnh 375

Hng dn gii (pp nh ngha): * H mch ca 2, hnh 376, trong ta thay
1100(100)
275
=
(hnh 377). T :
1100 + 100
3
& = I& ( 275 + 10) = 305 I& v U
& = I& (100) + I& (10)
U
1
1
1
2
3
1
3
3
(1000+100)//100 bng
V:
305
&
U
100
55 &
61
= I& 1 (
)(100) + I& 1 (10) =
I 1 A11 = 1 I& 2 = 0 = 3 =
&
55
1000 + 100 + 100
3
11
U2
3
&I
3
A21 = & 1 I& 2 = 0 =
S
55
U2
* Ngn mch ca 2, hnh 378, trong ta thay 3 in tr 100, 1000, 100

u bi 3 in tr du Y tng ng nh hnh 379, ln lt c cc gi tr:
100(1000)
250
100(100)
25
100(1000)
250
=
;
=
;
=
100 + 1000 + 100

3
100 + 1000 + 100
3
100 + 1000 + 100
3
Ta c: I& 1 + I& 2 - I& 3 = 0 (nh lut K1 ti A) I& 3 = I& 1 + I& 2
15
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
250
25
V: - U& 1 + I& 1 (
) + I& 3 (
+ 10) = 0 (nh lut K2 cho mt tri)
3
1000
1000
I& 1
100
&
U
1
I& 2
100
&
U
2
10
100
I& 3 (100)
I& 1 100
&
U
2
&
U
1
I& 1 (10)
10
100 I& 2
&
U
1
I& 1
&
U
1
& = 10I&
U
2
1
10
HNH 377
250/3 A 250/3
I& 1
100
I& 1
HNH 376
HNH 375
1000
I& 1
275/3
I& 3
25/3
I& 2
&
U
1
10
10
HNH 378
HNH 379
250
55
305 &
55 &
Hay: - U& 1 + I& 1 (
) + ( I& 1 + I& 2 )( ) = 0 U& 1 = (
) I1 +
I 2 (1)
3
250
25
Ta li c: I& 2 (
) + I& 3 (
+ 10) = 0 (nh lut K2 cho mt phi)
3
250
55
55 &
305
Hay: I& 2 (
) + ( I& 1 + I& 2 )( ) = 0
I1 = (
)(- I& 2 ) (2)
3
305
I& 1 &
61
305 61
55 &
Vy: A22 = & U 2 = 0 = 3 = . Thay (2) vo (1): U& 1 = (
)( )(- I& 2 ) +
I2
55
11
3
11
3
I2
3
61 18000
&
11
U
18000 &
18000
1
33
&
=
(- I 2 ). Vy: A12 = & U 2 = 0 =
. Tm li: A =
3
61
33
33
I2
S
11
55
Bi 4.5 Xc nh cc ma trn Y v A ca mng hai ca hnh 380.

Hng dn gii:
Xc nh ma trn Y (pp nh ngha)

* Ngn mch ca 2 (hnh 381). Coi & D = 0 & A = U& 1 , & B = 0 U& X = & C
16
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
Coi ca 1 c kch thch bi ngun dng I& 1 v thay ngun p ph thuc

&
0,15U
X
, 150), 2 phng trnh th nt
150
&
0,15U
1
1
1
1
X
vit cho nt A v nt C l: (
+
) & A & C = I& 1 = I& 1 & C
220
150
220
150
1000
37
78
Hay:
& A & C = I& 1 (1)
3300
22000
&
&
0 ,5 U
0 ,5 U
X
X
&
150
0,5 U X
150
(0,15 U& X , 150) bng ngun dng ph thuc (
150
150
150
&
U
X
I& 1
I& 2
330
220
&
U
1
100
HNH 380
&
U
2
I& 1
220 C U& X
I& 3
I& 1
330
100
D
HNH 381
I& 2 B A I& 1
220 C
I& 3
&
U
X
330
100
I& 2 B
I& 2
D
HNH 382
1
1
1
1
1815
) & A + (
+
+
) & C = 0 & C =
& A
220
220
100
330
7018
37
78
1815
5245471.10 2
5245471.10 2 &
Thay vo (1):
& A (
& A )= I& 1 hay
& A =
U 1 = I& 1
3300
22000 7018
5095068
5095068
I& 1 &
5245471.10 2
Vy:
Y11 = & U 2 = 0 =
0,01029 S
5095068
U1
&
U
& &
1
1 1815
363
363 &
Ta c: I& 3 = CD = C D =
& C =
(
& A ) =
& A =
U1
100
100
100
100 7018
140360
140360
5245471.10 2 &
363 &
5245471.10 2 &
V: I& 1 =
U 1 . T : I& 2 = I& 3 - I& 1 =
U1 U1
5095068
140360
5095068
I& 2 &
5513033412.10 2 &
5513033412.10 2
=U 1 . Vy: Y21 =
U2 = 0 = - 0,00771 S
&
7151437445
7151437445
U
1
V:
-(
* Ngn mch ca 1 (hnh 382). Coi & D = 0 & B = U& 2 , & A = 0 U& X = & C - & B
Coi ca 2 c kch thch bi ngun dng I& 2 v thay ngun p ph thuc
&
0,15U
X
, 150), 2 phng trnh th nt
150
&
0,15U
1
1
1
1
X
vit cho nt B v nt C l: (
+
) & B & C = I& 2 +
= I& 2 +
( & C - & B )
330
150
330
150
1000
1059
133
1
1
1
1
Hay:
& B & C = I& 2 (2). V: - (
) & B + (
+
+
) & C = 0
99000
33000
330
220
100
330
1815
1059
133
1815
& B . Thay vo (2):
& B (
& B ) = I& 2
& C =
10527
99000
33000 10527
(0,15 U& X , 150) bng ngun dng ph thuc (
17
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
&
3,43988964.10 2
& = I& . Vy: Y22 = I 2 U
& = 0 = 0,01 S
Hay:
& B 0,01 U
2
2
1
&
3,4391709
U
2
&
U
& &
1
1
1815
363
363 &
& C =
(
& B ) =
& B =
U2
Ta c: I& 3 = CD = C D =
100
100
100
100 10527
210540
210540
3,43988964.10 2 &
V:
I& 2 =
U2
3,4391709
T : I& 1 = I& 3 - I& 2 =
363 &
3,43988964.10 2 &
5993,924611 &
&
U2 U2 = U 2 - 0,00828 U
2
210540
3,4391709
724083,0413
&
I
Vy: Y12 = & 1 U& 1 = 0 = - 0,00828 S. Tm li: Y =
U2
0,01029 S 0,00828 S
0,00771 S
0,01 S
Xc nh ma trn A
Y22
0,01
== 1,297 ;
Y21
0,00771
Y Y Y Y
1
1
Y
A12 = == 129,7 ; A21 = = - ( 11 22 12 21 )
Y21
0,00771
Y21
Y21
Y
0,01029(0,01) ( 0,00828)( 0,00771)
0,01029
=-[
] = 0,00507 S ; A22 = - 11 = 0,00771
Y21
0,00771
T ma trn Y, theo bng quy i thng s ta c: A11 = -
129,7
1,297
= 0,13346. Tm li: A =
0,00507 S 0,13346
Bi 4.6 Cho mng hai ca hnh 383. (a) Xc nh ma trn Z (b) Tnh tr khng
vo ca 1 khi mc ca 2 mt in tr R.
U& X
R2
R2
I& 1 R1
&I R1
1
&
U
X
U& X
R3
&
U
1
R1
HNH 383
U& X
&
U
X
I& 2
R3
&
U
1
I& 2
&
U
X
&
&
U
U
1
2
R2 I&
I& 1 R1
&
U
X
&
U
2
HNH 385
Hng dn gii:
&
U
1
R3
I& 1
&
U
2
HNH 384
U& X
A
R2
I& 2
I& 3
R3
HNH 386
(a) Xc nh Z (pp nh ngha)

nh lut K2 vit cho mt tri: - U& 1 + U& X + I& 1 R3 = 0, bit U& X = I& 1 R1, do :
18
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
&
& = (R1 + R3) I& . Vy: Z11 = U 1
U
1
1
I& 1
nh lut K2 vit cho mt phi: - U& + I& R2 +
I& 2 = 0 = R1 + R3
& = ( I& R1)

I& 1 R3 = U
X
1
&
U
Hay: U& 2 = 0(R2) + I& 1 R3 - I& 1 (R1) = (R3 - R1) I& 1 . Do vy: Z21 = & 2 I& 2 = 0 = R3 - R1
I
2

nh lut K2 vit cho mt phi: - U& 2 + U& X + I& 2 R2 + I& 2 R3 = 0,
&
U
Bit: U& X = I& 1 R1 = 0(R1) = 0 , do : U& 2 = (R2 + R3) I& 2 . Vy: Z22 = & 2 I& 1 = 0 = R2 + R3
I2
&
U
V d thy rng: U& 1 = I& 2 R3. Do vy: Z12 = & 1 I& 1 = 0 = R3. Tm li:
I2
R +R
3
3
Z= 1
R
R
R
R 3
+
1
2
3
&
U
(b) Tnh ZV1 (hnh 386): ZV1 = & 1

I1
nh lut K1 ti nt A: I& 1 + I& 2 - I& 3 = 0 I& 3 = I& 1 + I& 2
nh lut K2 vit cho mt tri: - U& 1 + I& 1 R1 + I& 3 R3 = 0
& = I& R1 + ( I& + I& )R3 = (R1 + R3) I& + R3 I& (*)
Hay:
U
1
1
1
2
1
2
&
&
&
nh lut K2 vit cho mt phi: I 2 (R + R2) + I 3 R3 = U X
Phng trnh vit cho ngun ph thuc: U& X = I& 1 R1
Suy ra: I& 2 (R + R2) + ( I& 1 + I& 2 )R3 = ( I& 1 R1) (R3 - R1) I& 1 + (R + R2 + R3) I& 2 = 0
( R 3 R 1 ) &
& = (R1 + R3) I& - R 3 ( R 3 R 1 ) I&
I& 2 =
I 1 . Thay vo (*): U
1
1
1
R + R2 + R3
R + R2 + R3
R ( R R 1 ) &
R ( R R 1 )
] I 1 . Vy: ZV1 = (R1 + R3) - 3 3
= [(R1 + R3) - 3 3
R + R2 + R3
R + R2 + R3
Z Z
Hay:
ZV1 = Z11 - 12 21
R + Z 22
Bi 4.7 Xc nh thng s A ca mng hai ca hnh 387.


&
U
1
nh lut K2 vit cho mt tri: I& 3 (- j40) - U& 1 = 0 I& 3 =
(1)
j40
&
&
nh lut K2 vit cho mt gia: - I 3 (- j40) + I 4 (20 + j20 - j40) = 0 (2)
&
U
2
nh lut K2 vit cho mt phi: I& 4 (- j40) - U& 2 = 0 I& 4 =
(3)
j40
&
&
U
U
1
2
Thay (1) v (3) vo (2): (- j40) +
(20 j20) = 0 hay j40 U& 1 = (- 20 + j20) U& 2
j40
j40
&
U
20 + j20
2135 o
1 &
=
= 0,5 2 45o = 0,5 + j0,5
Vy: A11 = & I 2 = 0 =
o
j40
U
2 90
2
19
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
&
&
&
U
U
( 20 + j20)U
1
2
2
Ta c: I& 1 = I& 3 + I& 4 =
+
hay j40 I& 1 =
+ U& 2
j40
j40
j40
&
&
&
1600 I 1 = (- 20 + j60) U 2 I 1 = (- 0,0125 + j0,0375) U& 2 .
I&
Vy:
A21 = & 1 I& 2 = 0 = - 0,0125 + j0,0375 (S)
U
2
I& 1
20 j20
I& 2
I& 1
I& 3
&
U
1
-j40
-j40
HNH 387
&
U
2
I& 1
20
&
U
1
j20
I& 4
-j40
I& 4
-j40
&
U
2
HNH 388
I& 2
I& 3
&
U
1
20 j20
-j40
HNH 389
* Ngn mch ca 2, hnh 389, trong tr khng j40 th hai b ni tt.
R rng rng: U& 1 = I& 3 (- j40)
nh lut K2 vit cho mch vng: I& 2 (20 + j20) + I& 3 (- j40) = (20 + j20) I& 2 + U& 1 = 0
&
U
Hay: U& 1 = (20 + j20)(- I& 2 ). Vy: A12 = &1 U& 2 = 0 = 20 + j20 ()
I2
Ta c: I& 1 = I& 3 + (- I& 2 ) =

Vy: A22 =
&
U
( 20 + j20)( I& 2 )
1
+ (- I& 2 ) =
+ (- I& 2 ) = (0,5 + j0,5)( - I& 2 )
j40
j40
0,5 + j0,5
20 + j20 ( )
I& 1 &
U 2 = 0 = 0,5 + j0,5. Tm li: A =

0,5 + j0,5
I& 2
0,0125 + j0,0375 (S )
Bi 4.8 Xc nh ma trn A ca mng hai ca hnh 390.

* H mch ca 2 (hnh 391): nh lut K2 vit cho mt tri:

- U& 1 + I& 1 (10 j10) = 0 . V: U& 2 = I& 1 (- j10)
Vy:
&
U
10 j10
= 2 45o= 1 + j1
A11 = & 1 I& 2 = 0 =
j10
U2
&
I
1
A21 = & 1 I& 2 = 0 =
= j0,1 S
j10
U2
Ngn mch ca 2 (hnh 392): nh lut K1 ti nt A:
I& 1 + I& 2 - I& 3 = 0 I& 3 = I& 1 + I& 2
nh lut K2 vit cho mt tri: - U& 1 + I& 1 (10) + I& 3 (- j10) = 0
V:
20
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
Hay: U& 1 = I& 1 (10) + ( I& 1 + I& 2 )(- j10) U& 1 = (10 j10) I& 1 - j10 I& 2 (1)
nh lut K2 vit cho mt phi: I& 2 (10 + j10) + I& 3 (- j10) = 0
Hay: I& 2 (10 + j10) + ( I& 1 + I& 2 )(- j10) = 0 - j10 I& 1 + 10 I& 2 = 0 I& 1 = j(- I& 2 ) (2)
A22 =
Vy:
I& 1 10
I& 1 &
U 2 = 0 = j1
I& 2
I&
j10 10 I& 2
I& 1
10
&
U
1
&
U
2
-j10
&
U
1
j10
10
&
U
2
-j10
HNH 390
10
I& 1
j10 10 I& 2
HNH 391
I& 3
&
U
1
-j10
HNH 392
Thay (2) vo (1): U& 1 = (10 j10)(- j I& 2 ) j10 I& 2 = (10 + j20)(- I& 2 )
Vy: A12 =
&
U
1
& = 0 = 10 + j20 (). Tm li: A = 1 + j1 10 + j20()
U
2
j0,1(S )
j1
I& 2
Bi 4.9 Mng hai ca hnh 393 c 0,5Z1 = 2Z2 = 10 + j20 (). Xc nh:
(a) Cc h s ca ma trn A. (b) p u vo ca (1-1) p trn ti in tr
10 (mc ca 2-2) l 20 V. (c) Dng do ngun cung cp khi cung cp t pha u ra
(2-2) v ngn mch u vo (1-1), bit p ngun cung cp l 100 mV. (d) Xc nh s
ch ca watt k khi dng vo cun dng l I& 1 v p hai u cun p l U& 2 khi cho
u ra h mch v tc dng ln u vo l u1(t) = 80sin(t + 45o) (V).
Hng dn gii:
(a) Xc nh ma trn A (pp nh ngha)

* H mch ca 2 (hnh 394): U& 1 = U& 2 = I& 1 (2Z2) = (10 + j20) I& 1
&
U
I&
1
Vy: A11 = & 1 I& 2 = 0 = 1. V: A21 = & 1 I& 2 = 0 =
= 0,02 j0,04 (S)
10 + j20
U2
U2
* Ngn mch ca 2 (hnh 395)

nh lut K2 vit cho mt tri: - U& 1 + I& 3 (2Z2) = 0 hay U& 1 = ( I& 1 + I& 2 )(2Z2) (1)
nh lut K2 vit cho mt phi: I& 2 (0,5Z1) + I& 3 (2Z2) = 0
21
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
Hay: I& 2 (0,5Z1) + ( I& 1 + I& 2 )(2Z2) = 0 (2Z2) I& 1 + (0,5Z1 + 2Z2) I& 2 = 0
(0,5Z 1 + 2Z 2 )( I& 2 )
I& 1 =
= 2(- I& 2 ) (2)
2Z 2
I&
A22 = &1 U& 2 = 0 = 2
I
Vy:
0,5Z1
I& 1
I& 2
I& 1
0,5Z1
I& 1
&
U
1
I& 1
HNH 393
A
I& 3
&
U
1
&
U
1
&
U
2
2Z2
I& 2
HNH 394
I& 1
0,5Z1
&
U
1
HNH 395
&
U
2
2Z2
I& 1
I& 2
HNH 396
0,5Z1
&
U
2
HNH 397
&
U
1
I& 2
0,5Z1
I& 3
2Z2
&
U
2
2Z2
2Z2
I& 1 0,5Z1
&
U
2
HNH 398
Thay (2) vo (1): U& 1 = [2(- I& 2 ) + I& 2 ](2Z2) = (10 + j20)(- I& 2 )
Vy: A12 =
&
1
10 + j20( )
U
1
& = 0 = 10 + j20 (). Tm li: A =
U
2
2
I& 2
0,02 j0,04(S )
(b) Tnh U1 U2 = 20 V (hnh 396):

nh lut K2 vit cho mt tri: U& 1 = I& 3 (2Z2) = ( I& 1 + I& 2 )(2Z2)
& = (10 + j20)( I& + I& ) (3)
U
1
1
2
&
nh lut K2 vit cho mt phi: I 2 (10 + 0,5Z1) + I& 3 (2Z2) = 0
Hay: I& 2 (10 + 0,5Z1) + ( I& 1 + I& 2 )(2Z2) = 0 I& 1 (2Z2) + I& 2 (10 + 0,5Z1 + 2Z2) = 0
( 30 + j40)( I& 2 )
(10 + j20) I& 1 + (30 + j40) I& 2 = 0 I& 1 =
= (2,2 j0,4)(- I& 2 ) (4)
10 + j20
Thay (4) vo (3): U& 1 = (10 + j20)[(2,2 j0,4)(- I& 2 ) + I& 2 ] = (20 + j20)(- I& 2 )
22
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
&
U
20 u 2
2
=
= 2u2 (A) U& 1 =(20 + j20)(2u2)=40 2 (45o+u2) (V)
10
10
U1 = 40 2 56,57 V
A Z + A 12
Cch khc: Tr khng vo s cp ca mng hai ca l ZV1 = 11 t
,
A 21 Z t + A 22
1(10) + 10 + j20
trong Zt l tr khng ti bng 10 . V vy: ZV1 =
= 7,2+j10,4 ()
(0,02 j0,04)(10) + 2
&
&
&
U
U
U
Bit: ZV1 = & 1 U& 1 = ZV1 I& 1 = ZV1( I& 3 - I& 2 ) = ZV1( 1 + 2 )
2Z 2
10
I1
&
&
Z
2Z Z V 1
Z U
2Z 2 Z V 1 U
2
U& 1 (1 - V1 ) = U& 1 ( 2
) = V1 2 U& 1 =
2Z 2
2Z 2
10
10( 2Z 2 Z V1 )
&
(10 + j20)(7,2 + j10,4)U
34 + j62 &
2
=
=(
) U 2 = (2+ j2) U& 2 = (2 2 45o)(20u2)
10(10 + j20 7,2 j10,4)
7 + j24
Bit: (- I& 2 ) =
= 40 2 (45o + u2) U1 = 40 2 56,57 V

(c) Tnh I2 bit U2 = 100 mV (hnh 397): I& 2 =
&
U
U
100.10 3 u 2
2
= 2 u2 =
0 ,5 Z 1
10 + j20
22,3663,43 o
= 4,74(u2 63,43o) (mA) I2 = 4,47 mA

(d) Xc nh s ch ca watt k mc theo s hnh 398: U& 1 = U& 2 = I& 1 (2Z2)
U 1m
u1
80
45 o
&
U
40
2
= (10 + j20) I& 1 I& 1 = 1 = 2
=
=
- 18,43o (A)
o
2Z 2
10 + j20
22,3663,43
11,18 2
80
40
Ta c: U& 2 I& 1 * = U& 1 I& 1 * = ( 45o)(
18,43o) = 143,1163,63o
2
11,18 2
= 64 + j128 (VA) S ch ca watt k l P = Re( U& I& *) = 64 W
2
Bi 4.10 Xc nh ma trn Y ca mng hai ca hnh 399.

* Ngn mch ca 2, hnh 400. Thay cp (-j40)//(j20) mt phi bng

( j40)( j20)
= j40 ta c mch tng ng hnh 401:
j40 + j20
nh lut K2 vit cho mt tri: - U& 1 + I& 1 (j20) + I& 3 (- j40) = 0 (1)
nh lut K2 vit cho mt phi: I& (j40 + j40) - I& (- j40) = 0
4
&
j80I 4
I& 3 =
= - 2 I& 4 , T (1) tr thnh: U& 1 =j20 I& 1 + (- 2 I& 4 )(- j40)= j20 I& 1 + j80 I& 4 (2)
j40
Ta c: I& 4 = I& 1 (
Vy:
j40
) = - I& 1 . Thay vo (2): U& 1 = j20 I& 1 + j80(- I& 1 ) = - j60 I& 1
j40 + j40 + j40
I&
1
1
Y11 = & 1 U& 2 = 0 =
=j
S
j60
60
U
1
Ta c: (- I& 2 ) = I& 4 (
&
&
U
U
j40
) = (- I& 1 )(2) = - 2( 1 ) hay I& 2 = - 1 .
j40 + j20
j60
j30
23
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA

I&
Y21 = & 2 U& 2 = 0 = =j

S
j30
30
U1
j20
j40
j40
j20
Vy:
j20
I& 2
I& 1
&
U
1
Ng Ngc Th
I& 1
-j40
HNH 399
j20
j40
I& 1
I& 4
I& 3
-j40
-j40
HNH 400
j20
- I& 4
I& 3
I& 1
j40
I& 4
I& 3
&
U
1
-j40
I& 2
I& 5
&
U
1
&
U
2
-j40
j20
-j40
j40
HNH 401 &

I1
j20
I& 5
I& 2
-j40
&
U
2
HNH 402
I& 2
j40
I& 4
j20
j40
&
U
2
-j40
HNH 403
* Ngn mch ca 1, hnh 402. Thay cp (-j40)//(j20) mt tri bng

( j40)( j20)
= j40 ta c mch tng ng hnh 403:
j40 + j20
nh lut K2 vit cho mt tri: I& 4 (j40 + j40) + I& 3 (- j40) = 0 (3)
nh lut K2 vit cho mt phi: - U& + I& (j20) + I& (- j40) = 0 (4)
2
j80I& 4
(3) I& 3 =
= 2 I& 4 . Thay vo (4): U& 2 = j20 I& 2 + (2 I& 4 )(- j40)
j40
& = j20 I& - j80 I& (5)

U
2
2
4
j
40
Ta c: (- I& 4 ) = I& 2 (
) = - I& 2 I& 4 = I& 2 . Thay vo (5):
j40 + j40 + j40
&
& = j20 I& - j80 I& = - j60 I& . Vy: Y22 = I 2 U
& =0= 1 =j 1 S
U
2
2
2
2
1
&
j60
60
U
2
Ta c: I& 1 = I& 4 (
&
&
U
U
j40
2
) = 2 I& 4 = 2 I& 2 = 2 2 =
j40 + j20
j60
j30
I&
1
1
=j
S. Tm li: Y =
Vy: Y12 = & 1 U& 1 = 0 =
j30
30
U2
24
j
60 S
j
S
30
j
S
30
j
60S
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
Bi 4.11 Xc nh thng s A ca mng hai ca hnh 404.

I& 2
I& 1
&
U
1
I& 1 1
I& 1 1
1
j
HNH 404
2
I& 4 2
I& 3
1
j U& 2 U& 1
I& 4
&
U
2
1 I& 2
I& 1 1
&
U
1
2 I& 2
I& 3
&
U
1
HNH 405
1 + j
HNH 406
HNH 407
1
) = 0 (1)
j
1
1
nh lut K2 vit cho mt phi: - I& 3 ( ) + I& 4 (2 +
) = 0 (2)
j
j
1
1 2 2 + j4 &
1 &
1 &
j
(1) + (2): U& 1 = I& 1 + (2 +
) I 4 = I& 1 + (2 +
)( I 1 )(
)=(
) I1
1
1
j
j
2 2 + j2
+ 2+
j
j
1
1
j
1
& = I& ( 1 ) = ( I& )(
V:
U
)( ) = (
) I& 1
2
4
1
2
1
1
j
j
2 + j2
+ 2+
j
j
nh lut K2 vit cho mt tri: - U& 1 + I& 1 (1) + I& 3 (
1 2 2 + j4
&
U
2 2 + j2
= 1 - 22 + j4 ; A21 =
Vy: A11 = & 1 I& 2 = 0 =
1
U2
2
2 + j2
I& 1 &
2
I 2 = 0 = - 2 + j2 (S)
&
U2
* Ngn mch ca 2, hnh 406.

1
)(1)
1
j
1
=
() (hnh 407)
Ta thay ( )//(1) trong mt phi bng
1
j
1 + j
1+
j
1
nh lut K2 vit cho mt tri: - U& 1 + I& 1 (1) + I& 3 ( ) = 0 (1)
j
1
1
) - I& 3 ( ) = 0 (3)
nh lut K2 vit cho mt phi: I& 4 (2 +
1 + j
j
(
25
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
(1) + (3): U& 1 = I& 1 + (2 +
Ng Ngc Th
1
j
1
1
) I& 4 = I& 1 + (2 +
)( I& 1 )(
)
1
1
1 + j
1 + j
+ 2+
j
1 + j
1
1 + j
4 2 2 + j6 &
)(
)] I& 1 =
I 1 (4)
1 + j 1 + j2( 2 + j)
1 + j2( 2 + j)
1
1
j
1
j
1
1 + j
Ta c: (- I& 2 ) = I& 4 (
)=(
)( I& 1 )(
)=(
)[
] I& 1
1
1
1
1 + j
1 + j 1 + j2( 2 + j)
+1
+ 2+
j
j
1 + j
1
1
2
=
I& 1 =
I& 1 I& 1 = (1 - 2 + j4)(- I& 2 ) (5)
2
1 + j2( 2 + j)
1 2 + j4
I&
Vy:
A22 = &1 U& 2 = 0 = 1 - 22 + j4
I
= [1 + (2 +
4 2 2 + j6
Thay (5) vo (4): U& 1 =
(1 - 22 + j4)(- I& 2 ) = (4 - 22 + j6)(- I& 2 )
Vy:
A12
1 + j2( 2 + j)
&
U
= &1 U& 2 = 0 = 4 - 22 + j6 ()
I
2
1 2 2 + j4 4 2 2 + j6 ( )
A=
2
1 2 2 + j4
2 + j2 (S )
Tm li:
Bi 4.12 Xc nh thng s H ca mng hai ca hnh 408.

