TRNG I HC CNG NGH NG NAI MN: PHN TCH MI TRNG GVGD: LI TH HIN MAIL: h3u_8789@yahoo.

com t lin lc: 01677283599

Bi 4: Cht rn
1. Gii thiu chung 1.1. ngha mi trng

Cht rn trong nc bao gm cht rn tn ti dng l

lng v dng ha tan. Trong nc c hm lng cht rn cao gy cm quan khng tt v cc bnh ng rut cho

con ngi.

Bi 4: Cht rn
1.2. Cc nh ngha Cht rn tng cng (TS) = Cht rn l lng (SS) + Cht

rn ha tan (TDS)
Cht rn n nh ( thnh phn l cc cht v c): L phn cn li ca cht rn tng cng sau khi t 5500 C

Cht rn khng n nh hay cn gi l cht rn bay hi

(VS): L lng cht rn tng cng mt i sau khi t 5500 C

2. Thc hnh

1. Gii thch tm quan trng ca vic phn tch cht rn trong cc lnh vc: a. Hm lng cht rn ha tan v vic cp nc th b. Cht rn tng cng v cht rn bay hi i vi nc thi v bn lng c. Cht lng c v nc thi sinh hot.

2. D on kt qu phn tch v gi tr thc khi xc nh hm lng cht rn trong cc iu kin sau: a. Cc nung cn m b. Xc nh tng cht rn bay hi khi t l Mangan cacbonat cha trong mu cao.

Cu 1:Cn a: 48,6212 g; a c mu (100ml dung dch

phn tch) sau khi sy n khi lng khng i nhit

1050C: 48,6432 g. Xc nh cht rn tng cng: 220 mg/l

Cu 2:a c mu (100ml dung dch phn tch) sau khi sy

n khi lng khng i nhit 1050C: 48,6432 g; tip tc sy nhit 5500C n khi lng khng i, cn 48,630g. Xc nh cht rn bay hi: 132 mg/l

Cu 3

Cn a: 49,6212 g; a c mu (100ml dung dch phn

tch) sau khi sy n khi lng khng i nhit 1050C: 49,600 g. Xc nh cht rn tng cng:

212 mg/l

Bi 7: Chloride

1. Gii thiu chung 1.1. ngha mi trng Chloride l ion chnh trong nc thin nhin v nc thi Mu cha 250 mg Cl-/l c th nhn ra v mn nu nc c cha ion Na+ Hm lng Clo cao s gy n mn cc kt cu ng

kim loi

Bi 7: Chloride

1.2. Nguyn tc Trong mi trng trung ha hay kim nh K2CrO4 c th lm cht ch th mu ti im kt thc trong pp nh phn Clo bng AgNO3 Da vo s khc bit v tch s tan ca AgCl (Ts= 3.10-10) v Ag2CrO4 (Ts= 3.10-12), Ion Ag+ s kt ta hon ton vi Cl- trc , sau mi kt ta gch

vi CrO4-

Bi 7: Chloride

1.3. cc tr ngi Ion Br-, I-, CN- c xem nh tng ng vi ClS2-, SO32-, S2O32Fe trn 10mg/l s che lp s i mu ti im kt thc 2. Thc hnh 3. Cng thc tnh

1/ Lng Chloride trong mu l 50mg/l vy lng NaCl l bao nhiu?

82,5 mg/l
2/ Xc nh li nng dung dch chun AgNO3 bng dung dch chun gc NaCl 0,02N. Lng AgNO3 chun ht 11,5ml vi th tch NaCl 0,02N s dng l 10ml. Nng dung dch chun AgNO3 l: 0,017 N

3/ Xc nh li nng dung dch chun AgNO3 bng dung dch chun gc NaCl 0,02N. Lng AgNO3 chun ht 9,5ml

vi th tch NaCl 0,02N s dng l 10ml. Nng dung dch

chun AgNO3 l: 0,021 N

4/ Kt qu phn tch mu nc c hm lng Cl- l 55 mg/L.

