You are on page 1of 0

N THI CAO HC

PHN I S TUYN TNH


(GV Trn Ngc Hi - 2011)

A- KHNG GIAN VCT


1. NH NGHA V TNH CHT CN BN
1.1. nh ngha. Cho V l mt tp hp khc . Ta ni V l mt khng gian vct trn F
(F = Q, R hay C) nu trong V :
i) Tn ti mt php ton cng vct, tc l mt nh x
VVV
(u, v) u + v
ii) Tn ti mt php nhn v hng vi vct, tc l mt nh x
FVV
(, u) u
tha cc tnh cht sau: vi u, v, w V v , F:
1.

u + v = v + u;

2.

(u + v) + w = u + (v + w);

3.

0 V, u + 0 = 0 + u = u;

4.

(u) V, (u) + u = u + (u) = 0;

5.

()u = (u);

6.

( + )u = u +u;

7.

(u + v)u = u + v;

8.

1.u = u.

Khi :
Mi phn t u V l mt vct.
Mi s F l mt v hng.
Vct 0 l vct khng.
Vct (u) l vct i ca u.
Sau y ta s a ra vi v d c bn v khng gian vct.
1) Tp Fn = {u = (x1, x2, ..., xn)xi F, 1 i n} (F = R hay C) vi php ton cng vct
v php nhn v hng vi vct nh bi:
1

u + v = (x1 + y1, x2 + y2, ... , xn + yn),


u = (x1, x2, ..., xn),
vi u = (x1, x2, ..., xn), v = (y1, y2, ..., yn) V v F, l mt khng gian vct trn F vi vct
khng l 0 = (0, 0, ... 0) v vct i ca vct u = (x1, x2, ..., xn) l
(u) = (x1, x2, ..., xn)
2) Tp V = Mmxn(F) gm cc ma trn mxn vi cc h s trong F l mt khng gian vct
trn F vi php cng vct l php cng ma trn thng thng v nhn v hng vi vct l
php nhn thng thng mt s vi ma trn, trong vct khng l ma trn khng v vct
i ca A = (aij) l (A) = (aij).
3) Tp V = F[x]
= {p(x) = anxn + ... + a1x + a0x + a0 n N, ai F, 1 i n}
gm cc a thc theo x vi cc h s trong F l mt khng gian vct trn F vi php cng
vct l php cng thng thng cc a thc v php nhn v hng vi vct l php nhn
thng thng mt s vi mt a thc.
4) Vi mi s nguyn n 1, tp
V = Fn[x] = {p(x) = anxn + ... + a1x + a0 ai F, 1 i n}
gm cc a thc theo x bc n, vi cc h s trong F l mt khng gian vct trn F vi cng
vct v php nhn v hng vi vct l cc php cng a thc v nhn mt s vi a thc
thng thng (nh trong 3) l mt khng gian vct trn trng F.
1.2. Mnh . Cho V l mt khng gian vct trn F. Khi vi mi u V v F ta
c:
i)

u = 0 ( = 0 hay u = 0).

ii) (1)u = u.
T y v sau ta k hiu V l mt khng gian vct trn trng F (F = Q, R hay C)
2. T HP TUYN TNH
2.1. nh ngha. Cho u1, u2, ..., uk V. Mt t hp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2,..., uk l mt
vct c dng:
u = 1u1 + 2u2 + ... + kuk
vi i F (1 i k).
2.2. Tnh cht. 1) u l t hp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2, ..., uk khi v ch khi phng trnh 1u1
+ 2u2+ ... + kuk = u c nghim (1, 2, ..., k) Fk.
2) Tng ca hai t hp tuyn tnh, tch ca mt s vi mt t hp tuyn tnh cng l cc
t hp tuyn tnh (ca u1, u2,..., uk):
k

i =1

i =1

i =1

1u i + 1u i = ( i + i )u i ;
2

iu i =
i =1

( i )u i .
i =1

3) Vct khng 0 lun lun l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2, ..., uk v


+ ... + 0uk.

0 = 0u1 + 0u2

4) Mi vct ui, 1 i k l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2, ..., uk v


ui = 0u1 + ... + 0ui1 + 1ui + 0ui+1 + ... + 0uk
Tng qut hn, mi t hp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2,...,uj (1 j k) u l t hp tuyn tnh
ca u1, u2, ...,uj, uj+1,..., uk v:
1u1 + 2u2 +...+ juj = 1u1+ 2u2+...+ juj + 0uj+1 +...+ 0uk
4) Mi t hp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2,... ,uk-1, uk u l t hp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2, ..., uk-1
khi v ch khi uk l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2,..., uk-1.
2.3. H qu. Cho u1, u2, ..., uk l k vct trong Fn vi uj = (u1j, u1j, ..., unj), 1 j k:
u1 = (u11, u21 ..., un1)
u2 = (u12, u22 ..., un2)
................................
uk = (u1k, u2k ..., unk)
Khi vct u = (b1, b2, ..., bn) Fn l t hp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2, ..., uk khi v ch khi h
phng trnh tuyn tnh UX = B, trong :
u11 u12 ...

u
u 22 ...
U = 21
..... ...... ...

u n1 u n2 ...

u1k
b1
1



u 2k
b

;B = 2 ;X = 2
...
...
......



u nk
bn
k

c nghim X.
V d. Trong khng gian R4 cho cc vct:
u1 = (1, 1, 1, 1);
u2 = (2, 3, 1, 0);
u3 = (1, 1, 1, 1);
u4 = (1, 2, 1, 1)
Tm iu kin vct u = (a1, a2, a3, a4) l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca:
a) u1, u2, u3;
b) u1, u2, u3, u4.
p s: a) a1 + a4 = a2 + a3.
b) Mi vct u = (a1, a2, a3, a4) R4 u l t hp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2, u3, u4.
3. C LP TUYN TNH PH THUC TUYN TNH
3.1. nh ngha. 1) Cho u1, u2, ..., uk V. Xt phng trnh:
3

1u1 + 2u2 + ... + kuk = 0 (1)


Nu (1) ch c nghim tm thng 1= 2 =...= k = 0 th ta ni u1, u2, ..., uk (hay {u1,
u2, ..., uk}) c lp tuyn tnh.
Nu ngoi nghim tm thng, (1) cn c nghim khc th ta ni u1, u2, ..., uk (hay {u1,
u2, ..., uk} ) ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Ni cch khc,
u1, u2, ..., uk c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi vi mi 1, 2, ..., k F ta c:
1u1 + 2u2+ ... + kuk = 0 1 = 2 = ... = k = 0.
u1, u2, ..., uk ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi tn ti 1, 2, ..., k F khng ng
thi bng 0 sao cho:
1u1 + 2u2+ ... + kuk = 0.
2) Tp con S V c gi l c lp tuyn tnh nu mi {u1, u2, ..., uk} S (k N tu
) u c lp tuyn tnh. Nu S khng c lp tuyn tnh, ta ni S ph thuc tuyn tnh.
V d 1) Trong khng gian R3 cho cc vct:
u1 = (1, 2, 3); u2 = (2, 5, 1); u3 = (1, 1, 8)
ta c:
u1, u2 c lp tuyn tnh.
u1, u2, u3 ph thuc lp tuyn tnh.
3.2. Nhn xt. Cc vct u1, u2, ... , uk ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi tn ti vct ui
ph thuc vo cc vct khc theo ngha vct ui c biu din di dng t hp tuyn tnh
ca cc uj, 1 j i k.
Vi u1, u2, ... , uk l k vct trong Fn:
u1 = (u11, u21 ..., un1)
u2 = (u12, u22 ..., un2)
................................
uk = (u1k, u2k ..., unk)
ta c: u1, u2, ..., uk c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi h phng trnh tuyn tnh UX = 0, trong
:
u11 u12 ...

u
u 22 ...
U = 21
..... ...... ...

u n1 u n2 ...

u1k

u 2k
......

u nk

ch c nghim tm thng X = 0. Mt khc,


H UX = 0 ch c nghim tm thng X = 0

Ma trn U c hng l r(U) = k.


4

Ma trn A = UT c hng l r(A) = k (do hai ma trn chuyn v c cng hng).

Nhn xt rng ma trn U c c bng cch dng u1, u2, ..., uk thnh cc ct, nn ma trn A =
UT c c bng cch xp u1, u2, ..., uk thnh cc dng.
3.3. H qu. Cho u1, u2, ... , uk l k vct trong Fn. Gi A l ma trn c c bng cch
xp u1, u2, ..., uk thnh cc dng. Khi :
u1, u2, ... , uk c lp tuyn tnh A c hng l r(A) = k.
3.4. Ch . Trong thc hnh, ta kim tra tnh c lp tuyn tnh ca cc vct u1, u2, ... ,
uk trong Fn nh sau:
Bc 1: Lp ma trn A bng cch xp u1, u2, ..., uk thnh cc dng.
Bc 2: Dng cc php BSCTD a A v dng bc thang R. Khi :
Nu R khng c dng 0 th u1, u2, ... , uk c lp tuyn tnh.
Nu R c t nht mt dng 0 th u1, u2, ... , uk ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Trng hp k = n, ta c A l ma trn vung. Khi c th thay Bc 2 bng Bc 2
nh sau:
Bc 2: Tnh nh thc detA:
Nu detA 0 th u1, u2, ... , uk c lp tuyn tnh.
Nu detA = 0 th u1, u2, ... , uk ph thuc tuyn tnh.
V d 1. Trong khng gian R5 cho cc vct:
u1 = (1, 2, 3, 5, 1);
u2 = (1, 3, 13, 22, 1);
u3 = (3, 5, 1, 2, 5);
u4 = (2, 3, 4, 7, 4);
Hy xt xem u1, u2, u3, u4 c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn tnh.
p s: Ph thuc tuyn tnh.
V d 2. Trong khng gian R3 cho cc vct:
u1 = (2m + 1, m, m + 1)
u2 = (m 2, m 1, m 2)
u3 = (2m 1, m 1, 2m 1)
Tm iu kin u1, u2, u3 c lp tuyn tnh trn R.
p s: m 0; m 1.
4. KHNG GIAN CON TP SINH C S V S CHIU

4.1. nh ngha (khng gian vct con). Cho W l mt tp con khc ca V. Ta ni W l


mt khng gian vct con ca V, k hiu W V, nu W vi php cng vct v php nhn v
hng vi vct cm sinh t V, cng l mt khng gian vct trn trng F.
4.2. nh l. Cho W l mt tp con khc ca V. Khi cc khng nh sau l tng
ng:
i) W V.
ii) Vi u, v W v F, u + v W v u W.
iii) Vi u, v W v F, u + v W.
V d.1) W = {0} v V l cc vct con ca V. Ta gi y l cc khng gian con tm
thng ca V.
2) Trong khng gian R3, ng thng (D) i qua gc ta O l mt khng gian con ca

R.
3) Trong khng gian R3, mt phng (P) i qua gc ta O l mt khng gian vct con
ca R3.
4) Cho a1, ..., an F v b F\{0} t:
W1 = {(x1, ..., xn) Fn | a1x1 + ... + anxn = 0};
W2 = {(x1, ..., xn) Fn | a1x1 + ... + anxn = b}
Ta c W1 Fn nhng W2

4.3. nh l. Giao ca mt h tu cc khng gian con ca V cng l mt khng gian con


ca V.
Ch . Hp ca hai khng gian con ca V khng nht thit l mt khng gian con ca V.
By gi cho S V. Gi {Wi}i I l h tt c nhng khng gian con ca V c cha S (h
ny khc rng v c cha V). t:
W = Wi
i I

Khi :
W l khng gian con nh nht ca V c cha S.
Ta gi

W l khng gian con sinh bi S, k hiu

W = < S >.

