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u + v = v + u;
2.
(u + v) + w = u + (v + w);
3.
0 V, u + 0 = 0 + u = u;
4.
5.
()u = (u);
6.
( + )u = u +u;
7.
(u + v)u = u + v;
8.
1.u = u.
Khi :
Mi phn t u V l mt vct.
Mi s F l mt v hng.
Vct 0 l vct khng.
Vct (u) l vct i ca u.
Sau y ta s a ra vi v d c bn v khng gian vct.
1) Tp Fn = {u = (x1, x2, ..., xn)xi F, 1 i n} (F = R hay C) vi php ton cng vct
v php nhn v hng vi vct nh bi:
1
u = 0 ( = 0 hay u = 0).
ii) (1)u = u.
T y v sau ta k hiu V l mt khng gian vct trn trng F (F = Q, R hay C)
2. T HP TUYN TNH
2.1. nh ngha. Cho u1, u2, ..., uk V. Mt t hp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2,..., uk l mt
vct c dng:
u = 1u1 + 2u2 + ... + kuk
vi i F (1 i k).
2.2. Tnh cht. 1) u l t hp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2, ..., uk khi v ch khi phng trnh 1u1
+ 2u2+ ... + kuk = u c nghim (1, 2, ..., k) Fk.
2) Tng ca hai t hp tuyn tnh, tch ca mt s vi mt t hp tuyn tnh cng l cc
t hp tuyn tnh (ca u1, u2,..., uk):
k
i =1
i =1
i =1
1u i + 1u i = ( i + i )u i ;
2
iu i =
i =1
( i )u i .
i =1
0 = 0u1 + 0u2
u
u 22 ...
U = 21
..... ...... ...
u n1 u n2 ...
u1k
b1
1
u 2k
b
;B = 2 ;X = 2
...
...
......
u nk
bn
k
c nghim X.
V d. Trong khng gian R4 cho cc vct:
u1 = (1, 1, 1, 1);
u2 = (2, 3, 1, 0);
u3 = (1, 1, 1, 1);
u4 = (1, 2, 1, 1)
Tm iu kin vct u = (a1, a2, a3, a4) l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca:
a) u1, u2, u3;
b) u1, u2, u3, u4.
p s: a) a1 + a4 = a2 + a3.
b) Mi vct u = (a1, a2, a3, a4) R4 u l t hp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2, u3, u4.
3. C LP TUYN TNH PH THUC TUYN TNH
3.1. nh ngha. 1) Cho u1, u2, ..., uk V. Xt phng trnh:
3
u
u 22 ...
U = 21
..... ...... ...
u n1 u n2 ...
u1k
u 2k
......
u nk
Nhn xt rng ma trn U c c bng cch dng u1, u2, ..., uk thnh cc ct, nn ma trn A =
UT c c bng cch xp u1, u2, ..., uk thnh cc dng.
3.3. H qu. Cho u1, u2, ... , uk l k vct trong Fn. Gi A l ma trn c c bng cch
xp u1, u2, ..., uk thnh cc dng. Khi :
u1, u2, ... , uk c lp tuyn tnh A c hng l r(A) = k.
3.4. Ch . Trong thc hnh, ta kim tra tnh c lp tuyn tnh ca cc vct u1, u2, ... ,
uk trong Fn nh sau:
Bc 1: Lp ma trn A bng cch xp u1, u2, ..., uk thnh cc dng.
Bc 2: Dng cc php BSCTD a A v dng bc thang R. Khi :
Nu R khng c dng 0 th u1, u2, ... , uk c lp tuyn tnh.
Nu R c t nht mt dng 0 th u1, u2, ... , uk ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Trng hp k = n, ta c A l ma trn vung. Khi c th thay Bc 2 bng Bc 2
nh sau:
Bc 2: Tnh nh thc detA:
Nu detA 0 th u1, u2, ... , uk c lp tuyn tnh.
Nu detA = 0 th u1, u2, ... , uk ph thuc tuyn tnh.
V d 1. Trong khng gian R5 cho cc vct:
u1 = (1, 2, 3, 5, 1);
u2 = (1, 3, 13, 22, 1);
u3 = (3, 5, 1, 2, 5);
u4 = (2, 3, 4, 7, 4);
Hy xt xem u1, u2, u3, u4 c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn tnh.
p s: Ph thuc tuyn tnh.
V d 2. Trong khng gian R3 cho cc vct:
u1 = (2m + 1, m, m + 1)
u2 = (m 2, m 1, m 2)
u3 = (2m 1, m 1, 2m 1)
Tm iu kin u1, u2, u3 c lp tuyn tnh trn R.
p s: m 0; m 1.
4. KHNG GIAN CON TP SINH C S V S CHIU
R.
3) Trong khng gian R3, mt phng (P) i qua gc ta O l mt khng gian vct con
ca R3.
4) Cho a1, ..., an F v b F\{0} t:
W1 = {(x1, ..., xn) Fn | a1x1 + ... + anxn = 0};
W2 = {(x1, ..., xn) Fn | a1x1 + ... + anxn = b}
Ta c W1 Fn nhng W2
Khi :
W l khng gian con nh nht ca V c cha S.
Ta gi
W = < S >.
S l tp sinh ca W.
Nu S hu hn S = {u1, u2,..., un} th ta ni W = < S > l khng gian con hu hn sinh
bi u1, u2,..., un v k hiu W = < u1, u2,..., un >.
4.4. nh l. Cho S V. Khi khng gian con ca V sinh bi S l tp hp tt c
nhng t hp tuyn tnh ca mt s hu hn nhng ty cc vct trong S, ngha l:
< S > = {u = 1u1 + ... + nun | n N, ui S, i F, 1 i n}
6
Ch . 1) Nu S = th <S> = {0}.
2) Nu S = {u1, u2,..., un} th < S > = {1u1 + 2u2 + ... + nun i F, 1 i n}.
3) Nu S V th < S > = S.