* Ngn mch ca 2 (hnh 409). Coi & D = 0: & A = U& 1 ; & B = 0, v coi ca 1 c
kch thch bi mt ngun dng J& 1 cung cp dng I& 1 , 2 phng trnh th nt vit cho nt
&
&
U
1
1
) & A - ( ) & C = J& 1 hay 1 - C = I& 1 (1)
R1
R1
R1
R1
&
U
1
1
1
1
1
1
() & A + (
+
+
) & C = - I& 1 hay - 1 + (
+
+ jC) & C = - I& 1 (2)
1
R1
R1
R2
R1
R1
R2
jC
&
1
1
1
+
+ jC) & C = I& 1 - I& 1 & C =
I& 1 . Thay vo (1):
(1) + (3): - C + (
1
R1
R1
R2
+ jC
R2
(1 )I&
A v nt C:
&
U
1
R1
26
1
+ jC
&
R2
U
1
1
= I& 1 U& 1 =(R1 +
) I& 1 . Vy: H11= & 1 U& 2 =0= R1 +
()
1
1
R1
I1
+ jC
+ jC
R2
R2
& &
&
1
1
Ta c: I& 2 = I& 3 - I& 1 = C D - I& 1 = C - I& 1 = ( )(
) I& 1 - I& 1
1
R2
R2
R2
+ jC
R2
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
= [(
Ng Ngc Th
( + jCR 2 ) &
1
1
)(
) 1] I& 1 =
I 1 . Vy: H21 =
1
R2
1 + jCR 2
+ jC
R2
I& 1
HNH 409
C
A
I& 1 R
1
&J
R2
1
HNH 408
I& 1
R1
&
U
1
I& 2
1
jC
R2
I& 2 &
( + jCR 2 )
U2 = 0 =
&I
1 + jCR 2
1
&
I1
&
U
2
I& 2
B
1
jC
D
* H mch ca 1: I& 1 = 0 I& 1 = 0, mng hai ca tr thnh mch vng nh hnh 410:
&
U
2
I& 2 =
R2 +
1
jC
&
I
(4). Do vy: H22 = & 2 I& 1 = 0 =
U2
Thay vo (4):
&
U
1
=
R2
&
&
U
2
R2 +
U
Vy: H12 = & 1 I& 1 = 0 =
U2
1
jC
R2 +
1
jC
&
U
. V: U& 1 = R2 I& 2 I& 2 = 1
R2
.
HNH 410
B
R2
1
R2 +
jC
R 1 + 1
+ jC
R2
Tm li: H =
( + jCR 2 )
1 + jCR 2
.
&
U
1
R2 +
jC
1
1
R2 +
jC
R2
R2
1
jC
I& 2
&
U
2
Bi 4.13 Cho mng hai ca hnh 411. Tn s gc l . (a) Xc nh ma trn Y.

&
U
Mng hai ca c i xng khng? Ti sao? (b) Tm hm truyn t p & 2 v hm dn

U1
I&
np vo & 1 khi ni ca 2 vi mt in tr 1 .
U1
Hng dn gii:
Vi tn s l T c dung khng XC =
1
1
Tr khng t l jXC = - j
(a) Xc nh Y (pp nh ngha)

* Ngn mch ca 2. Coi & D = & B = & E = 0: & A = & C = U& 1 , coi ca 1 c kch
thch bi mt ngun dng J& 1 cung cp dng I& 1 , v thay ngun p ph thuc (
&
U
1
,2)
2
27
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
&
U
1
,2) (hnh 412), phng trnh th nt duy nht vit cho
4
I&
I&
1
1
nt A: ( +
) & A = I& 1 & A = U& 1 = 1 . Vy: Y11 = & 1 U& 2 = 0 = 1 + j (S)
1
1
1 + j
U1
j
&
&
U
U
1
1
+ 1
Ta c: I& 2 = I& 5 - I& 4 + 1 = ( & D - & E ) - ( & C - & D )
1
4
2
4
j
I&
1
=(0 0) - ( U& 1 - 0)(j) + 0,25 U& 1 =(0,25 - j) U& 1 . Vy: Y21 = & 2 U& 2 = 0 = 0,25 - j (S)
2
U1
j
1F
&
I2
I& 1
I& 1 C
I& 2
D
bi ngun dng ph thuc (
2
&
U
1
2
&
U
2
&
0,5U
1
1
E
HNH 411
HNH 412
D I& 2
I& 1
B A
I& 1 C
D I& 2
2
&
U
2
E
HNH 413
&
U
1
&
0,25U
1
j 2
B
&
U
2
1
5
&
HNH 414
&
U
* Ngn mch ca 1, in tr 1 b lai, U& 1 = 0 ngun p ph thuc 1
trit tiu (tc l tng ng vi ngun b ni tt), mng hai ca c dng nh hnh 413
1
2 j
&I
= 0,5 + j. Vy: Y = I& 2 U
& = 0 = 0,5 + j (S)
Ta c: I& 2 =
&2 =
22
1
&
1
2
U2
U
2
j
( 2)( j )
1
2 j
2
2
Ta cng c: I& 1 = (- I& 2 )(
) = - (0,5 + j) U& 2 (
) = - j U& 2
1
2 j1
2 j
j (S )
I&
1 + j (S )
Vy: Y12 = & 1 U& 1 = 0 = - j (S). Tm li: Y =
U2
0,25 j (S ) 0,5 + j (S )
&
U
2
iu kin i xng: Y12 = - j Y21 = 0,25 - j Khng i xng

&
U
I&
(b) Tm & 2 v & 1 . Ni in tr 1 vo ca 2 (hnh 414)

U1
U1
28
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
H phng trnh trng thi Y ca mng hai ca: I& 1 = (1 + j) U& 1 - j U& 2 (1)
& + (0,5 + j) U
& (2)
I& 2 = (0,25 - j) U
1
2
&
&
&
&
V: U 2 = - I& 2 . Thay vo (2): - U 2 = (0,25 - j) U 1 + (0,5 + j) U 2
&
U
0,25 + j
(- 0,25 + j) U& 1 = (1,5 + j) U& 2 . Vy, hm truyn t p & 2 =

1,5 + j
U1
(3)
&
&
( 0,25 + j)U
( 0,25 + j)U
1
1
T (3) U& 2 =
. Thay vo (1): I& 1 = (1 + j) U& 1 - j[
]
1,5 + j
1,5 + j
I&
1,5 + j2,75 &
1,5 + j2,75
U 1 . Vy, hm truyn t dn np vo 1 =
&
1,5 + j
1,5 + j
U
1
1 j30
30 j20 ( )
Bi 4.14 Mng hai ca c ma trn A =

. Mc vo mng
1
j0,1 (S )
hai ca mt ti thun khng jX (). Xc nh X p v dng ca 1 c cng pha.

Hng dn gii: H phng trnh trng thi A ca mng hai ca:
& = (1 - j30) U
& + (30 + j20) I& (1) ; I& = (- j0,1) U
& + I& (2)
U
1
2
2
1
2
2
&
&
&
V p trn ti: U 2 = (jX)(- I 2 ). Thay vo (1): U 1 = (1 - j30) (jX)(- I& 2 ) + (30 + j20) I& 2
U& = [(30 30X) + j(20 X)] I& (3).V thay vo (2): I& = (- j0,1)(jX)(- I& ) + I&
1
I& 1
I& 1
. Thay vo (3): U& 1 = [(30 30X) + j(20 X)][
]
= (1 0,1X) I& 2 I& 2 =
1 0,1X
1 0,1X
30 30 X
20 X &
U& 1 = (
+j
) I 1 . Vy tr khng vo s cp ca mng hai ca:
1 0,1X
1 0,1X
&
U
30 30 X
20 X
+j
ZV1 = & 1 =
1 0,1X
1 0,1X
I
1
20 X
iu kin U& 1 v I& 1 cng pha l: Im(ZV1) = 0
= 0 X = 20
1 0,1X
Bi 4.15 Mt mng hai ca lm vic nh trong hnh 415. Tnh hm truyn t p

&
U
2
theo cc thng s dng (a) Z (b) Y (c) A (d) H.
E&
1
I& 2
I& 1
Z1
&
E
1
Ngun
&
U
1
Mng
hai
ca
HNH 415
&
U
2
Z2
Ti
Hng dn gii: pha ngun: U& 1 = E& 1 - I& 1 Z1 (1). pha ti:
(a) H phng trnh trng thi Z ca mng hai ca: U& 1 = Z11 I& 1
& = Z21 I&
U
2
1
& = - I& Z2 (2)

U
2
2
&
+ Z12 I 2 (3)
+ Z22 I& (4)
2
& U
&
&
E
U
1
2
(5) v (2) I& 2 =
(6). Thay (5) vo (3):
(1) I& 1 = 1
Z1
Z2
29
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
&
&
&
& = Z11( E 1 U 1 ) + Z12( U 2 )
U
1
Z1
Z2
&
&
&
& = Z21( E 1 U 1 ) + Z22( U 2 )
U
2
Z1
Z2
&
&
& = Z 2 Z 11 E 1 Z 1 Z 12 U 2 (7). V thay (6) vo (4):
U
1
Z 2 ( Z 1 + Z 11 )
&
&
& = Z 2 Z 21 E 1 Z 2 Z 21 U 1 (8). Thay (7) vo (8):
U
2
Z 1 ( Z 2 + Z 22 )
&
Z Z E& Z 1 Z 12 U
2
Z 2 Z 21 E& 1 Z 2 Z 21 [ 2 11 1
]
Z
(
Z
+
Z
)
2
1
11
& =
U
2
Z 1 ( Z 2 + Z 22 )
[Z1(Z2 + Z22)(Z1 + Z11) Z1Z12Z21] U& = [Z2Z21(Z1 + Z11) Z2Z11Z21] E&
2
&
U
Z 2 Z 21
2
=
( Z 1 + Z 11 )( Z 2 + Z 22 ) Z 12 Z 21
E& 1
(b) H phng trnh trng thi Y ca mng hai ca: I& 1 = Y11 U& 1 + Y12 U& 2 (9)
& + Y22 U
& (10)
I& 2 = Y21 U
1
2
& Z Y U
&
E
1 12
2
(11)
Thay (9) vo (1): U& 1 = E& 1 - Z1(Y11 U& 1 + Y12 U& 2 ) U& 1 = 1
1 + Z 1 Y11
Thay (10) vo (2): U& 2 = - Z2(Y21 U& 1 + Y22 U& 2 ) (1 + Z2Y22) U& 2 = - Z2Y21 U& 1 (12)
& Z Y U
&
E
1 12
2
)
Thay (11) vo (12): (1 + Z2Y22) U& 2 = - Z2Y21( 1
1 + Z 1 Y11
[(1 + Z1Y11)(1 + Z2Y22) Z1Z2Y11Y21] U& = - Z2Y21 E&
2
&
Z 2 Y21
U
2
=
Z 1 Z 2 Y12 Y21 (1 + Z 1 Y11 )(1 + Z 2 Y22 )
E& 1
(c) H phng trnh trng thi A ca mng hai ca: U& 1 = A11 U& 2 - A12 I& 2 (13)
& - A22 I& (14)
I& 1 = A21 U
2
2
&
U
Z A + A 12 &
2
Thay (6) vo (13): U& 1 = A11 U& 2 - A12(
) U& 1 = 2 11
U 2 (15)
Z2
Z2
& U
&
&
&
E
U
Z 2 E& 1 Z 2 U
1
1
2
1
= A21 U& 2 - A22(
) U& 2 =
(16)
Z1
Z2
Z 1 Z 2 A 21 + Z 1 A 22
& Z ( Z 2 A 11 + A 22 )
Z 2E
1
2
Z2
&
Thay (15) vo (16):
U2 =
Z 1 Z 2 A 21 + Z 1 A 22
&
U
Z2
(Z1Z2A21 + Z1A22 + Z2A11+ A12) U& 2 = Z2 E& 1 & 2 =
A 12 + Z 2 A 11 + Z 1 ( Z 2 A 21 + A 22 )
E1
Thay (5) v (6) vo (14):
(d) H phng trnh trng thi H ca mng hai ca: U& 1 = H11 I& 1 - H12 U& 2 (17)
& (18)
I& 2 = H21 I& 1 - H22 U
2
& U
&
& +Z H U
&
E
H E
1
1
1
12
2
) - H12 U& 2 U& 1 = 11 1
(19)
Z1
H 11 + Z 1
&
& U
&
U
E
2
1
Thay (5) v (6) vo (18): (
) = H21( 1
) - H22 U& 2
Z2
Z1
&
&
& = Z 2 H 21 E 1 Z 2 H 21 U 1 (20)
U
2
Z 1 + Z 1 Z 2 H 22
Thay (5) vo (17): U& 1 = H11(
30
Chng 4: MNG HAI CA
Ng Ngc Th
&
H 11 E& 1 Z 1 H 12 U
2
)
H
+
Z
11
1
Thay (19) vo (20): U& 2 =
Z 1 + Z 1 Z 2 H 22
[Z2H12H21 (H11 + Z1)(1 + Z2H22)] U& = Z2H21 E&
& Z H (
Z 2 H 21 E
1
2
21
&
U
Z 2 H 21
2
=
Z 2 H 12 H 21 ( Z 1 + H 11 )(1 + Z 2 H 22 )
E& 1
Joseph HENRY
1797 - 1878
31
Chng 5: MCH IN BA PHA
Ng Ngc Th
dy i
dy i
e1
dy v
(a)
Zti
e3
3 dy v
e2
dy i
Zti 1
Zti 3
(b)
Zti 2
dy i
truyn ti in t ngun n ti, ta phi dng mt

dy i v mt dy v (hnh a). Nh vy, ti in cho
nhiu ti th ta phi dng nhiu mch n
(hnh b vi v d 3 ti), trong mi mch n gm c
ngun, ti v mt dy i, mt dy v.
Ta c th s dng ch mt dy v chung.V thm ch
c th b c dy v chung ny nu nh cc dng trn cc
dy v lch nhau mt gc no sao cho tng ca chng
bng 0. l ngha ca mt h thng nhiu pha.
5.1 Ngun ba pha

Ngun ba pha l mt h thng gm 3 sc in ng
pha eA, eB, eC c cng tn s, v lch pha nhau mt gc
l 2/3 (hay 120o). V mt ngun ba pha, c gi l i
xng, khi 3 sc in ng pha c cng bin Em
(hay cng tr hiu dng E), cng tn s v lch pha
nhau 120o.
Trong chng ny, ta ch cp n ngun ba pha i
xng, trong ta coi sc in ng pha A c pha u
bng 0:
e A = E m sin t = E 2 sin t ( V )
e B = E m sin(t 120 o ) = E 2 sin(t 120o ) (V )
e C = E m sin( t + 120 o ) = E 2 sin( t + 120 o ) (V )
Hay di dng phc:
E& A = E m 0 o ( V ) ; E& B = E m 120 o ( V ) ; E& C = E m 120 o ( V )
1
Ng Ngc Th
Ch :
1)Khi ngun ba pha l i xng:
2) T cc gc pha u ca 3 sc in ng pha trn, ta
rt ra nguyn tc lch pha gia 3 pha trong mt h
thng ba pha i xng nh sau: E& A + E& B + E& C = 0
- Coi pha A c pha u bng 0 (0o) th
- Pha B chm sau pha A 120o (-120o)
- Pha C vt trc pha A 120o (120o)
5.2 Cc i lng dy v pha
Th no l p pha, p dy, dng pha, dng dy? Ta hy
quan st s sau y.
Ngun
ba pha
i xng
B iA
iB
C
i
OC
uAuBuC
dy pha A
uAB
uBC B
dy pha B
dy pha C
C
uCA
dy trung tnh
O
iO
Ti
ba pha
p pha: in p gia dy pha vi dy trung tnh.

C th:
- Gia dy pha A vi dy trung tnh: uA = A - O
- Gia dy pha B vi dy trung tnh: uB = B - O
- Gia dy pha C vi dy trung tnh: uC = C - O
p dy: in p gia 2 dy pha. C th:
- Gia dy pha A vi dy pha B: uAB = A - B = uA - uB
- Gia dy pha B vi dy pha C: uBC = B - C = uB - uC
- Gia dy pha C vi dy pha A: uCA = C - A = uC - uA
(C th s cp n phn sau)
Dng pha: Dng in chy qua mi pha ca ti.
Dng dy: Dng in chay trn mi dy pha. C th:
- Chy trn dy pha A: iA
- Chy trn dy pha B: iB
- Chy trn dy pha C: iC
2
Ng Ngc Th
Ch : Dng chy trn dy trung tnh l iO, v:

iA + iB + iC = iO
5.3 Ti ni hnh sao
Trc tin ta xt cc in p.
Coi ngun ba pha l l tung: uA = eA ; uB = eB ; uC = eC
Bit: EA = EB = EC = E, suy ra:
UA = UB = UC = E = UP (ngun)
uAB
A
eA
uC
iA
uA
ZA
iO
O
eB
eC
A
iA
uB
O
ZC
iB
uA
iC
C
uC
uB
ZB
iB B
uBC
iC
uCA
Coi tr khng cc dy pha v dy trung tnh khng

ng k, do tng cp im sau y ng th vi
nhau: A-A; B-B; C-C; O-O.
T , 3 p pha ca ngun chnh l 3 in p t vo
3 pha ca ti:
uA = uA ; uB = uB ; uC = uC
UA = UB = UC = E = UP (ngun)
Kt lun 1: Khi ti ba pha u Y, in p t vo
mi pha ca ti chnh l in p tng ng ca
ngun ba pha.
& AB = U
& A U
&B
Ta bit: uAB = uA uB hay dng phc: U
& A = E& A = Em0o v U
& B = E& B = Em 120o
Trong : U
T :
& AB = (Em0o) (Em120o) = Em (Em jEm 3) = 3Em30o

U
2
2
Ng Ngc Th
& AB = 3U Am (0o + 30 o )
hay : U
Ngha l, p dy pha A ln gp 3 ln p pha A, v

vt trc p pha A 30o.
L lun tng t cho 2 p dy cn li ta c:
& BC = 3U Bm ( 120 o + 30 o ) ; U
& CA = 3U Cm (120 o + 30 o )
U
Ngha l, cng nh p dy pha A, p dy cc pha cn
li cng ln gp 3 ln p pha tng ng, v cng vt
trc p pha tng ng 30o.
Kt lun 2: p dy ln gp 3 ln p pha v vt
trc p pha tng ng 30o.
By gi ta xt cc dng in.
R rng rng dng in chy vo mi pha ca ti
chnh l dng in chy trn mi dy pha tng ng:
iA = iA ; iB = iB ; iC = iC
Kt lun 3: Khi ti ba pha ni Y, dng dy chnh
l dng pha tng ng.
p dng nh lut OHM phc ln lut cho 3 pha:
& A' U
& A E& A E m 0o
U
&I A ' = &I A =
=
=
=
Z A Z A Z A Z A A
o
&
&
&I B' = &I B = U B' = E B = E m 120
ZB ZB
Z B B
& C ' E& C E m 120 o
U
&I C ' = &I C =
=
=
ZC ZC
Z C C
Dng trung tnh: &I O = &I A + &I B + &I C
5.4 Ti ni tam gic

Trc tin ta xt cc in p.
L lun ging nh phn trn, ngun ba pha l tng,
ta c:
4
Ng Ngc Th
uA = e A ; uB = e B ; uC = e C
v UA = UB = UC = E = UP (ngun)
V coi tr khng cc ng dy khng ng k:
uAB = uAB ; uBC = uBC ; uCA = uCA
U A 'B' = U B'C' = U C 'A ' = U d = 3U P = 3E
uAB
eA
uC
C
iA
uA
O
A
iAB
uCA
eB
eC u
B B
uBC
iB
iCA
C
iC
uAB
ZAB
ZCA
ZBC iBC
B
uBC
uCA
Kt lun 4: Khi ti ba pha ni tam gic, in p t

vo mi pha ca ti chnh l in p dy tng ng.
By gi ta xt cc dng in.
Coi ti ba pha l i xng: ZAB = ZBC = ZCA = ZP,
I A ' B ' = I B 'C ' = I C ' A ' =
Ud
= IP
ZP
V 3 dng pha lch pha nhau 120o. C th:

&I A 'B' = I P 0 o ; &I B'C ' = I P 120 o ; &I C 'A ' = I P 120 o
nh lut K1 ti nt A cho ta:
i A i A'B' + i C'A ' = 0 hay &I A = &I A 'B' &IC'A'

&I A = (IP 0o ) (I P 120o )
1
3
&I A = I P ( I P + j I P ) = 3I P 30o
2
2
hay : &I A = 3I A 'B'(0 o 30 o )
Ngha l, dng dy pha A ln gp 3 ln dng pha

AB, v chm sau dng pha AB 30o.
5
Ng Ngc Th
L lun tng t cho 2 dng dy cn li ta c:

&I B = 3I B'C '(120 o 30 o ) ; &I C = 3I C 'A '(120 o 30 o )
Ngha l, cng nh dng dy pha A, cc dng dy pha
cn li cng ln gp 3 ln dng pha, v cng chm sau
dng pha tng ng 30o.
Kt lun 5: Khi ti ba pha i xng ni tam gic,
dng dy ln gp 3 ln dng pha v chm sau dng
pha tng ng 30o.
5.5 Gii mch in ba pha i xng
Mch ba pha i xng l mt mch ba pha trong ,
ngun ba pha, h thng dy dn ba pha v ti ba pha u
i xng. Ch 1 trong 3 thnh phn bt i xng,
mch ba pha bt i xng.
V d 1: Tm cc p pha, p dy, dng pha, dng dy,

dng trung tnh ca mch ba pha v cng sut ca ti ba
pha sau y.
Z &
&
A
IA
&
U
A'
&
U
AB
U& A
I&
ZB
ZC
IA '
Bit, ngun ba pha i xng c:

& A = 120 20o (V )
E& A = U
V ti c: ZA = ZB = ZC = 1 + j4 ()
Gii:
3 p pha (trn ti): U& A ' = U& A = 120 20o (V)
6
Ng Ngc Th
& B '= U
& B = 120 2 120 o (V)
U
& C '= U
& C = 120 2120 o ( V )
U
3 p dy:
& AB = 3U Am (0 o + 30 o ) = 120 630o (V )
U
& BC = 3U Bm (120 o + 30o ) = 120 6 90o (V )
U
& CA = 3U Cm (120 o + 30 o ) = 120 6150 o ( V )
U
3 dng pha:
o
&
&
o
&I A ' = U A ' = U A = 120 20
=
41
,
16
75
,
96
(A )
Z A 1 + j4 4,123175,96o
&I B' = 41,16( 75,96 o 120 o ) = 41,16164,04o (A )
&I C ' = 41,16(75,96 o + 120 o ) = 41,1644,04 o (A )
3 dng dy: &I A = &I A ' ; &I B = &I B' ; &I C = &I C '
Dng trung tnh: &I O = &I A + &I B + &I C = 0

Cng sut tc dng ca ti ba pha
- Ca tng pha:
1
PA = PB = PC = PP = I 2Pm R P
2
1 2
1
= I Pm (Re Z P ) = (41,16) 2 (1) = 847 W
2
2
- Ca ba pha: P = 3PP = 2541W

Cng sut phn khng ca ti ba pha
- Ca tng pha:
1
1
Q A = Q B = Q C = Q P = I 2Pm X P = I 2Pm (Im Z P )
2
2
1
= (41,16) 2 (4) = 3388VAR
2
- Ca ba pha: Q = 3Q P = 10165VAR
7
Ng Ngc Th
Cng sut biu kin ca ti ba pha

- Ca tng pha:
1
SA = SB = SC = SP = I 2Pm Z P
2
1
= ( 41,16) 2 ( 4,1231) = 3492VAR
2
- Ca ba pha: S = 3SP = 10478VA
V d 2: Tm cc p pha, p dy, dng pha, dng dy
ca mch ba pha v cng sut ca ti ba pha sau y.
& A = 120 20o (V)
Bit, ngun ba pha i xng c: E& A = U
v ti c: ZAB = ZBC = ZCA = 1 + j4 ().
3 p dy:
& AB = 3U Am (0o + 30 o ) = 3(120 2 )30 o = 120 630 o (V )
U
& BC = 120 6(30 o 120 o ) = 120 6 90 o ( V )

U
& CA = 120 6(30 o + 120 o ) = 120 6150 o ( V )
U
I& A
&A
U
&A
E
&C
E
A
I& A'B"
& AB
U
O
&B
E
ZAB
ZCA
ZBC
& A'B'
U
3 p pha (trn ti):

& A 'B ' = U
& AB ; U
& B 'C ' = U
& BC ; U
& C 'A ' = U
& CA
U
3 dng pha:
o
& A 'B ' U
& AB
U
120
6
30
&I A 'B' =
=
=
= 71,29 45,96o ( A )
o
Z AB 1 + j4 4,123175,96
&I B'C ' = 71,29( 45,96 o 120 o ) = 71,29 165,96 o (A )
&I C 'A ' = 71,29(45,96 o + 120 o ) = 71,2974,04 o (A )
8
Ng Ngc Th
3 dng dy:
&I A = 3I A 'B'm (45,96 o 30 o ) = 71,29 3 75,96 o (A )
&I B = 71,29 3(165,96o 30 o ) = 71,29 3164,04o ( A )
&I C = 71,29 3(74,04 o 30 o ) = 71,29 344,04 o ( A )
- Ca tng pha:
1 2
PA = PB = PC = PP = I Pm R P
2
1
1
= I 2Pm (Re ZP ) = (71,29) 2 (1) = 2541W
2
2
- Ca ba pha: P = 3PP = 7623 W

1
- Ca tng pha:
QA = QB = QC = QP = I2PmXP
2
1 2
1
= IPm (ImZP ) = (71,29)2 (4) = 10165VAR
2
2
- Ca ba pha: Q = 3Q P = 30493VAR
- Ca tng pha:
1
1
SA = SB = SC = SP = I 2Pm Z P = (71,29) 2 (4,1231) = 10477 VAR
2
2
- Ca ba pha: S = 3SP = 31432VA
5.6 Gii mch in ba pha bt i xng

V d 3: Tm cc p pha, p dy, dng pha, dng dy,
dng trung tnh ca mch ba pha v cng sut ca ti ba
pha sau y. Bit, ngun ba pha i xng c:
& A = 120 20o (V ) v ti c:
E& A = U
ZA = 9,5 j1 () ; ZB = 5,5 - j9 () ; ZC = 5,5 + j7 ()
Gii:
3 p pha (trn ti) v 3 p dy hon ton ging nh
v d 1.
9

A
I& A
U& AB &
IB
U& A
I& C
I&
Ng Ngc Th
A
ZA
I& A '
ZB U& A
ZC
'
I& B '
I& C '
3 dng pha cng l 3 dng dy:
& A 120 20 o 120 20o

U
&I A ' = &I A =
=
=
ZA
9,5 j1
9,5 6o
&I A ' = &I A = 12,56 26o ( A )
& B 120 2 120 o
U
&I B' = &I B =
=
ZB
5,5 j9
120 2 120 o
=
= 11,38 2 61,43o ( A)
o
10,547 58,57
&
U
120 2120 o 120 2120 o
I& C ' = &I C = C =
=
= 13,48 268,16 o (A )
o
ZC
5,5 + j7
8,90251,84
Dng trung tnh: &I O = &I A + &I B + &I C = 23,27 29,49o (A)
- Ca tng pha:
1
1
1
PA = I 2Am R A = I 2Am Re Z A = (12,56 2 ) 2 (9,5) = 1499 W
2
2
2
1
1
1
PB = I 2Bm R B = I 2Bm Re Z B = (11,38 2 ) 2 (5,5) = 712 W
2
2
2
1 2
1 2
1
PC = I Cm
R C = I Cm
Re Z C = (13,48 2 ) 2 (5,5) = 999 W
2
2
2
- Ca ba pha: P = PA + PB + PC = 3210W

- Ca tng pha:
1
1
1
Q A = I 2Am X A = I 2Am Im Z A = (12,56 2 ) 2 (1) = 158VAR
2
2
2
10
Ng Ngc Th
1
1
1
Q B = I 2Bm X B = I 2Bm Im Z B = (11,38 2 ) 2 (9) = 1165VAR
2
2
2
1 2
1 2
1
Q C = I Cm
X C = I Cm
Im ZC = (13,48 2 ) 2 (7) = 1272VAR
2
2
2
- Ca ba pha: Q = QA + QB + QC = 51VAR