S l tp sinh ca W.
Nu S hu hn S = {u1, u2,..., un} th ta ni W = < S > l khng gian con hu hn sinh
bi u1, u2,..., un v k hiu W = < u1, u2,..., un >.
4.4. nh l. Cho S V. Khi khng gian con ca V sinh bi S l tp hp tt c
nhng t hp tuyn tnh ca mt s hu hn nhng ty cc vct trong S, ngha l:
< S > = {u = 1u1 + ... + nun | n N, ui S, i F, 1 i n}
6

Ch . 1) Nu S = th <S> = {0}.
2) Nu S = {u1, u2,..., un} th < S > = {1u1 + 2u2 + ... + nun i F, 1 i n}.
3) Nu S V th < S > = S.
4) Cho S V v W V. Khi :
S W < S > W.
5. Nu S1 S2 V th < S1 > < S2 >.
4.5. nh ngha. Mt tp hp con B ca khng gian vct V c gi l mt c s ca V
nu B l mt tp sinh c lp tuyn tnh.
4.6. B . Gi s V sinh bi m vct u1, u2, ... , um : V = < u1, u2, ... , um >. Khi mi tp
hp con c lp tuyn tnh ca V c khng qu m phn t.
4.7. H qu v nh ngha. Nu V c mt c s B hu hn gm m phn t: B = {u1, u2,
... , um} th mi c s khc ca V cng hu hn v c ng m phn t. Khi ta ni V l mt
khng gian vct hu hn chiu trn F v m c gi la s chiu (dimension) ca V trn F, k
hiu dimFV = m hay dimV = m. Trong trng hp ngc li, ta ni V l mt khng gian vct
v hn chiu trn F, k hiu dimFV = hay dimV = .
V d. 1) Khng gian Fn l mt khng gian vct hu hn chiu trn F vi dimFn = n do Fn
c mt c s l B0 = {e1, e2, ..., en} trong :
e1 = (1, 0, 0,..., 0)
e2 = (0, 1, 0,..., 0)
............................
e = (0, 0,..., 0, 1)
Ta gi B0 l c s chnh tc ca Fn trn F.
2) Khng gian Mmxn(F) l mt khng gian vct hu hn chiu trn F vi dim Mmn(F) =
mn vi c s B0 = {Eij | , 1 i m, 1 j n}, trong Eij l ma trn loi mn ch c mt h s
khc 0 l 1 ti dng i ct j. Ta gi B0 = {Eij | , 1 j m, 1 i n} l c s chnh tc ca
Mmxn(F) trn F.
3) Khng gian Fn[x] gm cc a thc theo x bc n vi h s trong F, l mt khng gian
vct hu hn chiu trn F vi dimFn[x] = n + 1 vi mt c s l B0 = {1, x, ... xn}. Ta gi B0 =
{1, x, ... xn} l c s chnh tc ca Fn[x].
4) Khng gian F[x] gm tt cc a thc theo x bc vi h s trong F, l mt khng gian
vct v hn chiu vi mt c s v hn B0 = {1, x, x2,...}.
4.8. H qu. Cho V l khng gian vct hu hn chiu trn F vi dim V = n. Khi :
i) Mi tp con ca V c nhiu hn n phn t u ph thuc tuyn tnh.
ii) Mi tp con ca V c t hn n phn t khng th l tp sinh ca V.

4.9. B . Cho S l mt tp con c lp tuyn tnh ca V v u V l mt vct sao cho


u < S >. Khi tp hp S1 = S {u} c lp tuyn tnh.
4.10. nh l. Cho V l khng gian vct hu hn chiu vi dim V = n. Khi :
i) Mi tp hp con c lp tuyn tnh gm n phn t ca V u l c s ca V.
ii) Mi tp hp sinh ca V gm n phn t u l c s ca V.
Nhn xt. V dim Fn = n nn mi c s ca Fn phi gm ng n vct. Hn na, do nh
l 4.10: Vi B = {u1, u2, ... , un} l mt tp con gm ng n vct ca Fn, ta c:
B = {u1, u2, ... , un} l mt c s ca Fn

u1, u2, ... , un c lp tuyn tnh

detA 0, trong A l ma trn c c bng cch xp u1, u2, ... , un thnh cc dng.
V d. 1) Trong khng gian R4, cc vct
u1 = (1, 1, 1, 1)
u2 = (2, 3, 1, 0)
u3 = (1, 1, 1, 1)
u4 = (1, 2, 1, 1)

to thnh c s ca R4.
2) Trong khng gian R3, cc vct
u1 = (2m + 1, m, m + 1)
u2 = (m 2, m 1, m 2)
u3 = (2m 1, m 1, 2m 1)
to thnh mt c s ca R3 khi v ch khi m 0, 1 .
4.11. nh l (v c s khng ton vn). Cho V l mt khng gian vct hu hn chiu v
S l mt tp con c lp tuyn tnh ca V. Khi , nu S khng phi mt c s ca V th ta c
th thm vo S mt s vct c mt c s ca V.
4.12. nh l. Cho V l mt khng gian vct hu hn chiu sinh bi S. Khi tn ti
mt c s B ca V sao cho B S. Ni cch khc, nu S khng phi l mt c s ca V th ta c
th loi b ra khi S mt s vct c mt c s ca V.
4.13. H qu. Mi khng gian con W ca mt khng gian vct V hu hn chiu u hu
hn chiu, hn na nu W V v W V th dim W < dim V.

5. KHNG GIAN DNG


5.1. nh ngha. Cho ma trn A = (aij) loi mn vi h s trong F:
a11

a
A = 21
.....

a m1

a12
a 22

... a1n

... a 2n
...... ... ......

a m2 ... a mn

t:
u1 = (a11, a12, ... , a1n)
u2 = (a21, a22, ... , a2n)
..................................
um = (am1, am2, ..., amn)
v WA = <u1, u2, ..., um>. Ta gi u1, u2, ..., um l cc vct dng ca A, v WA l khng gian
dng ca A.
Ghi ch. dimWA cn c gi l hng ca h vct u1, u2, ..., um.
5.2. nh l. Nu A v B l hai ma trn tng ng dng th WA = WB, ngha l A v B
c cng khng gian dng.
5.3. Nhn xt. V cc vct dng khc 0 ca mt ma trn dng bc thang lun lun c
lp tuyn tnh nn chng to thnh mt c s ca khng gian dng. T y ta suy ra cch tm
s chiu v mt c s ca khng gian dng ca ma trn A nh sau:
Dng cc php BSCTD a A v dng bc thang R.
S chiu ca khng gian dng WA bng s dng khc 0 ca R (do bng r(A)) v
cc vct dng khc 0 ca R to thnh mt c s ca WA.
V d. Tm s chiu v mt c s ca khng gian dng ca ma trn:

1 2 1 1

2 5 1 4

A=
5 11 2 8

9 20 3 14
Gii tm tt. Dng cc php BSCTD ta c

1 2 1 1 1


2 5 1 4 0

A=

5 11 2 8 0


9 20 3 14 0

2 1 1

1 3 2
= R.
0 0 1

0 0 0

R c dng bc thang vi 3 dng khc 0. Do dim WA = 3 v mt c s ca WA l:


{(1, 2, 1, 1); (0, 1, 3, 2); (0, 0, 0, 1)}
9

5.4. Cch tm s chiu v c s ca mt khng gian con ca Fn khi bit mt tp sinh:


Gi s W = <u1, u2, ..., um> Fn (u1, u2, ..., um khng nht thit c lp tuyn tnh).
tm s chiu v mt c s ca W ta tin hnh nh sau:
Lp ma trn A bng cch xp u1, u2, ..., um thnh cc dng.
Dng cc php BSCTD a A v dng bc thang R.
S chiu ca W bng s dng khc 0 ca R (do bng r(A)) v cc vct dng
khc 0 ca R to thnh mt c s ca W.
V d. 1) Tm mt c s cho khng gian con ca R4 sinh bi cc vct u1, u2, u3, u4 trong
:
u1 = (1, 2, 1, 1)
u2 = (3, 6, 5, 7)
u3 = (4, 8, 6, 8)
u4 = (8, 16, 12, 20)
Gii tm tt. Khng gian W sinh bi u1, u2, u3, u4 l khng gian dng ca ma trn:

1 2 1 1 1


3 6 5 7 0

A=

4 8 6 8 0


8 16 12 20 0

2 1 1

0 1 2
=R
0 0 1

0 0 0

Do W c dimW = 3 vi c s l :
B = {(1, 2, 1, 1); (0, 0, 1, 2); (0, 0, 0, 1)}
Nhn xt. C th kim chng u1, u2, u3 c lp tuyn tnh. Do {u1, u2, u3} cng l
mt c s ca W (do dimW = 3).
2) Tm mt c s cho khng gian con ca R4 sinh bi cc vct u1, u2, u3 trong :
u1 = (1, 2, 1, 3)
u2 = (2, 4, 3, 0)
u3 = (3, 6, 4, 4)
Khng gian W sinh bi u1, u2, u3 l khng gian dng ca ma trn:
1 2 1

A = 2 4 3
3 6 4

3 1 2 1

0 0 0 1
4 0 0 0

W c dimW = 3 v mt c s B = {v1, v2, v3}, trong :


v1 = (1, 2, 1, 3)
v2 = (0, 0, 1, 6)
10

6 = R
1

v3 = (0, 0, 0, 1)
Nhn xt. Trong V d 2, ma trn dng bc thang R khng c dng 0 nn u1, u2, u3 c
lp tuyn tnh, v do {u1, u2, u3} cng l mt c s ca W.
6. KHNG GIAN NGHIM
6.1. V d minh ha. Cho W l tp tt c cc nghim (x1,x2,x3,x4) ca h phng trnh
tuyn tnh thun nht:
x1 + 2x 2 3x 3 + 5x 4 = 0

x1 + 3x 2 13x 3 + 22x 4 = 0
(1)

3x
5x
x
2x
0
+
+

=
1
2
3
4

2x1 + 3x 2 + 4x 3 7x 4 = 0

Ta gii h (1) bng phng php Gauss:


1

1
A=
3

2 3 5

3 13 22

5 1
2

3 4 7

0
0

2 3 5

1 10 17
0 0
0

0 0
0

Vy h cho tng ng vi h sau:


x1 + 2x 2 3x 3 + 5x 4 = 0

x 2 10x3 + 17x4 = 0

Chn x3 = , x4 = , ta tnh c:
x1 = 17 + 29

x 2 = 10 17

Vy h (1) c v s nghim vi hai n t do:


(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (17 + 29,10 17, , )

vi , R ty . Do :
W = {(17 + 29,10 17, , )| , R}
= {(17,10, , 0) + (29, 17, 0, )| , R}
= {(17,10,1, 0) + (29, 17, 0,1)| , R}
=< (17,10,1, 0); (29, 17, 0,1) >

t u1 = (17,10,1,0); u2 = (29, 17,0,1). Ta c W = <u1, u2>, hn na u1, u2 c lp tuyn tnh


v:
u1 + u 2 = 0 (17,10,1, 0) + (29, 17, 0,1) = (0, 0, 0, 0)
(17 + 29,10 17, , ) = (0, 0, 0, 0)
==0

Suy ra {u1, u2} l mt c s ca W v dimW = 2.