4) Cho S V v W V. Khi :
S W < S > W.
5. Nu S1 S2 V th < S1 > < S2 >.
4.5. nh ngha. Mt tp hp con B ca khng gian vct V c gi l mt c s ca V
nu B l mt tp sinh c lp tuyn tnh.
4.6. B . Gi s V sinh bi m vct u1, u2, ... , um : V = < u1, u2, ... , um >. Khi mi tp
hp con c lp tuyn tnh ca V c khng qu m phn t.
4.7. H qu v nh ngha. Nu V c mt c s B hu hn gm m phn t: B = {u1, u2,
... , um} th mi c s khc ca V cng hu hn v c ng m phn t. Khi ta ni V l mt
khng gian vct hu hn chiu trn F v m c gi la s chiu (dimension) ca V trn F, k
hiu dimFV = m hay dimV = m. Trong trng hp ngc li, ta ni V l mt khng gian vct
v hn chiu trn F, k hiu dimFV = hay dimV = .
V d. 1) Khng gian Fn l mt khng gian vct hu hn chiu trn F vi dimFn = n do Fn
c mt c s l B0 = {e1, e2, ..., en} trong :
e1 = (1, 0, 0,..., 0)
e2 = (0, 1, 0,..., 0)
............................
e = (0, 0,..., 0, 1)
Ta gi B0 l c s chnh tc ca Fn trn F.
2) Khng gian Mmxn(F) l mt khng gian vct hu hn chiu trn F vi dim Mmn(F) =
mn vi c s B0 = {Eij | , 1 i m, 1 j n}, trong Eij l ma trn loi mn ch c mt h s
khc 0 l 1 ti dng i ct j. Ta gi B0 = {Eij | , 1 j m, 1 i n} l c s chnh tc ca
Mmxn(F) trn F.
3) Khng gian Fn[x] gm cc a thc theo x bc n vi h s trong F, l mt khng gian
vct hu hn chiu trn F vi dimFn[x] = n + 1 vi mt c s l B0 = {1, x, ... xn}. Ta gi B0 =
{1, x, ... xn} l c s chnh tc ca Fn[x].
4) Khng gian F[x] gm tt cc a thc theo x bc vi h s trong F, l mt khng gian
vct v hn chiu vi mt c s v hn B0 = {1, x, x2,...}.
4.8. H qu. Cho V l khng gian vct hu hn chiu trn F vi dim V = n. Khi :
i) Mi tp con ca V c nhiu hn n phn t u ph thuc tuyn tnh.
ii) Mi tp con ca V c t hn n phn t khng th l tp sinh ca V.
detA 0, trong A l ma trn c c bng cch xp u1, u2, ... , un thnh cc dng.
V d. 1) Trong khng gian R4, cc vct
u1 = (1, 1, 1, 1)
u2 = (2, 3, 1, 0)
u3 = (1, 1, 1, 1)
u4 = (1, 2, 1, 1)
to thnh c s ca R4.
2) Trong khng gian R3, cc vct
u1 = (2m + 1, m, m + 1)
u2 = (m 2, m 1, m 2)
u3 = (2m 1, m 1, 2m 1)
to thnh mt c s ca R3 khi v ch khi m 0, 1 .
4.11. nh l (v c s khng ton vn). Cho V l mt khng gian vct hu hn chiu v
S l mt tp con c lp tuyn tnh ca V. Khi , nu S khng phi mt c s ca V th ta c
th thm vo S mt s vct c mt c s ca V.
4.12. nh l. Cho V l mt khng gian vct hu hn chiu sinh bi S. Khi tn ti
mt c s B ca V sao cho B S. Ni cch khc, nu S khng phi l mt c s ca V th ta c
th loi b ra khi S mt s vct c mt c s ca V.
4.13. H qu. Mi khng gian con W ca mt khng gian vct V hu hn chiu u hu
hn chiu, hn na nu W V v W V th dim W < dim V.
a
A = 21
.....
a m1
a12
a 22
... a1n
... a 2n
...... ... ......
a m2 ... a mn
t:
u1 = (a11, a12, ... , a1n)
u2 = (a21, a22, ... , a2n)
..................................
um = (am1, am2, ..., amn)
v WA = <u1, u2, ..., um>. Ta gi u1, u2, ..., um l cc vct dng ca A, v WA l khng gian
dng ca A.
Ghi ch. dimWA cn c gi l hng ca h vct u1, u2, ..., um.
5.2. nh l. Nu A v B l hai ma trn tng ng dng th WA = WB, ngha l A v B
c cng khng gian dng.
5.3. Nhn xt. V cc vct dng khc 0 ca mt ma trn dng bc thang lun lun c
lp tuyn tnh nn chng to thnh mt c s ca khng gian dng. T y ta suy ra cch tm
s chiu v mt c s ca khng gian dng ca ma trn A nh sau:
Dng cc php BSCTD a A v dng bc thang R.
S chiu ca khng gian dng WA bng s dng khc 0 ca R (do bng r(A)) v
cc vct dng khc 0 ca R to thnh mt c s ca WA.
V d. Tm s chiu v mt c s ca khng gian dng ca ma trn:
1 2 1 1
2 5 1 4
A=
5 11 2 8
9 20 3 14
Gii tm tt. Dng cc php BSCTD ta c
1 2 1 1 1
2 5 1 4 0
A=
5 11 2 8 0
9 20 3 14 0
2 1 1
1 3 2
= R.
0 0 1
0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1
3 6 5 7 0
A=
4 8 6 8 0
8 16 12 20 0
2 1 1
0 1 2
=R
0 0 1
0 0 0
Do W c dimW = 3 vi c s l :
B = {(1, 2, 1, 1); (0, 0, 1, 2); (0, 0, 0, 1)}
Nhn xt. C th kim chng u1, u2, u3 c lp tuyn tnh. Do {u1, u2, u3} cng l
mt c s ca W (do dimW = 3).