Phng php s dng l phng php chun kt ta vi dung dch chun l AgNO3 0,01N, khi ly mu phn tch l 50mL. Th tch dung dch chun AgNO3 0,01N tiu tn l: 7,75 mL

Bi 8: Acid
1. Gii thiu chung 1.1. ngha mi trng axit biu th kh nng phng thch H+ ca nc Nguyn nhn:

S hin din ca cc loi axit yu nh axit cacbonic, axit

Tannic, axit humic Cc mui axit mnh nh sunfat nhm, st

Bi 8: Acid
1. Gii thiu chung 1.1. ngha mi trng Nc thin nhin thng ng thi mang hai tnh cht i nhau: tnh acid v tnh kim Khi b nhim bi cc acid v c v cc mui acid t khu vc hm m, t phnth nc c pH b hn 7 rt nhiu

Bi 8: Acid

1. Gii thiu chung

1.1. ngha mi trng

Hai khong chun c s dng: pH th nht ng vi im i mu ca ch th methyl cam ( t 4.2-4.5) pH th hai ng vi im i mu ca ch th PP (8.2-8.4)

Bi 8: acid

1.2. Nguyn tc Dng cc dd kim mnh nh phn cc axit v c mnh, axit hu c, axit yu. acid do nh hng ca acid v c c gi l acid methyl cam acid tng cng c xc nh bng im i mu ca ch th pp

Bi 8: acid

1.3. cc tr ngi

Cc cht kh ha tan CO2, H2S, NH3

Khc phc: nh phn nhanh chng, trnh lc mnh, trnh mu ni c nhit cao hn nhit ban

u ca mu

Bi 8: acid 1.3. cc tr ngi Mu nc cp: Clorine c tnh ty mu

Khc phc: Thm vi git Na2S2O3 0.1N

Nu mu c mu v c cao phi xc nh bng phng php chun in th.

2. Thc hnh
3. Cng thc tnh

1/ Ly 50ml mu nc thi em chun xc nh axit

metyl bng phng php chun . Kt qu phn tch sau 3 ln phn tch ln lt: 6ml; 6,1ml; 5,9ml NaOH 0,02N. axit

metyl l:
120mg CaCO3/l 2/ Ly 50ml mu nc thi em chun xc nh axit

tng bng phng php chun . Kt qu phn tch sau 3

ln phn tch ln lt: 10ml; 10,1ml; 9,9ml NaOH 0,02N. axit tng l: 200mg CaCO3/l

Bi 9: Kim

1. Gii thiu chung

1.1. ngha mi trng

kim biu th kh nng thu nhn H+ ca nc Nguyn nhn: S hin din ca: OH-, CO32- , HCO3-

To pht trin v tng trng lm cho pH ca nc tng

Cc mui acid yu nh silicat, borat

Bi 8: Kim

1.2. Nguyn tc Dng cc dd acid mnh nh phn kim vi cc ch th PP, methyl cam ( hoc ch th hn hp bromoresol lc + methyl ) kim phenol? kim tng cng?

Bi 9: Kim 1.3. cc tr ngi Mu nc cp: Clorine c tnh ty mu

Khc phc: Thm vi git Na2 S2O3 0.1N

Nu mu c mu v c cao phi xc nh bng phng php chun in th.

Khng lc, pha long hay c c mu

2. Thc hnh 3. Cng thc tnh

1/ kim phenol trong nc bng 120mg CaCO3/l, kim

tng bng 120mg CaCO3/l. Vy kim do ion no?

OH2/ kim phenol bng 30mg CaCO3/l, kim tng bng

100mg CaCO3/l, kim do ion CO32- v kim do ion

HCO3- l bao nhiu? kim do ion CO32- = 60mg CaCO3/l

kim do ion HCO3- = 40mg CaCO3/l

3/ kim HCO3- trong nc bng 40mgCaCO3/l. Vy nng ion HCO3- ?