11

Ta gi W l khng gian nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht (1) theo nh
ngha tng qut sau:
6.2. nh ngha. Cho ma trn A = (aij) loi mn vi h s trong F:
a11

a
A = 21
.....

a m1

a12

...

a1n

a 22 ... a 2n
...... ... ......

a m2 ... a mn

v SA l tp tt c cc nghim (x1,x2,...,xn) ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht: AX = 0,


ngha l tp tt c cc nghim ca h:

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n x n = 0


a x + a x + ... + a x = 0
21 1
22 2
2n n

...............................................
a m1 x1 + a m2 x2 + ... + a mn xn = 0
Khi SA l mt khng gian con ca Fn. Ta gi SA l khng gian nghim ca h phng trnh
tuyn tnh thun nht AX = 0.
6.3. Cch tm s chiu v mt c s ca khng gian nghim:
Xt li V d minh ha 5.1 ta thy SA c mt c s l {u1, u2} vi u1= (-17,10,1,0); u2 =
(29, 17,0,1). D thy:
u1 c suy t nghim tng qut bng cch chn = 1, = 0.
u2 c suy t nghim tng qut bng cch chn = 0, = 1.
Ta gi {u1, u2} l mt h nghim c bn ca (1).
Trng hp tng qut, tm s chiu v mt c s ca khng gian nghim SA ca h
phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht AX = 0, ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
Gii h AX = 0 tm nghim tng qut.
Tm mt h nghim c bn ca h AX = 0 nh sau: Gi s nghim tng qut ca h
AX = 0 c s n t do x k , x k ,..., x k .
1

- Chn x k = 1; x k = 0;...; x k = 0 ta c nghim u k .


1

- Chn x k = 0; x k = 1;...; x k = 0 ta c nghim u k .


1

.......................................................... ..............
- Chn x k = 0; x k = 1;...; x k = 1 ta c nghim u k .
1

Khi { u k , u k ,..., u k } l mt h nghim c bn.


1

Khng gian nghim SA c dimSA = s v mt c s l h nghim c bn


{ u k , u k ,..., u k } tm.
1

12

7. KHNG GIAN TNG


7.1. nh l. Cho W1,W2,..., Wn l cc khng gian con ca V. t:
W = { u1 + u2 + ... + unui Wi, 1 i n}
n

Khi W l khng gian con ca V sinh bi U Wi . Ta gi W l khng gian tng ca W1,W2,...,


i =1

Wn, k hiu:
W = W1 + W2 + ... + Wn.
Nhn xt.
1) u W1 + W2 + ... + Wn ui Wi (1 i n), u = u1 + ... + un.
2) W1 + W2 + ... + Wn U Wi U , 1 i n.
7.2. H qu. Cho W1, W2,..., Wn l cc khng gian con ca V vi Wi = < Si >. Khi
n

W1 + W2 + ... + Wn = < U S i >.


i =1

V d. Trong R4 cho cc vct:


u1 = (1, 2, 1, 1)

v1 = (1, 2, 2, 3)

u2 = (3, 6, 5, 7)

v2 = (2, 5, 2, 2)

u3 = (4, 8, 6, 8)

v3 = (3, 7, 4, 5)

u4 = (8, 16, 12, 16)

v4 = (6, 14, 8, 10)

t W1 = <u1, u2, u3, u4> v W2 = <v1, v2, v3, v4>. Tm mt c s v xc nh s chiu ca mi


khng gian W1 + W2 v W1 W2.
Gii. W1 l khng gian dng ca ma trn
1 2 1 1 1 2


3 6 5 7 0 0

A1 =
4 8 6 8 0 0


8 16 12 16 0 0

1 1

2 4
0 0

0 0

Vy W1 = < (1, 2, 1, 1); (0, 0, 2, 4) > .


Tng t W2 l khng gian dng ca ma trn:
1 2 2 3 1


2 5 5 6 0

A2 =
3 7 7 9 0


6 14 14 18 0

2 2 3

1 1 0
0 0 0

0 0 0

Vy W2 = < (1, 2, 2, 3); (0, 1, 1, 0) >.


Theo H qu 7.2, khng gian W1 + W2 sinh bi cc vct:
(1, 2, 1, 1); (0, 0, 2, 4) ; (1, 2, 2, 3); (0, 1, 1, 0).
Ta tm mt c s ca W1 + W2 :
13

0
A=
1

2 1 1 1

0 2 4 0

2 2 3 0

1 1 0 0

2 1 1

1 1 0
0 1 2

0 0 0

Suy ra W1 + W2 c s chiu l 3 v mt c s l {(1, 2, 1, 1); (0, 1, 1, 0) ; (0, 0, 1, 2)}.


Ta c: u W1 W2 khi v ch khi tn ti i R, 1 i 4 sao cho:
u = 1 (1, 2,1,1) + 2 (0, 0, 2, 4)

u = 3 (1, 2, 2, 3) + 4 (0,1,1, 0)
u = 1 (1, 2,1,1) + 2 (0, 0, 2, 4)

1 = 3 ; 21 = 2 3 + 4 ; 1 + 2 2 = 2 3 + 4 ; 1 + 4 2 = 3 3
u = 1 (1, 2,1,1) + 2 (0, 0, 2, 4)

1 = 2 2 = 3 ; 4 = 0
u = (1, 2, 2, 3) vi

Suy ra: W1 W2 c s chiu l 1 v mt c s l {(1, 2, 2, 3)}.


7.3. nh l. Cho W1, W2 l hai khng gian vct con hu hn chiu ca V. Khi W1 +
W2 l khng gian con hu hn chiu ca V v
dim(W1 + W2) = dim W1 + dim W2 dim(W1 W2).
7.4. nh ngha. Cho W1, W2,..., Wn l cc khng gian con ca V. Ta ni W l khng gian
tng trc tip ca W1, W2,..., Wn , k hiu
W = W1 W2 ... Wn

nu W = W1 + W2 + ... + Wn v Wi ( Wj ) = vi mi 1 i n.
j i

7.5. H qu. Cho W1, W2,..., Wn l cc khng gian con ca hu hn chiu ca V v


W = W1 + W2 + ... + Wn.
Khi W l tng trc tip ca W1, W2,..., Wn khi v ch dimW = dimW1 + dimW2 +...+ dimWn.
8. TA V MA TRN CHUYN C S
8.1. nh l. Cho B = (u1, u2,..., un) l mt c s ca khng gian vct V trn F, trong
th t gia cc phn t l u1, u2, ..., un. Khi , vi mi u V, phng trnh:
1u1 + 2u2 + ... + nun = u

(1)

lun lun c duy nht mt nghim. Gi (10 , 02 ,..., 0n ) l nghim ca (1). Ta t:

14

[u]B

10
0

= 2 : Ta ca vct u trong c s B.
....
0
n

Nh vy,

[u]B

10
0

= 2 u = 10u1 + 20u 2 + ... + n0 u n
....
0
n

8.2. H qu. Gi s B = (u1, u2, ..., uk) l mt c s ca W Fn trong :


u1 = (u11, u21 ..., un1)
u2 = (u12, u22 ..., un2)
................................
uk = (u1k, u2k ..., unk)
Khi vi mi u = (b1, b2 ..., bn) W, ta c:
[u]B

b1

b
= X UX = 2
....

bn

trong :
u11 u12 ...

u
u 22 ...
U = 21
..... ...... ...

u n1 u n2 ...

u1k

u 2k
......

u nk

l ma trn c c bng cch dng u1, u2, ..., uk thnh cc ct.


8.3. Nhn xt. i vi c s chnh tc B0 = (e1, e2, ..., en) ca khng gian Fn, ta c:
u = (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) R n ,[u]B0

b1

b
= 2.
....

bn

Ni cch khc, ta ca vct u theo c s chnh tc B0 ca Fn chnh l ma trn ct tng ng


ca u.
15

V d. 1) Trong khng gian R3, mi vct u = (a, b, c) c ta theo c s chnh tc B0


l:
[u]B0

a

= b .
c

2) Trong khng gian R3, cho cc vct:


u1 = (1, 2, 1)
u2 = (1, 3, 1)
u3 = (2, 5, 3)
a) Chng minh B = (u1, u2, u3) l mt c s ca R3.
b) Tm ta ca vct u = (a,b,c) R3 theo c s B.
p s: [u]B

4a b c

= a + b c .
a + c

8.4. nh l. Cho V l mt khng gian vct c dimV = n v hai c s ca V nh sau:


B1 = (u1, u2, ..., un);
B2 = (v1, v2, ..., vn).

t:

p1 j

p2 j

[v j ]B1 =
, 1 j n,
...

pnj

v P l ma trn vung cp n c cc ct ln lt l [v1 ]B ,[v2 ]B ,...,[vn ]B , ngha l:


1

p11

p
P = 21
...

pn1

p12

p22
...

pn2

... p1n

... p2n
.
... ...

... pnn

Khi P kh nghch v l ma trn duy nht tha:

u V, [u]B1 = P[u]B2
Ta gi P l ma trn chuyn c s t B1 sang B2, k hiu PB

B2

. Nh vy,

u V, [u]B1 = PB1 B2 [u]B2


8.5. Mnh . Cho V l mt khng gian vct hu hn chiu v B1, B2 , B3 l ba c s
ca V. Khi :
16

1) PB2 B1 = (PB1 B2 )1
2) PB1 B3 = PB1 B2 PB2 B3
8.6. H qu. Cho B1= (u1, u2, ..., un); B2 = (v1, v2, ..., vn) l hai c s ca khng gian Fn.
Gi B0 = (e1, e2, ..., en) l c s chnh tc ca Fn. Khi :

1) PB 0 B1 l ma trn c c bng cch dng cc vct u1, u2, ..., un thnh cc ct.
2)PB1 B0 = (PB0 B1 )1 .
3) Nu qua mt s php BSCTD ma trn PB
chnh qua nhng php bin i ma trn PB

B2

B1

bin thnh ma trn n v In th cng

s bin thnh ma trn PB

B2

, ngha l:

BSCTD
(PB0 B1 PB0 B2 )
(In PB1 B2 )

V d. 1) Trong khng gian R3, cho cc vct:


u1 = (1, 2, 1)
u2 = (1, 3, 1)
u3 = (2, 5, 3)
a) Chng minh B = (u1, u2, u3) l mt c s ca R3.
b) Tm ma trn chuyn c s t B sang c s chnh tc B0 ca R3.
c) Tm ta ca vct u = (1,2, 3) theo c s B.
p s: b) PB B

4 1 1

= 1 1 1 .
1 0 1

c) Vi u = (1,2,3), [u]B

5

= 4 .