- Ca tng pha:
1
1
SA = I 2Am Z A = (12,56 2 ) 2 (9,55) = 1506VA
2
2
1
1
SB = I 2Bm Z B = (11,38 2 ) 2 (10,547) = 1366VA
2
2
1 2
1
SC = I Cm
ZC = (13,48 2 ) 2 (8,902) = 1617 VA
2
2
- Ca ba pha: S = P 2 + Q 2 = 3210,4VA
V d 4: Tm cc p pha, p dy, dng pha, dng dy

ca mch ba pha v cng sut ca ti ba pha sau y.
& A=120 20o(V). V
Bit, ngun ba pha i xng c: E& A = U
ti c:
ZAB = 9,5 j1 () ; ZBC = 5,5 - j9 () ; ZCA = 5,5 + j7 ()
A
E& A
&C
U
C
& AB
U
&IA
&A
U
O
& C' A '

U
E& B
E& C U
&B B
& CA
U
& BC
U
&IB
&IC
&IC'A'
C
&IA'B'
ZAB
ZCA
ZBC &IB'C'
& A'B'
U
B
& B'C'
U
Gii: 3 p dy v 3 p pha (trn ti) hon ton ging

nh v d 2.
11
Ng Ngc Th
3 dng pha:
o
&
&
&I A 'B' = U A 'B' = U AB = 120 630 = 12,56 636 o ( A)
Z AB 9,5 j1 9,55 6o
o
&
&
&I B'C ' = U B'C ' = U BC = 120 6 90 = 11,38 6 31,43o ( A)
Z BC 5,5 j9 10,547 58,57 o
o
& C 'A '
& CA
U
U
120
6
150
&I C 'A ' =
=
=
= 13,48 698,16o (A )
o
Z CA 5,5 + j7 8,90251,84
3 dng dy: &I A = &I A 'B' &I C 'A ' = 13,46 6 26,26 o (A )
&I B = &I B'C ' &I A 'B' = 13,32 6 91,95o (A )
&I C = &I C 'A ' &I B'C ' = 22,51 6121,08o (A )

- Ca tng pha:
1
1
1
PAB = I A2 'B'm R AB = I A2 'B'm Re Z AB = (12,56 6 ) 2 (9,5) = 4496 W
2
2
2
1
1
1
PBC = I B2 'C 'm R BC = I B2 'C 'm Re Z BC = (11,38 6 ) 2 (5,5) = 2137 W
2
2
2
1
1
1
PCA = I C2 'A 'm R CA = I C2 'A 'm Re Z CA = (13,48 6 ) 2 (5,5) = 2998W
2
2
2
- Ca ba pha: P = PA + PB + PC = 9631W

- Ca tng pha:
1
1
1
Q AB = I A2 'B'm X AB = I A2 'B'm Im Z AB = (12,56 6 ) 2 (1) = 473VAR
2
2
2
1
1
1
Q BC = I B2 'C 'm X BC = I B2 'C 'm Im ZBC = (11,38 6 ) 2 (9) = 3497VAR
2
2
2
1
1
1
Q CA = I C2 'A 'm X CA = I C2 'A 'm Im Z CA = (13,48 6 ) 2 (7) = 3816VAR
2
2
2
- Ca ba pha: Q = Q AB + Q BC + Q CA = 154VAR

- Ca tng pha:
SA =
12
1 2
1
I Am Z A = (12 ,56 6 ) 2 ( 9 ,55 ) = 4520 VA
2
2
1 IN BA1PHA
Chng 5:
S BMCH
= I 2Bm
Z B = (11,38 6 ) 2 (10 ,547 ) = 4098 VA
2
- Ca ba pha: S =
SC =
Ng Ngc Th
P 2 + Q 2 = 9632 VA
1 2
1
I Cm Z C = (13 , 48 6 ) 2 (8,902 ) = 4853 VA
2
2
BI TP CHNG 5
Bi 5.1 Xc nh s ch ca cc dng c o trong s mch ba pha hnh 287.
Bit mch c ni vo h ngun ba pha i xng th t thun c phc p pha A
hiu dng l U& A = 1200o (V) v dung khng 1/C = 90 .
I& A
A
A
A
A1
A1
I& B
ZCA
I& BC
A2
&
U
AB
ZAB
A2
ZBC
HNH 287
HNH 288
1
= - j90 ()
Hng dn gii (hnh 288): Tr khng pha: ZAB = ZBC = ZCA = ZP = - j
C
in p pha AB: U& AB =

Dng pha BC: I& BC
3 UA(0 + 30 ) = 120 3 30 (V) V ch 120 3 208 V

&
U
o
= BC , vi U& BC = a2 U& AB = U& AB e j120
Z BC
= (UAB30o)(1- 120o) = 120 3 - 90o (V) v ZBC = - j90 = 90- 90o ()

4 3
120 3 90 o
Suy ra: I& BC =
=
0o 2,31 (A) A2 ch 2,31 A
o
90 90
4 3
Dng dy pha B: I& B = 3 IBC(bc 30o) = 3 (
)(0o 30o) = 4- 30o (A)
3
Bit: IA = IB = IC = Id = 4 A. Vy, A1 ch 4 A.
L
A1I& A1
A
A
A1
A1
&
U
L
AB
I& A 2 B1
B
W
W
*
B *
&
U
L
A 2B 2
*
*
C
A2
HNH
289
i
R
A2
HNH
290
O1
ZA2
C1
ZA3
B2
C2
ZC2A2
I& A 2 B 2
&
U
AO1
A2
&
U
AO
ZA1
ZA2B2 ZB2C2
13
Ng Ngc Th
Bi 5.2 Mch ba pha hnh 289 c in tr R = 76 v cm khng L = 44

ni vo h ngun ba pha i xng th t thun c phc p dy hiu dng U& AB = 38030o
(V). Xc nh s ch ca cc dng c o v biu thc ca dng in i.
Hng dn gii (hnh 290): Tr khng pha ca ti 1: ZA1 = ZB1 =ZC1=ZP1=jL=j44 ()
Tr khng pha ca ti 2: ZA2B2 = ZB2C2 = ZC2A2 = R = 76 ()
&
U
Dng pha A (cng l dng dy pha A) ca ti 1: I& A1 = AO1
Z A1
Vi U& AO1 = U& AO (trung tnh ti 1 l O1 v trung tnh ngun l O ng th v y

l mch ba pha i xng) =
380
U AB
(30o 30o)=
380
3
0o (V), v ZA1= j44 = 4490o ().
0 o
95 3
3
=
- 90o 5- 90o (A) A1 ch 5 A
o
33
4490
&
U
38030 o
Dng pha A2B2 ca ti 2: I& A 2 B 2 = AB =
= 530o (A)
Z A 2B 2
76
o
o
Dng dy ca ti 2: I& = 3 IA2B2(30 30 ) = 5 3 0o 8,66 (A) A2 ch 8,66 A
Ta suy ra: I& A1 =
A2
Dng dy chung pha A: I& A = I& A1 + I& A 2 =(5- 90o)+(5 3 0o) = 8,66 j5 = 10- 30o (A)
o
Dng dy chung pha B: I& B = a2 I& A = I& A e j120 = (10- 30o)(1- 120o) = 10- 150o (A)
Ta c: U& CA I& *B = a U& AB I& *B = [(38030o)(1120o)][10- (- 150o)] = 3800300o
= 3800- 60o = 1900 j1900 3 (VA) W ch 1900 W.
Ta c: I& B 2 = a2 I& A 2 = (1- 120o)(IA20o) = 8,66 120o (A)
Biu thc ca i l: i = I 2 sin(t + i), trong I = IB2 = 8,66 A v i = B2
o
o
=
120
i
=
8,66
2 sin(t 120 ) (A).
L
A
W1
L
W3
&
A IA
W2
R C
HNH 291
jL
A
I& A
&
U
AB
I& C
14
W1
jL
V
W3
B I& B
C
C
R
jL
W2
&
& U
U
AO ' jL
AB
B I& B
&
U
AO
jL
ZA
ZB
ZC
C I& C
&
U
C' A '
I& C'A'
jL
ZCA
ZBC
ZAB
O
HNH 293
HNH 292
Bi 5.3 Mch ba pha hnh 291 c R = 1/C = 6 , L = 2 , ni vo h ngun
Ng Ngc Th
ba pha i xng c phc p dy hiu dng U& AB = 38030o (V). Xc nh s ch cc

dng c o.
Hng dn gii (hnh 292): Tr khng pha ca ti : ZAB = ZBC = ZCA = Z
=R-j
1
= 6 j6 = 6 2 - 45o ()
C
Quy ti v ti Y tng ng (hnh 293) vi tr khng pha:

ZA = ZB = ZC = ZY =
Z
6 2 45 o
=
= 2 2 - 45o = 2 j2 ()
3
3
Tr khng ca cc dy pha trong mch Y tng ng:

ZAd = ZBd = ZCd = jL + ZY = j2 + 2 j2 = 2 ()
&
&
U
U
AO '
AO
Dng trn cc dy pha ca mch Y tng ng: I& A =
=
Z Ad
(trong mch ba pha i xng O v O ng th).

380 3
U
380
380 3
190 3
Bit U& AO = AB (uAB-30o)=
(30o30o)=
0o(V) I& A = 3 =
109,7(A)
3
2
3
3
3
o
V: I& B = a2 I& A = I& A e j120 = (1- 120o)(109,7) = 109,7- 120o (A)
o
o
o
I& C = a I& A = I& A e j120 = (1120 )(109,7) = 109,7120 (A)
190 3
Dng pha CA ca ti : I& C'A' =
(iC + 30o) = 3 (120o + 30o)
3
3
190
150o 63,33150o (A)
=
3
190
in p pha CA ca ti : U& C'A' = I& C'A' ZCA = (
150o)(6 2 - 45o)
3
o
= 380 2 105 537,4105o (V). Vy, V ch 537,4 V.
190 3
72200 3
Ta c: U& AB I& *A = (38030o)(
)=
30o
3
3
36100 3
36100 3
= 36100 + j
(VA) W1 ch
36,1 KW
3
3
190 3
190 3
Ta c: U& CB I& *C = (- U& BC )(
- 120o) = a2 (- U& AB )(
- 120o)
3
3
190 3
72200 3
= (1- 120o)(380- 150o)(
- 120o) =
- 30o
3
3
36100 3
36100 3
= 36100 j
(VA). Vy W2 ch
36,1 KW
3
3
190 3
190 3
Ta c: U& CA I& *B = (a U& AB )(
120o) = (1120o)(38030o)(
120o)
3
3
72200 3
- 90o = j36100 (VA) W3 ch 0.
=
3
IC
15
Ng Ngc Th
Bi 5.4 Mch ba pha hnh 294 c Lo = 23 , Z = 60 + j60 (), 1/C = 40 ,

ni vo h ngun ba pha i xng th t thun c phc p dy hiu dng
o
&
U
AB = 38030 (V). Xc nh gi tr ca IA, IA1, IA2 v Iab.
Hng dn gii (hnh 295): Tr khng ng dy: Zo = jLo = j23
Zo A
I& A 2
A
&
A I& A
&
U
AB
Zo
B
C
&
U
A 1O1
Zo
&
U
AO
B1
I& A1
ZA1
U AO12
I& ab
ZC2A2
C1
ZB1
A I& A
ZA2B2
A
B
&
B2 U AO B
C2
C
HNH 295
Lo
Z
Lo
C
ZB12
Zo
ZC12
Zo
Z
Z
Zo
HNH 297
Zo
ZA12
O12
O1
Lo
Zo
ZB2C2
ZC1
O
&
U
AB
ZA2
ZB2
O2
Zo
ZC2
HNH 296
HNH 294
ZB1
ZA1
Tr khng pha ca ti 1: ZA1 = ZB1 = ZC1 = - j
ZC1
1
= - j40 = 40- 90o ()
C
Tr khng pha ca ti 2: ZA2B2 = ZB2C2 = ZC2A2 = Z = 60 + j60 ()

Quy ti 2 l ti v ti Y tng ng (hnh 296), vi tr khng pha:
ZA2 = ZB2 = ZC2 = Z2Y =
Z
60 + j60
=
= 20 + j20 = 20 2 45o ()
3
3
Thay ti 1 // ti Y tng ng ca ti 2 bi ti tng ng c tr khng pha

l (hnh 297): ZA12 = ZB12 = ZC12 = Z12Y =
(40 90 o )( 20 2 45 o )
= 40 ()
j40 + 20 + j20
Tr khng pha ca mch ba pha thay th tng ng 2 ti // l:

ZAO12 = ZBO12 = ZCO12 = Zo + Z12Y = j23 + 40 ()
Dng dy chung pha A: I& A =
&
U
AO 12
Z AO12
V mch ba pha i xng; O, O1, O2 v O12 u l nhng im ng th, do :

U AB
380
380 3
&
&
U
(uAB 30o) =
(30o 30o) =
(V)
AO12 = U AO =
3
3
3
T : I& A
16
380 3
45600 3
26220 3
3
=
=
j
4,75- 29,9o (A) IA = 4,75 A
40 + j23
19161
19161
Ng Ngc Th
45600 3
26220 3
St p trn ng dy pha A: U& AA1 = I& A Zo = (
j
)(j23)
19161
19161
603060 3
1048800 3
+j
(V)
=
19161
19161
380 3
380 3
Coi & O = 0 & A = U& AO + & O =
+0=
& A1 = & A - U& AA1
3
3
380 3
603060 3
1048800 3
1048800 3
1824000 3
=
-(
+j
)=
-j
(V)
3
19161
19161
19161
19161
in p pha A ca ti 1: U& A1O1 = & A1 - & O1 = & A1 - & O
1048800 3
1048800 3
1824000 3
1824000 3
-j
-0=
-j
(V)
19161
19161
19161
19161
(1824000 j1048800) 3
&
U
19161
Dng pha A ca ti 1: I& A1 = A1O1 =
Z A1
j40
26220 3
45600 3
+j
4,7560,1o (A) IA1 = 4,75 A
19161
19161
&
&
= I A - I A1
Dng dy ca ti 2: I& A 2
=
45600 3
26220 3
26220 3
45600 3
19380 3
71880 3
j
-(
+j
)=
-j
19161
19161
19161
19161
19161
19161
= 6,65- 74,73o (A) IA2 = 6,65 A

I
Dng pha AB ca ti 2: I& ab = I& A 2 B 2 = A 2 (iA2 + 30o)
3
6,65
3
(- 74,73 + 30o) = 3,84- 44,73o (A) Iab = 3,84 A.
Bi 5.5 Mch ba pha hnh 298 c Lo = 75 , 1/C = 300 v ng c ba pha

c 3 cun dy ni Y vi tr khng mi cun l ZY2 = 50 + j50 (). Bit mch c
o
&
U
AB = 660030 (V), xc nh s ch ca watt k.
Hng dn gii (hnh 299): Tr khng cc ng dy: Zo = jLo = j75 ()
Tr khng pha ca ti 1: ZA1B1 = ZB1C1 = ZC1A1 = Z = - j
1
= - j300 ()
C
Tr khng pha ca ti 2: ZA2 = ZB2 = ZC2 = ZY2 = 50 + j50 ()

Quy ti 1 ni v Y tng ng (hnh 300), vi tr khng pha:
ZA1 = ZB1 = ZC1 = ZY1 =
Z
j300
=
= - j100 ()
3
3
Thay ti 1 ni Y tng ng // ti 2 bi ti tng ng hnh 301, vi tr

khng pha: ZA12 = ZB12 = ZC12 = ZY12 =
( Z Y1 )( Z Y 2 )
( j100)(50 + j50)
=
= 100 ()
j100 + 50 + j50
Z Y1 + Z Y 2
Tr khng pha ca mch hnh 301: ZAO12 = ZBO12 = ZCO12 = Zo + ZY12 = j75 + 100 ()
&
U
Dng dy pha A: I& A = AO12 . V mch ba pha l i xng: O v O12 ng th nn
ZP
17
Ng Ngc Th
U AB
6600
&
U
(uAB 30o) =
= 2200 3 (V)
AO12 = U AO =
3
3
2200 3
T :
I& A =
= 14,08 3 - j10,56 3 (A)
100 + j75
Lo
Lo
Lo
a
&
U
AB
&
B I A Zo
Zo
C
HNH 298
&
U
AB
HNH 299
ZC1A1
&
U
Aa
Zo
B1
ZA1B1
A1
C1
ZB1C1
&
U
AO12
&
Zo U& ab
B IA
b
Zo U&
C
c
Bb
Zo
HNH 300
ZA1 ZB1 ZC1
&
&
U
AB I A
Zo
ZA12
Zo
ZB12
Zo
ZC12
&
U
AO
C
O
O12
HNH 301
O1
St p trn ng dy pha A: U& Aa = I& A Zo=(14,08 3 -j10,56 3 )(j75)=792 3 +j1056 3 (V)

1
3
St p trn ng dy pha B: U& Bb = a2 U& Aa = ( j )(792 3 + j1056 3 )
2
= (1584 - 396 3 ) - j(1188 + 528 3 ) (V)

in p dy ca ti: U& ab = U& aA + U& AB + U& Bb = (- U& Aa )+ U& AB + U& Bb
= - 792 3 - j1056 3 + 3300 3 + j3300 + 1584 - 396 3 - j(1188 + 528 3 )
= (1584 + 2112 3 ) + j(2112 - 1584 3 ) (V)
*
Ta c: U& ab I& A = [(1584 + 2112 3 ) + j(2112 - 1584 3 )][14,08 3 + j10,56 3 ]
= 139392 + j46464 3 (VA) W ch 139,39 KW.
Bi 5.6 Xc nh cc dng dy ca ph ti v cc dng dy chung trong mch
1
= 30 v mch c ni vo h
C
ngun ba pha th t thun c phc p dy hiu dng U& AB = 38030o (V).
ba pha hnh 302. Bit Lo = 5 , R = 10 ,
Hng dn gii (hnh 303): Tr khng cc ng dy: Zo = jLo = j5 ()

Tr khng pha ca ti 1: ZA1 = ZB1 = ZC1 = ZY1 = R = 10 ()
Tr khng pha ca ti 2: ZA2B2 = ZB2C2 = ZC2A2 = Z = - j

18
1
= - j30 ()
C
Ng Ngc Th
Quy ti 2 ni v ti Y tng ng (hnh 304), vi tr khng pha l:

ZA2 = ZB2 = ZC2 = ZY2 =
Z
j30
=
= - j10 ()
3
3
Thay ti 1 // ti 2 ni Y tng ng bi ti tng ng vi tr khng pha l

(hnh 305): ZA12 = ZB12 = ZC12 = ZY12 =
A I& A
Lo
I& A 2
B I& B
Lo
I& B 2
C I& C
Lo
I& A1
I& B1 I& C 2
I& C1
B I& B
Zo
C I& C
Zo
ZA2
ZB2
B1
Zo
C
HNH ZA1
304
O1
ZC1
ZB2C2 B2
ZC1 HNH 303
&
U
AO12
A
& I& A Zo
U
AB
O2
&
U
AO
ZC2
ZB1
I& C 2 C2
O1
C1
Zo
&
ZIC
1
B1
A2
ZA2B2
I& A1 I& B1 C1
ZA1
HNH 302
A1
Zo
Z Y1 .Z Y 2
(10)( j10)
=
= 5 j5 ()
Z Y1 + Z Y 2
10 j10
&
U
AA1
I& A 2
A1
A
&
U
&
AO
U
AO1
& I& A Zo
ZC2A2
U
AB
C
B1 I& B 2
HNH 305
ZA12
O12
Zo
ZB12
C
O
Zo
ZC12
Tr khng pha ca mch tng ng hnh 305:

ZAO12 = ZBO12 = ZCO12 = Zo + ZY12 = j5 + 5 j5 = 5 ()
&
U
U
Dng dy pha A: I& A = AO12 , vi U& AO12 = U& AO (O v O12 ng th) = AB (uAB 30o)
Z AO12
380 3
380
3
76 3
=
(30o30o) =
(V) I& A = 3 =
43,88 (A).
3
5
3
3
Cc dng dy cn li: I& B = a2 I& A = (1- 120o)(43,88) = 43,88- 120o (A)
o
o
I& = a I& = (1120 )(43,88) = 43,88120 (A)
380
76 3
380 3
St p trn ng dy pha A: U& AA1 = I& A Zo =
(j5) = j
(V)
3
in p pha ca ti 1: U& A1O1 = - U& AA1 + U& AO (O v O1 ng th)

=-j
380 3
380 3
380 6
+
=
- 45o (V)
3
3
3
19
Dng pha A ca ti 1: I& A1
&
U
= A1O1 =
Z A1
Ng Ngc Th
380 6
45 o
38 6
3
=
- 45o
10
3
38 3
38 3
-j
31,03- 45o (A)
3
3
Cc dng pha cn li ca ti 1: I& B1 =a2 I& A1 = (1- 120o)(31,03- 45o)= 31,03- 165o (A)
o
o
o
I& C1 = a I& A1 = (1120 )(31,03- 45 ) = 31,0375 (A)
76 3
38 3
38 3
-(
-j
)
Dng dy pha A ca ti 2: I& A 2 = I& A - I& A1 =
3
3
3
38 3
38 3
38 6
=
+j
=
45o 31,0345o (A)
3
3
3
2
o
Cc dng dy cn li ca ti 2: I& B 2 = a I& A 2 = (1- 120 )(31,0345o) = 31,03- 75o (A)
o
o
o
I& = a I& = (1120 )(31,0345 ) = 31,03165 (A)
C2
A2
Bi 5.7 Mch ba pha hnh 306 c tr khng cc pha l Z = 80 + j60 (), c

& = 22030o (V). Xc nh s ch ca cc watt k W1 v W2.
U
&
AB
U
AO '
W1
W1
&
U
AB
&I
W2
I& A
&
U
AO B
Z
HNH 306
Hng dn gii (hnh 307)
&
U
AC
&
U
BC
W2
C
O
HNH 307
in p pha A ca ngun v trn ti bng nhau v trung tnh O v trung tnh O

U
220
220 3
ng th: U& AO = U& AO' = AB (uAB 30o) =
(30o 30o) =
(V)
3
in p dy U& BC = a2 U& AB = (1- 120o)(22030o) = 220- 90o (V)

in p dy U& CA = a U& AB = (1120o)(22030o) = 220150o (V)
Dng pha A: I& A
220 3
&
U
2, 2 3
3
= AO' =
=
- 36,87o (A)
Z
3
80 + j60
2, 2 3
2, 2 3
Dng pha B: I& B = a2 I& A = (1- 120o)(
- 36,87o) =
- 156,87o (A)
3
2, 2 3
Ta c: U& AC I& *A = (- U& CA ) I& *A = [220(150o 180o)][
36,87o]
3
=
20
484 3
6,87o = 277,43 + j33,43 (VA) W1 ch 277,43 W
3
Ng Ngc Th
2, 2 3
484 3
Ta c: U& BC I& *B = (220- 90o)(
156,87o) =
66,87o
3
= 109,77 + j256,98 (VA) W2 ch 109,77 W

Bi 58 Mch ba pha hnh 306 c tr khng cc pha l Z, c ni vo h ngun
ba pha i xng th t thun c phc p dy hiu dng U& AB = 52030o (V). Tnh Z
nu s ch ca cc watt k l (a) W1 = 5400 W ; W2 = 0 (b) W1 = 0 ; W2 = 5400 W
(c) W1 = W2 = 5400 W (d) W1 = 6240 W ; W2 = 3210 W.
Hng dn gii (hnh 307): (a) Cng sut tc dng ba pha: P=P1+P2 =5400+0=5400 W
Cng sut tc dng mi pha: PA = PB = PC =
P
5400
=
= 1800 W
3
3
in p pha A ca ngun v trn ti bng nhau v trung tnh O v trung tnh O

ng th: U& AO = U& AO' =
Dng pha A: I& A
U AB
3
(uAB 30o) =
520
3
(30o 30o) =
520 3
(V)
3
520 3
&
U
520 3
= AO' = 3
=
- = IA- (A)
Z
Z
3Z
520 3
)(IA) = PA + jQA = 1800 + jQA
3
Q 3
45 3
45 3
=
+j A
IAcos =
(1)
13
520
13
Cng sut phc pha A: S A = U& AO' I& *A = (

IA = IAcos + jIAsin =
1800 + jQ A
520 3
3
in p dy U& CA = a U& AB = (1120o)(52030o) = 520150o (V)

Ta c: U& AC I& *A = (- U& CA ) I& *A = [520(150o 180o)][IA] = P1 + jQ1 = 5400 + jQ1
Suy ra: IA = IAcos + jIAsin =
=
5400 + jQ 1
5400 + jQ 1
=
o
520 30
260 3 j260
140400 3 26Q 1
140400 3 26Q 1
26 3Q 1 + 140400
+ j(
) (VA). Vy: IAcos =
(2)
27040
27040
27040
140400 3 26Q 1
45 3
304200 3
(1) v (2) cho ta:
=
Q1 =
VAR
27040
13
169
304200 3
Ta c: S1 = U& AC I& *A = P1 + jQ1 = 5400 + j
6235,38330o (VA)
169
o
P + jQ
6235,38330
I& *A = 1 & 1 =
= 1260o (A) I& A = IA- = 12- 60o (A)
o
U AC
520 30
520
U
Vy: IA = 12 A v 60o. T : Z = AO' = 3 25
IA
12
Tr khng cc pha: Z = Z = 2560o = 12,5 + j12,5 3 ()

(b) Cng sut tc dng ba pha: P = P1 + P2 = 0 + 5400 = 5400 W
P
5400
=
= 1800 W
3
3
21
Ng Ngc Th
520 3
)(IA) = PA + jQA = 1800 + jQA
3
Q 3
45 3
45 3
=
+j A
IAcos =
(1)
13
520
13
1800 + jQ A
520 3
3
Ta c: U& AC I& *A = (- U& CA ) I& *A = [520(150o 180o)][IA] = P1 + jQ1 = 0 + jQ1

jQ 1
Q
Q
= - 1 (VA). Vy: IAcos = - 1 (3)
o
1040
1040
520 30
Q
45 3
(1) v (3) cho ta: - 1 =
Q1 = - 3600 3 VAR
13
1040
Ta c: S1 = U& AC I& *A = P1 + jQ1 = 0 j3600 3 6235,383- 90o (VA)
P1 + jQ 1
6235,383 90 o
=
= 12- 60o (A) I& A = IA- = 1260o (A)
o
&
U AC
520 30
520
U
Vy: IA = 12 A v - 60o. T : Z = AO' = 3 25
IA
12
I& *A =
Tr khng cc pha: Z = Z = 25- 60o = 12,5 - j12,5 3 ()

(c) Cng sut tc dng ba pha: P = P1 + P2 = 5400 + 5400 = 10800 W
P
10800
=
= 3600 W
3
3
520 3
)(IA) = PA + jQA = 3600 + jQA
3
Q 3
3600 + jQ A 90 3
90 3
IA =IAcos + jIAsin =
=
+j A
IAcos =
(4)
520
13
13
520 3
3
o
*
&
&
Ta c: U AC I A = [520- 30 ][IP] = P1 + jQ1 = 5400 + jQ1
140400 3 26Q 1
5400 + jQ 1
26 3Q 1 + 140400
=
+ j(
) (VA)
o
27040
27040
520 30
140400 3 26Q 1
140400 3 26Q 1
90 3
Vy: IPcos =
(5). (4) v (5) cho ta:
=
27040
27040
13
*
&
&
Q1 = - 1800 3 VAR. Ta c: S1 = U AC I A = P1 + jQ1 = 5400 j1800 3
IP = IPcos + jIPsin =
P + jQ
6235,383 30 o
6235,383- 30o (VA) I& *A = 1 & 1 =
= 120o (A)
o
U AC
520 30
520
U
I& A = IA- = 120o (A). Vy: IA = 12 A v 0o. T : Z = AO' =
IA
Tr khng cc pha: Z = Z = 250 = 25 ()

(d) Cng sut tc dng ba pha: P = P1 + P2 = 6240 + 3120 = 9360 W
22
P
9360
=
= 3120 W
3
3
3
25
12
Ng Ngc Th
520 3
Cng sut phc pha A: S A = U& AO' I& *A =(
)(IA) = PA + jQA = 3120 + jQA
3
3120 + jQ A
520 3
3
=6 3 +j
QA 3
IAcos = 6 3 (6)
520
Ta c: U& AC I& *A = [520- 30o][IP] = P1 + jQ1 = 6240 + jQ1