2) Tm mt c s cho khng gian con ca R4 sinh bi cc vct u1, u2, u3 trong :
u1 = (1, 2, 1, 3)
u2 = (2, 4, 3, 0)
u3 = (3, 6, 4, 4)
Khng gian W sinh bi u1, u2, u3 l khng gian dng ca ma trn:
1 2 1
A = 2 4 3
3 6 4
3 1 2 1
0 0 0 1
4 0 0 0
6 = R
1
v3 = (0, 0, 0, 1)
Nhn xt. Trong V d 2, ma trn dng bc thang R khng c dng 0 nn u1, u2, u3 c
lp tuyn tnh, v do {u1, u2, u3} cng l mt c s ca W.
6. KHNG GIAN NGHIM
6.1. V d minh ha. Cho W l tp tt c cc nghim (x1,x2,x3,x4) ca h phng trnh
tuyn tnh thun nht:
x1 + 2x 2 3x 3 + 5x 4 = 0
x1 + 3x 2 13x 3 + 22x 4 = 0
(1)
3x
5x
x
2x
0
+
+
=
1
2
3
4
2x1 + 3x 2 + 4x 3 7x 4 = 0
1
A=
3
2 3 5
3 13 22
5 1
2
3 4 7
0
0
2 3 5
1 10 17
0 0
0
0 0
0
x 2 10x3 + 17x4 = 0
Chn x3 = , x4 = , ta tnh c:
x1 = 17 + 29
x 2 = 10 17
vi , R ty . Do :
W = {(17 + 29,10 17, , )| , R}
= {(17,10, , 0) + (29, 17, 0, )| , R}
= {(17,10,1, 0) + (29, 17, 0,1)| , R}
=< (17,10,1, 0); (29, 17, 0,1) >
11
Ta gi W l khng gian nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht (1) theo nh
ngha tng qut sau:
6.2. nh ngha. Cho ma trn A = (aij) loi mn vi h s trong F:
a11
a
A = 21
.....
a m1
a12
...
a1n
a 22 ... a 2n
...... ... ......
a m2 ... a mn
...............................................
a m1 x1 + a m2 x2 + ... + a mn xn = 0
Khi SA l mt khng gian con ca Fn. Ta gi SA l khng gian nghim ca h phng trnh
tuyn tnh thun nht AX = 0.
6.3. Cch tm s chiu v mt c s ca khng gian nghim:
Xt li V d minh ha 5.1 ta thy SA c mt c s l {u1, u2} vi u1= (-17,10,1,0); u2 =
(29, 17,0,1). D thy:
u1 c suy t nghim tng qut bng cch chn = 1, = 0.
u2 c suy t nghim tng qut bng cch chn = 0, = 1.
Ta gi {u1, u2} l mt h nghim c bn ca (1).
Trng hp tng qut, tm s chiu v mt c s ca khng gian nghim SA ca h
phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht AX = 0, ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
Gii h AX = 0 tm nghim tng qut.
Tm mt h nghim c bn ca h AX = 0 nh sau: Gi s nghim tng qut ca h
AX = 0 c s n t do x k , x k ,..., x k .
1
.......................................................... ..............
- Chn x k = 0; x k = 1;...; x k = 1 ta c nghim u k .
1
12
Wn, k hiu:
W = W1 + W2 + ... + Wn.
Nhn xt.
1) u W1 + W2 + ... + Wn ui Wi (1 i n), u = u1 + ... + un.
2) W1 + W2 + ... + Wn U Wi U , 1 i n.
7.2. H qu. Cho W1, W2,..., Wn l cc khng gian con ca V vi Wi = < Si >. Khi
n
v1 = (1, 2, 2, 3)
u2 = (3, 6, 5, 7)
v2 = (2, 5, 2, 2)
u3 = (4, 8, 6, 8)
v3 = (3, 7, 4, 5)
3 6 5 7 0 0
A1 =
4 8 6 8 0 0
8 16 12 16 0 0
1 1
2 4
0 0
0 0
2 5 5 6 0
A2 =
3 7 7 9 0
6 14 14 18 0
2 2 3
1 1 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
A=
1
2 1 1 1
0 2 4 0
2 2 3 0
1 1 0 0
2 1 1
1 1 0
0 1 2
0 0 0
u = 3 (1, 2, 2, 3) + 4 (0,1,1, 0)
u = 1 (1, 2,1,1) + 2 (0, 0, 2, 4)
1 = 3 ; 21 = 2 3 + 4 ; 1 + 2 2 = 2 3 + 4 ; 1 + 4 2 = 3 3
u = 1 (1, 2,1,1) + 2 (0, 0, 2, 4)
1 = 2 2 = 3 ; 4 = 0
u = (1, 2, 2, 3) vi
nu W = W1 + W2 + ... + Wn v Wi ( Wj ) = vi mi 1 i n.
j i
(1)
14
[u]B
10
0
= 2 : Ta ca vct u trong c s B.
....
0
n
Nh vy,
[u]B
10
0
= 2 u = 10u1 + 20u 2 + ... + n0 u n
....
0
n
b1
b
= X UX = 2
....
bn
trong :
u11 u12 ...
u
u 22 ...
U = 21
..... ...... ...
u n1 u n2 ...
u1k
u 2k
......
u nk
b1
b
= 2.
....
bn
a
= b .
c
4a b c
= a + b c .
a + c
t:
p1 j
p2 j
[v j ]B1 =
, 1 j n,
...
pnj
p11
p
P = 21
...
pn1
p12
p22
...
pn2
... p1n
... p2n
.
... ...
... pnn
u V, [u]B1 = P[u]B2
Ta gi P l ma trn chuyn c s t B1 sang B2, k hiu PB
B2
. Nh vy,
1) PB2 B1 = (PB1 B2 )1
2) PB1 B3 = PB1 B2 PB2 B3
8.6. H qu. Cho B1= (u1, u2, ..., un); B2 = (v1, v2, ..., vn) l hai c s ca khng gian Fn.
Gi B0 = (e1, e2, ..., en) l c s chnh tc ca Fn. Khi :
1) PB 0 B1 l ma trn c c bng cch dng cc vct u1, u2, ..., un thnh cc ct.