4

2) Trong khng gian R3 cho cc vct ph thuc tham s mR:


u1 = (1, 1 + m, 2);
u2 = (1, 1, m);
u3 = (1 m, 2, 3).
a) Tm iu kin B(m) = (u1, u2, u3) l mt c s ca R3.
b) t B1 = B(1) v B2 = B(1). Chng t B1 v B2 l hai c s ca R3. Tm cc ma
trn chuyn c s t B1 sang B 2 v t B2 sang B0 trong B0 = (e1, e2, e3) l c s chnh tc
ca R3. Hy tm [u]B ; [u]B vi u = (1, 0, 1).
1

17

p s: a) m 0 v m 2.
b) PB

B0

5 1 4
3 4 2
1
1

= 4 1 2 ; PB1 B2 = 6 7 4 .
3
3

2 1 1
6 6 3

Vi u = (1, 0, 1), [u]B

1
1
1
1
= 2 ; [u]B 1 = 4
3
3
1
3

3) Cho W l khng gian con ca R4 sinh bi cc vct:


u1 = (1, 2, 2, 1); u2 = (0, 2, 0, 1); u3 = (2, 0, 4, 3)
a) Chng minh B = (u1, u2, u3) l mt c s ca W. Tm iu kin vct u = (x1, x2, x3,
x4) thuc W. Khi , tm [u]B.
b) Cho v1 = (1, 0, 2, 0);
v2 = (0, 2, 0, 1);
v3 = (0, 0, 0, 3)
Chng minh B ' = (v1, v2, v3) cng l mt c s ca W. Tm ma trn chuyn c s t B
sang B '.

p s: a) 2x1 = x3 . Khi : [u]B

b) PB B

3x1 x2 + 2x4

5x 6x1 4x4
= 2

2x
4 x2

1 0 2

= 1 1 2
0 0 1

18

B- NH X TUYN TNH
1. KHI NIM V NH X TUYN TNH
1.1. nh ngha. Cho V v W l hai khng gian vct trn F. nh x f: V W c gi
l mt nh x tuyn tnh nu f tha hai tnh cht sau:
1) u, v V, f(u + v) = f(u) + f(v);
2) u V, F, f(u) = f(u).
Hn na, nu f tho thm tnh cht l n nh (ton nh, song nh) th f c gi l mt n
cu (ton cu, ng cu) khng gian vct. Khi tn ti mt ng cu gia V v W ta ni V
ng cu vi W, k hiu V W .
Trng hp W = V th nh x tuyn tnh f: V V c gi l mt ton t tuyn tnh hay
mt php bin i tuyn tnh trn V.
K hiu:

L(V,W): Tp tt c cc nh x tuyn tnh t V vo W.

L(V): Tp tt c cc ton t tuyn tnh trn V.

Nhn xt. Hai tnh cht 1) v 2) trn tng ng vi tnh cht sau:
u, v V, F, f(u + v) = f(u) + f(v).
1.2. V d. Xt nh x f: R2 R3 xc nh bi:
f(x, y) = (x + 2y, 2x y, x y)
Vi u = (x1, y1); v = (x2, y2) R2 v R, ta c:
f(u + v) = f(u) + f(v) v f(u) = f(u).

nn f l mt nh x tuyn tnh.
1.3. Mnh . Vi nh x tuyn tnh f: V W, ta c:
(i) f(0V) = 0W;
(ii) u V, f(u) = f(u);
(iii) u1, u2, , un V; 1, 2, , n F,
f(1u1 + 2u2 + +nun) = 1f(u1) + 2f(u2) + + nf(un).
1.4. nh l. Cho V, W l hai khng gian vct trn F. Gi s dim V = n v A = {u1, u2,
, un} l mt c s ca V trn F. Khi , vi w1, w2, , wn l n vct bt k ca W (wi c th
trng nhau), tn ti duy nht mt nh x tuyn tnh f: V W tha f(ui) = wi, 1 i n. nh x
tuyn tnh f c xc nh nh sau:

u V, f(u) = 1w1 + 2w2 + + nwn


19

trong :

1

2 = [u]A
...

n

1.5. V d. Trong khng gian R3 cho cc vct:


u1 = (1, 1, 1);
u2 = (1, 0, 1);
u3 = (2, 1, 3).
a) Chng t B = {u1, u2, u3} l mt c s ca R3.
b) Tm nh x tuyn tnh f: R3 R3 tha:
f(u1) = (2, 1, 2); f(u2) = (1, 2, 2); f(u3) = (3, 5, 7)
p s: f(x, y, z) = (x y, y + 2z, x 3z).
1.6. Mnh . Cho V, W l cc khng gian vct v f, g L(V,W). Ta nh ngha tng
f + g ca hai nh x tuyn tnh v tch f ( F) ca mt v s vi mt nh x tuyn tnh nh
sau:

v V, (f + g)(v) = f(v) + g(v)


v V, (f)(v) = f(v)
Khi f + g v f u thuc L(V,W) v vi cc php ton trn, L(V,W) l mt khng gian vct
trn F.
1.7. Mnh . Cho V, W, T l cc khng gian vct trn F v f L(V,W); g L(W,T).
Khi :
1) Nu f l song nh th f-1 l mt nh x tuyn tnh t W vo V.
2) gof l mt nh x tuyn tnh t V vo T.
2. NHN V NH CA NH X TUYN TNH
2.1. nh l. Cho V, W l hai khng gian vct v f: V W l mt nh x tuyn tnh.
Khi :
1) Nu U V th f(U) f(V). Hn na, nu U = < S > th f(U) = < f(S)>.
2) Nu T W th f 1(T) V.
2.2. nh ngha. Cho V, W l hai khng gian vct v f: V W l mt nh x tuyn
tnh.
1) Khng gian con f1(0) ca V, gm tt c cc phn t ca V c nh l 0 W c gi
l nhn (kernel) ca f, k hiu l Ker(f):
Ker(f) = {v V | f(v) = 0}.
2) Khng gian con f(V) ca W, gm tt c cc phn t ca W l nh ca t nht mt phn
t ca V c gi l nh (image) ca f, k hiu l Im(f):
20

Im(f) = {w W | v V, f(v) = w}
2.3. V d. Xt li V d 1.2 trong 1: f: R2 R3 nh bi
f(x, y) = (x + 2y, 2x y, x y).
Ta c: Ker(f) = {0} v Im(f) = {(t1, t2, t3) R3 | t1 3t2 + 5t3 = 0}.
2.4. nh l. Vi nh x tuyn tnh f: V W, cc mnh sau tng ng:
1) f l n cu.
2) Ker(f) = {0}.
3) Nu S l mt tp con c lp tuyn tnh bt k ca V th {f(u)| u S} l tp con c
lp tuyn tnh ca W.
4) Tn ti mt c s B ca V sao cho {f(u)| u B} l tp con c lp tuyn tnh ca W.
2.5. nh l. Vi nh x tuyn tnh f: V W, cc mnh sau tng ng:
1) f l ton cu.
2) Nu S l mt tp sinh bt k ca V th f(S) l tp sinh ca W.
3) Tn ti mt tp sinh S ca V sao cho f(S) l tp sinh ca W.
2.6. nh l. Vi nh x tuyn tnh f: V W, cc mnh sau tng ng:
1) f l ng cu.
2) Nu B l mt c s bt k ca V th {f(u)| u B} l mt c s ca W.
3) Tn ti mt c s B ca V sao cho {f(u)| u B} l mt c s ca W.
Nhn xt. Do nh l 2.6, nu V W th dim V = dimW.
2.7. nh l. Nu V l mt khng gian vct hu hn chiu trn F th V Fn , trong
n = dimV.
2.8. nh l. Cho f: V W l mt nh x tuyn tnh t khng gian vct hu hn chiu V
vo khng gian vct W. Khi :
dim Im(f) + dim Ker(f) = dim V

(1)

Ta gi
dim Im(f) l hng (rank) ca f, k hiu rank(f) hay r(f).
dim Ker(f) l s khuyt (defect) ca f, k hiu def(f) hay d(f).
3. NH X TUYN TNH TRN CC KHNG GIAN VCT HU HN CHIU
3.1. nh l v nh ngha. Cho V, W l hai khng gian vct hu hn chiu, trong :
1) V c dimV = n vi c s A = (v1, v2, ..., vn);
2) W c dimW = m vi c s B = (w1,w2,..., wm)
v f L(V,W). Vi mi 1 i n, t:
21

a1 j

a2 j
[f(vj)]B =
....

a mj

ngha l:

f(vj) = a1jw1 + a2jw2 + ... + amjwm .

Gi A l ma trn loi mn c cc ct ln lt l [f(v1)]B, [f(v2)]B, ..., [f(vn)]B, ngha l:


A = ( [f(v1)]B [f(v2)]B ...[f(vn)]B )= (aij)mn
Khi A l ma trn duy nht tha tnh cht:

v V, [f(v)]B = A[v]A

(1)

Ta gi A l ma trn biu din ca f theo c s A, B, k hiu A = [f]A,B . Nh vy,

v V, [f(v)]B = [f]A,B [v]A


Trng hp V = W v A = B, ta dng k hiu [f]A thay cho [f]A,A v gi l ma trn biu
din ca f theo c s A. Nh vy,

v V, [f(v)] A = [f]A [v]A


V d. Xt nh x f: R2 R3 xc nh bi:
f(x, y) = (x + 2y, 2x y, x y)
A = (v1, v2) l c s ca R2; trong v1 = (1, 2); v2 = (1, 3)
B = (e1, e2, e3) l c s chnh tc ca R3
Ta c: [f]A,B

5 7

= 0 1 .
1 2

3.2. Nhn xt. Vi A, B l hai c s ca khng gian n chiu V, ta c:


[Idv]A = In (ma trn n v).
[Idv]A,B = PBA (ma trn chuyn c s t B sang A).
3.3. Ma trn chnh tc ca nh x tuyn tnh t Fn vo Fm
Xt nh x f: Fn Fm nh bi:
f(x1, ..., xn) = (a11x1 +...+ a1nxn,..., am1x1 +...+ amnxn) (1)
trong aij F (1 i m; 1 j n). D thy rng f l mt nh x tuyn tnh, hn na, gi
A0 = (e1, e2, ..., en) v B0 = (e'1, e'2, ..., e'm) ln lt l cc c s chnh tc ca Fn v Fm, ta c:
f(e1) = (a11, a21, ..., am1);
f(e2) = (a12, a22, ..., am2);
.......................................
22

f(en) = (a1n, a2n, ..., amn)


ngha l:
[f(e1 )]B 0

a11
a12
a1n

a
a
a
= 21 ;[f(e2 )]B 0 = 22 ;...;[f(en )]B 0 = 1n
....
....
....

a m1
a m2
a mn

Do ma trn biu din ca nh x tuyn tnh f theo cp c s chnh tc A0, B0 l:


[f ]A

,B 0
0

a11

a
= 21
...

a
m1

a12

a 22

...
a m2

...

a1n

... a 2n
= A.
... ...

... a mn

o li, vi f: Fn Fm l mt nh x tuyn tnh bt k, gi A = [f ]A

B0

l ma trn biu

din ca f theo cp c s chnh tc A0, B0 ca Fn v Fm. Khi , d thy rng f c biu thc
nh bi (1).
Tm li, ta chng minh c rng vi nh x tuyn tnh f: Fn Fm, hai khng nh
sau tng ng.
1) (x1, x2, ..., xn) Fn, f(x1, ..., xn) = (a11x1 +...+ a1nxn,..., am1x1 +...+ amnxn).
2) Vi A0, B0 ln lt l cc c s chnh tc ca Fn v Fm, ta c: [f ]A

B0

= (aij)mn.

Ta gi ma trn A = (aij)mn l ma trn chnh tc ca nh x tuyn tnh f.