6240 + jQ 1
162240 3 26Q 1
26 3Q 1 + 162240
=
+ j(
) (VA)
o
27040
27040
520 30
162240 3 26Q 1
162240 3 26Q 1
Vy: IPcos =
(7). (6) v (7) cho ta:
=6 3
27040
27040
Q1 = 0. Ta c: S1 = U& AC I& *A = P1 + jQ1 = 6240 (VA)
IP = IPcos + jIPsin =
P + jQ
6240
I& *A = 1 & 1 =
= 1230o (A) I& A = IA- = 12- 30o (A)
o
U AC
520 30
520
Vy: IA = 12 A v 30o. T : Z =
U AO'
= 3 25
IA
12
Tr khng cc pha: Z = Z = 2530o = 12,5 3 + j12,5 ()

Bi 5.9 Mch ba pha hnh 308 c R = 40 , L = 30 v kho K m, c ni
vo ngun ba pha i xng th t thun c phc p dy hiu dng U& AB = 38030o (V).
Hy xc nh s ch cc dng c o.
Hng dn gii (hnh 309): Tr khng pha: ZA = ZB = ZC = Z = R + jL
= 40 + j30 = 5036,87o ()
Ta thy ngay, K m I& A = 0 A1 ch 0. T : UAO = IAZ = 0 V7 ch 0.
V ta cng thy ngay: V1 = UAB = Ud = 380 V ; V4 = UBC = Ud = 380 V
nh lut K2 p dng cho mch vng BOCB: I& B Z - I& C Z + U& CB = 0 (1)
nh lut K1 ti O cho ta: I& B + I& C = 0 I& B = - I& C . Thay vo (1): 2 I& B Z + U& CB = 0
&
&
U
I& B = BC . Vi: U& BC = a2 U AB = (1- 120o)(38030o) = 380- 90o = - j380 (V)
2Z
T : I& B =
380 90 o
= 3,8- 126,87o (A) A2 ch 3,8 A
o
2(5036,87 )
V: I& C = - I& B = 3,8(- 126,87o + 180o) = 3,853,13o (A) A3 ch 3,8 A

Ta c: U& BO' = I& B Z =(3,8- 126,87o)(5036,87o)=190- 90o =- j190 (V) V6 ch 190 V
V: U& CO' = I& C Z = (3,853,13o)( 5036,87o) = 19090o = j190 (V) V5 ch 190 V
Ta c: U& A'B = U& A'O' - U& BO' = 0 (- j190) = j190 (V) V3 ch 190 V
Ta c: U& AB = 38030o = 190 3 + j190 (V) U& AA' = U& AB - U& A'B
= 190 3 + j190 j190 = 190 3 330 (V) V2 ch 330 V
Bi 5.10 Mch ba pha hnh 310 c cc gi tr IA = 3 A, IB = 4 A, IC = 4 A,
c ni vo h ngun ba pha i xng th t thun. Xc nh s ch ca ampe k A.
23
Ng Ngc Th
Hng dn gii (hnh 311): in p pha ca ngun: UAO = UBO = UCO = UP

Coi pha u ca U& AO bng 0: U& AO = UP0o ; U& BO = a2 U&& AO = UP- 120o ; U& CO = UP120o
U AO'
V2
A
A1
V3
A2
V4
V2
A I& A
A1 A
K
V1
R
V7
V6
&
U
AB
A3
V7
V3
Z O
B
V4
V6
Z
A3
V5
HNH 308
V1
A2
B I& B
&
U AO
C I& C
C
V5
HNH 309
&
&
U
U 0 o
U
U 120 o
BO
Cc dng pha: I& A = AO = P
= 30o (A) ; I& B =
= P
= 4- 30o = 2 3 - j2 (A) ; I& C =

A
1
90 o
C
&
U
U P 120 o
CO
=
= 4- 150o = - 2 3 - j2 (A)
1
1
j
90 o
C
C
A I&
A
&
U
AO
R
O
1
C
O C
A
C
HNH
310
I& O
&
U
BO
B I& B
&
U
CO
I&
C
R
O
A
-j
-j
1
C
1
C
HNH
311
C
Dng trong dy trung tnh: I& O = I& A + I& B + I& C = 3 + 2 3 - j2 - 2 3 - j2 = 3 j4
= 5- 53,13o (A) A ch 5 A.
Bi 5.11 Mch ba pha hnh 312 c cc gi tr IA = 5 A, IB = 2 A, IC = 2 A,
c ni vo h ngun ba pha i xng th t thun. Xc nh s ch ca ampe k A.
Hng dn gii (hnh 313): in p pha ca ngun: UAO = UBO = UCO = UP
Coi pha u ca U& AO bng 0: U& AO = UP0o ; U& BO = a2 U& AO = UP- 120o ; U& CO = UP120o
&
&
U
U P 0 o
o
AO
&
& = U BO =
Cc dng pha: I A =
=
=
590
=
j5
(A)
;
I
B
jL 1
jL
L 1 90 o
o
o
&
U P 120
o
& = U CO = U P 120 = 230o = 3 + j1 (A)
=
2150
=
3
+
j1
(A)
;
I
C
jL
L90 o
L90 o
24
Ng Ngc Th
Dng trong dy trung tnh: I& O = I& A + I& B + I& C = - j5 - 3 + j1 + 3 + j1 = - j3

= 3- 90o (A) A ch 3 A
&
A
I
A A
&
U
AO
L1
&
U
CO
HNH
312
jL1
O jL
&
U
BO
I& O
jL
B I& B
HNH
313
C I& C
1
= 2 , c ni vo h ngun
C
ba pha i xng th t thun c phc p pha hiu dng U& AO = 200o (V). Xc nh
cc dng in trong mch.
I&
R
Bi 5.12 Mch ba pha hnh 314 c R = L =
HNH
314
I& A
I& B
I& C
I& O
&
U
AO
&
U
AO '
jL
I& B
&
U
1
BO '
-j
&I
C
C
&
U
CO '
I& O
&
U
BO
&
U
CO
Hng dn gii (hnh 315): Tr khng cc pha:
HNH
315
&
U
O 'O
1
= - j2 ()
C
& Y +U
& Y +U
& Y
U
BO B
CO C
dch chuyn im trung tnh (coi & o = 0): U& O'O = & o = AO A
YA + YB + YC + YO
Trong , cc in p pha ca ngun l: U& AO = 20 (V) ; U& BO = a2 U& AO
= 20- 120o = - 10 j10 3 (V) ; U& = a U& = 20120o = - 10 + j10 3 (V)
ZA = Zo = R = 2 () ; ZB = jL = j2 ( ; ZC = - j
CO
AO
1
1
1
1
= (S) ; YB =
=
ZA
2
ZB
j2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
= - j = - 90o (S) ; YC =
=
= j = 90o (S); Yo = = (S)
2
2
ZC
j2
2
2
Zo 2
Dn np cc pha v nhnh trung tnh: YA =
( 20)(0,5) + ( 20 120 o )(0,5 90 o ) + ( 20120 o )(0,590 o )

T : U& O'O = & o =
= 10-10 3 (V)
0,5 j0,5 + j0,5 + 0,5
Vy: I& A = U& AO' YA = ( U& AO - & o)YA = (20 10 + 10 3 )(0,5) = 5(1 + 3 ) 13,66 (A)
& YB = ( U
&
&
I& B = U
BO '
BO - o)YB = (- 10 j10 3 - 10 + 10 3 )(- j0,5)
= - 5 3 + j(10 - 5 3 ) 8,76171,12o (A)
& YC = ( U
&
&
I& C = U
CO '
CO - o)YC = (- 10 + j10 3 - 10 + 10 3 )(j0,5)
25
Ng Ngc Th
= - 5 3 + j(5 3 - 10) 8,76- 171,12o (A)

&
I& O = U
3 ) - 3,66 (A)
O 'O YO = (10 - 10 3 )(0,5) = 5(1 1
C
dng in trn cc dy pha.

Hng dn gii (hnh 317): Cc in p pha ca ngun: U& AO = 1730o (V) ;
2 &
o
o
&
&
&
U
BO = a U AO = 173- 120 = - 86,5 - j86,5 3 (V) ; U CO = a U AO = 173120
A I& A
&
U
AO '
I& A
&
U
AO
B I& B
B I& B
&
U
BO
jL
C I& C
jL
L
C I& C
jL
&
U
BO '
HNH 316
= - 86,5 + j86,5 3 (V)

1
-j
C
O
R
jL
HNH 317
&
U
CO '
&
U
CO
&
U
O' O
1
Tr khng cc pha: ZA = jL - j
= j30 j30 = 0
C
ZB = R + R = 30 + 30 = 60 () ; ZC = jL + jL = j30 + j30 = j60 = 6090o ()

V ZA = 0 nn: U& AO' = & A - & O' = I& A ZA = I& A (0) = 0 & O' = & A
V nu coi & o=0 th: & A = U& AO =173(V) & O' =173 (V)( dch chuyn im trung tnh U& O'O )
1
1
= (- 86,5 - j86,5 3 - 173)
Nh vy: I& B = U& BO' YB = ( U& BO - & O' )
ZB
60
17,3 3
5- 150o (A)
12
& YC=( U
& - & ) 1 =(- 86,5 + j86,5 3 - 173) 1 = 17,3 3 + j4,325 560o (A)
I& C = U
CO '
CO
O'
ZC
j60
12
= - 4,325 - j
17,3 3 17,3 3
V: I& A = - I& B - I& C = 4,325+j
-j4,325 1,83 j1,83 = 1,83 2 - 45o (A)
12
12
Bi 5.14 Mch ba pha hnh 318 c R = 10 , c ni vo h ngun ba pha i

xng th t thun c phc p dy hiu dng U& AB = 100 3 30o (V). Xc nh
cc dng in khi (a) K1 v K3 ng, K2 m (b) K1, K2 v K3 u m.
Hng dn gii: Cc in p pha ca ngun:
100 3
26
& = U AB (uAB-30o)
U
AO
3
(30o30o)=100 (V) ; U& BO = a2 U& AO = 100- 120o = - 50 - j50 3 (V) ;
Ng Ngc Th
&
&
U
CO = a U AO = 100120 = - 50 + j50 3 (V)
Tr khng cc pha: ZA = ZB = ZC = R = 10
(a) (hnh 319): Pha A b ngn mch (ZA = 0) v dy trung tnh b t ( I& O = 0)
U& AO' = & A - & O' = I& A ZA = I& A (0) = 0 & O' = & A
K3
K
3
A I& A K1
I& B
B
&
U
CB
&
U
AO
&
U
AB
&
U
AB
B I& B
O
&
U
BO
R
I& C
C
O I& O K2
ZA
&
A I A K1
C I& C
&
U
CO
I& O
HNH 318
&
U
AO '
&
U
BO '
ZB
ZC
&
K2 U CO'
&
U
O 'O
HNH 319
V nu coi & o=0 th: & A = U& AO =100(V) & O' =100(V)( dch chuyn im trung tnh U& O'O )
Nh vy: I& B = U& BO' YB = ( U& BO - & O' )
1
1
= (- 50 - j50 3 - 100)( )
ZB
10
= - 15 - j5 3 = 10 3 - 150o (A)
1
1
& YC =( U
&
&
I& C = U
=(- 50 + j50 3 - 100)( )= - 15 + j5 3 = 10 3 150o (A)
CO '
CO - O ' )
ZC
10
I& A = I& O - I& B - I& C = 0 + 15 + j5 3 + 15 - j5 3 = 30 (A)
(b) (hnh 317): Pha A b t ( I& A = 0 ; ZA = ) v dy trung tnh b t ( I& O = 0)

p dy U& BC = a2 U& AB = 100 3 - 120o = - 50 3 - j150 (V)
nh lut K2 p dng cho mch vng BOCB: I& B ZB - I& C ZC + U& CB = 0
10 I& B - 10 I& C - U& BC = 0 10( I& B - I& C ) = - 50 3 - j150 hay I& B - I& C = - 5 3 - j15 (1)
nh lut K1 ti O: I& A + I& B + I& C - I& O = 0 0 + I& B + I& C - 0 = 0 I& B = - I& C
Thay vo (1): 2 I& B = - 5 3 - j15 I& B 8,66- 120o (A). V: I& C = - I& B = 8,6660o (A)
Bi 5.15 (a) Xc nh s ch ca watt k W trong mch ba pha hnh 320. Bit
1
= 10 , c ni vo h ngun ba pha i xng th t thun c
C
phc p pha hiu dng U& AO = 1000o (V). (b) Tnh gi tr ca R watt k W ch 0.
mch c R = L =
Hng dn gii (hnh 321): Cc p pha:

2 &
o
o
& = 1000o (V) ; U
&
&
&
U
AO
BO = a U AO = 100- 120 (V) ; U CO = a U AO = 100120 (V)
1
=-j10=10-90o()
(a) Cc tr khng pha: ZA=R=10 (); ZB=jL=j10=1090o(); ZC=-j
C
27
Ng Ngc Th
&
&
U
U
100 120 o
100
Cc dng pha: I& A = AO =
= 10 (A) ; I& B = BO =
o
ZA
10
ZB
1090
o
&
U
100120
= 10150o = - 5 3 + j5 (A) ; I& C = CO =
= 10- 150o = - 5 3 - j5 (A)
o
ZC
10 90
I& A
A
A
&
U
AC
&
U AO
R
&
U
CO
L
C
HNH 320
O
&
U
BO
ZA
I& O
O Z
B
B
I& C
ZC &
IB
HNH 321
Dng trung tnh: I& O = I& A + I& B + I& C =10 -5 3 +j5-5 3 -j5=10-10 3 -7,32=7,32180o (A)
p dy U& AB = 3 UAO(uAO + 30o) = 100 3 (0o + 30o) = 100 3 30o (V)
U& CA = a U& AB = (1120o)(100 3 30o) = 100 3 150o (V)
Ta c: U& AC (- I& O )* = U& CA I& *O = (100 3 150o)(7,32- 180o) = 732 3 - 30o
= 1098 - j366 3 (VA) Watt k W ch 1098 W.
&
&
U
U
100 &
100 120 o
AO
=
; I B = BO =
= - 5 3 + j5 (A) ;
ZA
R
ZB
1090 o
&
U
100120 o
I& C = CO =
= - 5 3 - j5 (A)
ZC
10 90 o
100
100
Dng trng tnh: I& O = I& A + I& B + I& C =
- 5 3 + j5 - 5 3 - j5 =
- 10 3
R
R
100
100
* Nu (
-10 3 )>0 th I& O =(
-10 3 )0o U& AC (- I& O )*= U& CA I& *O =[100 3 150o]
R
R
100
10000 3
15000
5000 3
[(
-10 3 )0o]=(
-3000)150o=(+1500 3 )+j(
-1500)
R
R
R
R
100
100
* Nu (
-10 3 )< 0 th I& O =(10 3 )180o U& AC (- I& O )* = U& CA I& *O [100 3 150o]
R
R
100
10000 3
10000 3
[(10 3 )180o] = (3000 - 30o) = (
- 3000)150o
R
R
R
15000
5000 3
= (+ 1500 3 ) + j(
- 1500)
R
R
15000
Vy, trong c 2 trng hp, watt k W ch 0 th: +1500 3 = 0 R 5,77
R
1
C
ba pha i xng th t thun c phc p dy hiu dng U& AB = 38030o (V). Xc nh
(b) Cc dng pha: I& A =
s ch ca cc watt k W1 v W2.
Hng dn gii (hnh 323): Cc p dy: U& AB = 38030o (V) ; U& BC = a2 U& AB
= (1- 120o)(38030o) = 380- 90o) = - j380 (V) ; U& CA = a U& AB = (1120o)(38030o)
28
Ng Ngc Th
= 380150o (V) U& AC = 380- 30o (V)

1
= - j76 ()
C
& Y +U
& Y +U
& Y
U
BO B
CO C
YA + YB + YC + YO
*
I&
A *
Cc tr khng pha: ZA =R = 76 () ; ZB = jL = j76 () ; ZC = - j
*W1
&
U
AO
R
*
* W2
* W1
*
L
C
ZA
&
U
AB
*
* W2
ZC
&
B
U
BO
HNH 323
O U& AC U& BC
Trong , cc in p pha ca ngun l: U& AO =
U AB
ZB
&
U
BO '
I& B
HNH 322
&
U
AO '
&
U
O 'O
(uAB 30o) =
380
(30o 30o)
3
3
380 3
380 3
190 3
=
(V); U& BO = a2 U& AO =
- 120o = j190 (V)
3
3
3
& =a U
& = 380 3 120o = - 190 3 + j190 (V)
U
CO
AO
3
3
Dn np cc pha v nhnh trung tnh:

YA =
Yo =
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
(S) ; YB =
=
=-j
(S) ; YC =
=
= j
(S)
76
j76
76
j76
76
ZA
ZB
ZC
1
1
= = 0 (S) (Khng dy trung tnh tng ng vi tr khng dy bng v cc)
Zo
380 3 1
380 3
1
380 3
1
)( ) + (
120 o )( 90 o ) + (
120 o )( 90 o )
76
3
76
3
76
T : U& O'O =& o= 3
1
1
1
j +j +0
76
76
76
380 3 1140
=
(V)
3
380 3
380 3
1140 1
Cc dng pha: I& A = U& AO' YA = ( U& AO - & O' )YA = (
+
)( )
3
3
3
76
190 3
380 3
1140
1
= 50o (A) ; I& B = U& BO' YB = ( U& BO - & O' )YB = ( j190 +
)( - j )
3
3
3
76
285 3 570
= - 2,5 + j(
) (A)
114
Ta c: U& I& * = (380- 30o)(50o) = 1900- 30o = 1645,45 j950 (VA)
(
AC
W1 ch 1645,45 W
29
Ng Ngc Th
285 3 570
V: U& BC I& *B = (- j380)(- 2,5 - j
) = 254,55 + j950 (VA) W2 ch 254, 55 W
114
Bi 5.17 Mch ba pha hnh 324 c ZA = 5 () ; ZB = 3 + j1 () ; ZC = 3 j1 ()

v ZO = 0,149 (), c ni vo h ngun ba pha i xng th t thun c phc p pha
hiu dng U& AO = 2200o (V). Xc nh dng v p pha ca ti khi (a) m kha K
(b) ng kha K.
ZA
ZA
A
I& A
I& A
A
&
U
AO
&
U
AO
&
U
AO '
ZB
I& B
&
U
BO
&
U
BO
ZC
I& C
&
U
CO
I& O
I& C
&
U
&
U
CO
ZO
&
U
O' O
&
U
BO '
&
U
CO '
ZB
I& B
&
U
BO '
&
U
AO '
I& O
ZC
CO '
&
U
O' O
ZO
HNH 325
HNH 324
Hng dn gii: (a) (hnh 324): K m tng ng vi dy trung tnh b t,

tc l tr khng dy ZO = , v dng trung tnh I& O = 0.
& Y +U
& Y +U
& Y
U
BO B
CO C
o
YA + YB + YC + YO
= a2 U&
Trong , cc in p pha ca ngun l: U& AO = 2200 (V) ; U& BO

AO
o
o
= 220- 120 = - 110 j110 3 (V) ; U& CO = a U& AO = 220120 = - 110 + j110 3 (V)
Dn np cc pha v nhnh trung tnh: YA =
YB =
1
1
= = 0,2 (S) ;
ZA
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
= 0,3 j0,1 (S) ; YC =
=
= 0,3 + j0,1 (S) ; Yo= = = 0 (S)
Zo
ZB
3 + j1
ZC
3 j1
T :
( 220)(0,2) + ( 110 j110 3 )(0,3 j0,1) + ( 110 + j110 3 )(0,3 + j0,1)
&
&
U
= - 75,1315 (V)
O 'O = o=
0,2 + 0,3 j0,1 + 0,3 + j0,1 + 0
Cc dng pha: I& A = U& AO' YA = ( U& AO - & O' )YA = (220 + 75,1315)(0,2)
= 59,03 (A) ; I& = U& YB = ( U& - & )YB = (- 110 j110 3 + 75,1315)(0,3 j0,1)
B
BO '
BO
O'
= - 29,5131 j53,6708 = 61,25- 118,81o (A) ; I& C = U& CO' YC = ( U& CO - & O' )YC
= (- 110 + j110 3 + 75,1315)(0,3 + j0,1) = - 29,5131 + j53,6708 = 61,25118,81o (A)
Cc p pha ca ti: U& AO' = I& A ZA = 59,03(5) = 295,15 (V)
o
&
&
U
BO ' = I B ZB= (- 29,5131 j53,6708)(3 + j1) = - 142,21 + j131,5 = 193,69137,24 (V)
o
&
&
U
CO ' = I C ZC= (- 29,5131 + j53,6708)(3 - j1)= - 34,868 + j190,53 = 193,69100,37 (V)
(b) (hnh 325): K ng, dy trung tnh c ZO = 0,149 () YO =
30
1
1
=
(S)
Z O 0,149
Ng Ngc Th
& Y +U
& Y +U
& Y
U
BO B
CO C
YA + YB + YC + YO
( 220)(0,2) + ( 110 j110 3 )(0,3 j0,1) + ( 110 + j110 3 )(0,3 + j0,1)

= - 8,0019 (V)
1
0,2 + 0,3 j0,1 + 0,3 + j0,1 +
0,149
&
&
&
Cc dng pha: I A = U AO' YA = ( U AO - & O' )YA = (220 + 8,0019)(0,2)
= 45,6 (A) ; I& = U& YB = ( U& - & )YB = (- 110 j110 3 + 8,0019)(0,3 j0,1)
BO '
BO
O'
= - 49,652 j46,9579 = 68,34- 136,6o (A) ; I& C = U& CO' YC = ( U& CO - & O' )YC
= (- 110 + j110 3 + 8,0019)(0,3 + j0,1) = - 49,652 + j46,9579 = 68,34136,6o (A)
Cc p pha ca ti: U& AO' = I& A ZA = 45,6(5) = 228 (V)
o
&
&
U
BO ' = I B ZB= (- 49,652 j46,9579)(3 + j1) = - 102 j190,53 = 216,11- 118,16 (V)
o
&
&
U
CO ' = I C ZC= (- 49,652 + j46,9579)(3 - j1)= - 102 + j190,53 = 216,11118,16 (V)
Bi 5.18 Mch ba pha hnh 326 c R = 60 , L = 10 , c ni vo h ngun
ba pha i xng th t thun c phc p dy hiu dng U& AB = 38030o (V). Xc nh
s ch ca cc dng c o v biu thc dng i.
Hng dn gii: Tr khng pha ca ng dy: Zd = jL = j10 ()
Tr khng pha ca ti 1: ZA1B1 = ZB1C1 = ZC1A1 = Z = R = 60 ()
Tr khng pha ca ti 2: ZA2 = ZB2 = ZC2 = ZY2 = jL = j10 ()
Thay ti 1 ni bi ti ni Y tng ng (hnh 327), vi tr khng pha tng
ng: ZA1 = ZB1 = ZC1 = ZY1 =
Z
60
=
= 20 ()
3
3
Thay ti 1 ni Y tng ng mc // vi ti 2 ni Y bi ti tng ng c tr

khng pha (hnh 328): ZA12 = ZB12 = ZC12 = ZY12 =
Z Y1 .Z Y 2
20( j10)
=
= 4 + j8 ()
Z Y1 + Z Y 2
20 + j10
Tr khng pha ca mch thay th tng ng hnh 328: ZAO = ZBO = ZCO
= Zd + ZY12 = j10 + 4 + j8 = 4 + j18 ()
p pha U& AO =
U AB
3
(uAB 30o) =
380
3
(30o 30o) =
380 3
(V)
3
380 3
&
U
76 3
342 3
-j
11,9- 77,47o (A)
Dng dy chung pha A: I& A = AO = 3 =
Z AO
51
51
4 + j18
Ampe k A1 ch 11,9 A
Dng dy pha A ca ti 2: I& A 2 = I& A (
20
76 3
342 3
2
)=(
-j
)(
)
20 + j10
51
51
2 + j1
76 3
304 3
-j
10,64- 104,04o (A) Ampe k A2 ch 10,64 A
51
51
1
3
76 3
304 3
Dng dy pha B ca ti 2: I& B 2 = a2 I& A 2 = (- - j )( -j
)
2
2
51
51
38 3 456
114 + 152 3
+j
(A)
=
51
51
=-
31
Ng Ngc Th
76 3 342 3 76 3 304 3 152 3 38 3

Dng dy pha A ca ti 1: I& A1 = I& A - I& A 2 =
-j
+
+j
=
-j
(A)
51
Dng dy pha B ca ti 1: I& B1 = a2 I& A1

=
51
51
51
1
3 152 3
38 3
= (- - j )(
-j
)
2
2
51
51
51
51
57 76 3
19 3 228
+j
5,32- 134,04o (A) i = 5,32 2 cos(t 134,04o) (A)
51
51
A1
A2
HNH
326
L
W
i
L
R
Zd
A
HNH
328 Zd
A
I& A
ZA12
Zd U& AO ZB12
I& A 2
Zd
I& B 2
&
U
&
Zd OA' I A1
B &
I B1
&
U
AO
A1
I& A
HNH
327
A
A
A2
Zd
ZC12
&
U
C' A '
ZB2
C
C
ZA1
ZA2
ZB1
ZC1
ZC2
&
U
C 'O
152 3
38 3
3040 3
760 3
-j
)(20) =
-j
(V)
51
51
51
51
3040 3
760 3
U& OA' = +j
(V)
51
51
1
3 3040 3
760 3
p pha C ca ti 1: U& C'O = a U& A'O = (- + j )(
-j
)
2
2
51
51
1140 1520 3
4560 + 380 3
=
+j
(V)
51
51
1140 1520 3
4560 + 380 3
3040 3
760 3
Ta c: U& C'A' = U& C'O + U& OA' =
+j
+j
51
51
51
51
1140 4560 3
4560 + 1140 3
+j
(V)
=
51
51
1140 4560 3
4560 + 1140 3 38 3 456
114 + 152 3
+ j
][
- j(
)]
Vy: U& C'A' I& *B 2 = [
51
51
51
51
p pha A ca ti 1: U& A'O = I& A1 ZA1 = (
= 1916,308 j0,00583 (VA) W ch 1916 W

32
Ng Ngc Th
Bi 5.19 Mch ba pha hnh 329 c R = 60 ; L = 10 , c ni vo h ngun

dng trn cc pha.
Hng dn gii (hnh 330): Tr khng cc pha: ZA = R = 60 () ; ZB=ZC=jL=j10()
Khng dy trung tnh tng ng vi ZO = YO = 0
ZA
A
R
A I& A
&
U
AO
&
U
AO '
I& B
&
U
BO
HNH 329
&
U
BO '
ZB
I& C
&
U
CO
ZC
&
U
CO '
HNH 330
&
U
O 'O
&
U
dch chuyn im trung tnh (coi & o= 0): U& O'O = & o =
& Y +U
& Y
YA + U
BO B
CO C
YA + YB + YC + YO
AO
Trong : U& AO = 100 (V) ; U& BO = a2 U& AO = 100- 120o = - 50 j50 3 (V)
& = aU
& = 100120o = - 50 + j50 3 (V)
U
CO
AO
1
1
1
1
=
(S) ; YB = YC =
=
= - j0,1 = 0,1- 90o (S) ; YO = 0
ZA
60
ZB
j10
1
(100)( ) + (100 120 o )(0,1 90 o ) + (100120 o )(0,1 90 o )
60
Thay vo: U& O'O = & o =
1
j0,1 j0,1 + 0
60
YA =
= 100 + j600 (S)

1
Cc dng pha: I& A = U& AO' YA=( U& AO - & o)YA= (100 - 100 j600)( )= - j10=10- 90o (A)
60
&I = U
& YB = ( U
&
&
B
BO '
BO - o)YB = (- 50 j50 3 - 100 j600)(- j0,1)
& YC = ( U
&
I& C = U
CO '
CO
= (- 60 - 5 3 ) + j15 70,28167,68o (A)

- & o)YC = (- 50 + j50 3 - 100 j600)(- j0,1)
= ( 5 3 - 60) + j15 53,49163,71o (A)
Bi 5.20 Mch ba pha hnh 331 c R = L1 =
1
1
= 100 ; L2 =
C 1
C 2
= 50 , c ni vi h ngun ba pha i xng th t thun c phc p dy hiu dng

o
&
U
AB = 34630 (V). p dng nh l Thvnin, tm s ch ca ampe k A trong hai
trng hp (a) b qua tr khng Zd ca dy ni trung tnh hai ti (b) dy ni trung tnh
hai ti c tr khng Zd = 20 ().
Hng dn gii (hnh 332)
33
Ng Ngc Th
U
346
Cc p pha: U& AN = AB (uAB 30o) ;=
(30o 30o)
3
346 3
346 3
346 3
(V) ; U& BN = a2 U& AN =
- 120o (V) ; U& CN = a U& AN =
120o (V)
3
3
3
Ct dy ni trung tnh hai ti ra khi mch, ta c mng mt ca (N1,N2) nh hnh 332.