2)PB1 B0 = (PB0 B1 )1 .
3) Nu qua mt s php BSCTD ma trn PB
chnh qua nhng php bin i ma trn PB
B2
B1
B2
, ngha l:
BSCTD
(PB0 B1 PB0 B2 )
(In PB1 B2 )
4 1 1
= 1 1 1 .
1 0 1
c) Vi u = (1,2,3), [u]B
5
= 4 .
4
17
p s: a) m 0 v m 2.
b) PB
B0
5 1 4
3 4 2
1
1
= 4 1 2 ; PB1 B2 = 6 7 4 .
3
3
2 1 1
6 6 3
1
1
1
1
= 2 ; [u]B 1 = 4
3
3
1
3
b) PB B
3x1 x2 + 2x4
5x 6x1 4x4
= 2
2x
4 x2
1 0 2
= 1 1 2
0 0 1
18
B- NH X TUYN TNH
1. KHI NIM V NH X TUYN TNH
1.1. nh ngha. Cho V v W l hai khng gian vct trn F. nh x f: V W c gi
l mt nh x tuyn tnh nu f tha hai tnh cht sau:
1) u, v V, f(u + v) = f(u) + f(v);
2) u V, F, f(u) = f(u).
Hn na, nu f tho thm tnh cht l n nh (ton nh, song nh) th f c gi l mt n
cu (ton cu, ng cu) khng gian vct. Khi tn ti mt ng cu gia V v W ta ni V
ng cu vi W, k hiu V W .
Trng hp W = V th nh x tuyn tnh f: V V c gi l mt ton t tuyn tnh hay
mt php bin i tuyn tnh trn V.
K hiu:
Nhn xt. Hai tnh cht 1) v 2) trn tng ng vi tnh cht sau:
u, v V, F, f(u + v) = f(u) + f(v).
1.2. V d. Xt nh x f: R2 R3 xc nh bi:
f(x, y) = (x + 2y, 2x y, x y)
Vi u = (x1, y1); v = (x2, y2) R2 v R, ta c:
f(u + v) = f(u) + f(v) v f(u) = f(u).
nn f l mt nh x tuyn tnh.
1.3. Mnh . Vi nh x tuyn tnh f: V W, ta c:
(i) f(0V) = 0W;
(ii) u V, f(u) = f(u);
(iii) u1, u2, , un V; 1, 2, , n F,
f(1u1 + 2u2 + +nun) = 1f(u1) + 2f(u2) + + nf(un).
1.4. nh l. Cho V, W l hai khng gian vct trn F. Gi s dim V = n v A = {u1, u2,
, un} l mt c s ca V trn F. Khi , vi w1, w2, , wn l n vct bt k ca W (wi c th
trng nhau), tn ti duy nht mt nh x tuyn tnh f: V W tha f(ui) = wi, 1 i n. nh x
tuyn tnh f c xc nh nh sau:
trong :
1
2 = [u]A
...
n
Im(f) = {w W | v V, f(v) = w}
2.3. V d. Xt li V d 1.2 trong 1: f: R2 R3 nh bi
f(x, y) = (x + 2y, 2x y, x y).
Ta c: Ker(f) = {0} v Im(f) = {(t1, t2, t3) R3 | t1 3t2 + 5t3 = 0}.
2.4. nh l. Vi nh x tuyn tnh f: V W, cc mnh sau tng ng:
1) f l n cu.
2) Ker(f) = {0}.
3) Nu S l mt tp con c lp tuyn tnh bt k ca V th {f(u)| u S} l tp con c
lp tuyn tnh ca W.
4) Tn ti mt c s B ca V sao cho {f(u)| u B} l tp con c lp tuyn tnh ca W.
2.5. nh l. Vi nh x tuyn tnh f: V W, cc mnh sau tng ng:
1) f l ton cu.
2) Nu S l mt tp sinh bt k ca V th f(S) l tp sinh ca W.
3) Tn ti mt tp sinh S ca V sao cho f(S) l tp sinh ca W.
2.6. nh l. Vi nh x tuyn tnh f: V W, cc mnh sau tng ng:
1) f l ng cu.
2) Nu B l mt c s bt k ca V th {f(u)| u B} l mt c s ca W.
3) Tn ti mt c s B ca V sao cho {f(u)| u B} l mt c s ca W.
Nhn xt. Do nh l 2.6, nu V W th dim V = dimW.
2.7. nh l. Nu V l mt khng gian vct hu hn chiu trn F th V Fn , trong
n = dimV.
2.8. nh l. Cho f: V W l mt nh x tuyn tnh t khng gian vct hu hn chiu V
vo khng gian vct W. Khi :
dim Im(f) + dim Ker(f) = dim V
(1)
Ta gi
dim Im(f) l hng (rank) ca f, k hiu rank(f) hay r(f).
dim Ker(f) l s khuyt (defect) ca f, k hiu def(f) hay d(f).
3. NH X TUYN TNH TRN CC KHNG GIAN VCT HU HN CHIU
3.1. nh l v nh ngha. Cho V, W l hai khng gian vct hu hn chiu, trong :
1) V c dimV = n vi c s A = (v1, v2, ..., vn);
2) W c dimW = m vi c s B = (w1,w2,..., wm)
v f L(V,W). Vi mi 1 i n, t:
21
a1 j
a2 j
[f(vj)]B =
....
a mj
ngha l:
v V, [f(v)]B = A[v]A
(1)
5 7
= 0 1 .
1 2
a11
a12
a1n
a
a
a
= 21 ;[f(e2 )]B 0 = 22 ;...;[f(en )]B 0 = 1n
....
....