3.4. V d. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: R3 R3nh bi:
f(x, y, z) = (3x 2y + 4z, 7x y + z, x 3y z)
Vi B0 = (e1, e2, e3) l c s chnh tc ca R3, ta c: ma trn chnh tc ca nh x tuyn tnh f
l:
3 2 4

A = 7 1 1
1 3 1

3.5. Cch tm Ker(f) v Im(f) ca nh x tuyn tnh f: Fn Fm


Gi s nh x tuyn tnh f: Fn Fm c ma trn chnh tc l A = (aij)mn.
1) Ker(f): Ta c:
(x1, x2, ..., xn) Ker(f) f(x1, x2, ..., xn) = 0 [f(x1, x2, ..., xn)] B0 = 0

23

x1

x
A [(x1, x2, ..., xn)] B0 = 0 AX = 0 vi X = 2
...

xn

Ni cch khc, Ker(f) chnh l khng gian nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
AX = 0.
2) Im(f): Gi A0 = (e1, e2, ..., en) l c s chnh tc ca Fn, ta c:
f(e1) = (a11, a21, ..., am1);
f(e2) = (a12, a22, ..., am2);
.......................................
f(en) = (a1n, a2n, ..., amn)
M Im(f) = < f(e1), f(e2),..., f(en) > nn Im(f) chnh l khng gian ct ca ma trn A, ngha l
khng gian sinh bi cc vct ct ca ma trn A. Ni cch khc, Im(f) l khng gian dng ca
ma trn chuyn v AT,
3.6. V d. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: R4 R3 nh bi:
f(x, y, z, t) = (x 2y + z t, x + 2y + z + t, 2x + 2z)
Hy tm c s, s chiu ca Ker(f) v Im(f).
p s:
Ker(f) c mt c s l {(1, 0, 1, 0); (0, -1, 0, 2)}v dimKer(f) = 2.
Im(f) c mt c s l {(1, 1, 2); (0, 1, 1)} v dim Im(f) = 2.
3.7. nh l. Cho V, W, T l cc khng gian vct hu hn chiu trn F vi cc c s
tng ng ln lt l A, B, C. Khi , vi f, g: V W; h: W T l cc nh x tuyn tnh v
F ta c:
1) [f + g]A, B = [f]A, B + [g]A, B ;
2) [f]A, B = [f]A, B ;
3) [hof]A, C = [h]B, C [f]A, B .
3.8. H qu. Cho V, W l cc khng gian vct hu hn chiu trn F: dimV = n, dimW =
m, vi cc c s ln lt l A, B. Khi
L(V, W) Mmn (F)

qua ng cu nh bi (f ) = [f ]A , B .
3.9. nh l. Cho V, W l hai khng gian vct hu hn chiu v f L(V,W). Khi vi
A, A' l hai c s ca V v B, B ' l hai c s ca W, ta c:
1) [f]A,B = (PBB ) 1[f]A, B PAA
2) c bit, nu V = W v A = B, A' = B' th:
[f]B = (PB B)1 [f]B PB

24

Chng minh. 2) l trng hp c bit ca 1).


Ta chng minh 1): [f]A ,B = (PBB ) 1[f]A,B PAA .
Tht vy, xt dy cc nh x:
Id v
f
Id w
V
V

A'

Ta c:

B'

f = IdW o f o IdV

nn theo nh l 3.7:
[f]A ,B = [IdW o f o IdV]A, B = [IdW]B, B [f o IdV]A , B = [IdW] B, B [f]A, B [IdV]A , A
Mt khc,

[IdW] B, B = P B B = (PB B )1 v [IdV] A ,A = PA A nn


[f]A , B = (P B B ) 1[f]A, B PA A .

3.10. V d.
V d 1. Trong khng gian R3 cho cc vct:
u1 = (1, 1, 0); u2 = (0, 2, 1); u3 = (2, 3, 1)
v nh x tuyn tnh f: R3 R3 nh bi:
f(x, y, z) = (2x + y z, x + 2y z, 2x y + 3z)
a) Chng minh B = (u1, u2, u3) l mt c s ca R3.
b) Tm [f]B .
p s:

[f]B

1 1 8

= 1 1 3 .
2 0 7

V d 2. Trong khng gian R3 cho cc vct:


u1 = (1, 1, 2); u2 = (3, 1, 4); u3 = (5, 3, 9).
a) Chng t B = (u1, u2, u3) l mt c s ca R3.
b) Cho f: R3 R3 l mt nh x tuyn tnh tha:
1 0 2

[f]B = 1 1 0
2 1 1

Hy tm biu thc ca nh x f.
p s:

f(x,y,z)=

1
(54x70y54z,32x+40y+34z,97x125y100z).
2

3.11. nh l. Cho V, W l hai khng gian vct n chiu v f L(V,W). Cc khng nh


sau tng ng:
1) f l n nh.
25

2) f l ton nh.
3) f l song nh;
4) Vi mi c s A ca V v B ca W, ma trn [f]A,B kh nghch.
5) Tn ti cc c s A, B ln lt ca V v W sau cho [f]A,B kh nghch.
Hn na, khi f1: W V cng l mt nh x tuyn tnh v [f1]B,A = ([f]A,B)1.
c bit, nu V = W v A = B th:
[f1]B = ([f]B)1.
3.12. V d. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: R3 R3 ph thuc vo tham s m R nh bi:
f(1, 0, 1) = (m, 1, 0)
f(0, 1, 0) = (0, m, 1)
f(0, 2, 1) = (m, m + 1, m + 2)
a) nh m f l mt song nh.
b) Tm biu thc ca f. Suy ra biu thc ca f1 khi f l song nh.
p s: a) m 0 v m 1
b) f(x, y, z) = (mz, mx + my + (1 m)z, mx + y + mz)
Vi m 0 v m 1, ta c biu thc ca f1 l:
f 1 (x, y, z) =

1
((m2 + m 1)x + my m2z, mx + m2 y + m2z, (m2 + m)x)
m (m + 1)
2

4. TR RING, VECT RING CA MA TRN


4.1. nh ngha. Cho ma trn A Mn(F) v vct u = (x1, x2, ..., xn) Fn, ta nh ngha:
a11

a
Au = 21
.....

an1

a12 ... a1n

a22 ... a2n


(x ,x ,...,xn)
...... ... ...... 1 2

an2 ... ann


= (a11x1 + a12x2 + ... + a1nxn,a21x1 + a22x2 + ... + a2nxn,...,an1x1 + an2x2 + ... + annxn)

Ta ni s thc l mt tr ring ca ma trn A nu tn ti vect u = (x1, x2, ..., xn)


F \{0} sao cho Au = u.
n

Khi vect u c gi l vect ring ca A ng vi tr ring .


4.2. Khng gian ring
Cho ma trn A Mn(F) v F l mt tr ring ca A. t:
V() = {u = (x1 , x 2 ,..., x n ) Fn A u = u}

26

ngha l V() gm vect 0 v tt c cc vect ring ca A ng vi tr ring . Ta gi V() l


khng gian ring ca A ng vi tr ring . Ta thy V() chnh l khng gian nghim ca h
phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht (A In)X = 0.
4.3. nh ngha. Cho ma trn A Mn(R). a thc
a11
a12
a 22
a 22
A () = det(A I) =
.....
......
a nn
a nn

...
a1n
...
a 2n
c gi l a thc c trng ca
...
......
... a nn

ma trn A.
3 3 2
V d. Cho ma trn thc A = 1 1 2 .Tm a thc c trng ca A.
0 0 4

Gii. a thc c trng l:


3
A () =

1
0

1
2 = (4 )
0
4

3
3
= (4 )( 2 4) = ( 4)2
1
1

4.4. Nhn xt. Nu A v B l hai ma trn ng dng, ngha l A = P1BP vi P l mt ma


trn kh nghch th A v B c cng a thc c trng. Tht vy:
A() = det(A I)= det(P1BP I) = det[P1(B I)P]
= det(P1)det(B I)det(P)= (det(P))1B()det(P)= B()
4.7. nh l. S thc l tr ring ca A Mn(F) khi v ch khi l nghim ca a thc
c trng A().
4.8. Thut ton tm tr ring, vect ring v khng gian ring ca ma trn
1) Lp a thc c trng A() = |A I|.
2) Gii phng trnh A() = 0 tm cc tr ring ca ma trn A.
3) ng vi mi tr ring , khng gian ring V() l khng gian nghim ca phng
trnh Au = u, ngha l ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht (1).
3 3 2
V d. Cho ma trn thc A = 1 1 2 .Tm tr ring v vect ring ca A. Xc nh
3 1 0

c s, s chiu ca cc khng gian ring tng ng.


Gii. - a thc c trng;
3
A () =

1
3

1 2 = (4 )( 2 + 4) .
1

- Tr ring:
27

A() = 0 = 4.
Do ma trn A ch c mt tr ring 1 = 4.
- Khng gian ring V(1) ng vi tr ring 1 = 4 l khng gian nghim ca h:
3 3

Au = 1u 1 1
3 1

(3x1 + 3x 2 + 2x 3 , x1

2 (x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = 4(x1 , x 2 , x 3 )
0
+ x 2 2x 3 , 3x1 3x 2 ) = (4x1 , 4x 2 , 4x 3 )

x1 + 3x 2 + 2x 3 = 0

x1 3x 2 2x 3 = 0
3x x 4x = 0
1
2
3

(1)

Gii h (1), ta tm c nghim tng qut (x1, x2, x3) = ( , , ) vi R ty . Vy


V(1)={( , , )| R} = {(1, 1,1)| R} = <(1, 1,1)>.
Suy ra V(1) c dim V(1) = 1 vi c s {(1, 1,1)}.
5. CHO HA MA TRN
5.1. nh ngha. Ma trn A Mn(F) gi l cho ha c nu tn ti ma trn kh nghch
P Mn(F) sao cho P1AP = D vi D l mt ma trn cho. Khi ta ni ma trn P lm cho ha
A v D l dng cho ca A.
1 1
. Ta thy A khng phi l ma trn cho. Ta
2

V d. Xt ma trn A sau y: A =
0
s ch ra rng A cho ha c. Tht vy, t

1 1
1 1
1
P=
P =

0 1
0 1

ta c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
P 1 AP =

=
=D
0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2

vi D l ma trn cho, do A cho ha c.


tha:

5.2. nh l. Ma trn A Mn(F) cho ha c khi v ch khi hai tnh cht sau c
1) a thc c trng A() c phn tch thnh tch cc a thc bc 1:
r

A () = (1)n ( 1 ) 1 ( 2 ) 2 ...( k ) k .

2) Vi mi tr ring i (1 i k), khng gian ring V( i ) c dim V( i ) = ri (= s bi


ca i trong A()).
Hn na, khi gi Bi l c s ca V(i) (1 i k) v t P l ma trn c c bng
cch ln lt dng cc vect trong B1, B2 ,.., Bk thnh cc ct, ta c P lm cho ha A v:
28

5.3. H qu. Nu A l ma trn vung cp n v c n tr ring phn bit th A cho ha


c.
5.4. Thut ton cho ha ma trn
Thut ton cho ha ma trn A Mn(R) gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Tm a thc c trng A().
Nu A() khng th phn tch c thnh tch cc a thc bc 1 th A khng cho
ha c v thut ton kt thc.
Trng hp ngc li, phn tch A() thnh tch cc a thc bc 1:
r

A () = (1)n ( 1 ) 1 ( 2 ) 2 ...( k ) k
v chuyn sang Bc 2.
Bc 2: Tm cc tr ring i cng vi cc s bi ri tng ng (1 i k).
Bc 3: Vi mi 1 i k, tm c s Bi v s chiu dimV(i) ca cc khng gian ring
V(i):
Nu tn ti 1 i k sao cho dimV(i) < ri th A khng cho ha c v thut ton
kt thc.
Trng hp ngc li, ngha l dimV(i) = ri vi mi 1 i k th A cho ha c,
v chuyn sang Bc 4.
Bc 4: t P l ma trn c c bng cch ln lt dng cc vect trong B1, B2 ,.., Bk
thnh cc ct, ta c P lm cho ha A v P1AP c dng cho nh trong nh l 5.2.
Nhn xt. Do mi khng gian ring u c s chiu dng nn nu i l nghim n
ca a thc c trng th lun lun c dimV(i) = 1(= ri). Do , nu ch cn bit A c cho
ha c hay khng (m khng cn tm ma trn P lm cho ha A) th Bc 3 ta ch cn so
snh cc s chiu dimV(i) vi cc s bi ri ng vi cc tr ring i c s bi ri > 1.
V d 1. Cc ma trn sau y c cho ha c khng?
3 4 2
a) A = 2 4 2
2 1 1

3 0 0
b) A = 0 2 0
0 1 2

29

2 0 2
c) A = 0 3 0
0 0 3

d)
Gii

a) A() = |A I| = (2 1)( 2).