48,8 mg/l

4/ kim phenol 60mg CaCO3/l, kim tng bng

100mg CaCO3/l. , kim do ion CO32- v kim OH- l

bao nhiu?: kim do ion OH- = 20mg CaCO3/l

kim do ion CO32- 80mg CaCO3/l

5/ kim phenol bng 40mg CaCO3/l, kim tng bng

80mg CaCO3/l, tnh kim cc ion c trong mu?

kim do ion CO32- = 80mg CaCO3/l

6/ kim OH- trong nc bng 80 mgCaCO3/l. Vy nng ion OH- l: 27,2 mg/l 7/ kim phenol trong nc bng 120 mgCaCO3/l,

kim tng bng 120 mgCaCO3/l. Tnh kim cc ion:

kim do ion OH- = 120mg CaCO3/l 8/ kim OH- (mgCaCO3/l) l 30, vy OH- (mg/l) l bao

nhiu?
10,2 mg/l

Bi 10: cng tng cng

Mc tiu bi hc
Nm c th no l cng? Nguyn tc, cc tr ngi khi xc nh cng trong nc? Nm c kin thc l thuyt trc khi tin hnh th nghim: kin thc v ha cht s dng, quy trnh xc nh T c th kim tra ng cng trong bt k loi nc no.

Bi 10: cng tng cng

1. Gii thiu chung 1.1. ngha mi trng

cng c hiu l kh nng to bt ca nc vi x

bng cng tng cng c xc nh bng tng hm lng

ion Ca 2+ , Mg 2+, v c biu th bng mg CaCO3/l

Bi 10: cng tng cng

Bi 10: cng tng cng

1.2. Nguyn tc Phng php nh phn bng EDTA vi ch th Erio Chrome Black T pH = 10 dung dch chuyn t ru vang sang xanh dng

Bi 10: cng tng cng

Bi 10: Cng tng cng

1.3. cc tr ngi
Mt vi ion kim loi nng

Khc phc: Thm cht che l mui Mg-EDTA

Hm lng cc kim loi nng hay lng polyphosphate c trong mu

Khc phc: Thm cht che I v II

Cht che I: NaCN Cht che II: Na2S

Bi 10: Cng tng cng

Nhng lu khi nh phn

Thc hin nhit phng

Cht ch th mu s b phn hy trong nc nng

pH c th to ra mi trng dn n ta CaCO3 cn hon tt nh phn trong vng 5 pht

Bi 10: Cng tng cng

2. Thc hnh
Lu :
Sau khi thm cht che m mu th hin vn khng r rng Cht ch th c th b hng

Mu c cng thp: cn ly th tch mu ln hn

(100-1000 ml) nh phn; chun bng ng nh git nh phn nh nht; lm thm vi mu trng

Bi 10: Cng tng cng

3. Cng thc tnh
cng (EDTA) mg CaCO3 /l= A* B* 1000 ml mu

Trong : A l ml EDTA tham gia phn ng trong mu B mg CaCO3 tng ng 1ml EDTA nh phn

Mu nc c phn tch c cc kt qu nh sau: Na+ = 20mg/l Cl- = 40mg/l K+ = 30mg/l HCO3- = 40mg/l Ca2+ = 5mg/l CO32- = 12mg/l Mg2+ =10mg/l SO42- = 0mg/l Sr2+ = 3mg/l NO3- = 10mg/l
Bit Ca=40.08, Mg=24.305, Sr=87.62, Na=22.9, K=39.09. cng tng cng, cng carbonate & phi carbonate ln lt l? 57,043 & 52,78 & 64,403 mg CaCO3/l