* Tnh Zo (hnh 334): Ni tt cc ngun s, tr khng tng ng ca tt c
tr khng c trong mng l:
1
1
; Z2 =
Y1
Y2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Trong : Y1 = YA1 + YB1 + YC1 =
+
+
=
+
+
Z A 1 Z B 1 Z C1
R
j100 j100
1
=
- j0,01 + j0,01 = 0,01 (S)
100
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
= +
+
=
+ j0,02 - j0,02 = 0,01 (S)
Y2 = YA2+YB2+YC2 =
Z A2
Z B2
Z C 2 R j50 j50
100
Zo = Z1 + Z2 , vi Z1 =
Suy ra: Z1 = 100 () ; Z2 = 100 () Zo = 100 + 100 = 200 ()

* Tm U& hm (hnh 333): Coi & N = 0, dch chuyn im trung tnh ngun v
trung tnh ti 1 l:
346 3 346 3
346 3
120 O
120 o
&
&
&
U
U
U
AN
BN
CN
3 +
3
3
+
+
+
O
Z
Z
Z
100
A1
B1
C1
10090
100 90 o = 346 3 1038 (V)
&
&
U
=
=
=
N1 N
N1
YA1 + YB1 + YC1
0,01 j0,01 + j0,01
3
dch chuyn im trung tnh ngun v trung tnh ti 2 l:

346 3 346 3
346 3
120 O
120 o
&
&
&
U
U
U
AN
BN
CN
3
3 +
3
+
+
+
O
Z
Z
Z
346 3 + 2076
100
50 90
5090 o
A2
B2
C2
&
&
U
=
=
=
=
(V)
N 2N
N2
YA 2 + YB 2 + YC 2
0,01 + j0,02 j0,02
3
346 3 + 1038
346 3 2076
Ta c: U& hm = U& N 2 N1 = & N 2 - & N1 =
-(
) = 1038 (V)
3
&
E
A
&
E
A
N
B
&
E
B
N2 N
&
E
B
C R
R
L
N1
ZA2
ZB2
&
E
C
A HNH 332
N2
ZC2
I& N
&
E
C
ZA1 ZB1 ZC1
N1
HNH 331
* Mch Thvnin tng ng vi mng mt ca (N1,N2) c v hnh 335.
34
Ng Ngc Th
(a) Zd = 0: Rp dy ni trung tnh hai ti vo mch Thvnin tng ng

(hnh 336): I& N =
&
U
1038
hm
=
= 5,19 A Ampe k A ch 5,19 A.
Zo
200
(b) Zd = 20 (): Rp dy ni trung tnh hai ti vo mch Thvnin tng ng

(hnh 337): I& N =
&
U
AN
&
E
A
&
U
1038
hm
=
= 4,72 A Ampe k A ch 4,72 A.
Zd + Zo
20 + 200
ZA2
A
&
U
BN
& &
E
B U
CN
& N = 0
ZB2
B
C
&
E
C
A
N2
+ N
ZA2
ZC2
ZB1 ZC1
&
U
N1 N
HNH 335
Z1
&
U
N2N
N1 HNH 334
HNH 337
HNH 336
N2
ZB2
Z2
ZA1 ZB1 ZC1
- N1
HNH 333
ZC2
&
&
U
N 2 N 1 = U hm
ZA1
N2
N2
N2
I& N
Zo
I& N
Zo
&
E
o
&
E
o
N1
Zo
&
E
o
A
N1
Zd
A
N1
Gustav Robert
KIRCHHOFF
1824 - 1887
35
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho
Chng 6
PHAN TCH MACH TRONG MIEN THI GIAN
chng 3, ta phan tch mach xac lap ieu hoa. Trang thai xac lap ieu hoa
la trang thai dong va ap (ap ng) bien thien theo quy luat hnh sin cung tan so vi
nguon tac ong (kch thch). Thi iem ma trang nay bat au cach xa thi iem ong
nguon, va trang thai nay se ket thuc ngay tai thi iem ngat nguon. Vay th ngay sau
cac thi iem ong, ngat nguon th trang thai cua mach se dien ra nh the nao?
(trang thai qua o). Trong chng nay, ta se tra li cau hoi o va phng phap phan
tch mach thi iem bat ky vi nguon tac ong bat ky c goi la PHAN TCH
MACH TRONG MIEN THI GIAN. Phng phap phan tch mch trong min thi
gian c bn nht la phng phap tch phan kinh ien sau ay.
6.1 Phng trnh mach
Goi y(t) la ap ng (dong, ap) oi vi x(t), la nguon tac ong len mach,
phng trnh sau:
d n y(t)
d n 1 y(t)
dy(t)
+ a n 1
+ ... + a1
+ ao y(t) = f(t) (*)
dt n
dt n 1
dt
d m x(t)
d m1x ( t )
dx ( t )
f (t ) = b m
+ b m1
+ ... + b1
+ bo x(t )
dt m
dt m1
dt
an
vi:
cho phep ta tm c y(t) khi biet x(t) va cac thong so ak , bk cua mach.
V du 1: Hay viet phng trnh e xac nh ien ap uC(t) cua mach hnh 1.
Biet: E = 11 (V) ; R1 = 4/3 () ; R2 = 3 () ; C = 1/5 (F) ; L = 4 (H).
i(t)
Giai :
R1
E
iC(t)
uC(t)
R2
C
iL(t)
He phng trnh K1, K2 : i( t ) = i C ( t ) + i L ( t ) (1)
Hnh 1
R 1i( t ) + u C ( t ) = E ( 2)
di ( t )
R 2i L ( t ) + L L u C ( t ) = 0 (3)
dt
e co dang nh phng trnh (*), ta kh bien, ch gi lai uC(t).
(1) i L ( t ) = i( t ) i C ( t ) ( 4) ( 2) i( t ) =
E u C (t)
(5)
R1
E u C (t)
du ( t )
C C
dt
R1
di L ( t )
1 du C ( t )
d 2u C (t )
=
C
( 6)
dt
R1 dt
dt 2
iL (t) =
MACH IEN
Thay (6) vao (3):
Ngo Ngoc Tho
E u C (t )
du C ( t )
d 2 u C (t )
1 du C ( t )
R L[
C
] L[
+C
] u C (t) = 0
R1
dt
R 1 dt
d2t
Thay gia tr cac thong so vao ta co phng trnh vi phan mo ta mach hnh 1:
16
d 2u C (t )
du ( t )
+ 72 C + 65u C ( t ) = 495
dt 2
dt
6.2 Nghiem cua phng trnh mach [phng trnh (*)]

Nghiem cua phng trnh (*): y(t) = ytd(t) + ycb(t) (2*)
Trong o :
ytd(t) la thanh phan t do cua nghiem phng trnh mach. o la nghiem cua
phng trnh thuan nhat co ve phai bang 0 (f(t) = 0)
ycb(t) la thanh phan cng bc cua nghiem phng trnh mach. o la nghiem
rieng cua phng trnh (*) co ve phai khac 0 (f(t) 0)
T (2*) ta nhan thay rang dong (ap) trong mach la tong cua 2 thanh phan :
- Thanh phan t do, khong phu thuoc nguon f(t), ch phu thuoc vao thong so
mach va nang lng trong mach tai thi iem ang xet (thanh phan qua o).
- Thanh phan cng bc ch phu thuoc vao nguon f(t) (thanh phan xac lap).
Thanh phan cng bc
Goi la thanh phan cng bc v no la ap ng cua mach vi nguon ben ngoai.
Thanh phan nay c tm bang phng phap he so bat nh (oan trc nghiem
cua phng trnh(*) tng ng vi ham f(t) 0 a biet, goi la nghiem rieng).
V du 2: Xem mach ien hnh 2. Xac nh ien ap uC(t) vi cac nguon tac ong
R
lan lt la : j(t) = 1 (A) ; j(t) = cost (A) ; j(t) = e-tcost (A) vi C = 1 (F) va
-2t
= 1/3 () ; j(t) = e (A( vi C = 1 (F) va R = ().
Giai : nh luat K1 : j(t) = iR(t) + iC(t) hay C du C + u C ( t ) = j( t ) (1)
dt
R
iR(t)
j(t)
iC(t)
uC(t)
C
Hnh 2
* Nguon j(t) = 1(A)

Nghiem rieng c chon: uCcb(t) = B. Thay vao (1): B = Rj(t) = R.1 (V)
Vay :
uCcb(t) = R
* Nguon j(t) = cost (A)
Nghiem rieng c chon: uCcb(t) = Acost + Bsint
Thay vao (1): C( A sin t + B cos t ) +
1
( A cos t + B sin t ) = cos t
R
2
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho
(A + RCB) cos t + (B RCA ) sin t = R cos t
Suy ra:
( A + RCB = R) va (B - RCA = 0)
R
R 2 C
T o:
A=
;B=
1 + (RC) 2
1 + (RC) 2
R
R 2 C
Vay:
u Ccb ( t ) =
cos t +
sin t
1 + (RC ) 2
1 + (RC ) 2
* Nguon j(t) = e-tcost (V) ; C = 1 (F) ; R = 1/3 ()
Nghiem rieng c chon: uCcb(t) = e-t(Acost + Bsint)
Thay vao (1):
e-t(- Asint + Bcost) e-t(Acost + Bsint) + 3e-t(Acost + Bsint) = e-tcost
(2A + B)cost + (2B A)sint = cost (2A + B) = 1 va (2B A) = 0
Suy ra:
A = 2/5 va B = 1/5
2
1
u Ccb ( t ) = e t ( cos t + sin t )
5
5
Vay:
* Nguon j(t) = e-2t ; C = 1 (F) ; R =1/2 (

Nghiem rieng c chon: uCcb(t) = Ae-2t
Thay vao (1): - 2Ae-2t + 2Ae-2t = e-2t
Khong tm c gia tr A nao thoa man phng trnh tren
Do vay, ta chon lai: uCcb(t) = Ate-2t
Thay vao (1): Ae-2t 2Ate-2t + 2Ate-2t = e-2t A = 1
Vay:
uCcb(t) = te-2t
Thanh phan t do
La nghiem cua phng trnh :
an
d n y(t)
d n 1 y(t)
dy(t)
+ a n 1
+ ... + a1
+ a o y(t) = 0 (3*)
dt n
dt n 1
dt
pt
Nghiem cua phng trnh (3*) c tm di dang: ytd(t) = e

Trong o p la hang so can tm.
T o phng trnh (3*) co the c viet dang mi nh sau:
anpn + an-1pn-1++a1p + ao = 0 (4*)
(4*) c goi la phng trnh ac trng. ay la mot phng trnh ai so bac
n, do o no co n nghiem p1, p2,, pn. T o, phng trnh (3*) cung se co n nghiem
tng ng vi n gia tr cua p:
y1(t) = ep1t ; y2(t) = ep2t ; ; yn(t) = epnt
Trong ly thuyet phan tch mach, ngi ta ch quan tam en mot nghiem la ham
thc theo thi gian thoa man cac ieu kien au bai toan the hien qua cac hang so K
nao o.
Cac gia tr p phu thuoc vao cac tong so mach ak va no quyet nh hnh dang
cua thanh phan t do. Gia tr cac hang so K phu thuoc vao gia tr cua y(t) tai thi
iem xet mach va no quyet nh o ln cua thanh phan t do. Viec tm cho c
3
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho
phng trnh ac trng (tm cac gia tr p) va viec tm cho c cac ieu kien au
(tm cac gia tr K) la 2 van e chnh cua viec xac nh thanh phan t do, va do o,
la van e mau chot cua phan tch mach trong mien thi gian.
V du 3 : Hay xac nh thanh phan t do cua ien ap uC(t) trong mach ien
hnh 3 sau ay.
i(t)
e(t)
uC(t)
L
Giai:
C
Hnh 3
nh luat K2 : uR(t) + uC(t) + uL(t) = e(t)

du ( t )
di( t )
Biet : uR(t) = Ri(t) ; uL(t) = L
va i(t) = C C
dt
dt
du C ( t )
d 2 u C (t)
= e(t)
T o, phng trnh tren tr thanh : RC
+ uC(t) + LC
dt
dt 2
d 2 u C ( t ) R du C ( t )
Ta co phng trnh thuan nhat:
+
+ u C (t) = 0
dt 2
L dt
R
1
at: = ; ch =
. Phng trnh thuan nhat tr thanh:
2L
LC
d u C (t)
du ( t )
2 u (t ) = 0
+ 2 C + ch
C
dt 2
dt
2
Va ta co phng trnh dac trng: p + 2p + ch2 = 0
2
Suy ra nghiem cua phng trnh ac trng: p1, 2 = 2 ch
Ro rang rang, tuy theo gia tr cua va ch (tc la cac thong so mach R, L, C)
ma xay ra 3 trng hp:
* Khi 2 > ch2, tc la R > 2 LC , co 2 nghiem thc n la:
2
2 ; p = 2 2
p1 = + 2 ch
2
ch
Thanh phan t do cua uC(t) co dang:
u Ctd (t) = K1 exp[( + 2 2 )t ] + K 2 exp[( 2 2 )t ]

ch
ch
* Khi 2 = ch2, tc la R = 2 LC , co nghiem kep la: p1 = p2 = -

Thanh phan t do cua uC(t) co dang: uCtd(t) = (K1 + K2t)exp(- t)
* Khi 2 < ch2, tc la R < 2 LC , co cap nghiem phc lien hp la:
p1 = - + jr ; p2 = - - jr
2 2
Trong o: r = ch
Thanh phan t do cua uC(t) co dang: uCtd(t) = Kexp(- t)cos(rt + )
6.3 Phng trnh ac trng
e tm phng trnh ac trng ma khong can viet phng trnh mach, ta hay
chu y en phng phap ai so hoa phng trnh vi tch phan mo ta mach nh sau.
MACH IEN
Thanh phan t do tm c di dang : ytd(t) = ept
Ngo Ngoc Tho
dy td ( t ) de pt
1
=
= pe pt ; y td ( t )dt = e pt dt = e pt
dt
dt
p
T o, phep ao ham co the c thay bi toan t p va phep tch phan co the

c thay bi toan t 1/p. Khi o, quan he dong va ap tren L,C co dang:
de pt
de pt
pt
pCe pt
u L (t ) = L
= pLe ; i C ( t ) = C
dt
dt
1 pt
1 pt
1 pt
1 pt
i L ( t ) = e dt =
e ; u C ( t ) = e dt =
e
L
pL
C
pC
1
1 pt
1
1 pt
i L ( t ) = e pt dt =
e ; u C ( t ) = e pt dt =
e
L
pL
C
pC
Nh vay co the ai so hoa phng trnh vi tch phan mo ta mach khi ta chap
nhan cac tr khang toan t:
Z L = pL ; YL =
1
1
; ZC =
; YC = pC
pL
pC
Sau ay ta tm phng trnh ac trng cua mach hnh 1 bang cach ve lai mach
ien hnh 1 vi cac tr khang toan t nh sau:
R1
R2
1/pC
I
II
pL
Hnh 4
1) Vi phng phap dong mat li, ta co:

1
1
1
1
(R 1 + ) I v1
I v2 = E
R
+
1
pC
pC
I v1 E
pC
pC
hay
=
1
1
1
1
I v1 + ( R 2 + pL + )I v 2 = 0

R 2 + pL + I v 2 0
pC
pC
pC
pC
Khi cho nguon tac ong bang 0, cac dong vong la nghiem t do phai khac
khong, do o nh thc cua ma tran tr khang vong phai bang 0:
1
1
R1 +
pC
pC
Zv =
0
1
1
R 2 + pL +
pC
pC
Thay gia
Z vtr=ca
0 c phan t vao (R1 = 4/3 ; R2 = 3 ; L = 4 H ; C = 1/5 F)
phng trnh
, ta c phng trnh ac tng cua mach hnh 1 nh sau:
16p2 + 72p + 65 = 0
5
MACH IEN
2) Vi phng phap ien the nut, ta co:
Ngo Ngoc Tho
1
E
pC
U
=
+
+
C
R 2 + pL
R1
R1
Khi cho nguon tac ong bang 0, ien ap tren tu la thanh phan t do phai khac 0, do
o nh thc cua ma tran dan nap nut phai bang 0:
YN =
1
1
+ pC +
=0
R1
R 2 + pL
Thay gia tr cac thong so mach vao phng trnh YN =

, ta0 c phng trnh
2
ac trng cua mach ien hnh 1 nh sau: 16p + 72p + 65 = 0
3) Vi phng phap mach tng ng
e tm phng trnh ac trng, ta cho tat ca cac nguon oc lap ngh
(v f(t) = 0). Mach khong co nguon khi o co the c thay bang mot tr khang hoac
dan nap tng ng nhn t 2 cc nao o. Khi cho Zt = 0 hoac Yt = 0, ta cung se co
ngay phng trnh ac trng.
Sau ay ta se minh hoa phng phap nay bang cach dung lai v du 1.
R1
R2
E 1/pC
pL
R2
R1
1/pC
pL
E/R1
Hnh 5
Hnh 6
Bo nguon va chon 2 cc A, B e t 2 cc nay(hnh 7 hoc hnh 8), tnh tr

khang tng ng ZAB cua mach ien hnh 5 hoac dan nap tung ng YAB cua
mach ien hnh 6:
R1
ZAB
R2
pL
1/pC
R2
YAB
1/pC
R1
pL
Hnh R
7 1LCp 2 + (R 1B
8
R 2 C + L)p + R 1 + RHnh
B
2
Z AB = R 1 + 1 / pC //( R 2 + pL) =
p 2 LC + pR 2 C + 1
1
1
R LCp 2 + (R 1R 2 C + L)p + R 1 + R 2
hoac
YAB =
+ pC +
= 1
6
R1
R 2 + pL
R 1 (R 2 + pL)
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho
Cho ZAB = 0 hoac YAB = 0, ta co : R1LCp2 + (R1R2C + L)p + R1 + R2 = 0

Thay gia tr cac thong so mach vao, ta tm lai dc phng trnh ac trng nh
a xet trong cac phng phap tren : 16p2 + 72p + 65 = 0.
72 722 4(16)65 72 32
=
32
32
5
13
5
13
p1 =
; p 2 = y (t ) = K e 4 t + K e 4 t
td
1
2
4
4
p1, 2 =
ytd(t) co the la dong, ap. oi vi mach co cau truc cho trc, hnh dang cua
cac thanh phan t do la giong nhau, chung ch khac nhau o ln, bieu th qua hang so
K ma ta se e cap en trong phan tiep sau.
6.4 ieu kien au
Nghiem cua phng trnh thuan nhat phu thuoc vao gia tr cua y(t) va cac
ao ham cua no tai thi iem xet (t = 0). V vay, nghiem t do cua phng trnh
thuan nhat cap n phai thoa n ieu kien au tai t = 0 la:
y(0) ; y, (0) ; y ,, (0) ; ; y(n-1) (0) (5*)
Vi cac ieu kien au (5*), ta co the xac inh cac thong so K.
Tai thi iem thay oi trang thai can bang cua mach, ien ap tren tu va dong
ien qua cuon day la nhng ai lng lien tuc:
uC(0-) = uC(0+) = u(0) ; iL(0-) = iL(0+) = i(0) (6*)
Cac ieu kien au (5*) c goi la ieu kien au s cap. Cac ieu kien au
(6*) c goi la ieu kien au th cap. Nh vay, muon co (5*) phai tm (6*).
Cac bc xac nh ieu kien au:
Da vao ieu kien lam viec cua mach trc thi iem lam thay oi trang
thai can bang cua mach (t < 0), xac nh gia tr dong ien qua cuon day iL(0-) va ien
ap tren tu uC(0-).
Da vao ieu kien ong ngat, theo (6*) ta co ieu kien au s cap:
uC(0+) = uC(0-) ; iL(0+) = iL(0-)
trang thai nang lng mi (t > 0), ap dung nh luat K1, K2 co the tm
c (5*) theo (6*). Va khi a co cac ieu ken au (5*) ta co the xac nh cac
hang so K trong hanh phan t do.
Lu y : ieu (6*) con c goi la ieu kien ong ngat mach, no khang nh
rang, tai t = 0 dong qua cuon day nh mot nguon dong io va ap tren tu dien nh mot
nguon ap uo. Neu io = 0, xem nh cuon day h mach, neu uo = 0, xem nh tu ien
ngan mach.
6.5 V du ap dung
7
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho
V du 4: Xem mach ien hnh 9. Hay xac nh dong ien i(t) neu tai t = 0 m
khoa K. Biet: E = 11 (V) ; R1 = 4/3 () ; R2 = 3 () ; L = 4 (H) va C = 1/5 (F).
0,5R1
i(t)
t=0
0,5R1
R2
Hnh 9
Giai:
t < 0, mach trang thai xac lap 1 chieu, dong qua cuon day va ap tren tu:
i L (0 ) =
E
E
= 3( A) ; u C (0 ) =
R 2 = 9( V )
0,5R 1 + R 2
0,5R1 + R 2
Theo ieu kien ong ngat : uC(0+) = uC(0-) = 9 (V) ; iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 3 (A)
t > 0, mach co them 0,5R1, mach se thay oi trang thai nang lng so vi
trc, va ay chnh la mach trong v du 1 (hnh 10)
i(t)
iC(t)
R1
E
R2
uC(t)
iL(t)
L
Hnh 10
Dong ien i(t) la nghiem cua phng trnh mach va gom 2 thanh phan:
i(t) = icb(t) + itd(t)
t > 0, mach co nguon 1 chieu, do o khi xac lap, tu ien h mach, cuon day
E
11
33
ngan mach :
icb ( t ) =
R1 + R 2
= (A )
4
+ 3 13
3
Phng trnh ac trng cua mach nh a xac nh trc ay:

16p2 + 72p + 65 = 0
5
13
5
13
33
t
t
t
t
i td ( t ) = K1e 4 + K 2e 4 i( t ) = + K1e 4 + K 2e 4
13
e tm cac hang so K1 va K2 ta can xac nh hai ieu kien au i(0+) va i(0+)
nh luat K1, K2:
E u C (t )
u' (t)
E u C (0+ ) 11 9
u ' (0 + )
; +i' ( t ) = C i(0+ ) =
) ; iC' ((0t+)) = C
=
= 1,5(Adu
e tmR1uC(0 ), ta co phng
trnh: iL(t) =Ri(t)
R1
/ 3i(t) C
R1
1 iC(t)4 =
i( t ) =
i L (0 + ) = i(0 + ) Cu ' (0 + )
i(0 + ) i L (0 + ) 1,5 3
+
u ' (0 ) =
=
= 7,5
C
1/ 5
dt
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho
7,5 45
Vay:
i' (0 + ) =
=
4
/
3
8
Hai phng trnh e tm K1, K2 :
5
13
33
33
t
t
+) = K + K +
4 +K e 4 +
= 1,5
i
(
0
=
i
(
t
)
K
e
1
2
1
2
13
13
5
13
5
13
45
5
13
t
i' ( t ) = K1e 4 K 2 e 4 t i' (0 + ) = K1 K 2 =
4
4
8
4
4
K + K = 27
63
90
1
2
16 K1 = ; K 2 =
26
26
45
10K1 + 26K 2 =
5
13
63 t 90 t 33
e 4 e 4 +
26
26
13
V du 5: Xet mach RC hnh 11, nh luat K2 cho ta:
Ric(t) + uC(t) = e(t)
K
iC(t)
Vay, phng trnh mach:
du ( t )
t=0
RC C + u C ( t ) = e( t )
R
dt
e(t)
uC(t)
C
Va phng trnh ac trng:
RCp + 1 = 0 p = - 1/RC
Hnh 11
Thanh phan t do cua dong
hoac ap tren cac phan t cua mach co dang: utd(t) = Ke-t/RC (1)
Vi mach nay, gia thiet ta can tm uC(t): uC(t) = uCtd(t) + uCcb(t)
- Thanh phan t do co dang nh (1).
- Thanh phan cng bc tuy thuoc vao nguon tac ong.
Trng hp 1: Tai t = 0 at vao mach nguon 1 chieu
e(t) = E (V) va uC(0-) = 0
Ta co :
uCcb(t) = E uC(t) = Ke-t/RC + E
Ap dung ieu kien (6*) tm K: uC(0+) = K + E = uC(0-) = 0 K = - E
Vay qua trnh ien ap tren tu: uC(t) = E(1 e-t/RC)
Trng hp 2: Tai t = 0 at vao mach nguon tac ong la ieu hoa
e(t) = Ecost va uC(0-) = 0
Ta co: uC(t) = uCtd(t) + uCcb(t) = Ke- t/RC + uCcb(t)
Ta xac nh thanh phan cng bc bang phng phap bien o phc nh sau:
&
& Ccb = E .Z C
U
Z
Trong o:
1
1 2
1
1
1
E& = E0 o (V ) ; Z = R + j
= R2 + (
) Arctg
; ZC = j
=
90 o
C
C
RC
C C
Ket qua:
i( t ) =
MACH IEN
o
Ngo Ngoc Tho

1
1
.
90 o , vi = Arctg
RC
C
E0
1 2
R2 + (
)
C
E
Vay: u Ccb =
cos(t 90 o ) = U mC cos(t 90 o ) ,
1 2
C R 2 + (
)
C
E
vi U mC =
1 2
C R 2 + (
)
C
Ta co:
uC(t) = Ke- t/RC + UmCcos(t - - 90o)
Ap dung ieu kien (6*) tm K: uC(0+) = K + UmCcos( + 90o) = 0
K = - UmCcos( + 90o)
Vay qua trnh ien ap tren tu:
uC(t) = - UmCcos( + 90o)e- t/RC + UmCcos(t - - 90o)
Trng hp 3: Tai t = 0 mach c cap nguon tuan hoan e(t) la day xung
vuong hnh 12. Day xung nay co bien o 1 (V), o rong 10-3 (s) va chu ky 2.10-3 (s).
Hay xac nh uC(t) vi ieu kien au uC(0-) = 0 ; R = 200 () ; C = 0,5 (F).
e(t)(V)
&
Suy ra: U
Ccb =
1
Hnh 12
0
10-3
2.10-3 3.10-3
t(s)
Mach RC vi nguon tac ong la day xung vuong co the xem nh mach RC co
nguon tac ong 1 chieu vi khoa K ong, ngat theo chu ky cua day xung.
- Khi 0 t 10-3 (s), theo gia thiet uC(0-) = 0 va e(t) = 1, do o:
uC(t) = Ke-t/RC + 1
Tm K, ta co: uC(0+) = K + 1 = 0 K = - 1
Vay qua trnh ien ap tren tu: uC(t) = 1 e- t/RC, vi RC = 200(5.10-7) = 10-4
-3
-3
u C (t) = 1 e
10 4 t
- Khi 10 t 2.10 (s), theo gia thiet e(t) = 0.