Vy

A() = 0 = 1, = 1, = 2.

a thc c trng c 3 nghim phn bit, tc ma trn A c 3 tr ring phn bit. V A l


ma trn vung cp 3 v c 3 tr ring phn bit nn A cho ha c.
b) A() = |A I| = ( 3)( 2)2.
A() = 0 = 3 (bi 1), = 2 (bi 2).
Vy A c 2 tr ring 1 = 3 (bi 1), 2 = 2 (bi 2).
kho st tnh cho ha ca A ta ch cn xt dimV(2) ng vi tr ring 2 = 2 (bi 2)
(khng cn xt dimV(1) v tr ring 1 = 3 l nghim bi 1).
Khng gian ring V(2) ng vi tr ring 2 = 2 l khng gian nghim ca h:
3 0 0

Au = 2u 0 2 0 (x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = 2(x1 , x 2 , x 3 )
0 1 2

x1 = 0
(3x1 , 2x 2 , x 2 + 2x 3 ) = (2x1 , 2x 2 , 2x 3 )
x2 = 0

(1)

H (1) ch c 1 n t do nn dimV(2) = 1 < 2 (= s bi ca 2). Do A khng cho ha c.


c) A() = |A I| = ( 2)( 3)2
A() = 0 = 2 (n), = 3 (bi 2).
Vy A c 2 tr ring 1 = 2 (bi 1), 2 = 3 (bi 2). kho st tnh cho ha ca A ta ch cn xt
dimV(2) ng vi tr ring 2 = 3 (bi 2).
Khng gian ring V(2) ng vi tr ring 2 = 3 l khng gian nghim ca h:
2 0 2

Au = 2u 0 3 0 (x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = 3(x1 , x 2 , x 3 )
0 0 3

(2x1 2x 3 , 3x 2 , 3x 3 ) = (3x1 , 3x 2 , 3x 3 ) x1 2x 3 = 0

(1)

H (1) c 2 n t do nn dimV(2) = 2 (= s bi ca 2). Do A cho ha c.


d) A() = |A I| = ( 4)(2 + 4).
Trong R[x], A() khng th c phn tch thnh tch cc a thc bc 1. Do A
khng cho ha c.
30

V d 2. Cho ha ma trn thc A sau y:

Tnh An vi n l s t nhin.
Gii
- a thc c trng:
A() = |A I| = ( 5)2( 1).
- Tr ring:
() = 0 = 5 (bi 2), = 1 (bi 1).
Vy A c 2 tr ring 1 = 5(bi 2), 2 = 1(bi 1).
- Khng gian ring:
Khng gian ring V(1) ng vi tr ring 1 = 5 l khng gian nghim ca h:
3 2 0

Au = 1u 2 3 0 (x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = 5(x1 , x 2 , x 3 )
0 0 5

(3x1 2x 2 , 2x1 + 3x 2 , 5x 3 ) = (5x1 , 5x 2 , 5x 3 ) 2x1 2x 2 = 0

(1)

Gii h (1), ta tm c nghim tng qut (x1, x2, x3) =(, , ) vi , R ty . Vy:
V(1) = { ( , , )|, R}={(1,1,0) + (0, 0, 1)|, R}=<(1, 1,0);(0, 0,1)>
Suy ra V(1) c dim V(1) = 2 (= s bi ca 1) vi c s B1 = {(1, 1,0); (0, 0,1)}.
Khng gian ring V(2) ng vi tr ring 2 = 1 l khng gian nghim ca h:

Gii h (2), ta tm c nghim tng qut (x1, x2, x3) = (, , 0) vi R ty . Vy:


V(2) = { (, , 0)| R} = { (1, 1, 0)| R} = < (1, 1, 0) >.
Suy ra V(2) c dim V(2) = 1 vi c s B2 = {(1, 1, 0)}.
31

V cc khng gian ring ca A u c s chiu bng s bi ca cc tr ring tng ng


nn A cho ha c.
Lp ma trn P bng cch ln lt dng cc vect trong B1 = {(1, 1, 0); (0, 0, 1)} v
B2 = {(1, 1, 0)} thnh cc ct:

Khi
(3)
tm An , ta ly tha n hai v ca (3):

Vi

ta tm c P

1 1 0
1

= 0 0 2 . T ta c:
2

1 1 0

5n

An = P 0
0

0
5n
0

0 P 1
1

1 + 5n

2
1 5n
=
2
0

32

1 5n
2
1 + 5n
2
0

0 .

5n

6. CHO HA TON T TUYN TNH


6.1. nh ngha. Cho f l mt ton t tuyn tnh trn khng gian vect V hu hn chiu.
S R c gi l mt tr ring ca f nu tn ti vect u V\{0} sao cho f(u) = u.
Khi vect u c gi l vect ring ca f ng vi tr ring .
6.2. nh l. Cho f l mt ton t tuyn tnh trn khng gian vect V vi c s B = {u1,
u2, ..., un} v A = [f]B. Vi R, ta c l mt tr ring ca f khi v ch khi l mt tr ring
ca A. Hn na, khi vect u = x1u1 + x2u2 + ... + xnun V\{0} l vect ring ca f khi v ch
khi vect (x1, x2, ..., xn) Rn\{0} l vect ring ca A (ng vi tr ring ).
6.3. nh ngha. Cho f l mt ton t tuyn tnh trn khng gian vect V hu hn chiu.
Ta ni f cho ha c nu tn ti mt c s B ca V sao cho [f]B l ma trn cho. Khi B
c gi l c s lm cho ha f.
6.4. nh l. Cho f l mt ton t tuyn tnh trn khng gian vect V vi c s B1= {u1,
u2, ..., un} v A = [f ]B Ta c f cho ha c khi v ch khi ma trn A cho ha c. Hn
1

na, khi nu P l ma trn lm cho ha A, ngha l P1AP = D vi D l ma trn cho, th


[f ]B = D vi B2 l c s ca V tha PB B = P , ngha l P l ma trn chuyn c s t B1
2

sang B2.
V d. Cho ton t tuyn tnh f: R3 R3 nh bi:
f(x, y, z) = (3x 2y, 2x + 3y, 5z)
Xt xem f c cho ha c khng. Tm c s B lm cho ha f (nu c).
Gii
Ma trn biu din ca f theo c s chnh tc B0 = {e1, e2, e3} ca R3 l:

Theo V d 2, trong mc 5.4, ta bit A cho ha c v

trong

Do f cho ha c. Gi B = {u1, u2, u3} l c s ca R3 sao cho PB


33

= P , ngha l:

u1 = 1.e1 + 1.e2 + 0.e3 = (1, 1, 0);


u2 = 0.e1 + 0.e2 + 1.e3 = (0, 0, 1);
u3 = 1.e1 + 1.e2 + 0.e3 = (1, 1, 0),
5 0 0
ta c B lm cho ha f v [f ]B = 0 5 0 .
0 0 1

BI TP
Bi 1. Trong khng gian R4 cho
u1 = (1, 0, 1, 0); u2 = (2, 1, 4, 4); u3 = (3, 1, 5, 4); u4 = (6, 2, 10, 4);

v1 = (1, 1, 1, 1); v2 = (1, 2, 5, 8); v3 = (3, 5, 11, 17); v4 = (1, 0, 3, 6).

W1 = <u1, u2, u3, u4>

W2 = <v1, v2, v3, v4>.

Xt tnh c lp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2, u3, u4 v ca v1, v2, v3, v4. Tm c s, s chiu cho W1,
W2, W1+W2, W1W2; sau b sung vo c s ca W1W2 mt s vect c mt c s
ca R4. Tm iu kin vect u = (a1, a2, a3, a4) thuc v W1, W2.
p s: u1, u2, u3, u4 ph thuc tuyn tnh; dimW1 = 3 vi c s {(1,0,1,0); (1,1,2,4);
(0,0,0,4)};
v1, v2, v3, v4 ph thuc tuyn tnh; dimW2 = 2 vi c s {(1,1,1,1); (0,1,4,7)};
W1 + W2 = R4 c dim(W1 + W2) = 4 vi c s chnh tc B0.
dim(W1W2) = 1 vi c s l {(2,1,5,8)}.
3a 4a 2 + a 3 = 0;
(a1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 ) W1 1
6a1 7a 2 + a 4 = 0.
(a1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 ) W2 a1 + 2a 2 a 3 = 0.

Bi 2. Trong khng gian R3[x] cho


u1(x) = x3 + 2x2 + x + 3; u2(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 + 4x;
u3(x) = 4x3 + 9x2 + 6x + 6; u4 (x) = x3 + x2 x + 9;
v1(x) = x3 x2 + 2x + 1; v2(x) = x3 + x2 x + 9;
v3(x) = 2x3 4x2 + 7x 5; v4(x) = x3 + 3x2 4x + 17.

W1 = <u1, u2, u3, u4>

W2 = <v1, v2, v3, v4>.

Xt tnh c lp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2, u3, u4 v ca v1, v2, v3, v4. Tm c s, s chiu cho W1,
W2, W1+W2, W1W2; sau b sung vo c s ca W1W2 mt s vect c mt c s
ca R3[x]. Tm iu kin vect u = a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0 thuc v W1, W2.
34

p s: u1, u2, u3, u4 ph thuc tuyn tnh; dimW1 = 2 vi c s { x3 + 2x2 + x + 3, x2 + 2x 6};


v1,v2, v3, v4 ph thuc tuyn tnh; dimW2 = 2 vi c s {x3 x2 + 2x + 1, 2x2 3x + 8, 2}.
W1 + W2 = R4 c dim(W1 + W2) = 4 vi c s chnh tc B0.
dim(W1W2) = 1 vi c s l { x3 + x2 x + 9}.
3a 2a 2 + a1 = 0;
u = a 3 x3 + a 2 x2 + a1 x + a 0 W1 3
15a 3 6a 2 a 0 = 0.
u = a 3 x3 + a 2 x2 + a1 x + a 0 W2 a 3 3a 2 2a1 = 0.