Bi 11: cng Calci

1. Gii thiu chung 1.1. ngha mi trng

Calci thng gp trong nc thin nhin v chy qua

cc vng vi, thach cao, olomit CaCO3 to nn mng cng bm vo b mt cc ng dn

theo thi gian tch t, bo v kim loi chng li s n

mn, c hi vi cc thit b s dng nhit cao nh ni hi

Phng php lm mm nc: Bng ha cht, hoc

nha trao i ion

Bi 11: cng Calci

1.2. Nguyn tc Phng php nh phn bng EDTA vi ch th Murexit pH = 12-13 dung dch chuyn t hng sang tm

1/ Vi cng thc xc nh nng Ca2+ l: Canxi(mg/l) = VEDTA x 400,8/ Vml mu ng vi nng ca EDTA? 0,02 N 2/ cng canxi c xc nh, ng vi nng ca EDTA 0,01M l: cng canxi (mg/l) = VEDTA x 400,8/ Vmu cng canxi (mgCaCO3/l) = VEDTA x 1000/ Vmu

Bi 13: St
1. Gii thiu chung 1.1. ngha mi trng

Ung nc c cha st khng gy hi i vi sc khe

Nc khi tip xc vi khng kh s tr nn c v c mu vng???

pH thp, pH<6, pH>6 st tn ti dng no?

Hm lng st trong nc ln hn 1mg/l gy ra v tanh trong nc

St l nguyn nhn lm o b vng, lm cc vt

bng s, tc cc ng dn ca h thng phn phi nc

Bi 13: St
1. Gii thiu chung 1.1. ngha mi trng

Nc sinh hot v n ung phi c hm lng st<

0,3mg/l i vi cng nghip dt nhum th Fe<0,1mg/l

Bi 13: St
1.2. Nguyn tc
Cc dng st ha tan trong mu nc c kh v st (II) bng cch un si mu vi hydroxylamine (NH2OH) trong mi trng axit pH 3,2 3,3. St (II) to phc mu cam vi 1,10 phenanthroline trong khong pH t 3,0 9,0. Phc gia st (II) v 1,10 phenanthroline tng i bn v cng mu khng i khong 6 thng.

Bi 13: St
Phng trnh phn ng ha hc:

Fe(OH )3 H Fe3 H 2O
H+ (HCldd) gip ha tan Fe(OH)3, v trong th nghim ny, nht thit ton b st trong mu phi di dng ha tan.

Fe NH 2OH Fe N2O H 2O H

Phi kh thnh Fe+2 v 1,10 phenanthroline ch to phc vi Fe+2 nn Fe+3 phi kh thnh Fe+2. Hydroxylamine c dng lm tc nhn kh.

Bi 13: St

+ Fe2+
1,10phenanthroline

Phc mu cam

3 phn t 1,10 phenanthroline kt hp vi phn t Fe+2

to phc mu cam

St Bi 10: Bi 13: Cng tng cng

1.3. cc tr ngi
Nhng cht oxh mnh nh CN- , NO-2 , PO4- , Cr, Co,

Ni, Bi, Cd, Hg

Khc phc: un si vi acid

Thm 1 lng tha phenanthroline

Nu mu c mu hay cht hu c un si mu nhiu gi vi HCl 1:1, khi mu cn t nh, phn tro cn li c ha tan vi acid

Bi 13: St

2. Dng c, thit b ha cht

3. Thc hnh
3.1. St tng cng ( Fetc) 3.2 St ha tan 3.3. St hai ( Fe2+ )

S khc nhau v x l mu trc khi phn tch

Fetc Thm HCl m c v NH2 OH.HCl thch hp vo mu Fe ha tan Fe2+

Ngay sau khi ly Phi thc hin mu, lc mu bng giy lc c m, sau acid ha nc lc, tin hnh tng t nh Fetc ti v tr ly mu, khng cho NH2