Hay tm gia tr ien ap uC(t) tai t = 10-3 (s):
10 4.10 3
uC(10-3) = 1 e
= 1 e-10 = 1
Chuyen goc toa o ve t = t 10-3, ta co: uC(0-) = 1 uC(t) = Ke-t/RC + uCcb
Ta co: uCcb = 0 va do o : uC(0+) = K + 0 = 1 K = 1
10 4 ( t 10 3 )
Vay qua trnh ien ap tren tu: u C ( t ) = e

- chu ky tiep theo: 2.10-3 t 3.10-3 (s), theo gia thiet e(t) = 1
10
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho

4
10 ( 2.10
10
Ta tm uC(2.10-3) = e
= e- 10 = 0
Ta co lai ieu kien au khi mi ong nguon, do o qua trnh phan tch mach se
lap lai.
V du 6: Xet mach RL hnh 13, nh luat K2 cho ta:
RiL(t) + uL(t) = e(t)
K
iL(t)
Vay, phng trnh mach:
di ( t )
t=0
= e(t)
RiL(t) + L L
R
dt
e(t)
uL(t)
L
Va phng trnh ac trng:
R
Hnh 13
R + pL = 0 p = L
Thanh phan t do cua dong hoac ap tren cac phan t cua mach co dang:
itd(t) = Ke-tR/L (2)
Vi mach nay, gia thiet ta can tm iL(t): iL(t) = iLtd(t) + iLcb(t)
- Thanh phan t do co dang nh (2).
- Thanh phan cng bc tuy thuoc vao nguon tac ong.
en ay, ta khong can lap lai qua trnh phan tch mach v cac ket qua co c
oi vi uC(t) khi phan tch mach RC co the c suy ra cho iL(t) khi phan tch mach
RL, qua trnh bien thien va hnh dang cua iL(t) va uC(t) la hoan toan giong nhau.
V du 7 : Xet mach RLC hnh 14.
Sau ay ta se phan tch mach RLC khi tac
K
i(t)
ong len no cac nguon tac ong khac
t=0
nhau. Trong v du 3, ta a viet c
R
phng trnh ac trng cua mach RLC:
C
e(t)
uC(t)
p2 + 2p + ch2 = 0
Co nghiem:
L
2
Hnh 14
p1,2 = - 2 ch ,
)
vi: = R/2L ; ch = 1/ LC
Ta a khao sat thanh phan t do cua mach trong v du 3. Thanh phan t do cua
mach RLC co hnh dang tuy thuoc vao cac tham so va ch theo 3 trng hp:
> ch hay R > 2 LC ; = ch hay R = 2 LC - Khi < ch hay R < 2 LC
Con cac thanh phan cng bc th phu thuoc vao cac nguon tac ong e(t) ma
ta se xet sau ay, vi 2 oi tng ma ta quan tam la ien ap tren tu ien va
dong ien chay trong mach.
Trng hp 1: Tai t = 0, cap cho mach nguon 1 chieu e(t) = E (V).
uC(t) = uCtd(t) + uCcb(t) ; i(t) = itd(t) + icb(t)
Khi > ch hay R > 2 LC :
u Ctd ( t ) = K1e p1t + K 2 e p 2 t ; i td ( t ) = C(K1p1e p1t + K 2 p 2 e p 2 t )
11
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho
u C ( t ) = K1e p1t + K 2 e p2 t + E ; i( t ) = C(K1p1e p1t + K 2 p 2 e p 2 t )
Khi = ch hay R = 2 LC :
u Ctd ( t ) = (K1 + K 2 t )e t ; i td ( t ) = C(K1 K 2 t + K 2 )e t
u C ( t ) = (K1 + K 2 t )e t + E ; i( t ) = C(K1 K 2 t + K 2 )e t
Khi < ch hay R < 2 LC :
uCtd(t) = Ke-tcos(rt + ) ; itd(t) = CKe-t[-cos(rt + ) - rsin(rt + )]
uC(t) = Ke-tcos(rt + ) + E ; i(t) = CKe-t[-cos(rt + ) - rsin(rt + )]
Trng hp 2: Tai t = 0, cap cho mach nguon iu hoa e(t) = Ecost (V).
Thanh phan cng bc cua dien ap va dong ien c xac nh bang phng
&
& Ccb = E .Z C
phap bien o phc:
U
Z
Trong o:
E& = E0o (V)
1
L
1
1 2
C
Z = R + jL - j
= Z , vi Z = R 2 + (L
) ; = Arctg
C
R
C
1
1
=
- 90o = XC- 90o
ZC = -j
C C
& Ccb = E.X C - - 90o = UmC- - 90o
T o:
U
Z
uCcb(t) = UmCcos(t - - 90o) ; icb(t) = - CUmCsin(t - - 90o) = ImCcos(t - )
Khi > ch hay R > 2 LC :
u C ( t ) = K1e p1t + K 2 e p 2 t + U mC cos(t 90 o )
i( t ) = C(p1K1e p1t + p 2 K 2 e p 2 t ) + I mC cos(t )
Khi = ch hay R = 2 LC :
u C ( t ) = (K1 + K 2 t )e t + U mC cos(t 90 o )
i( t ) = C(K1 K 2 t + K 2 )e t + I mC cos(t )
Khi < ch hay R < 2 LC :
u C ( t ) = Ke t cos(r t + ) + U mC cos(t 90 o )
i( t ) = CKe t [ cos(r t + ) r sin(r t + )] + I mC cos(t )
Trng hp 3: Tai t = 0, cap cho mach day xung vuong nh hnh 15.
e(t)(V)
1
Hnh 15
Day xung nay0 co bie5n o 110(V), o
ky 10 (s). Hay khao sat
15rong 5 (s) va chut(s)
qua trnh qua o xay ra trong mach vi cac thong so R = 2 () ; L = 1 (H) ; C = 0,1
(F) va gia thiet rang uC(0-) ; i(0-) = 0.
12
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho
Vi mach a cho: = R/2L = 2/2.1 = 1 ; ch = 1/ LC = 1/ 1(0,1) = 10
Phng trnh ac trng: p2 + 2p +ch2 = 0 hay p2 + 2p + 10 = 0
p1,2 = - 1 1 10 = - jr = - 1 j3
Mach RLC vi nguon tac ong la day xung vuong co the xem nh mach RLC
co nguon tac ong 1 chieu vi khoa K ong, ngat theo chu ky cua day xung.
Tm:
uC(t) = uCtd(t) + uCcb(t) ; i(t) = itd(t) + icb(t)
- Khi 0 t 5 (s), theo gia thiet e(t) = 1 ; uC(0-) = 0 ; i(0-) = 0.
Do o:
uCcb(t) = 1 icb(t) = 0
Phng trnh ac trng co nghiem phc vi = 1 ; r = 3
uCtd(t)= Ke-tcos(3t + ) ; itd(t) = 0,1Ke-t[- cos(3t + ) 3sin(3t + )]
Do o: uC(t) = Ke-tcos(3t + ) + 1 ; i(t) = 0,1Ke-t[- cos(3t + ) 3sin(3t + )]
Tm K va , ta co: uC(0+) = Kcos + 1 = 0 ; i(0+) = - 0,1Kcos - 0,3Ksin = 0
0,1
1
Suy ra:
= Arctg
= - 18,43o va K =
= - 1,05
0,3
cos
Ket qua:
uC(t) = 1 - 1,05e-tcos(3t 18,43o)
i(t) = 0,1e-tcos(3t 18,43o) + 0,3e-tsin(3t 18,43o)
- Khi 5 t 10 (s) , theo gia thiet e(t) = 0 uCcb(t) = 0 ; icb(t) = 0
Tm uC(t) va i(t) tai t = 5 (s): uC(5) = 1 ; i(5) = 0
at t = t 5, toa o mi: uC(0-) = 1 ; i(0-) = 0
uC(t) = Ke- tcos(3t + ) ; i(t) = 0,1Ke-t[- cos(3t + ) 3sin(3t + )]
Tm K va , ta co: uC(0+) = Kcos = 1 ; i(0+) = - 0,1Kcos - 0,3Ksin = 0
0,1
1
Suy ra:
= Arctg
= - 18,43o va K =
= 1,05
0,3
cos
Ket qua:
uC(t) = 1,05e-tcos(3t 18,43o)
i(t) = - 0,1e-tcos(3t 18,43o) + 0,3e-tsin(3t 18,43o)
- Khi 10 t 15 (s) , theo gia thiet e(t) = 1 uCcb(t) = 1 ; icb(t) = 0
Tm uC(t) va i(t) tai t = 10 (s) (tc la t = 5): uC(5) = 0 ; i(5) = 0
ieu kien au giai oan nay la: uC(0-) = 0 ; i(0-) = 0
Lap lai ieu kien au khi t = 0 Qua trnh phan tch mach se lap lai.
Ta dng qua trnh phan tch ay.
BAI TAP CHNG 6
Bai 6.1: Xem mach ien hnh 1, xac lap tai t < 0, tai t = 0 ong khoa K,
hay xac nh cac gia tr sau: i1(0+) ; i2(0+) ; i3(0+) ; i1(0+) ; i2(0+) ; i3(0+).
S: i1(0+) = E(R1+R3)/R3(R1+R2) ; i2(0+) = E/(R1+R2) ; i3(0+) = ER1/R3(R1+R2)
i1(0+) =
ER1 1
1
( 2 ) ; i2(0+) = ER1/L(R1+R2) ; i3(0+) = ER1/R32C(R1+R2)
R1 + R 2 L R 3 C
t=0 K
R1
E
Hnh 1
i2
i1
R2
i3
Hnh 2
L
E
R
R1
uC
13
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho
Bai 6.2: Xem mach ien hnh 2, tai t = 0 m khoa K, hay xac nh cac gia tr
sau: uC(0+) ; i(0+) ; i(0+) ; i(0+).
S: uC(0+) = ER/(R1+R) ; i(0+) = E/(R1+R) ; i(0+) = 0 ; i(0+) = E/LC(R1+R)
Bai 6.3: Xem mach ien hnh 3, khoa K ong tai t = 0, hay xac nh cac gia tr
sau: i1(0+) ; i2(0+) ; i3(0+).
S: i1(0+) = - 1 (A) ; i2(0+) = - 3 (A) ; i3(0+) = 2 (A)
i1
Hnh 3
6
1
E
20V
t=0
i2
K
3
t=0
Hnh 4
R3
i3
R1
i3
0,1F
L1 i1
E
L2
R2
i2
sau: i1(0+) ; i2(0+) ; i3(0+) ; i1(0+) ; i2(0+) ; i3(0+).
S: i1(0+) = i2(0+) = E/(R1+R2) ; i3(0+) = ER1/R3(R1+R2) ;
i1(0+) = ER1/L1(R1+R2); i2(0+) = ER1/L2(R1+R2) ; i3(0+) = = ER1/R32C2 (R1+R2)
Hnh 5
Hnh 6
L
K t=0
K t=0
i1(t)
uL
1H
i2(t)
5
R1
0,5F
uC
C
1
E
e(t) R2
6V
sau: uC(0+) va uC(0+).
S: uC(0+) = 0 ; uC(0+) = 2 (V/s)
sau: i1(0+) ; i2(0+) ; uL(0+). Cho biet e(t) = 100cost (V) ; R1 = 4 () ; R2 = 8 () ;
L = 51 (mH) ; f = 50 (Hz).
S: i1(0+) = i2(0+) = 3 (A) ; uL(0+) = 88 (V)
Hnh 7
iL(t)
t=0 1
R2 3u1 C
R3
uR3
u3
R
j(t)
R
iC(t)
R
u(t)
14
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho
Hnh 8
sau: uR3(0+) ; u3(0+) ; uR3(0+) ; u3(0+). Biet rang: iL(0-) = 0 ; uC(0-) = 0 ; j(t) =1 (A) R1
= R3 = 2 () ; R2 = 1 () ; L = 59 (mH) ; C = 0,5 (F)
S: uR3(0+) = 0 ; u3(0+) = 8 (V) ; uR3(0+) = 8 (V/s) ; u3(0+) = - 29 (V/s)
Bai 6.8: Xem mach ien hnh 8, khoa K chuyen t v tr 1 sang 2 tai t = 0, hay
xac nh cac gia tr sau: iC(t) ; iL (t) va ien ap u(t) cua mach. Biet rang: iL(0-) = 0 ;
uC(0-) = 0 ; j(t) = 1 (A) ; R2 = L/C.
0
t<0
0
t<0
S: i C ( t ) = Rt / L
; i L ( t ) =
; u (t ) = 0 t < 0
Rt
/
L
R t>0
t>0
t>0
e
1 e
Hnh 9
K
i(t)
t=0
u
2A
Hnh 10 K
2 u/2 1/8F
2
2
i(t)
t=0
R
E
1H
R
L
Bai 6.9: Xem mach ien hnh 9, khoa K ong tai t = 0. Biet ap tren tu va dong
qua cuon day bang 0 tai t = 0. Hay xac nh dong i(t) khi t > 0.
S: i(t) = 1 + (- 1 + 4t)e-4t
Bai 6.10: Xem mach ien hnh 10, khoa K ong tai t = 0. Hay xac nh dong
i(t) khi t > 0.
3R
1 t
E
S: i(t) =
(2 - e 2L )
2
3R
HNG DAN GIAI
Bai 6.1: Khi t < 0, mch xc lp 1 chiu: iC(0-) = 0, do : iL(0-) =
E
R1 + R 2
15
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho
V : uR3(0-)+ uC(0-) = uR2(0-) = iL(0-).R2 =
E
.R2
R1 + R 2
Mat khac : uR3(0-)+ uC(0-) = iC(0-).R3 + uC(0-) = 0 + uC(0-)

T o : uC(0-) =
Ti t = 0+ :
E
= uC(0+)
R1 + R 2
Kha K ng: i2(0+) = iL(0+) = iL(0-) =
E
R1 + R 2
R1 b ni tt, do : i3(0+).R3 + uC(0+) = E i3(0+) =
E u C (0 + )
R3
E
.R 2
E u C (0 )
ER1
R1 + R 2
=
=
=
R3
R3
R 3 ( R1 + R 2 )
E ( R1 + R 3 )
E
ER1
D thy rng: i1(0+) = i2(0+) + i3(0+) =
+
=
R1 + R 2 R 3 ( R1 + R 2 ) R 3 ( R1 + R 2 )
E
V inh lut K2 vit cho cc mch vng a v b (hnh km theo):
i1
i2
R2
R3
(a) i3
(b)
R2.iL(0+) + uL(0+) = E (vng a) uL(0+) = E - R2.iL(0+)

T :
E
ER1
u L (0 + ) E R 2 .i L (0 + )
R1 + R 2
+
+
i2(0 ) = iL(0 ) =
=
=
=
L
L
L
L ( R1 + R 2 )
E u C (0 + )
V: R3.i3(0+) + uC(0+) = E (vng b) i3(0+) =
R3
u 'C (0 + )
i 3 (0 + )
ER1
+
T : i3(0 ) = ==R3
R 3C
R 32C(R1 + R 2 )
E R 2.
16
MACH IEN
Cui cng: i1(0+) = i2(0+) + i3(0+) =
Ngo Ngoc Tho
ER1
ER1
+
L(R1 + R 2 ) R 32C(R1 + R 2 )
1
ER1 1
=
( +
)
R1 + R 2 L R 32C
Bai 6.2: Khi t < 0, iC(0-) = 0, do o : i(0-) =
E
R1 + R
E
ER
; uC(0+) = uR(0+) + uL(0+) = i(0+).R + 0 =
R1 + R
R1 + R
u (0 + )
=0
Ta co: i(0+) = L
L
u L (0 + ) Ri(0 + ) + u C (0 + )
+
Mat khac: : i(0 ) =
=
L
L
Tai t = 0+ : i(0+) = i(0-) =
u 'C (0 + ) i (0 + )
E
i(0 )=
=
=
L
LC
LC(R1 + R )
+
Bai 6.3: i1(0-) = i3(0-) = 2 A ; i2(0-) = 0 V ; uC(0-) = 3i3(0-) = 3(2) = 6 V = uC(0+)

Ta co: 6i1(0+) + uC(0+) = 0 6i1(0+) + 6 = 0 i1(0+) = - 1 A
Ta co: i3(0+)(3) = uC(0+) = uC(0-) = 6 i3(0+) = 6/3 = 2 A
Ta co: i1(0+) = i2(0+) + i3(0+) i2(0+) = i1(0+) - i3(0+) = - 1 2 = - 3 A
Bai 6.4: Khi t < 0, iL1(0-) = iL2(0-) = E/(R1+R2) ; uC(0-) = uR2 = ER2/(R1+R2)
Khi t = 0+, i1(0+) = iL1(0+) = iL1(0-) = iL2(0-) = iL2(0+) = i2(0+) = E/(R1+R2)
ER 2
E
E u C (0 + )
R1 + R 2
ER1
Ta co: i3R3 + uC = E i3(0+) =
=
=
R3
R3
R 3 ( R1 + R 2 )
Ta co: uL1 + uR1 = 0 uL1 = - uR1
u (0 + )
u
ER1
Ma: uL1 = L1.i1, suy ra: i1(0+) = L1
= R1 =
L1
L1
L1 (R1 + R 2 )
Ta co: uR2 + uL2(0+) = E
Ma: uL2 = L2.i2
ER 2
R1 + R 2
ER1
=
L2
L 2 ( R1 + R 2 )
u L 2 (0 + ) E u R 2
=
=
L2
L2
Ta co: i3R3 + uC = E
E uC
u 'C (0 + ) i 3 ( 0 + )
ER1
+
i3 =
i'3 (0 ) =
=
=
R3
R3
R 3C
CR 32 (R1 + R 2 )
17
Suy ra: i2(0+) =
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho
Bai 6.5: Khi t < 0, iC(0-) = 0 uC(0-) = 0 ; iL(0-) =
6
= 1 (A)
5 +1
Ta co: uC(0+) = uC(0-) = 0

Khi t = 0+, uC(0+) = u1 = i1(0+) (1) = 0 i1(0+) = 0
iC(0+) = iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 1 (A)
i (0 + )
1
Ta co: uC(0+) = C
=
= 2 (V/s)
C
0,5
Bai 6.6: XL = 2fL = 100(51.10-3) = 16 ()
Khi t < 0, i2(0-) = 0 uC(0-) = 0 ; iL(0-) = iL(0-) = ILmcos
E&
100
100
100
Ta co: &I L = =
=
=
= 5 53,13o (A)
o
Z 4 + 8 + jX L 12 + j16 2053,13
Suy ra: iL(0 ) = 5cos(-53,13o) = 3 (A)
Va: uC(0+) = uC(0-) = 0
Khi t = 0+, uC(0+) = uR2 = iR2(0+) (8) = 0 iR2(0+) = 0
i1(0+) = i2(0+) = iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 3 (A)
Ta co: uL(0+) = e(0+) i1(0+)R1 uC(0+) = 100 3(4) 0 = 88 (V)
Bai 6.7: Dong qua cun cm
la iL(t) = iLcb(t) + iLtd(t)
R2 3u1 1/pC
V khi xac lap, khong co
A
B
dong qua tu: iC(t) = 0, nen :
iC
i1
R1
2
u
uR3
uC
R2
iLcb(t) = j(t)
= (1)
=
2+2
R1 + R 2
R3
u3
u1
R
1
0,5 (A)
pL
uL
j(t)
Bay gi, e tm iLtd(t), ta phai
iL
xac nh phng trnh ac trng cua
mach.
u
Ta co: j = 1 , vi Zv la tr khang vao cua mach nhn t 2 cc cua nguon dong
Zv
j.
Phng trnh ac trng cua mach se c tm ra khi cho: j = 0 Zv =
1
Ta co: u1 = iC(R2 +
) + iL(R3 + pL)
pC
1
1
2
Trong o:
=
= ; pL = 2p, con iC va iL c tnh nh sau:
pC p( 1 ) p
2
nh luat K1 tai A: j i1 iC 3u1 = 0
u
u
u
Ta co : i1 = 1 = 1 . T o: iC = j - 1 - 3u1 = 1 3,5u1
2
R1 2
18
MACH IEN
nh luat K1 tai B: 3u1 + iC iL = 0 iL = 3u1 + iC
Ngo Ngoc Tho

= 3u1 + 1 3,5u1 = 1 0,5u1
2
) + (1 0,5u1)(2 + 2p)
p
2p 2 + 3p + 2
2p 2 + 3p + 2
u1 =
= j.Zv = (1)Zv Zv =
p 2 + 5,5p + 7
p 2 + 5,5p + 7
Ta co Zv = p2 + 5,5p + 7 = 0. o la phng trnh ac trng cua mach.
Giai phng trnh nay ta c 2 nghiem thc phan biet : p1 = - 3,5 va p2 = - 2,
do o: iLtd(t) = K1e3,5t + K2e2t
T o: iL(t) = iLcb(t) + iLtd(t) = 0,5 + K1e-3,5t + K2e-2t
Tm K1, K2:
Khi t < 0, iL(0-) = 0, do o: iL(0+) = 0,5 + K1eo + K2eo = i(0-) = 0
K2 = - 0,5 K1
u (0 + ) u1 (0 + ) + u R 2 (0 + ) + u C (0 + ) u R 3 (0 + )
=
Ta co: iL(0+) = L
L
2
+
+
+
Biet: u1(0 ) = R1.i1(0 ) = 2(j) = 2(1) = 2 (V) ; uR2(0 ) = R2[iC(0+)] = 1[3u1(0+) iL(0+)] =
3(2) 0 = 6 (V) ; uC(0+) = uC(0-) = 0 ; uR3(0+) = R3.iL(0+) = 2(0) = 0
2+6+00
Thay vao ta c: iL(0+) =
= 4 (A/s)
2
Mat khac: iL(0+) = - 3,5K1eo 2K2eo = - 3,5K1 2K2
Do o: - 3,5K1 2K2 = 4 hay 3,5K1 2(- 0,5 K1) = 4 K1 = - 2
K2 = - 0,5 (-2) = 1,5
Tom lai: iL(t) = 0,5 - 2e-3,5t + 1,5e-2t
Ta co: u3(t) = uR3(t) + uL(t)
u3(0+) = uR3(0+) + uL(0+) = 0 + L.iL(0+) = 2(4) = 8 (V)
Ta co: u3(0+) = uR3(0+) + uL(0+)
Trong o: uR3(0+) = R3.iL(0+) = 2(4) = 8 (V/s)
Va: uL(0+) = L.iL(0+) = 2[3,5K1(- 3,5eo) 2K2(- 2eo)]
= 2[- 3,5(-2)(- 3,5) 2(1,5)(-2)] = 2 u/2 8/p
A
B
37 (V/s)
+
iC
Do o: u3(0 ) = 8 37 = - 29 (V/s)
i1
u1
u2
uC
Bai 6.8: Dong qua cun cm la iL(t)
2
= iLcb(t) + iLtd(t)
u
2
V khi xac lap, khong co dong qua
p
uL
2A
i
L
tu: iC(t) = 0, nen : iLcb(t) = j(t) = 1 (A)
Bay gi, e tm iLtd(t), ta phai xac
nh phng trnh ac trng cua mach. Goi Zv la tr khang vao cua mach nhn t 2
cc cua nguon dong j, ta co:
Vay: u1 = (1 3,5u1)(1 +
19
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho

Zv = (R+
1
)//(R+pL) =
pC
1
)(R + pL)
pC
1
2R +
+ pL
pC
(R +
u
. Phng trnh ac trng cua mach se c tm ra khi cho:
Zv
1
+ pL = 0
j = 0 Zv = 2R +
pC
R
1
Hay: p2 + 2 p +
= 0. o la phng trnh ac trng cua mach.
L
LC
L
R
1
Biet: R2 = = ( )2 =0
L
LC
C
Ta co: j =
Phng trnh ac trng co nghiem kep: p1,2 = -
R
L
T o: iLtd (t ) = (K1 + K2t)e-Rt/L iL(t) = 1 + (K1 + K2t)e-Rt/L

iL(0+)= 1+(K1 +K2.0)e-0 =1 +K1 va iL(0+)= -
R
R
(K1 K2.0)e-0 +K2e-0 = - K1 + K2
L
L
Theo gia thiet, khi t < 0: iL(0-) = 0 khi t > 0. iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 0
Do o: 1 + K1 = 0 K1 = - 1
u L (0 + ) R.i L (0 + ) + R.i C (0 + ) + u C (0 + )
+
Mat khac: iL(0 ) =
=
L
0 + R[1 i L (0 + )] + 0 R
=
=
(A/s)
L
L
R
R
R
R
Do o: - K1 + K2 =
- (- 1) + K2 =
K2 = 0
L
L
L
L
R
Vay: iL(t) = 1 e-Rt/L u(t) = R.iL(t) + L.iL(t) = R(1 e-Rt/L) + L( e-Rt/L) = R
L
Tom lai :
Khi t < 0: iL(t) = 0 ; iC(t) = 0 ; u(t) = 0
Khi t > 0: iL(t) = 1 e-Rt/L u(t) = R
Bai 6.9: Dong qua cun cm la iL(t) = iLcb(t) + iLtd(t)

V khi xac lap, khong co dong qua tu: iC(t) = 0, nen :
R1
2
iLcb(t) = j(t)
= (2)
= 1 (A)
2+2
R1 + R 2
Bay gi, e tm iLtd(t), ta phai xac nh phng trnh ac trng cua mach.
u
, vi Zv la tr khang vao cua mach nhn t 2 cc cua nguon dong j.
Ta co: j =
Zv
20
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho
Phng trnh ac trng cua mach se c tm ra khi cho: j = 0 Zv =
1
) + iL(2 + p), trong o iC va iL c tnh nh sau:
Ta co: u = iC(2 +
1
p
8
u
nh luat K1 tai A: j i1 iC = 0
2
u
u u
Ta co : i1 = . T o: iC = j - - = 2 u
2
2 2
u
u
u
u
nh luat K1 tai B: + iC iL = 0 iL = + iC = + 2 u = 2 2
2
2
2
8
u
Vay: u = (2 u)(2 + ) + (2 )(2 + p)
p
2
4p 2 + 16p + 32
4p 2 + 16p + 32
u=
= j.Zv = (2)Zv Zv =
p 2 + 8p + 16
2(p 2 + 8p + 16)
Ta co Zv = p2 + 8p + 16 = 0. o la phng trnh ac trng cua mach.
Giai phng trnh nay ta c nghiem kep : p1,2 = - 4, do o:
iLtd(t) = (K1 + K2t) e-4t
T o: iL(t) = iLcb(t) + iLtd(t) = 1 + (K1 + K2t) e-4t
Tm K1, K2:
Khi t < 0, iL(0-) = 0, do o: iL(0+) = 1 + (K1 + K2.0) e-0 = i(0-) = 0 K1 = - 1
u (0 + ) u (0 + ) + u1 (0 + ) + u C (0 + ) u 2 (0 + )
Ta co: iL(0+) = L
=
L
1
u (0 + )
Biet: u(0+) = 2.i1(0+) = 2(j) = 2(2) = 4 (V) ; u1(0+) = 2[iC(0+)] = 2[
iL(0+)]
2
= 2[
4
0] = 4 (V) ; uC(0+) = uC(0-) = 0 ; u2(0+) = 2.iL(0+) = 2(0) = 0
2
4+4+00
= 8 (A/s)
1
Mat khac: iL(0+) = - 4(K1 + K2.0)e-0 + K2e-0 = - 4K1 + K2
Do o: - 4K1 + K2 = 8 hay 4(- 1) + K2 = 8 K2 = 4
Tom lai, khi t > 0, iL(t) = 1 + (- 1 + 4t)e-4t
Thay vao ta c: iL(0+) =
Bai 6.10: Dong trong mch chnh la i(t) = icb(t) + itd(t)