Bi 3. Trong cc trng hp sau y, t:

Wi = (x1 , x2 , x 3 , x 4 ) R 4

x1

x
A i X = 0, X = 2 , i = 1, 2.
x3

x4

Hy tm c s v s chiu ca W1, W2, W1+W2, W1W2:


1

2
a) A1 =
3

4
1

b) A1 = 1
3

2 1 3
1 1

4 3 11
2 2
; A2 =

6 4 14
4 4

8 5 17
5 5
2

1 0

1 5
3 5

6 5

5
6
1 1 5

3 13 22
2 2 9 13

; A2 =
3 3 14 19
5 1
2

3 4 7
5 5 23 30

p s: 3a) dimW1 = 2 vi c s {(2,1,0,0); (2,0,5,1)};


dimW2 = 2 vi c s {(5,0,5,1); (1,1,0,0)};
dim(W1 + W2) = 3 vi c s {(2,1,0,0); (0,2,10, 2);(0,0,5,1)};
dim(W1W2) = 1 vi c s l {(12,7,5,1)}.
3b) dimW1 = 2 vi c s {(1,0,17,10); (0,1,29,17)};
dimW2 = 1 vi c s {(1,10,1,1)};
dim(W1 + W2) = 3 vi c s {(1,0,17,10); (0,1,29,17);(0,0, 306, 179)};
dim(W1W2) = 0 vi c s l .
Bi 4. Xt khng gian R4. Trong cc trng hp sau t: W1 = <u1, u2, u3, u4>
35


x1

W2 = (x1 , x2 , x 3 , x4 ) R 4| A i X = 0, X = 2 .
x3

x4

Tm iu kin vect u = (x1, x2, x3, x4) thuc W1. Tm c s v s chiu ca W1, W2, W1 +
W2, W1W2.
a) u1 = (1, 2, 1, 1); u2 = (1, 3, 0, 4); u3 = (0, 1, 0, 1); u4 = (2, 5, 1, 1);
1

1
A=
2

b) u1 = (1, 1, 1, 2);

1
2

5
7

2
3 12 3

4 14 4

u2 = (2, 1, 1, 1); u3 = (1, 0, 2, 1); u4 = (3, 1, 3, 0),


2 4

1 2
A=
3 6

5 10

3
1

3
4 12

6 18

p s: 4a) Mi vect u = (x1, x2, x3, x4) u thuc W1.


dimW1 = 4 vi c s chnh tc B0.
dimW2 = 2 vi c s {(0,1,0,1); (3, 2,1,0)};
dim(W1 + W2) = 4 vi c s chnh tc B0.
dim(W1W2) = 2 vi c s l {(0,1,0,1); (3, 2,1,0)};
3x1 + 3x2 x3 = 0;

4b) (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) W1

x1 + 3x2 x4 = 0.

dimW1 = 2 vi c s {(1,1,0,2); (0,1, 3, 3)};


dimW2 = 2 vi c s {(2,1,0,0); (0,0,3,1)};
dim(W1 + W2) = 3 vi c s {(1,1,0,2); (0,1, 3, 3); (0,0,3,1)};
dim(W1W2) = 1 vi c s {(2,1,3,1)}
Bi 5. Cho u = (a, b); v = (c, d) l hai vect ca R2 sao cho:
ac + bd = 0, a2 + b2 = c2 + d2 = 1.
a) Chng minh B = (u, v) l mt c s ca R2.
b) Tm ta ca vect w = (x, y) theo c s B.

36

p s: 5b) [v]B =

dx cy
1

.
ad bc bx + ay

Bi 6. Trong cc trng hp sau, t: W = <u1, u2, u3>. Chng minh rng B1 = {u1, u2, u3} v
B2 = {v1, v2, v3} l hai c s ca W. Tm ma trn chuyn c s t B1 sang B2. Tm iu kin
vect u = (a, b, c, d) thuc W v xc nh [u]B ;[u]B trong trng hp ny:
1

a)

b)

u1 = (3, 6, 2, 3);

v1 = (2, 5, 2, 0)

u2 = (1, 2, 2, 0);

v2 = (6, 11, 6, 6)

u3 = (2, 3, 2, 3);

v3 = (4, 7, 2, 6)

u1 = (1, 2, 1, 1);

v1 = (2, 4, 2, 3)

u2 = (2, 6, 3, 2);

v2 = (5, 14, 7, 7)

u3 = (3, 8, 4, 4);

v3 = (8, 22, 11, 6)

p s: 6a) u = (a, b, c, d) W 18a 6b 3c 4d = 0;


2a + 2b c
10a + 6b c

1
1
[u]B = 6a + 2b + 3c ;[u]B = 2a 2b + 3c ;
1
2
4
8

8a 4b
4a 4c
1 1 1
1 0 1

1
PB B = 1 1 1 ; PB B = 0 1 1 .
1
2
2
1
2
1 1 1

1 1 0

6b) u = (a, b, c, d) W b 2c = 0;
[u]B

PB

8a 2b 2d
70a 26b + 2d

1
1
b 2d ;[u]B =
=
42a + 12b + 12d ;

2
2
42

2a + 2d
14a b 8d

B 2

1 1 4
10 6 5

1
= 1 0 5 ; PB B =
3 6 9 .

2
1
21
1 2 2

2 3 1

Bi 7. Trong cc trng hp sau chng t B1 = (u1, u2, u3) v B2 = (v1, v2, v3) l hai c s ca
R3. Tm cc ma trn chuyn c s t B1 B0, B2 B0, B1 B2, B2 B1 (B0 l c s
chnh tc). Cho u = (1, 2, 3), [v]B

1

= 1 . Tm v v [u]B 1 ;[u]B 2 ;[v]B 2 .
2

37

a)

b)

u1 = (1, 2, 2);

v1 = (1, 0, 2)

u2 = (1, 1, 1);

v2 = (1, 1, 1)

u3 = (0, 2, 3);

v3 = (2, 2, 3)

u1 = (2, 1, 3);

v1 = (4, 1, 5)

u2 = (1, 2, 3);

v2 = (1, 0, 3)

u3 = (2, 1, 0);

v3 = (2, 1, 2)

p s: 7a) PB

B0

1 3 2
5 1 4

1
1
= 2 3 2 ; PB B = 4 1 2 .
2
0
3
3

0 3 3
2 1 1

3 4 2
1 8

1
1
PB B = 6 7 4 ; PB B = 2 7
1
2
2
1
3
3

6 6 3
2 2
1
5
1
1
v = (0,7, 9);[u]B = 2 ;[u]B = 4 ;[v]B
1
2
2
3
3
3
1

10

8 .
1
29

1
= 25 .
3

3 6 5
3 4 1

1
1
7b) PB B = 3 6 4 ; PB B = 3 2 2 .
1
0
2
0
3
3

3 3 3
3 7 1
19 12 10
7
8 2

1
1
1 4 .
PB B = 14 9 8 ; PB B = 2
1
2
2
1
3
3

1
6 6 3
10 14
8
8
1


1
v = (5, 3, 0);[u]B = 7 ;[u]B = 7 ;[v]B = 3 .
1
2
2
3
4
2

14

Bi 8. Trong khng gian M2(R) cho


1 2
1 3
2 6
4
A1 =
; A2 =
; A3 =
; A4 =
3 4
5 7
9 13
17
1 1
0 1
0 0
0
B1 =
; B2 =
; B3 =
; B4 =
0 0
1 0
1 1
0

11
;
25
0
.
1

a) Chng t B1 = (A1, A2, A3, A4) v B2 = (B1, B2, B3, B4) l hai c s ca M2(R). Tm cc ma
trn chuyn c s t B1 B0, B2 B0, B1 B2, B2 B1 (B0 l c s chnh tc).

38

1 1
, [D]B 1
1 1

b) Cho C =

0
0


1
1
= va [E]B = . Tm D, E v [C]B ;[C]B ;[D]B va
1
2
2
2
0
0


1
1

[E]B .
1

p s:
2 0 1 1
1 0 0 0

1 1 0 0
1 2 3 1

8a) PB B =
;P
.
=
1
0
2 3 0 1 B 2 B 0 1 1 1 0

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1
1 1 2 4

1 5 4 1
3 4 8 15

PB B =
;P
.
=
1
2
5 3 1 1 B 2 B 1 6 9 17 32

2 0 2 1
10 16 30 57
4
1
5
2




0 1
5 14
5
0
19

6
8b)D =
;E =
;[C]B 1 = ;[C]B 2 = ;[D]B 2 = ;[E]B1 = .
4
1
41
2
1 1
22 32




0
0
73
1

Bi 9. Trong khng gian R3[x] cho


u1(x) = x3 + x2; u2(x) = x + 1; u3(x) = x3 + 4; u4(x) = 2;
v1(x) = x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4; v2(x) = 2x3 x2 + 4x 3; v3(x) = 3x3 4x2 x + 2;
v4(x) = 4x3 + 3x2 2x 1.
a) Chng t B1= (u1, u2, u3, u4) v B2 = (v1, v2, v3, v4) l hai c s ca R3[x] . Tm cc ma trn
chuyn c s t B1 B0, B2 B0, B1 B2, B2 B1 (B0 = (x3, x2, x, 1) l c s chnh tc).
b) Cho u(x) = x3 x2 + x 1, [v]B

0
0


1
1

=
va [w]B 2 = .
0
0


1
1

Tm v, w v [u]B ;[u]B ;[v]B va [w]B .


1

p s:

9a) PB

B0

0 2 0

1 0 0 2
=
2 2 2 0

4 4 1

1 2 3 4
0

0
1 2 1 4 3
;P
.
=
0 B 2 B 0 30 3 4 1 2

1
3 2 1
4
39

4
3 7 17 8
2 8
6

8 2 4
1 6
1 1 1 10 6
=
PB B =
;P
.
1
2
2 2
6 14
2 B 2 B 1 30 1 1 11 4

0 2
5 19 25 3
7 3
1
1
3
2


2
1
1 5
1 1
.
9b)v = x + 3; w = 6x 3 + 2x2 + 2x 4;[u]B = ;[u]B =
;[v]B = ;[w]B =
1
1
2
2
2
4
15 2
6 1


5
0
1
11

Bi 10. Trong cc trng hp sau, t B = B(m) = (u1, u2, u3). Tm iu kin B l mt c s


ca R3, khi tm [u]B . t B1 = B(m1) v B2 = B(m2). Chng t B1, B2 l hai c s ca R3 v
tm ma trn chuyn c s t B1 sang B2 v t B2 sang B1. Cho bit:
[v]B 1

1
1


= 0 va [w]B 2 = 0
1
2

Tm v, w v [v]B va [w]B .
2

a)

b)

u1 = (m7, 10, 12);


u2 = (12, m+19, 24);
u3 = (6, 10, m13).
u1 = (m + 2, m 5, m + 5);
u2 = (2, m 2, 2);
u3 = (1, 3, m+3);

u = (m, 2m, 0)
m1 = 0
m2 = 2
u = (1, 1, 1)
m1 = 2
m2 = 5

p s:
m(m 17)

10a) m 1; [u] = 2
m(m 14)
m 1

36m
1

13 24 12
15 24 12

1
PB B = 20 39 20 ; PB B = 20 37 20
1
2
2
1
3
24 48 25

24 48 27
37
1


v = (1, 0,1); w = (17, 30, 34);[v]B = 0 ;[w]B = 60 .
2
1
74
1

40

m+2

10b) m 0; 1; [u] = 2
2m 1
m 1

3
1

6 8 6
33 14
9

1
1
37 6 21
PB B = 16 15 9 ; PB B =

1
2
2
1
2
40

6 6 8
3 6 19
3
9

1
v = (3, 0, 2); w = (9, 6, 26);[v]B = 2 ;[w]B = 17 .
2
1
5
11
2

Bi 11. Trong khng gian R3 cho cc vect:


u1 = (1, 0, 1); u2 = (0, 1, 1); u3 = (1, 1, 0).
Gi f l ton t tuyn tnh trn R3 nh bi:
f(x, y, z) = (x y, y z, z x).
a) Chng t B1 = (u1, u2, u3) l mt c s ca R3. Tm ma trn chuyn c s t B1 sang
c s chnh tc B0 ca R3.
b) Tm ma trn biu din ca f theo c s B1.
c) Cho u = (1, 2, 3). Hy tm ta ca u v f(u) theo c s B1.
d) Tm c s v s chiu ca Im(f) v Ker(f). nh x f c l mt song nh khng? Gii
thch.
p s:
1 1 1

1
11a) PB B = 1 1 1 ;
1
0
2

1 1 1
1
1


11c) [u]B = 2 ;[f (u)]B = 1 .
0
2

11b) [f]B

1 0 1

1
= 1 1 0 ;
2

0 1 1

11d) dimKer(f) = 1 vi c s {(1,1,1)}; dimIm(f) = 2 vi c s {(1,0,1); (0,1,1)};


f khng l song nh v Ker(f) {0}.
Bi 12. Trong khng gian R3 cho cc vect:
u1 = (1, 0, 1); u2 = (0, 1, 1); u3 = (0, 0, 1).
v f l ton t tuyn tnh trn R3 nh bi:
f(x, y, z) = ((9m + 2)x + 3y + 2z, x+my + z, x + y + z).