ng knh 0,45 OH.HCl vo mu

Bi 13: St

Bi 13: St

Bi 13: St

Bi 14: Nitrogen nitrite

1. Gii thiu chung 1.1. ngha mi trng

Nitrite l mt giai on trung gian trong chu trnh m

ha do s phn hy ca cc cht m hu c Cc vt nitrite c s dng nh gi s nhim

hu c
Nitrite dng cho ngnh cp nc nh mt cht chng n mn

Trong nc ung nitrite khng c vt qu 0,1 mg/l

Bi 14: Nitrogen nitrite

1.2. Nguyn tc

Nitrite c xc nh bng phng php so mu. Mu do

phn ng t cc dung dch tham chiu v mu sau khi tc dng vi cc acid sulfanilic v naphthylamine mi trng

pH=2-2.5 to thnh hp cht mu tm ca acidd

azobelzol naphthylamine sulfonic Phng php thch hp xc nh hm lng N-NO2 t 1-

25g/l

Bi 14: Nitrogen nitrite

Kt qu phn tch bng phng php o quang trong mu nc cho cc s liu nh sau:

ng chun c phng trnh: y = 0.044x + 0.157

Mu o c y = 0,224 Mu khng pha lang. Vi y l hp thu o c. x l nng mu chun trong bng tham chiu (mg/l) CMu c xc nh qua ng chun cho kt qu l 1,52 mg/l

Bi 21: Oxy ha tan ( DO)

1. Gii thiu chung 1.1. ngha mi trng

DO l yu t xc nh s thay i xy ra do vsv k kh
hay hiu kh L ch tiu quan trng nht lin quan ti vic kim sot

nhim dng chy

Xc nh DO l phng tin kim sot tc sc kh m bo lng DO cho vsv hiu kh pht trin

DO l yu t quan trng trong s n mn thp

Bi 21: Oxy ha tan ( DO)

1.2. Nguyn tc

Phng php Winkler ci tin

Bi 21: Oxy ha tan ( DO)

St Bi 10: Bi 13: Cng tng cng

1.3. cc tr ngi
NO2- , S2- , SO3 2- . Khc phc:

Thm 1 lng NaN3

Bi 21: Oxy ha tan ( DO)

2. Dng c, thit b ha cht

3. Thc hnh

1/Xc nh li nng dung dch chun Na2S2O3 bng dung dch chun gc K2Cr2O7 0,05N khi c mt KI trong mi trng

axit. Lng Na2S2O3 chun ht 9,5ml vi th tch K2Cr2O7

0,05N s dng l 5ml. Nng dung dch chun Na2S2O3 l: 0,026 N

Xc nh li nng dung dch chun Na2S2O3 bng dung dch

chun gc K2Cr2O7 0,05N khi c mt KI trong mi trng axit. Lng Na2S2O3 chun ht 12,5ml vi th tch K2Cr2O7 0,05N

s dng l 10ml. Nng dung dch chun Na2S2O3 l:

0,04 N

3/ Xc nh DO trong mu nc bng phng php Winkler ci tin vi dung dch chun Na2S2O3 sau khi kim tra li c nng 0,025N ht 5,3ml, th tch mu em chun l 200ml. Tnh DO 5,3 mgO2/l 4/ Xc nh DO trong mu nc bng phng php Winkler ci tin vi dung dch chun Na2S2O3 0,022N ht 5,3ml, th tch mu em chun l 200ml. Tnh DO 4,67 mgO2/l 5/ Xc nh DO trong mu nc bng phng php Winkler ci tin vi dung dch chun Na2S2O3 0,02N ht 6,3ml, th tch mu em chun l 200ml. Tnh DO 5,04 mgO2/l

BOD - COD

Oxy ha tan DO

Mi trng nc Nhu cu oxy sinh hc BOD

Nhu cu oxy ha hc COD

NI DUNG
I. BOD 1. nh ngha

2. Cc yu t nh hung
3. Phung php xc nh BOD II. COD 1. nh ngha 2. Cc yu t nh hung

3. Phung php xc nh COD

III. Mi quan h gia BOD v COD

I.BOD
1. nh ngha:

BOD: lng oxy tiu hao cho qu trnh h hp ca vi sinh vt trong iu kin nht nh
Vi sinh vt oxy ha cht hu c theo phng trnh:
Cht hu c + O2 CO2 +H2O + sn phm trung gian

 BOD l tiu chun nh gi hiu qu ca cc nh my hay phng php x l nc thi BOD phn nh mc nhim hu c ca nc thi. BOD cng ln th nc thi b nhim cng cao v ngc li.