E
2E
Khi xac lap: icb(t) =
=
(A)
R
3
R
R+
2
Bay gi, e tm itd(t), ta phai xac nh phng trnh ac trng cua mach.
Ta co: E =i.Zv , vi Zv la tr khang vao cua mach nhn t 2 cc cua nguon s E.
Phng trnh ac trng cua mach se c tm ra khi cho: E = 0 Zv = 0
21
MACH IEN
Ngo Ngoc Tho
R (R + pL) R (2pL + 3R )
=
2R + pL
2R + pL
3R
Ta co Zv = 0 2pL + 3R = 0 p = 2L
Ta co: Zv = R + (R)//(R+pL) = R +
3R
3R
t
t
2E
T o: itd(t) = Ke 2L i(t) =
+ Ke 2L
3R
Tm K:
Ta co: i(0+) =
2E
E
E
+ Ke-0 =
K=3R
2R
6R
3R
3R
2E
E t
E
1 t
Vay: i(t) =
e 2L =
(2 e 2L )
3R 6R
3R
2
James Prescott JOULE

1818 - 1889
22
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
Chng 7
PHAN TCH MACH TRONG MIEN TAN SO
chng 3, ta a phan tch mach trang thai xac lap mot chieu hoac ieu
hoa, khi o ap ng tren mach cung la mot chieu hoac ieu hoa cung tan so. Trong
thc te, nguon tac ong (nguon tn hieu) khong phai eu la ieu hoa, ma no co the
co hnh dang bat ky, bao gom nhieu thanh phan tan so. Viec phan tch mach vi
nguon tac ong bat ky c goi la phan tch mach trong mien tan so.
e phan tch pho (tan so) cua mot tn hieu tuan hoan, ngi ta dung phng
phap chuoi Fourier nh sau.
7.1 Bieu dien cac qua trnh tuan hoan
Mot tn hieu c goi la tuan khi: x(t) = X(t + nT)
Trong o: n la so nguyen ; T la chu ky lap lai gia tr cua tn hieu
Tan so tng ng vi chu ky T c goi la tan so c ban cua tn hieu tuan
hoan va c xac nh theo bieu thc: o = 2/T (rad/s)
7.1.1 Chuoi Fourier lng giac
Chuoi Fourier lng giac bieu dien tn hieu tuan hoan x(t) co dang:
X(t) = ao + (a n cos no t + b n sin no t )

n =1
Cac he so ao, an, bn c goi la cac he so khai trien chuoi c xac nh theo:
1 to +T
ao =
x ( t )dt
T t
2 t o +T
an =
x ( t ) cos no tdt (1*)
T t
t o +T
2
bn =
x ( t ) sin no tdt
T t
o
Trong o: n la so nguyen ; to la mot iem bat ky tren thang thi gian ; T va o
la cac ai lng a noi tren.
T (1*) ta nhan thay rang: ao khong phu thuoc thi gian, bieu th tr trung bnh
cua tn hieu x(t), ay chnh la thanh phan mot chieu cua tn hieu ; an, bn la bien o
cua cac thanh phan cos va sin tng ng vi cac tan so no. Nh vay, tn hieu tuan
hoan x(t) c bieu dien bang tong cua thanh phan mot chieu va vo han cac thanh
phan ieu hoa co tan so bang n lan tan so c ban.
Trong cac ng dung thc te, chuoi Fourier lng giac c s dung ch vi 1
ham sin hoac ch vi 1 ham cos khi bien oi tong sau:
ancosnot + bnsinnot = Cnsin(not + n) = Cncos(not + n)
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
C n = a 2n + b 2n
bn
n = Arctg (2*)
an
a
n = Arctg n
b n
Trong o:
Nh vay, ta co the bieu dien tn hieu tuan hoan di dang tien li cho viec
phan tch mach:
x ( t ) = C o + C n cos(no t + n ) hay x ( t ) = C o + C n sin( no t + n )

n =1
n =1
Tong quat hn, ta co: x(t) = Co + x n ( t ) , trong o : Co la thanh phan mot

n =1
chieu cua tn hieu x(t) ; xn(t) la cac thanh phan hai cua tn hieu x(t) = Cncos(not +
n) = Cnsin(not + n)
Cac thanh phan hai la cac dao ong ieu hoa co bien o Cn, tan so no va goc
pha au n hay n. Khi n = 1:
x1(t) = C1cos(ot + 1) (3*) hay x1(t) = C1sin(ot + 1) (4*)
x1(t) la than phan c ban, no co tan so bang tan so c ban cua tn hieu x(t).
7.1.2 Chuoi Fourier phc
Tn hieu tuan hoan x(t) c bieu dien bang chuoi phc nh sau:
& n e jno t vi n = 0, 1, 2, (5*)

x(t) = X
n =
& n la he so khai trien chuoi c xac nh theo cong thc:

Trong o: X
1 t o +T
jno t
&
Xn =
dt (6*)
x ( t )e
T to
&n = X
& n va Arg X
& n = - Arg X
& n
Neu tn hieu x(t) la ham thc th: X
Moi quan he gia chuoi lng giac, chuoi phc vi chuoi ch 1 ham cos hoac 1 ham
& n = a n jb n ; Arg X
& n = n = n + 90o
&n ; X
sin: Xo = Co = ao ; Cn = a 2n + b 2n = 2 X
2
T (5*) ta nhan thay rang: chuoi phc Fourier bao gom thanh phan mot chieu
ng vi n = 0 va 2 chuoi vo han cac ham eu hoa lien hp phc ng vi cac cap n.
Cac cap ham ieu hoa phc co bien o bang nhau con argument th trai dau nhau.
Viec bieu ien bien o va argument cua cac ham ieu hoa phc tren thanh tan so`
se cho ta pho bien o va pho pha cua tn hieu tuan hoan. Va bi v n la cac so
nguyen nen pho bien o va pho pha cua tin hieu tuan hoan la pho vach (ri rac).
2
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
V du 1. Cho tn hieu tuan hoan la day xung vuong tren hnh 1. Hay xac nh
chuoi lng giac va chuoi phc Fourier.
x(t)
1
-T -T/2 0
T/2 T
-1
t
Hnh 1
Giai: Tn hieu tuan hoan x(t) co bieu thc giai tch trong 1 chu ky:
T
<t<0
2
x(t) =
T
1
0<t<
2
V x(t) la ham le nen:
2 0
2 T/2
an =
(1) cos no tdt +
cos no tdt = 0, vi n = 0,1,2,...
T T / 2
T 0
Con he so bn c xac nh nh sau:
2 0
2 T/2
4 T/2
2
bn =
(
1
)
sin
n
tdt
+
sin
n
tdt
=
(1 cos n)
sin no tdt =
o
o
T T / 2
T 0
T 0
n
n chan
0
bn = 4
n n le, n = 2k + 1, vi k = 0,1,2,...
T o, chuoi Fourier dang lng giac cua tn hieu tren hnh 1 co dang:
4
sin no t , vi n = 2k + 1, k = 0,1,2,...
n =1 n
sin 3o t sin 5o t
4
hay x ( t ) = (sin o t +
+
+ ...)
3
5
x(t) =
y(t)
0 T/4
t
Hnh 2
Nhan xet:
-1
- Tn hieu tren hnh 1 la ham le nen trong chuoi Fourier cua no cung ch cha
cac hai le.
- Bay gi neu ta dch chuyen tn hieu hnh 1 tren thanh thi gian mot khoang to,
3
Mch in
ta co tn hieu mi hnh 2:
Ng Ngc Th
y(t) = x(t to) = ao + [a n cos no ( t t o ) + b n sin no ( t t o )]

n =1
y(t) =ao + [a n cos n (o t ) + b n sin n (o t )]
hay:
n =1
trong o: = oto la o dch pha cua tn hieu.

Ta thay rang khi tn hieu dch chuyen tren thang thi gian th cac he so khai
trien Fourier cua no khong thay oi, ma ch thay oi pha mot lng = oto.
Chang han cho to = - /4 th =
2 T
( ) =
T
4
2
Chuoi Fourier cua tn hieu y(t) tren hnh 2 c suy ra de dang t chuoi Fourier
4
4
cua tn hieu x(t) tren hnh 1: y( t ) =

sin no ( t + ) =
cos no t
2 n =1 n
n =1 n
cos 3o t cos 5o t
4
hay y( t ) = (cos o t +
+
+ ...)
3
5
Ro rang rang tn hieu y(t) ch gom cac thanh phan chan v no la ham chan theo thi gian.
& n theo (6*):
e tm chuoi Fourier phc, ta tnh he so khai trien X
0
T/2
& n = 1 [ (1)e jno t dt + e jno t dt ] = 1 (1 cos n)
X
T T / 2
jn
0
n chan
0
&
Xn =
2
j
n n le ; n = 2k + 1, k = 0,1,2...
T o, chuoi Fourier dang phc cua tn hieu tren hnh 2 co dang:
x(t) = j
n =
2 jno t
e
, vi n = 2k + 1, k = 0,1,2,...
n
Chuoi phc Fourier cua tn hieu x(t) hnh 1 ch cha cac ham le, trong o cac
&n =
cap ham ieu hoa phc co bien o bang nhau: X
2
n
& n = - /2
va co argumen trai dau nhau: n = Arg X
Vay, pho bien o va pho pha cua tn hieu x(t) c ve nh sau:
&n
X
F1
F1
-5
-4
-3
0 Arg
1 X
&2n
-1
-2
/o
/2
1
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
5
/o
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
7.1.3 ang thc Parseval

Gia s co 2 ham tuan hoan cung an so c bieu dien bang chuoi phc
& n e jno t
x(t ) = X
Fourier:
n =
; y( t ) =
& m e jmo t
Y
m =
Tr trung bnh tch cua 2 tn hieu c xac nh nh sau:
1T
1 T & jn t & jm t
1 T j( n + m)
&
&
o
o
o tdt
x
(
t
)
y
(
t
)
dt
=
X
e
Y
e
dt
=
X
Y
n
n
m e
T0
T 0 n =
T
m =
n =
m =
0
V:
Do o:
khi n + m 0
0
e( j(n + m)o t = T khi n + m = 0, hay n = m
1T
& nY
& n
x ( t ) y( t ) = X
T0
n =
& nY
& n* (7*)
& n = Y
& n* 1 x(t)y(t) = X
Biet: Y
T0
n =
Bieu thc (7*) c goi la ang thc Parseval cua tn hieu tuan hoan, va no
c phat bieu nh sau: Tr trung bnh cua tch 2 tn hieu tuan hoan cung chu
ky bang tong vo han cac tch cua he so khai trien chuoi Fourier phc cua tn
hieu th nhat vi phc lien hp cua he so khai trien chuoi Fourier phc cua tn
hieu th hai.
&n =Y
& n , trung bnh bnh phng cua tn hieu
THB: Khi x(t) = y(t) X
tuan hoan bang tong vo han cac bnh phng moun cua he so khai trien chuoi
Fourier phc:
1T 2
&n
x (t)dt = X
T0
n =
(8*)
Bieu thc (8*) la ang thc Parseval, c ng dung e xac nh tr hieu dung
va cong suat cua tn hieu tuan hoan trong mien tan so, thong qua cac he so khai trien
Fourier.
Bay gi ta ap dung ang thc Parseval e tnh tr hieu dung cua tn hieu
tuan hoan trong mien tan so.
Theo nh ngha, tr hieu dung cua tn hieu tuan hoan la can bac 2 cua tr trung
bnh bnh phng:
1T 2
X hd =
x ( t )dt
T0
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
Trong mien tan so: X hd =
2
2
2
&
&
&n2
X
=
X
+
X
+
X
n
o
n
n =
n =
&
= X o2 + 2 X
n
n =1
n =1
&n
2X
= X o2 +
n =1
& n = C n , do o: X hd = X o2 + C n , lai biet: C n = X hdn , la tr

Biet : 2 X
2
n =1 2
hieu dung cua thanh phan hai th n, do o :
X hd = X 2o + X 2hdn
n =1
Tom lai, tr hieu dung cua mot tn hieu tuan hoan bang can bac 2 cua tong bnh
phng thanh phan mot chieu va bnh phng cac tr hieu dung cua hai thanh phan.
7.2 Phan tch mach xac lap vi nguon tac ong tuan hoan khong sin
e tm ap ng cua mach (dong, ap), ta ap dung phng phap chuoi Fourier,
bieu dien qua trnh tuan hoan bang chuoi lng giac co dang (3*) hoac (4*), va sau
o, ap dung cac phng phap phan tch mach a neu trong chng 3.
7.2.1 Bieu dien qua trnh tuan hoan bang bien o phc
Nguon tac ong co the la nguon ap hoac nguon dong, la cac qua trnh
tuan hoan, c bieu dien bang chuoi Fourier gom thanh phan mot chieu va vo han
cac ham ieu hoa. V du, mot nguon ap ly tngco chuoi Fourier lng giac sau ay:
e(t) = Eo + E1cos(ot + 1) + E2cos(2ot + 2) +
Cac thanh phan ieu hoa bieu dien bang bien o phc:
E& = E& n trong o E& n = E& n e j n

n =1
7.2.2 Ap dung nguyen ly xep chong e tnh ap ng cua mach vi

thanh phan mot chieu va cac thanh phan ieu hoa
V cac thanh phan ieu hoa co tan so bang boi n cua tan so c ban (n = no)
nen tr khang cua cac phan t trong mach se phu thuoc vao cac tan so o, va v vay,
1
chung c phc hoa nh sau: ZnL = jnoL ; ZnC = - j
n o C
Sau ay ta xet mot vai v du:
- Mach R, L noi tiep, tr khang phc cua mach (ng vi hai th n):
Zn = R + ZnL = R + jnoL =
R 2 + (no L) 2 n
E& n
E&
n n
Dong ien trong mach ng vi hai th n: &I n = n =
2
2
Zn
R + (no L)
Mch in
Trong o: n = Arg E& n ; n = ArgZn
E
Thanh phan mot chieu: Io = o
R
Ng Ngc Th
Dong tc thi trong mach: i(t) = Io + I m cos(no t + in )

n =1
Trong o:
Im =
E& n
R 2 + (no L)2
; in = n n
- Mach R, C noi tiep, tr khang phc cua mach (ng vi hai th n):
1
1
= R2 +
n
Zn = R + ZnC = R - j
n o C
(no C) 2
Dong ien trong mach ng vi hai th n:
&
E& n
&I n = E n =
n n
Zn
1
R2 +
(no C) 2
Thanh phan mot chieu: Io = 0
Dong tc thi trong mach: i(t) = I m cos(no t + in )

n =1
Trong o:
Im =
E& n
1
R2 +
(no C) 2
; in = n n
- Mach R, L, C noi tiep, tr khang phc cua mach (ng vi hai th n):
1
Zn = R + ZnL + ZnC = R + j(noL ) = Z n e j n
no C
Trong o: Z n = R 2 + (no L
1 2
) ; n = ArgZn = Arctg
no C
no L
1
no C
Dong ien trong mach ng vi hai th n:

&
E& n
&I n = E n =
n n
Zn
1
R 2 + (no L
)2
no C
Thanh phan mot chieu: Io = 0
Dong tc thi trong mach: i(t) = I m cos(no t + in )

n =1
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
Trong o:
Im =
E& n
1 2
R 2 + (no L
)
no C
; in = n n
7.2.3 V du ve phan tch mach trong mien tn s

V du 2. Xet mach RLC noi tiep (hnh 3) vi nguon tac ong e(t) la day xung
vuong tren hnh 4. Cho biet: R = 100 () ; L = 0,01 (H) ; C = 250 (nF).
i(t)
e(t)(V)
100
e(t)
C
L
T/8
t(s)
Hnh 4 T=0,628ms
Hnh 3
Hay xac nh va ve pho bien o cua nguon tac ong e(t) va ap ng cua mach
i(t).
Giai:
2
2
Tan so c ban cua tn hieu tuan hoan: o =
=
= 104 (rad/s)
3
T 0,628.10
Tn hieu e(t) la ham chan, do o khai trien Fourier cua no ch gom thanh phan
mot chieu va cac thanh phan chan cosin. Theo cac cong thc (1*) va (2*):
2 T /8
200 T
E o = ao =
( ) = 25(V )
100.dt =
T 0
T 8
E n = C n = an =
4 T /8
400
T
200
n
(sinno ) =
sin (V)
100 cos no t.dt =
T 0
Tno
8
n
4
Chuoi Fourier lng giac, theo (3*), cua e(t):

n
sin
1
4 cos n t (V)
e( t ) = 200( +
o
8 n =1 n
n
V sin( ) = 0 khi n la boi cua 4, do o cac hai th n la boi cua 4 eu bang 0.
4
Sau ay, ta ap dung nguyen ly xep chong e tnh cac thanh phan dong ien
trong mach.
oi vi thanh phan mot chieu cua nguon (n = 0), Zo = , do tu ien h mach,
dong mot chieu Io = 0
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
oi vi cac thanh phan xoay chieu, ta ap dung phng phap bien o phc e
tm cac hai dong ien. Vi mach RLC noi tiep, hai dong ien th n c xac nh
E& n E& n n &
&
In =
=
= I n in
nh sau:
Zn
Z n n
n
200
sin
4 ; Z = R + j(n L 1 )
Trong o: E& n =
n
o
n
no C
n =1
1
no L
no C
1 2
Z n = R 2 + (no L
)
; n = Arctg
no C
R
Thay gia tr cac thong so R, L, C vao, ta c:
1
100 2
Z n = 100 2 + (n.10 4.10 2
)2 =
n + (n 2 4) 2
4
9
n
n.10 .250.10
1
n.10 4.10 2
n.10 4.250.10 9 = Arctg n 2 4
n = Arctg
100
n
Qua trnh thi gian cua dong ien i(t):
n
200 sin
4
n
sin
n
2
n =1
4
i( t ) =
cos(no t n ) =
cos(no t n ) (A)
100 2
2 + ( n 2 4) 2
n
2
2
n
=
1
n + ( n 4)
n
&I n
E& n
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011
Pho bien o cua nguon e(t)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011
Pho bien o cua dong i(t)
7.3 Tnh cong suat trong mach co nguon tac ong tuan hoan
Vi cac qua trnh dong va ap bat ky, cong suat tc thi c nh ngha:
p(t) = u(t).i(t)
Khi dong va ap tren hai cc la nhng qua trnh tuan hoan cung chu ky, chung
c bieu dien bang chuoi Fourier:
9
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
& n e jno t = U nm e j n e jno t

u (t ) = U
n =
n = 2
I
i( t ) = &I n e jno t = nm e j( n n ) e jno t
n =
n = 2
& n , &I n la he so khai trien chuoi Fourier phc cua u(t), i(t) ; Unm, Inm
Trong o: U
la bien o cua cac hai ien ap va hai dong ien (tng ng vi cac he so Cn trong
chuoi Fourier lng giac) ; n va (n - n) la cac goc pha au tng ng cua ien ap
va dong ien.
Theo ang thc Parseval (7*), cong suat tac dung c nh ngha bang tr
trung bnh tch cua 2 ham tuan hoan cung chu ky u(t), i(t), c xac nh nh sau:
U
1T
nm e j n I nm e j( n n )
&
&
*
P = u ( t )i( t )dt = U n I n =
T0
2
n =
n = 2
Neu tach rieng thanh phan mot chieu tng ng vi n = 0 va tach chuoi cac
thanh phan hai thanh 2 chuoi tng ng vi n < 0 va n >0, ta c:
1 U I
U I
nm nm e jn +
P = U o Io +
nm nm e jn
4
4
n =
n =1
U I
j
j n
1
nm nm ( e n + e
) = U o I o + U nm I nm cos n
2
2
2 n =1
n =1
= U o Io +
P = Po + Pn (W) (8*)
Nh vy, theo (8*), cng sut tc dng ln 2 cc c cc p ng tun hon,
bng tng cng sut ca thnh phn mt chiu v cng sut ca cc hi thnh phn.
Tng t nh vi mch xc lp iu ha, vi mch xc lp tun hon, ngi ta
cng a ra khi nim v cng sut tc dng, cng sut phn khng, cng sut
biu kin. Cng sut tc dng c xc nh theo (8*) v l cng sut tc dng ca 2
cc c cha in tr. Vi 2 cc c cha in tr th P > 0, cn vi 2 cc thun
in khng th P = 0.
Cng sut phn khng ca mch c tc ng tun hon c xc nh bng tng
cng sut phn khng thnh phn v c k hiu Q:
1
Q = U nm I nm sin n (VAR )
2 n =1
Cng sut biu kin cng c xc nh nh i vi cc qu trnh iu ha v
c k hiu S :
S = UhdIhd (VA)
Vi mt qu trnh iu ha, P, Q v S lm nn mt tam gic cng sut:
P2 + Q2 = S 2
Tuy nhin vi mt qu trnh tun hon th ng thc ny khng hon ton ng
na, v tn ti nhng hi ca mt trong cc qu trnh dng hay p. Trong trng hp
ny:
P2 + Q2 = S 2 T2
i lng T, tnh bng VA, c gi l cng sut mo dng.
10
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
V d 3. Hy tnh cng sut cc loi v h s cng sut ca mch RLC cho trong
v d 2, gii hn n hi bc 5.
Gii:
Vi n 5, ngun tc ng bao gm cc thnh phn:
e(t) = 25 + 45cosot + 32cos2ot + 15cos3ot 9cos5ot (V)
Dng trong mch:
i(t) = 0,142cos(ot + 71o34) + 0,318cos2ot + 0,077cos(3ot 59o02)
0,021cos(5ot 76o36)
Do thnh phn mt chiu Io = 0 nn Po = 0. Cng sut tc dng c xc nh
theo cng thc:
P=
1 5
1
o
o
E nm I nm cos n = [ 45(0,142) cos 71 34'+32(0,318) cos 0
2 n =1
2
+ 15(0,077) cos 59o 02'+9(0,021) cos 76o 36' ] = 6,42 ( W )
Cng sut phn khng:
Q=
1 5
1
o
o
E nm I nm sin n = [ 45(0,142) sin 71 34'+32(0,318) sin 0
2 n =1
2
+ 15(0,077) sin 59o 02'+9(0,021) sin 76o36' ] = 2,63 (VAR )
Tr hiu dng ca ngun p v ca dng in tun hon:
1
E hd = 252 + (452 + 32 2 + 152 + 9 2 = 47,98 (V)
2
1
I hd =
(0,142 2 + 0,3182 + 0,077 2 + 0,0212 ) = 0,253(A)
2
Cng sut biu kin: S = EhdIhd = 47,98(0,253) = 12,14 (VA)
P 6,42
H s cng sut: cos =
=
= 0,53
S 12,14
Cng sut mo dng:
2
T = S P 2 Q 2 = 12,14 2 6,42 2 2,632 = 9,96 (VA )

BI TP CHNG 7
Bi 7.1: Xc nh khai trin chui Fourier dng lng gc ca tn hiu tun hon
f(t) c dng nh hnh 1.
2
S: f(t) = - sin nt
n =1 n
1 2 1
t
sin( 2n 1)
S: f(t) = +
2 n =1 2n 1
2
11
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
9 6 cos(2n 1)t 3 sin nt
S: f(t) =

4 n =1 (2n 1) 2
n =1 n
4
2
cos(2n 1) t +
sin( 2n 1) t ]
S: f(t) = [
2
2
n
1
(
2
n
1
)
n =1
f(t)
2
-6 -4 -2 0
2 4 6
-2
t(s)
f(t)
Hnh 3
3
-1
Hnh 2
f(t)
-2
f(t)
Hnh 1
Hnh 4
t(s)
t(s)
-
i(t)
0,02H
e(t)
i(t)
e(t)
R1
Eo
u(t)
R2
Hnh 5
Hnh 6
Bi 7.5: Xem mch in hnh 5. Bit: e(t) = 100 + 50sin500t + 25sin1500t (V).
Tm dng in i(t) trong mch v cng sut tc dng ca ngun.
S: i(t) = 20 + 4,47sin(500t 63,4o) + 0,822sin(1500t 80,54o) (A) ; P = 2052 W
Bi 7.6: in p: u(t) = 120 + 195sint 60sin3t (V), f = 50 (Hz), c ni

vo mch ni tip RLC, vi R = 10 () ; L = 0,05 (H) ; C = 22,5 (F). Hy xc nh
cc qu trnh dng v p trn t in cng gi tr hiu dng ca chng.
S: i(t) = 1,54sin(t + 85,5o) 6sin3t (A) ; uC(t) = 120 + 218sin(t 4,5o)
283sin(3t 90o) (V) ; Ihd = 4,38 (A) ; UChd = 279,6 (V)
j(t)
RL
iL(t)
L
RC
iC(t)
C
i(t)
e(t)
iR(t)
C
L
12
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
e(t),V
L
e(t)
100
C
Hnh 2
u(t)
0
10
20
30
t(ms
)
Hnh 9
Hnh 10
Bi 7.7: Xem mch in hnh 6. Hy xc nh s ch ca vn k o tr hiu
dng v vn k o tr trung bnh in p u(t) trn in tr R1. Cho bit: R1 = 1 (K) ;
R2 = 4 (K) ; L = 8 (mH) ; Eo = 5 (V) ; e(t) = 10cos(103t + 90o) + 4cos(2.103t) (V).
S: Uo = - 5 (V) ; Uhd = 7,18 (V)
Bi 7.8: Xem mch in hnh 7. Hy xc nh cc dng in iL(t) ; iC(t), cng

sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng trn hai nhnh ca mch. Bit: j(t) = 4 + 2cosot
+ 0,4cos2ot (mA) ; RL = 4 () ; RC = 1 () ; oL = 1/oC = 500 ()
S: iL(t) = 4 + 200cos(ot 90o) + 0,133cos(2ot 180o) (mA) ;
iC(t) = 200cos(ot + 90o) + 0,53cos2ot (mA) ; PL = 0,8 (W) ; QL = 10 (VAr) ;
PC = 0,02 W ; QC = - 10 VAr
Bi 7.9: Trn hai cc c t in p: u(t) = 3 + 3 2 cos(ot + 30o) +
2 2 cos2ot (V). Qua ha cc c dng in: i(t) = 1 + 2 2 cos(ot - 30o) +
2 cos(2ot + 60o) (A). Hy xc nh gi tr hiu dng ca p v dng, cng sut tc
dng, cng sut phn khng, cng sut biu kin v cng sut mo dng ca hai cc.
S: Uhd = 4,7 (V) ; Ihd = 2,45 (A) ; P = 7 (W) ; Q = 3,47 (VAr) ; S = 11,5 (VA) ;
T = 8,44 (VA)
Bi 7.10: Xem mch in hnh 8. Hy xc nh dng in i(t), cng sut tc dng
trn in tr v tr hiu dng ca dng in iR(t). Cho bit: R = 100 () ; L = 0,1 (H) ;
C = 5 (F)
S: i(t) = 12,65cos(103t + 101,57o) + 10cos(2.103t + 96,87o) (mA) ;
PR = 7,9 (mW) ; IRhd = 8,9 (mA)
Bi 7.11: Xem mch in hnh 9. Ngun e(t) tc ng ln mch c dng nh
hnh 10. Bit: R = 10 () ; L = 31,8 (mH) ; C = 318 (F). Hy xc nh biu thc ca
tn hiu u(t) v tr hiu dng ca n nu ta ch xt hi bc 7 ca tn hiu ng ra u(t).
S: u(t) = 50 + 63,6sin(100t 90o) + 2,48sin(300t 159,4o) + 0,519sin(500t
168,2o) + 0,186sin(700t 171,7o) (V) ; Uhd = 67,3 (V)
13
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
HNG DN GII
Bi 7.1: Vi tn hiu g(t) nh hnh 11, f(t) = + g(t)
g(t) l hm i xng l cc h s ao = 0 ; an = 0
V: bn = 2(
2 T/2
g ( t ) sin no tdt ) , vi: T = 2 ; o = 1 ;
T 0
g(t) = t - (trong chu k)
f(t)
f(t)
Hnh 11
Hnh 12
1/2
-4
-2
t(s)
-2
0
-1/2
t(s)
4
( t ) sin no tdt
2 0
2 ( t )( cos no t ) cos no t
2
]0 0 (
)dt = = [
no
no
n
2
2
g(t) = ( ) sin nt f(t) = - sin nt
n =1 n
n =1 n
1
Bi 7.2: Vi tn hiu g(t) nh hnh 12, f(t) = + g(t)
2
Vy: bn =
1
2 2 < t < 0
Ta c: g(t) =
; T = 4 ; o =
1
2
0<t<2
2
2
2 4/2 1
Do : bn = 2( 0T / 2 g ( t ) sin no tdt ) = 2(
sin n tdt )
4 0 2
2
T
cos
n
t
12
2
1
2
]02 =
= sin n tdt = - [
20
2
2 n
(2n 1)
2
2 1
g(t) =
sin(2n 1) t
n =1 2n 1
2
f(t) =
1 2 1
+
sin(2n 1) t
2 n =1 2n 1
2
14
Mch in
Bi 7.3: Ta c:
Ng Ngc Th
3t 0 < t < 1 ; T = 2 ; =
o
1< t < 2
f(t) =
3
11
1 t2 1 1
3 3 9
12
Cc h s: ao = 3tdt + 3dt = .3[ ]0 + .3[ t ]12 = + =
T0
2 2
2
4 2 4
T1
21
22
an = 3t cos no tdt + 3 cos no tdt
T0
T1
2
sin nt 1 1 sin nt
2 sin nt 2
= .3{[ t
]0 -
dt} + .3[
]1
2
n
n
2
n
0
6
cos nt 1
3
= 3[
]0 =
(cos n 1) = (2n 1) 2 2
(n) 2
(n) 2
21
22
b n = 3t sin no tdt + 3 sin no tdt
T0
T1
2
cos nt 1 1 cos nt
2 cos nt 2
= .3{[ t (
)]0 - (
)dt }+ .3[
]1
2
n
2
n
0
=
3
sin nt 1
3
3
{( cos n) +[]0 } (cos 2n cos n) = n
n
n
(n) 2
f(t) = ao + (a n cos no t + b n sin no t )

n =1
9 6 cos(2n 1)t 3 sin nt
=
4 2 n =1 (2n 1) 2
n =1 n
Bi 7.4: Ta c:
f(t) =
{ tt+
0 < t < ; T = 2 ; = 1
o
< t < 2
1
1 2
1 t2 1
t2
Cc h s: ao = tdt + ( t + )dt =
[ ]0 + [ + t ]2 = 0
T0
T
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
an = t cos no tdt + ( t + ) cos no tdt
T0
T
2
sin nt sin nt
2
sin nt 2 2 sin nt
=
] -
dt} +
] -
(1)dt}
{[ t
{[( t + )
2
n 0 0 n
2
n
n
15
Mch in
=
Ng Ngc Th
1 cos nt 1 cos nt 2 1
2
4
1
2
[
]0 - [
] = [
]- [
]=
n2
n2
(2n 1) 2 (2n 1) 2
(2n 1) 2
2
2 2
b n = t sin no tdt +
( t + ) sin no tdt
T0
T
2
cos nt
=
{[ t (
)]0
2
n
cos nt
- (
0
)dt}
2
cos nt 2 2 cos nt
+
{[( t + )(
)] - (
)(1)dt}
2
n
n
1 cos n
sin nt 1 sin nt 2
2
) +[
]0 } + { - [
] } =
= {(
n
n
2n 1
n2
n2
f(t) = ao + (a n cos no t + b n sin no t )

n =1
4
2
=
cos(2n 1) t +
sin( 2n 1) t
2
2
n
1
(
2
n
1
)
n 1
Bi 7.5: Phc ha s mch nh hnh