41

a) Chng t B1 = (u1, u2, u3) l mt c s ca R3. Xc nh ma trn chuyn c s t B1


sang c s chnh tc B0 ca R3.
b) Tm ma trn biu din ca f theo c s B1.
c) Cho u = (1, 1, 1). Hy tm ta ca u v f(u) theo c s B1.
d) nh m f l mt song nh. Khi hy tm biu thc ca f 1.
e) Vi m = 0 hy tm c s v s chiu ca Im(f), Ker(f).
p s:
1 0

12a) PB B = 0 1
1
0
1 1

1

12c) [u]B = 1 ;[f (u)]B
1

9m + 4
1
5
2

0;
12b) [f]B =
2
m + 1 1 ;
9m 4 m 4 2
1

9m + 1

= 2 m.
2 8m

12d) m 0;1; f 1 (x, y, z) =


1
(m 1)x y (2m 3)z, 9my 9mz, (1 m)x (9m 1)y + (9m2 + 2m 3)z ;
9m(m 1)

12e) dimKer(f) = 1 vi c s {(1,0,1)}; dimIm(f) = 2 vi c s {(1,1,0); (0,3, 1)}.


Bi 13. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: R3 R3 nh bi:
f(1, 1, 1) = (2, 5, 12);
f(0, 1, 1) = (1, 3, 7);
f(0, 0, 1) = (1, 0, 1).
a) Xc nh biu thc ca nh x f.
b) Tm c s v s chiu ca Im(f), Ker(f).
p s:13a) f(x,y,z) = (x+ 2y z, 2x + 3y,5x+ 8y z)
13b) dimKer(f) = 1 vi c s {(3,2,1)}; dimIm(f) = 2 vi c s {(1,0,1); (0,1,2)}.
Bi 14. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: R3 R3 ph thuc tham s m R tha:
f(1, 2, 1) = (m + 1, 5 m, 2m 5);
f(2, 1, 0) = (2m + 1, m 1, 2m + 1);
f(1, 0, 0) = (m + 1, m 2, m + 2).
a) Xc nh biu thc ca nh x f.
b) nh m f l mt song nh. Khi tm biu thc f1.
c) Vi m = 4, hy tm c s v s chiu ca Im(f), Ker(f).
42

p s:
14a) f(x,y,z) = ((m + 1)x+ y+ 2z, (m 2)x + (m 3)y + z, (m + 2)x + 3y + (m 1)z);
14b) m 0; 2; 4; f 1 (x, y, z) =
m(m 4)x (m 7)y (2m 7)z, m(m 4)x + (m2 2m 5)y + (m 5)z,

m3 6m2 + 8m m(m 4)x (2m + 1)y + (m2 3m 1)z

14c) dimKer(f) = 1 vi c s {(1,1, 3)}; dimIm(f) = 2 vi c s {(1,0,0); (0,1,3)}.


Bi 15. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: R3 R3 ph thuc tham s m R tha:
f(1, 2, 1) = (m 4, 4 2m, 0);
f(2, 1, 0) = (2m 4, 4 2m, m + 2);
f(1, 0, 0) = (m 1, 2, m + 2).
a) Xc nh biu thc ca nh x f.
b) nh m f l mt song nh. Khi tm biu thc ca f 1.
c) Vi m = 2, hy tm c s v s chiu ca Im(f), Ker(f).
p s:
15a) f(x,y,z) = ((m 1)x+ 2y+ z, 2x + 2my + (2m + 2)z, (m + 2)x + (m + 2)y + (m + 2z);
15b) m 2; f 1 (x, y, z) =
1 (2m + 4)x (m + 2)y + (2m + 4)z, 2m(m + 2)x + (m2 4)y 2(m2 2)z,

;
4m + 8 2(1 m)(m + 2)x (m 3)(m + 2)y + 2(m + 1)(m 2)z

15c) dimKer(f) = 1 vi c s {(0, 1,2)}; dimIm(f) = 2 vi c s {(1, 2,0); (0,1,0)}.


a b

Bi 16. Trong khng gian M2(R) cho ma trn A =


v nh x f: V V nh bi f(X) =
c d
AX.
a) Chng minh f l mt ton t tuyn tnh trn V.
b) Tm iu kin f l mt song nh.
c) Tm ma trn biu din ca f theo c s chnh tc ca V.
p s: 17b) ad bc 0,
a

0
17c)
c

0 b 0

a 0 b
.
0 d 0

c 0 d

Bi 17. Tm tr ring v vect ring ca cc ma trn sau:


43

4 5 2
a) 5 7 3
6 9 4

1 1 0
b) 0 1 0

5 3 2

1 0 2
c) 0 3 0
0 0 0

0
1 0 0

1 1 4 8

d)
.
2 4
7 4

1
1 8 4

p s: 17a) Tr ring: 0; 1. Tp cc vect ng vi tr ring 0 l {(,2,3)| R\{0}}, ng


vi tr ring 1 l {(,,)| R\{0}}.
17b) Tr ring: 2; 1. Tp cc vect ng vi tr ring 2 l {(0,0,)| R\{0}}, ng vi tr
ring 1 l {(3,0,5)| R\{0}}.
17c) Tr ring: 0; 1; 3. Tp cc vect ng vi tr ring 0 l {(2,0,)| R\{0}}, ng vi tr
ring 1 l {(,0,0)| R\{0}}; ng vi tr ring 3 l {(0, ,0)| R\{0}}.
17d) Tr ring: 1; 9; 9. Tp cc vect ng vi tr ring 1 l {(40,,8, 9)| R\{0}},
ng vi tr ring 9 l {(0, 2, , 2)| R\{0}}; ng vi tr ring 9 l {(0, , 2, )| ,
R, 2 + 2 > 0}.
Bi 18. Kho st tnh cho ha c ca cc ma trn sau:
2
a) 0
0

1
d)
0

0 0

1 0
2 2
0 0 0

0 0 4
1 0 4

0 1 1

0 0 1
b) 1 0 3
0 1 3

0 0 0
c) 1 0 9
0 1 6

1 4 2
e) 3 4 0
3 1 3

40 56 63
f) 56 100 126 .
28 56 75

p s: 18a) Cho ha c; 18b) Khng cho ha c;

18c) Khng cho ha c;

18d) Khng cho ha c; 18e) Cho ha c;

18f) Cho ha c.

Bi 19. Vi gi tr no ca cc tham s a, b, c, d, e, f R, ma trn sau y cho ho c?


1

0
a)
0

a
2
0
0

b
d
2
0

0
d)
0

a
2
0
0

b
d
2
0

e
f

2
c

e
f

0
b)
0

a
1
0
0

b
d
2
0

0
e)
0

b
a
0
0

b
d
2
0

e
f

2
c

e
f

0
c)
0

a
1
0
0

b
d
1
0

0
f)
0

b
a
0
0

b
d
a
0

44

e
f

2
c

e
f

p s:
19a) d = e = f = 0
19b) a = f = 0
19c) a = b = d = 0
19d) a 2, d = e = f = 0
19e) a = 2, b = c = d = e = f = 0 hoc a 2, b = f = 0
19f) a = 2, b = c = d = e = f = 0 hoc a 2, b = d = 0
Bi 20. Cho ha cc ma trn sau y:
3 4 2
a) 2 4 2
2 1 1

8
3 4

b) 22 21 44
12 12 25

8 26 13
c) 26 31 26
26 52 47

1 4 8
d) 4 7 4 .
8 4 1

p s:
1 1 2
1 0 0

20a) P = 0 2 3 ; P AP = 0 1 0 ;
1 2 1
0 0 2

2 1 2
1 0 0

20b) P = 11 1 0 ; P AP = 0 1 0 ;
6 0 1
0 0 1

1 2 1
18
0
0

20c) P = 2 1 0 ; P AP = 0 21
0 ;
2 0 1
0
0 21

2 1 1
9 0 0

20d) P = 1 2 0 ; P AP = 0 9 0 .
2 0 1
0 0 9

2 1 1

Bi 21. Cho ma trn A = 1 2 1 . Tnh A100.


1 1 0

1 0
1 1 1
1 0 0

100
p s: 21) P = 1 1 1 ; P AP = 0 2 0 ; A = P 0 2100

2 1 0
0 0 3

0 0

Bi 22. Tm tr ring v vect ring ca cc ton t tuyn tnh sau;


45

0 P 1 .

3100

a) f: R3 R3 nh bi f(x,y,z) = (2x + 4z, 6y, 0).


b) f: R4 R4 nh bi f(x,y,z,t)= (x,x y + 4z + 8t,2x + 4y 7z + 4t, x + 8y + 4zt).
p s: 22a) Tr ring: 0; 2; 6. Tp cc vect ng vi tr ring 0 l {(2,0,)| R\{0}},
ng vi tr ring 2 l {(,0,0)| R\{0}}; ng vi tr ring 6 l {(0, ,0)| R\{0}}.
22b) Tr ring: 1; 9; 9. Tp cc vect ng vi tr ring 1 l {(40,,8, 9)| R\{0}},
ng vi tr ring 9 l {(0, , 2, )| , R, 2 + 2 > 0}; ng vi tr ring 9 l {(0, 2,
, 2)| R\{0}}.
Bi 23. Kho st tnh cho ha c ca cc ton t tuyn tnh f: R3 R3 nh bi:
a) f(x,y,z) = (0, x 9z, y + 6z).
b) f(x,y,z) = (40x + 56y + 63z, 56x 100y 126z, 28x + 56y + 75z).
p s: 23a) Khng cho ha c.

23b) Cho ha c.

Bi 24. Cho ha cc ma trn cc ton t tuyn tnh f: R3 R3 sau y:


a) f(x,y,z) = (8x 26y + 13z, 26x 31y + 26z, 26x 52y + 47z).
b) f(x,y,z) = (2x + 8y + 16z, 8x 14y + 8z, 16x + 8y 2z).
p s:
24a) B = ((1,2,2);( 2,1,0);(1,0,1));[f ]B

18 0 0

= 0 21 0 ;
0 0 21

24b) B = ((2,1, 2); (1, 2, 0); (1, 0,1));[f ]B

18
0
0

= 0 18
0 .
0
0 18

Bi 25. Chng minh rng nu u l vect ring ng vi tr ring ca ca ma trn A th u l


vect ring ca An ng vi tr ring ca n.
------------------------

46

You might also like