....
a m1
a m2
a mn
,B 0
0
a11
a
= 21
...
a
m1
a12
a 22
...
a m2
...
a1n
... a 2n
= A.
... ...
... a mn
B0
l ma trn biu
din ca f theo cp c s chnh tc A0, B0 ca Fn v Fm. Khi , d thy rng f c biu thc
nh bi (1).
Tm li, ta chng minh c rng vi nh x tuyn tnh f: Fn Fm, hai khng nh
sau tng ng.
1) (x1, x2, ..., xn) Fn, f(x1, ..., xn) = (a11x1 +...+ a1nxn,..., am1x1 +...+ amnxn).
2) Vi A0, B0 ln lt l cc c s chnh tc ca Fn v Fm, ta c: [f ]A
B0
= (aij)mn.
A = 7 1 1
1 3 1
23
x1
x
A [(x1, x2, ..., xn)] B0 = 0 AX = 0 vi X = 2
...
xn
Ni cch khc, Ker(f) chnh l khng gian nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
AX = 0.
2) Im(f): Gi A0 = (e1, e2, ..., en) l c s chnh tc ca Fn, ta c:
f(e1) = (a11, a21, ..., am1);
f(e2) = (a12, a22, ..., am2);
.......................................
f(en) = (a1n, a2n, ..., amn)
M Im(f) = < f(e1), f(e2),..., f(en) > nn Im(f) chnh l khng gian ct ca ma trn A, ngha l
khng gian sinh bi cc vct ct ca ma trn A. Ni cch khc, Im(f) l khng gian dng ca
ma trn chuyn v AT,
3.6. V d. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: R4 R3 nh bi:
f(x, y, z, t) = (x 2y + z t, x + 2y + z + t, 2x + 2z)
Hy tm c s, s chiu ca Ker(f) v Im(f).
p s:
Ker(f) c mt c s l {(1, 0, 1, 0); (0, -1, 0, 2)}v dimKer(f) = 2.
Im(f) c mt c s l {(1, 1, 2); (0, 1, 1)} v dim Im(f) = 2.
3.7. nh l. Cho V, W, T l cc khng gian vct hu hn chiu trn F vi cc c s
tng ng ln lt l A, B, C. Khi , vi f, g: V W; h: W T l cc nh x tuyn tnh v
F ta c:
1) [f + g]A, B = [f]A, B + [g]A, B ;
2) [f]A, B = [f]A, B ;
3) [hof]A, C = [h]B, C [f]A, B .
3.8. H qu. Cho V, W l cc khng gian vct hu hn chiu trn F: dimV = n, dimW =
m, vi cc c s ln lt l A, B. Khi
L(V, W) Mmn (F)
qua ng cu nh bi (f ) = [f ]A , B .
3.9. nh l. Cho V, W l hai khng gian vct hu hn chiu v f L(V,W). Khi vi
A, A' l hai c s ca V v B, B ' l hai c s ca W, ta c:
1) [f]A,B = (PBB ) 1[f]A, B PAA
2) c bit, nu V = W v A = B, A' = B' th:
[f]B = (PB B)1 [f]B PB
24
A'
Ta c:
B'
f = IdW o f o IdV
nn theo nh l 3.7:
[f]A ,B = [IdW o f o IdV]A, B = [IdW]B, B [f o IdV]A , B = [IdW] B, B [f]A, B [IdV]A , A
Mt khc,
3.10. V d.
V d 1. Trong khng gian R3 cho cc vct:
u1 = (1, 1, 0); u2 = (0, 2, 1); u3 = (2, 3, 1)
v nh x tuyn tnh f: R3 R3 nh bi:
f(x, y, z) = (2x + y z, x + 2y z, 2x y + 3z)
a) Chng minh B = (u1, u2, u3) l mt c s ca R3.
b) Tm [f]B .
p s:
[f]B
1 1 8
= 1 1 3 .
2 0 7
[f]B = 1 1 0
2 1 1
Hy tm biu thc ca nh x f.
p s:
f(x,y,z)=
1
(54x70y54z,32x+40y+34z,97x125y100z).
2
2) f l ton nh.
3) f l song nh;
4) Vi mi c s A ca V v B ca W, ma trn [f]A,B kh nghch.
5) Tn ti cc c s A, B ln lt ca V v W sau cho [f]A,B kh nghch.
Hn na, khi f1: W V cng l mt nh x tuyn tnh v [f1]B,A = ([f]A,B)1.
c bit, nu V = W v A = B th:
[f1]B = ([f]B)1.
3.12. V d. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: R3 R3 ph thuc vo tham s m R nh bi:
f(1, 0, 1) = (m, 1, 0)
f(0, 1, 0) = (0, m, 1)
f(0, 2, 1) = (m, m + 1, m + 2)
a) nh m f l mt song nh.
b) Tm biu thc ca f. Suy ra biu thc ca f1 khi f l song nh.
p s: a) m 0 v m 1
b) f(x, y, z) = (mz, mx + my + (1 m)z, mx + y + mz)
Vi m 0 v m 1, ta c biu thc ca f1 l:
f 1 (x, y, z) =
1
((m2 + m 1)x + my m2z, mx + m2 y + m2z, (m2 + m)x)
m (m + 1)
2
a
Au = 21
.....
an1
26
...
a1n
...
a 2n
c gi l a thc c trng ca
...
......
... a nn
ma trn A.
3 3 2
V d. Cho ma trn thc A = 1 1 2 .Tm a thc c trng ca A.
0 0 4
1
0
1
2 = (4 )
0
4
3
3
= (4 )( 2 4) = ( 4)2
1
1
1
3
1 2 = (4 )( 2 + 4) .
1
- Tr ring:
27
A() = 0 = 4.
Do ma trn A ch c mt tr ring 1 = 4.