13, trong : jnoL = jn(500)(0,02) = j10n
5
j10n
E& n
Ta c: i(t) = io(t) + i n ( t ) hay dng
n =1
&
&I n , vi Io l thnh phn
I
=
I
+
phc:
o
Hnh 13
n =1
D.C.; &I n l cc thnh phn hi bc n, y, theo biu thc e(t) cho, ta ch xt 2 bc
&I n
n = 1 v n =3. Do : i(t) = Io + &I1 + &I3
E o 100
E& n
&
Ta c: Io =
=
= 20 (A) hay io(t) = 20 (A) ; I n =
R
5
R + j10n
E& 1
50
&
I1 =
=
= 4,47- 63,43o (A) hay i1(t) = 4,47sin(500t 63,43o) (A)
R + j10 5 + j10
E& 3
25
&
I3 =
=
=0,822- 80,54o (A) hay i3(t)=0,822sin(1500t 80,54o) (A)
R + j10.3 5 + j30
Tm li: i(t) = 20 + 4,47sin(500t 63,43o) + 0,822sin(1500t 80,54o) (A)
Cng sut c dng ngun pht ra:
1
P = EoIo + E nm I nm cos( en in )
n =1 2
16
Mch in
= 100(20) +
Ng Ngc Th
1
1
E1m I1m cos( e1 i1) + E 3m I3m cos( e3 i3 )
2
2
1
{50.4,47cos[0o- (- 63,43o)] + 25.0,822cos[0o (- 80,54o)]} = 2052 (W)
2
1
Tnh P theo cch khc: P = R.Ihd2, vi Ihd = I o2 + I 2n
n =1 2
1
Ihd2 = 202 + ( 4,47 2 + 0,822 2 ) = 410,33 P = 5(410,33) = 2052 (W)
2
= 2000 +
Bi 7.6: = 2f = 2(50) = 100 (rad/s)
iC(t) = i(t) = io(t) + i n ( t ) hay &I = I o + &I n

n =1
n =1
Ta c: Io = 0 v vi thnh phn D.C. (n=0), ZC = (t in h mch)
&
1
&I n = U n , vi Zn = R + j(noL - 1 ) = 10 + j[n(0,05) ]
Zn
no C
n(22,5.10 6 )
106
Z1 = 10 + j[100(0,05) ] = 10 j125,7631 = 126,16- 85,45o ()
100(22,5)
&
U
195
&I1 = 1 =
= 1,5485,5o hay i1(t) = 1,54sin(t + 84,5o) (A)
Z1 126,16 85,45o
106
Z3 = 10 + j[3.100(0,05) ] = 10 ()
3.100(22,5)
&
U
60180o
&I3 = 3 =
= 6180o hay i3(t) = 6sin(t + 180o) = - 6sint (A)
Z3
10
Tm li: iC(t) = i(t) = 0 + 1,54sin(t + 84,5o) - 6sint (A)
&
& Cn
Ta c: uC(t) = uCo(t) + u Cn ( t ) hay U C = U Co + U
n =1
n =1
Thnh phn D.C. ca in p trn t in: UCo = Uo = 120 (V)
& Cn = &I n .ZCn , vi ZCn = - j

Cc thnh phn hi ca in p trn t: U
1
no C
1
106
=-j
= - j141,47 = 141,47- 90o ()
100(22,5)
(22,5.10 6 )
& C1 = &I1ZC1 = (1,5485,5o)(141,47- 90o) = 218- 4,5o (V)
U
ZC1 = - j
hay uC1(t) = 218sin(t 4,5o) (V)

17
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
1
106
ZC3 = - j
=-j
= - j47,16 = 47,16- 90o ()
3.100(22,5)
3(22,5.10 6 )
o
& C3 = &I3ZC3 = (6180 )(47,16- 90o) = 28390o (V)
U
hay uC3(t) = 283sin(3t + 90o) = - 283sin(3t - 90o) (V)
Tm li: uC(t) = 120 + 218sin(t 4,5o) - 283sin(3t - 90o)
1
1
2
Ta c: Ihd = I o + I 2n =
(1,542 + 6 2 ) = 4,38 (A)
2
n =1 2
2 + 1 U 2 = 120 2 + 1 ( 2182 + 2832 ) = 279,6 (V)

UChd = U Co
Cn
2
n =1 2
jnoL
&I'
E& n
R1
&I'R1
&'
U
&I' '
R2
Hnh 14
&I' 'R1
R1
Eo
& ''
U
R2
Hnh 15
Bi 7.7: Phng php xp chng
Ni tt ngun D.C Eo ch ngun e(t) tc ng (hnh 14): &I' = Io + &I'n

n =1
0
R2
= 0 IR1o = Io
=0
Zo
R1 + R 2
R1.R 2
E& n
103 (4.103 )
5
-3
&
V: I'n =
, vi Zn=jnoL+
= jn10 (8.10 ) +
= 800 + j800n
Zn
R1 + R 2
103 + 4.103
Z1 = 800 + j800 = 800 2 45o ()
E&
1090o
&I'1 = 1 =
= 8,83945o (mA)
o
Z1 800 245
R2
4.103
o
&
&
I'R11 = I1
= (8,83945 )(
) = 7,07145o (mA)
R1 + R 2
103 + 4.103
Ta c: Io =
Z2 = 800 + j2.800 = 1788,8563,43o ()

E& 2
40o
&
I' 2 =
=
= 2,236- 63,43o (mA)
Z 2 1788,8563,43o
R2
4.103
&I'R12 = &I 2
= (2,236- 63,43o)(
) = 1,789- 63,43o (mA)
3
3
R1 + R 2
10 + 4.10
18
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
Ni tt ngun e(t) ch ngun D.C. Eo tc ng (hnh 15): &I' ' = Io (khng c
cc thnh phn hi).
Ta c: Io = IR10 =
Eo
5
=
= 5 (mA)
R1 103
Xp chng: IR1o = IR1o + IR1o = 0 + (- 5) = - 5 (mA)

&I R11 = &I'R11 + &I' 'R11= 7,07145o + 0 = 7,07145o (mA)
&I R12 = &I'R12 + &I' 'R12 = 1,789- 63,43o + 0 = 1,789- 63,43o (mA)
&=U
&'+ U
& ' ' = R1.&I'R1 + R1.&I' 'R1
in p trn R1: U
= R1 (&I'R1o + &I'R11 + &I'R12 ) + R1 (&I' 'R1o + &I' 'R11 + &I' 'R12 )
= 103(0 + 7,071.10-345o + 1,789.10-3- 63,43o) + 103(- 5 + 0 + 0) (V)
hay u(t) = - 5 + 7,071cos(105t + 45o) + 1,789cos(2.105t 63,43o) (V)
Suy ra tr trung bnh in p trn R1: Uo = - 5 (V)
1
2
V tr hiu dng in p trn R1: Uhd = U R1o + U 2R1n
n =1 2
=
1
52 + (7,0712 + 1,7892 ) = 7,18 (V)
2
Bi 7.8: Dng qua cun dy iL(t) = iLo(t) + i Ln ( t ) hay &I L = ILo + &I Ln
n =1
n =1
Ta c: ILo = Jo = 4 (mA) iLo(t) = 4 (mA)
RC j
V: &I Ln = J& n (
&I L1 = J&1 (
1
no C
R L + jno L + R C j
1
no C
1 j500
) = 2(0,2 j100) = 200- 90o (A)
4 + j500 + 1 j500
hay iL1(t) = 200cos(ot 90o) (mA)
1 j
&I L 2 = J& 2 (
500
2
4 + j2.500 + 1 j
500
2
) = 0,4(
1 j250
) = - 0,133 j0,0014
5 + j750
= 0,133- 180o (mA) hay iL2(t) = 0,133cos(2ot 180o) (mA)

Tm li: iL(t) = 4 + 200cos(ot 90o) + 0,133cos(2ot 180o) (mA)
&
Dng qua t in iC(t) = iCo(t) + i Cn ( t ) hay I C = ICo + &I Cn
n =1
n =1
Ta c: ICo = 0 iCo(t) = 0, v: &I Cn = J& n - &I Ln
19
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
o
&I C1 = J&1 - &I L1 = 2 + j200 = 20090 (mA) hay iC1(t) = 200cos((ot + 90o) (mA)
&I C 2 = J& 2 - &I L 2 = 0,4 + 0,133 + j0,0014 = 0,530o (mA)
hay iC2(t) = 0,53cos2ot (mA)
o
Tm li: iC(t) = 200cos(ot + 90 ) + 0,53cos2ot (mA)
Cng sut tc dng trn nhnh in cm: PL = RLILhd2
1
1
Vi:ILhd2=ILo2+ ( I 2L1 + I 2L 2 ) =10-6(4 2+ (2002+0,1332)=0,02 PL=4(0,02)=0,08 (W)
2
2
Cng sut phn khng trn nhnh in cm:
1
& Ln = &I Ln (jnoL)
QL = U Lnm I Lnm sin( uLn iLn ) , vi ULmn cho bi: U
2 n =1
& L1 = &I L1 (j500) = (200.10-3- 90o)(50090o) = 100 (V)
U
& L 2 = &I L 2 (j2.500) = (0,133.10-3- 180o)(100090o) = 0,133- 90o (V)

U
Vy: QL =
1
{UL1mIL1msin[0o (- 90o)] + UL2mIL2msin[- 90o (- 180o)]}
2
1
= (100.200.10-3sin90o + 0,133.0,133.10-3sin90o) = 10 (VAr)
2
Cng sut tc dng trn nhnh in dung: PC = RCIChd2
1 2
2 ) =10-6 1 (2002 + 0,532)= 0,02 PL= 1(0,02)= 0,02 (W)
Vi: IChd2=ICo2 + ( I C
+
I
2 1 C2
2
Cng sut phn khng trn nhnh in dung:
1
& Cn = &ICn (-j 1 )
QC =
U Cnm ICnm sin( uCn iCn ) ,vi UCnm cho bi: U
2 n =1
no C
& C1= &IC1 (- j500) = (200.10-390o)(500- 90o) = 100 (V)
U
& C 2 = &IC 2 (- j 500 ) = (0,53.10-30o)(250- 90o) = 0,133- 90o (V)

U
2
1
[UC1mIC1msin(0o 90o) + UC2mIC2msin(- 90o 0o)]
2
1
= (100.200.10-3sin(- 90o) + 0,133.0,53.10-3sin(- 90o) = - 10 (VAr)
2
1
1
Bi 7.9: Uhd = U o2 + U 2n = 32 + [(3 2 ) 2 + ( 2 2 ) 2 = 4,7 (V)
2
n =1 2
Vy: QC =
Ihd =
1
2
Io + I 2n =
n =1 2
1
12 + [(2 2 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 = 2,45 (A)
2
20
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
1
P = UoIo + U nm I nm cos( un in )
n =1 2
= 3.1 +
Q=
=
1
{3 2 .2 2 cos[30o (- 30o)] + 2 2 . 2 cos(0o 60o)} = 7 (W)
2
1
U nm I nm sin( un in )
2 n =1
1
{3 2 .2 2 sin[30o (- 30o)] + 2 2 . 2 sin(0o 60o)} = 3,47 (VAr)
2
S = UhdIhd = 4,7(2,45) = 11,5 (VA)

T = S2 P 2 Q 2 = 11,52 7 2 3,47 2 = 8,44 (VA)
n =1
n =1
Bi 7.10: i(t) = io(t) + i n ( t ) hay &I = Io + &I n
( jno L)R
1
E&
Ta c: Io = 0 io(t) = 0, v &I n = n , vi Zn = - j
+
Zn
no C R + jno L
=-j
1
( jn103.0,1)100
200 j100n
+
=-j
+
n
1 + jn
n103 (5.10 6 ) 100 + jn103.0,1
Z1 = - j200 +
j100
= 50 j150 = 158,114- 71,57o ()
1+ j
E&
230o
&I1 = 1 =
= 12,65101,57o (mA)
o
Z1 158,114 71,57
hay i1(t) = 12,65cos(103t + 101,57o) (mA)
Z2 = - j
200 j2.100
+
= 80 j60 = 100- 36,87o ()
2
1 + j2
160o
E&
&I 2 = 2 =
= 1096,87o (mA)
Z 2 100 36,87 o
hay i2(t) = 10cos(2.103t + 96,87o) (mA)
Tm lai: i(t) = 12,65cos(103t + 101,57o) + 10cos(2.103t + 96,87o) (mA)
Dng qua R: iR(t) = iRo(t) + i Rn ( t ) hay &I R = IRo + &I Rn

n =1
n =1
21
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
Ta c: IRo = Io = 0 iRo(t) = 0, v &I Rn = &I n

&I R1 = &I1
jno L
R + jno L
j103 (0,1)
j100
= (12,65101,57o)(
) = 8,9146,57o (mA)
100 + j100
100 + j103 (0,1)
hay iR1(t) = 8,9cos(103t + 146,57o) (mA)
&I R 2 = &I 2
j2.103 (0,1)
j200
= (1096,87o)(
) = 8,9123,14o (mA)
3
100 + j200
100 + j2.10 (0,1)
hay iR2(t) = 8,9cos(2.103t + 123,14o) (mA)
Tm li: iR(t) = 8,9cos(103t + 146,57o) + 8,9cos(2.103t + 123,14o) (mA)

IRhd =
1
2
I Ro + I 2Rn =
n =1 2
1
(8,9 2 + 8,9 2 ) = 8,9 (mA)
2
V: PR = R.IRhd2 = 100(8,9.10-3)2 = 7,9 (mW)

g(t),V
Bi 7.11:
Hnh 16
50
0
-50
10
20
30
t(ms)
Vi tn hiu g(t) nh hnh 16, e(t) = 50 + g(t)

2
0 < t < 10 (ms)
50 (V)
; T=2.10-2 (s) ; o=
=100 (rad/s)
2.10 2
50 (V) 10 < t < 20 (ms)
Ta c: g(t) =
2 T/2
2 10
Do : bn = 2( 0 g ( t ) sin no tdt ) = 2(
50 sin n100tdt )
T
2.10 2 0
10 2
cos n100t 10 2
200
= 10 4 sin n100tdt = -10 4 [
]0 =
n100
(2n 1)
0
200 1
g(t) =
sin( 2n 1)100t
n =1 2n 1
200 1
e(t) = 50 +
sin( 2n 1)100t
n =1 2n 1
= 50 +
200
200
200
200
sin100t +
sin300t +
sin500t +
sin700t (V)
3
5
7
22
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
Dng trong mch chnh: i(t) = io(t) + i n ( t ) hay &I = Io + &I n

n =1
n =1
E& n
E o 50
=
= 5 (A) io(t) = 5 (A), v &I n =
, vi:
R
10
Zn
1
1
( j
)R
( j
)10
no C
6
-3
n
100
.
318
.
10
Zn = jnoL +
= jn100(31,8.10 ) +
1
1
Rj
10 j
no C
n100.318.10 6
100
j
n Z1 = j10 + j100 = 5 + j5 = 5 2 45o ()
= j10n +
10
10 j10
10 j
n
200
E&
&I1 = 1 =
= 9- 45o (A) hay i1(t) = 9sin(100t 45o) (A)
o
Z1 5 245
100
j
3 = 1 + j27 = 27,0287,88o ()
Z3 = j3.10 +
10
10 j
3
200
E&
3
&I3 = 3 =
=0,785-87,88o(A) hay i3(t)=0,785sin(100t87,88o) (A)
o
Z3 27,0287,88
100
j
5 = 0,385 + j48,077 = 48,07989,54o ()
Z5 = j5.10 +
10
10 j
5
200
E&
5
&I5 = 5 =
=0,265-89,54o(A)hay i5(t)=0,265sin(100t89,54o) (A)
o
Z5 48,07989,54
100
j
7 = 0,2 + j68,6 = 68,689,83o ()
Z7 = j7.10 +
10
10 j
7
Ta c: Io =
23
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
200
&E 7
7
&I 7 =
=
=0,132-89,83o(A)hay i7(t)=0,132sin(100t89,83o) (A)
Z7 68,689,83o
Tm li: i(t) = 5 + 9sin(100t 45o) + 0,785sin(100t87,88o) + 0,265sin(100t
89,54o) + 0,132sin(100t89,83o) (A)
&
Dng qua R: iR(t) = iRo(t) + i Rn ( t ) hay I R = IRo + &I Rn
n =1
n =1
1
no C
Ta c: IRo = Io = 5 (A) iRo(t) = 5 (A), v &I Rn = &I n
1
Rj
no C
1
j
100.318.10 6 = (9- 45o)( j10 ) = 6,36- 90o (A)
&I R1 = &I1
1
10 j10
10 j
100.318.10 6
j
hay iR1(t) = 6,36sin(100t 90o) (A)
1
3.100.318.10 6 = (0,785- 87,88o)(0,316- 71,57o)
&I R 3 = &I3
1
10 j
3.100.318.10 6
j
= 0,248- 159,4o (A) hay iR3(t) = 0,248sin(300t 159,4o) (A)
1
5.100.318.10 6 = (0,265- 89,54o)(0,196- 78,68o)
&I R 5 = &I5
1
10 j
5.100.318.10 6
j
= 0,0519- 168,2o (A) hay iR5(t) = 0,0519sin(500t 168,2o) (A)
1
7.100.318.10 6 = (0,132 89,83o))(0,141- 81,87o)
&I R 7 = &I 7
1
10 j
7.100.318.10 6
j
= 0,0186- 171,7o (A) hay iR7(t) = 0,0186sin(700t 171,7o) (A)
&
&n
in p trn R: u(t) = uo(t) + u n ( t ) hay U = Uo + U
n =1
n =1
& n = R. &I Rn
Ta c: Uo = RIRo = 10(5) = 50 (V) uo(t) = 50 (V), v U
& 1 = R. &I R1 = 10(6,36- 90o) = 63,6- 90o (V) hay u1(t) = 63,6sin(100t 90o) (V)
U
24
Mch in
Ng Ngc Th
o
o
& 3 = R. &I R 3 = 10(0,248- 159,4 ) = 2,48- 159,4 (V)
U
hay u3(t) = 2,48sin(300t 159,4o) (V)
& 5 = R. &I R 5 = 10(0,0519- 168,2o) = 0,519- 168,2o (V)
U
hay u5(t) = 0,519sin(500t 168,2o) (V)
& 7 = R. &I R 7 = 10(0,0186- 171,7o) = 0,186- 171,7o (V)
U
hay u7(t) = 0,186sin(700t 171,7o) (V)
Tm li: u(t) = 50 + 63,6sin(100t 90o) + 2,48sin(300t 159,4o) +
0,519sin(500t 168,2o) + 0,186sin(700t 171,7o) (V)
1
2
Tr hiu dng in p trn R: Uhd = U o + U 2n
n =1 2
=
1
50 2 + (63,6 2 + 2,482 + 0,519 2 + 0,186 2 ) = 67,3 (V)
2
James WATT
1736 - 1819
25
MC LC
Chng 1: Khi nim c bn v Mch in..........................................................................1
1.1 Mch in v kt cu ca mch in ...............................................................................1
1.2 Cc phn t c bn ca mch in ..................................................................................1
1.2.1 in tr..........................................................................................................................1
1.2.2 in cm ........................................................................................................................1
1.2.3 in dung ......................................................................................................................1
1.2.4 Ngun in ....................................................................................................................2
1.3 nh lut Ohm ...................................................................................................................2
1.3.1 nh lut Ohm i vi mt on mch ......................................................................2
1.3.2 nh lut Ohm i vi ton on mch .....................................................................3
1.4 nh lut Kirchhoff ...........................................................................................................3
1.4.1 nh lut Kirchhoff 1 ...................................................................................................3
1.4.2 nh lut Kirchhoff 2 ...................................................................................................4
1.5 Cc php bin i tng ng .......................................................................................4
1.5.1 Php bin i ni tip ...................................................................................................4
1.5.2 Php bin i song song ...............................................................................................4
1.5.3 Php bin i Y-
v -Y ............................................................................................5
1.5.4 Php bin i cc ngun in ......................................................................................6
1.6 Gii mch in bng phng php dng nhnh ............................................................7
1.6.1 Th no l phng php dng nhnh.........................................................................7
1.6.2 Cc bc gii mch in bng phng php dng nhnh .......................................8
1.6.3 Bi tp p dng phng php dng nhnh ...............................................................8
Bi tp chng 1 ....................................................................................................................10
Chng 2: Mch xc lp iu ha .......................................................................................20
2.1 Cc c trng ca mt i lng hnh sin ....................................................................20
2.1.1 Tr tc thi ..................................................................................................................21
2.1.2 Chu k..........................................................................................................................21
2.1.3 Tn s...........................................................................................................................21
2.1.4 Gc lch pha ................................................................................................................21
2.2 Tr hiu dng ca cc i lng in xoay chiu hnh sin ..........................................22
2.3 Biu din cc i lng in p xoay chiu hnh sin bng s phc ............................23
2.4 Quan h dng v p trong 3 mch phc thun.............................................................27
2.4.1 Mch phc thun tr .................................................................................................27
2.4.2 Mch phc thun cm................................................................................................27
2.4.3 Mch phc thun dung ..............................................................................................28
2.5 Quan h dng v p trong mch phc tng hp ..........................................................28
2.6 Cng sut mch xoay chiu hnh sin..............................................................................30
2.7 Gii mch xoay chiu hnh sin bng s phc ................................................................33
2.8 Bi tp chng 2 ..............................................................................................................36

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Giáo trình Mạch điện tử

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I HC CNG NGHIP TP.

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

1.1 Mch in & kt cu ca mch in

* 3 thnh phn c bn ca mch in l:

1.2 Cc phn t c bn ca mch in

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

1.2.4.2 Ngun ph thuc

Ngun p ph Ngun p ph Ngun dng

1.3 nh lut OHM

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

1.3.2 nh lut OHM /v ton mch

u' = e'+i.Ro '

1.4. nh lut KIRCHHOFF

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

1.4.2 nh lut KIRCHHOFF 2 (nh lut vng)

1.5 Cc php bin i tng ng

1.5.2 Php bin i song song

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

(Cng thc chia dng)

1.5.3 Php bin i Y-

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

1.5.4 Php bin i cc ngun in

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

Ngun dng (j, Ro) c th c thay th tng ng

* Nh vy, nu mch c n nhnh, tm dng trong

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

trong h phng trnh

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

Mch c 3 n I1, I2, I3 nn cn 3 phng trnh

- Mch a c v li cho ta tnh d dng: RT =

- Mch c c v li cho ta tnh d dng: RT =

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

- Mch e, ta thy ngay mch c RT = 10 +

Bi 1.2 Tnh R trong mch in hnh 33.

Hng dn gii: Mch in cho c v li nh hnh 34, ta c:

in tr ton mch: RTM = 4 +

900 + 100R = 900 108R + 325R 39R2 39R2 117R = 0

Bi 1.3 Tnh cc in p U1, U2, U3, U4 v s E trong mch in hnh 35,

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

Bi 1.4 Tm I1 v I2 trong mch in hnh 37.

Mch in cho c v li nh hnh 38, trong :

Mch in hnh 35 c v li nh hnh 39, trong :

R2 = (R6//12 + R6//30)//( R32 ni tip 40) =

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

in tr ton mch: RTM = Rc + (Rb + 2)//(Ra + 5) = 1 +

Bi 1.6 Tm dng I trong mch in hnh 42.

Bi 1.7 Tm dng I trong mch in hnh 44.

Gii h phng trnh (1), (2), (3): (2) I1 =

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

Bi 1.8 Tm dng I trong mch in hnh 46.

Gii h phng trnh (1), (2), (3): (2) I1 =

Bi 1.9 Tm dng in trong cc nhnh ca mch in hnh 48.

Mch in cho c v li nh hnh 49. nh lut K1 ti nt 1: I1 0,03 + I2 I3 = 0

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

Bi 1.10 Tm dng v p trn cc phn t ca mch in hnh 50, v nghim li s

Thay vo (4): 4(I3 5) + I3 + 3(I3 2) = 38 I3 =

nh lut K2 cho ta: (6 + 4 + 8)I = 20 + 3U1 5 18I = 15 + 3U1

Suy ra cng sut in tr 8 tiu th l (0,5)2.8 = 2 W

Chng 1: KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

Chn chiu cc dng in v chiu dng 2 mt li I v II nh hnh 55.

nh lut K2 cho mt II: - 1000I2 = 1000I

Bi 1.13 Tnh I v Uo ca mch in hnh 56 theo E v . HNH 57

Bi 1.14 Xc nh t s U/E trong mch in hnh 58.