- Khng gian ring V(1) ng vi tr ring 1 = 4 l khng gian nghim ca h:
3 3
Au = 1u 1 1
3 1
(3x1 + 3x 2 + 2x 3 , x1
2 (x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = 4(x1 , x 2 , x 3 )
0
+ x 2 2x 3 , 3x1 3x 2 ) = (4x1 , 4x 2 , 4x 3 )
x1 + 3x 2 + 2x 3 = 0
x1 3x 2 2x 3 = 0
3x x 4x = 0
1
2
3
(1)
V d. Xt ma trn A sau y: A =
0
s ch ra rng A cho ha c. Tht vy, t
1 1
1 1
1
P=
P =
0 1
0 1
ta c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
P 1 AP =
=
=D
0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2
5.2. nh l. Ma trn A Mn(F) cho ha c khi v ch khi hai tnh cht sau c
1) a thc c trng A() c phn tch thnh tch cc a thc bc 1:
r
A () = (1)n ( 1 ) 1 ( 2 ) 2 ...( k ) k .
A () = (1)n ( 1 ) 1 ( 2 ) 2 ...( k ) k
v chuyn sang Bc 2.
Bc 2: Tm cc tr ring i cng vi cc s bi ri tng ng (1 i k).
Bc 3: Vi mi 1 i k, tm c s Bi v s chiu dimV(i) ca cc khng gian ring
V(i):
Nu tn ti 1 i k sao cho dimV(i) < ri th A khng cho ha c v thut ton
kt thc.
Trng hp ngc li, ngha l dimV(i) = ri vi mi 1 i k th A cho ha c,
v chuyn sang Bc 4.
Bc 4: t P l ma trn c c bng cch ln lt dng cc vect trong B1, B2 ,.., Bk
thnh cc ct, ta c P lm cho ha A v P1AP c dng cho nh trong nh l 5.2.
Nhn xt. Do mi khng gian ring u c s chiu dng nn nu i l nghim n
ca a thc c trng th lun lun c dimV(i) = 1(= ri). Do , nu ch cn bit A c cho
ha c hay khng (m khng cn tm ma trn P lm cho ha A) th Bc 3 ta ch cn so
snh cc s chiu dimV(i) vi cc s bi ri ng vi cc tr ring i c s bi ri > 1.
V d 1. Cc ma trn sau y c cho ha c khng?
3 4 2
a) A = 2 4 2
2 1 1
3 0 0
b) A = 0 2 0
0 1 2
29
2 0 2
c) A = 0 3 0
0 0 3
d)
Gii
A() = 0 = 1, = 1, = 2.
Au = 2u 0 2 0 (x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = 2(x1 , x 2 , x 3 )
0 1 2
x1 = 0
(3x1 , 2x 2 , x 2 + 2x 3 ) = (2x1 , 2x 2 , 2x 3 )
x2 = 0
(1)
Au = 2u 0 3 0 (x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = 3(x1 , x 2 , x 3 )
0 0 3
(2x1 2x 3 , 3x 2 , 3x 3 ) = (3x1 , 3x 2 , 3x 3 ) x1 2x 3 = 0
(1)
Tnh An vi n l s t nhin.
Gii
- a thc c trng:
A() = |A I| = ( 5)2( 1).
- Tr ring:
() = 0 = 5 (bi 2), = 1 (bi 1).
Vy A c 2 tr ring 1 = 5(bi 2), 2 = 1(bi 1).
- Khng gian ring:
Khng gian ring V(1) ng vi tr ring 1 = 5 l khng gian nghim ca h:
3 2 0
Au = 1u 2 3 0 (x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = 5(x1 , x 2 , x 3 )
0 0 5
(1)
Gii h (1), ta tm c nghim tng qut (x1, x2, x3) =(, , ) vi , R ty . Vy:
V(1) = { ( , , )|, R}={(1,1,0) + (0, 0, 1)|, R}=<(1, 1,0);(0, 0,1)>
Suy ra V(1) c dim V(1) = 2 (= s bi ca 1) vi c s B1 = {(1, 1,0); (0, 0,1)}.
Khng gian ring V(2) ng vi tr ring 2 = 1 l khng gian nghim ca h:
Khi
(3)
tm An , ta ly tha n hai v ca (3):
Vi
ta tm c P
1 1 0
1
= 0 0 2 . T ta c:
2
1 1 0
5n
An = P 0
0
0
5n
0
0 P 1
1
1 + 5n
2
1 5n
=
2
0
32
1 5n
2
1 + 5n
2
0
0 .
5n
sang B2.
V d. Cho ton t tuyn tnh f: R3 R3 nh bi:
f(x, y, z) = (3x 2y, 2x + 3y, 5z)
Xt xem f c cho ha c khng. Tm c s B lm cho ha f (nu c).
Gii
Ma trn biu din ca f theo c s chnh tc B0 = {e1, e2, e3} ca R3 l:
trong
= P , ngha l:
BI TP
Bi 1. Trong khng gian R4 cho
u1 = (1, 0, 1, 0); u2 = (2, 1, 4, 4); u3 = (3, 1, 5, 4); u4 = (6, 2, 10, 4);
Xt tnh c lp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2, u3, u4 v ca v1, v2, v3, v4. Tm c s, s chiu cho W1,
W2, W1+W2, W1W2; sau b sung vo c s ca W1W2 mt s vect c mt c s
ca R4. Tm iu kin vect u = (a1, a2, a3, a4) thuc v W1, W2.
p s: u1, u2, u3, u4 ph thuc tuyn tnh; dimW1 = 3 vi c s {(1,0,1,0); (1,1,2,4);
(0,0,0,4)};
v1, v2, v3, v4 ph thuc tuyn tnh; dimW2 = 2 vi c s {(1,1,1,1); (0,1,4,7)};
W1 + W2 = R4 c dim(W1 + W2) = 4 vi c s chnh tc B0.
dim(W1W2) = 1 vi c s l {(2,1,5,8)}.
3a 4a 2 + a 3 = 0;
(a1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 ) W1 1
6a1 7a 2 + a 4 = 0.
(a1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 ) W2 a1 + 2a 2 a 3 = 0.
Xt tnh c lp tuyn tnh ca u1, u2, u3, u4 v ca v1, v2, v3, v4. Tm c s, s chiu cho W1,
W2, W1+W2, W1W2; sau b sung vo c s ca W1W2 mt s vect c mt c s
ca R3[x]. Tm iu kin vect u = a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0 thuc v W1, W2.
34
Wi = (x1 , x2 , x 3 , x 4 ) R 4
x1
x
A i X = 0, X = 2 , i = 1, 2.
x3
x4
2
a) A1 =
3
4
1
b) A1 = 1
3
2 1 3
1 1
4 3 11
2 2
; A2 =
6 4 14
4 4
8 5 17
5 5
2
1 0
1 5
3 5
6 5
5
6
1 1 5
3 13 22
2 2 9 13
; A2 =
3 3 14 19
5 1
2
3 4 7
5 5 23 30
x1
W2 = (x1 , x2 , x 3 , x4 ) R 4| A i X = 0, X = 2 .
x3
x4
Tm iu kin vect u = (x1, x2, x3, x4) thuc W1. Tm c s v s chiu ca W1, W2, W1 +
W2, W1W2.
a) u1 = (1, 2, 1, 1); u2 = (1, 3, 0, 4); u3 = (0, 1, 0, 1); u4 = (2, 5, 1, 1);
1
1
A=
2
b) u1 = (1, 1, 1, 2);
1
2
5
7
2
3 12 3
4 14 4
1 2
A=
3 6
5 10
3
1
3
4 12
6 18
4b) (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) W1
x1 + 3x2 x4 = 0.
36
p s: 5b) [v]B =
dx cy
1
.
ad bc bx + ay
Bi 6. Trong cc trng hp sau, t: W = <u1, u2, u3>. Chng minh rng B1 = {u1, u2, u3} v
B2 = {v1, v2, v3} l hai c s ca W. Tm ma trn chuyn c s t B1 sang B2. Tm iu kin
vect u = (a, b, c, d) thuc W v xc nh [u]B ;[u]B trong trng hp ny:
1
a)
b)
u1 = (3, 6, 2, 3);
v1 = (2, 5, 2, 0)
u2 = (1, 2, 2, 0);
v2 = (6, 11, 6, 6)
u3 = (2, 3, 2, 3);
v3 = (4, 7, 2, 6)
u1 = (1, 2, 1, 1);
v1 = (2, 4, 2, 3)
u2 = (2, 6, 3, 2);
v2 = (5, 14, 7, 7)
u3 = (3, 8, 4, 4);
1
1
[u]B = 6a + 2b + 3c ;[u]B = 2a 2b + 3c ;
1
2
4
8
8a 4b
4a 4c
1 1 1
1 0 1
1
PB B = 1 1 1 ; PB B = 0 1 1 .
1
2
2
1
2
1 1 1
1 1 0
6b) u = (a, b, c, d) W b 2c = 0;
[u]B
PB
8a 2b 2d
70a 26b + 2d
1
1
b 2d ;[u]B =
=
42a + 12b + 12d ;
2
2
42
2a + 2d
14a b 8d
B 2
1 1 4
10 6 5
1
= 1 0 5 ; PB B =
3 6 9 .
2
1
21
1 2 2
2 3 1
Bi 7. Trong cc trng hp sau chng t B1 = (u1, u2, u3) v B2 = (v1, v2, v3) l hai c s ca
R3. Tm cc ma trn chuyn c s t B1 B0, B2 B0, B1 B2, B2 B1 (B0 l c s
chnh tc). Cho u = (1, 2, 3), [v]B
1
= 1 . Tm v v [u]B 1 ;[u]B 2 ;[v]B 2 .
2
37
a)
b)
u1 = (1, 2, 2);
v1 = (1, 0, 2)
u2 = (1, 1, 1);
v2 = (1, 1, 1)
u3 = (0, 2, 3);
v3 = (2, 2, 3)
u1 = (2, 1, 3);
v1 = (4, 1, 5)
u2 = (1, 2, 3);
v2 = (1, 0, 3)
u3 = (2, 1, 0);
v3 = (2, 1, 2)
p s: 7a) PB
B0
1 3 2
5 1 4
1
1
= 2 3 2 ; PB B = 4 1 2 .
2
0
3
3
0 3 3
2 1 1
3 4 2
1 8
1
1
PB B = 6 7 4 ; PB B = 2 7
1
2
2
1
3
3
6 6 3
2 2
1
5
1
1
v = (0,7, 9);[u]B = 2 ;[u]B = 4 ;[v]B
1
2
2
3
3
3
1
10
8 .
1
29
1
= 25 .
3
3 6 5
3 4 1
1
1
7b) PB B = 3 6 4 ; PB B = 3 2 2 .
1
0
2
0
3
3
3 3 3
3 7 1
19 12 10
7
8 2
1
1
1 4 .
PB B = 14 9 8 ; PB B = 2
1
2
2
1
3
3
1
6 6 3
10 14
8
8
1
1
v = (5, 3, 0);[u]B = 7 ;[u]B = 7 ;[v]B = 3 .
1
2
2
3
4
2
14
11
;
25
0
.
1
a) Chng t B1 = (A1, A2, A3, A4) v B2 = (B1, B2, B3, B4) l hai c s ca M2(R). Tm cc ma
trn chuyn c s t B1 B0, B2 B0, B1 B2, B2 B1 (B0 l c s chnh tc).
38
1 1
, [D]B 1
1 1
b) Cho C =
0
0
1
1
= va [E]B = . Tm D, E v [C]B ;[C]B ;[D]B va
1
2
2
2
0
0
1
1
[E]B .
1
p s:
2 0 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
1 2 3 1
8a) PB B =
;P
.
=
1
0
2 3 0 1 B 2 B 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1
1 1 2 4
1 5 4 1
3 4 8 15
PB B =
;P
.
=
1
2
5 3 1 1 B 2 B 1 6 9 17 32
2 0 2 1
10 16 30 57
4
1
5
2
0 1
5 14
5
0
19
6
8b)D =
;E =
;[C]B 1 = ;[C]B 2 = ;[D]B 2 = ;[E]B1 = .
4
1
41
2
1 1
22 32
0
0
73
1
0
0
1
1
=
va [w]B 2 = .
0
0
1
1
p s:
9a) PB
B0
0 2 0
1 0 0 2
=
2 2 2 0
4 4 1
1 2 3 4
0
0
1 2 1 4 3
;P
.
=
0 B 2 B 0 30 3 4 1 2
1
3 2 1
4
39
4
3 7 17 8
2 8
6
8 2 4
1 6
1 1 1 10 6
=
PB B =
;P
.
1
2
2 2
6 14
2 B 2 B 1 30 1 1 11 4
0 2
5 19 25 3
7 3
1
1
3
2
2
1
1 5
1 1
.
9b)v = x + 3; w = 6x 3 + 2x2 + 2x 4;[u]B = ;[u]B =
;[v]B = ;[w]B =
1
1
2
2
2
4
15 2
6 1
5
0
1
11
1
1
= 0 va [w]B 2 = 0
1
2
Tm v, w v [v]B va [w]B .
2
a)
b)
u = (m, 2m, 0)
m1 = 0
m2 = 2
u = (1, 1, 1)
m1 = 2
m2 = 5
p s:
m(m 17)
10a) m 1; [u] = 2
m(m 14)
m 1
36m
1
13 24 12
15 24 12
1
PB B = 20 39 20 ; PB B = 20 37 20
1
2
2
1
3
24 48 25
24 48 27
37
1
v = (1, 0,1); w = (17, 30, 34);[v]B = 0 ;[w]B = 60 .
2
1
74
1
40
m+2
10b) m 0; 1; [u] = 2
2m 1
m 1
3
1
6 8 6
33 14
9
1
1
37 6 21
PB B = 16 15 9 ; PB B =
1
2
2
1
2
40
6 6 8
3 6 19
3
9
1
v = (3, 0, 2); w = (9, 6, 26);[v]B = 2 ;[w]B = 17 .
2
1
5
11
2
1
11a) PB B = 1 1 1 ;
1
0
2
1 1 1
1
1
11c) [u]B = 2 ;[f (u)]B = 1 .
0
2
11b) [f]B
1 0 1
1
= 1 1 0 ;
2
0 1 1
41
12a) PB B = 0 1
1
0
1 1
1
12c) [u]B = 1 ;[f (u)]B
1
9m + 4
1
5
2
0;
12b) [f]B =
2
m + 1 1 ;
9m 4 m 4 2
1
9m + 1
= 2 m.
2 8m
p s:
14a) f(x,y,z) = ((m + 1)x+ y+ 2z, (m 2)x + (m 3)y + z, (m + 2)x + 3y + (m 1)z);
14b) m 0; 2; 4; f 1 (x, y, z) =
m(m 4)x (m 7)y (2m 7)z, m(m 4)x + (m2 2m 5)y + (m 5)z,
;
4m + 8 2(1 m)(m + 2)x (m 3)(m + 2)y + 2(m + 1)(m 2)z
0
17c)
c
0 b 0
a 0 b
.
0 d 0
c 0 d
4 5 2
a) 5 7 3
6 9 4
1 1 0
b) 0 1 0
5 3 2
1 0 2
c) 0 3 0
0 0 0
0
1 0 0
1 1 4 8
d)
.
2 4
7 4
1
1 8 4
1
d)
0
0 0
1 0
2 2
0 0 0
0 0 4
1 0 4
0 1 1
0 0 1
b) 1 0 3
0 1 3
0 0 0
c) 1 0 9
0 1 6
1 4 2
e) 3 4 0
3 1 3
40 56 63
f) 56 100 126 .
28 56 75
18f) Cho ha c.
0
a)
0
a
2
0
0
b
d
2
0
0
d)
0
a
2
0
0
b
d
2
0
e
f
2
c
e
f
0
b)
0
a
1
0
0
b
d
2
0
0
e)
0
b
a
0
0
b
d
2
0
e
f
2
c
e
f
0
c)
0
a
1
0
0
b
d
1
0
0
f)
0
b
a
0
0
b
d
a
0
44
e
f
2
c
e
f
p s:
19a) d = e = f = 0
19b) a = f = 0
19c) a = b = d = 0
19d) a 2, d = e = f = 0
19e) a = 2, b = c = d = e = f = 0 hoc a 2, b = f = 0
19f) a = 2, b = c = d = e = f = 0 hoc a 2, b = d = 0
Bi 20. Cho ha cc ma trn sau y:
3 4 2
a) 2 4 2
2 1 1
8
3 4
b) 22 21 44
12 12 25
8 26 13
c) 26 31 26
26 52 47
1 4 8
d) 4 7 4 .
8 4 1
p s:
1 1 2
1 0 0
20a) P = 0 2 3 ; P AP = 0 1 0 ;
1 2 1
0 0 2
2 1 2
1 0 0
20b) P = 11 1 0 ; P AP = 0 1 0 ;
6 0 1
0 0 1
1 2 1
18
0
0
20c) P = 2 1 0 ; P AP = 0 21
0 ;
2 0 1
0
0 21
2 1 1
9 0 0
20d) P = 1 2 0 ; P AP = 0 9 0 .
2 0 1
0 0 9
2 1 1
1 0
1 1 1
1 0 0
100
p s: 21) P = 1 1 1 ; P AP = 0 2 0 ; A = P 0 2100
2 1 0
0 0 3
0 0
0 P 1 .
3100
23b) Cho ha c.
18 0 0
= 0 21 0 ;
0 0 21
18
0
0
= 0 18
0 .
0
0 18
46