2. Cc yu t nh hng BOD
Nc thi cng nghip BOD cao

NO3-, PO43- cao

Nhit tng Nc thi ha cht

Bng nh gi ch tiu ca BOD

Mc BOD (bng ppm)

Cht lng nc

1-2 3-5

Rt tt-khng c nhiu cht thi hu c Tng i sch

6-9
10+

Hi nhim
Rt nhim

Hm lng BOD c trong mi trng nc

Sng nguyn s BOD nh hn 1 mg/L. Sng nhim mc nh BOD khong 2-8 mg/L. Nc thi th c x l BOD khong 20 mg/L. Nc thi cng nghip cha x l BOD trung bnh khong 600 mg/L

3. Xc nh BOD
BOD c th c tnh ton bng: Khng pha long = DO ban u DO cui Pha long: (DO ban u - DO cui cng) x H s pha long

Xc nh BOD:
PP trc tip : thu mu nc sng v phn tch ngay ti ch. Mu nc nguyn(hoc pha long) 5 ngy, 200C, trong bng ti (BOD5) . Phng php chai o BOD Oxitop: t chai trong t 200C trong 5 ngy.

II. COD
1. nh ngha:

Lng oxy tiu hao cho s phn hy hu c

Cht hu c + O2 CO2 +H2O

o COD bng tc nhn oxy ho cho kt qu sau 3 gi

COD thch hp nui thy sn 15-20ppm, ti a <35ppm n v o l mg/L, ch ra khi lng oxy cn tiu hao trn mt lt dung dch. Xc nh mc nhim hu c trong nc

2. Cc yu t nh hng COD
3 tc nhn chnh: Nc thi hu c Nc thi sinh hot Nc thi ha cht

3. Phng php xc nh COD

KMnO4: hiu qu khng cao

K2Cr2O7 hiu qu nht: d tinh ch v gn nh xi ha hon ton cht hu c

III. Mi quan h gia COD v BOD

COD > BOD. T l gia BOD v COD theo thc nghim l 0,5 : 0,7 Xc nh BOD kh hn COD, thng dng COD nh gi mc nhim.

BOD v COD cao s lm gim nng DO, c hi cho sinh vt v h sinh thi nc

Tc nhn: nc thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip

 Hn ch gy nhim ngun nc Phi c h thng x l nc thi S dng cc ch phm vi sinh

BI TP

1/Tnh COD ca mu bit th tch FAS 0,1N dng chun mu trng v mu phn tch ln lt l 2,5mlv 0,2 ml. Th tch mu em i phn tch l 10ml. Mu phn tch c pha long 100 ln. 18400 mgO2/l 2/Tnh COD ca mu bit th tch FAS 0,1N dng chun mu trng v mu phn tch ln lt l 3mlv 2,2 ml. Th tch mu em i phn tch l 5ml. Mu phn tch c pha long 100 ln. 12800 mgO2/l 3/Tnh COD ca mu bit th tch FAS 0,1N dng chun mu trng v mu phn tch ln lt l 6mlv 2,2 ml. Th tch mu em i phn tch l 10ml. Mu phn tch c pha long 10 ln. 3040mgO2/l

BI TP

4/ Tnh COD ca mu bit th tch FAS 0,08N dng chun mu trng v mu phn tch ln lt l 6,5mlv 2,8 ml. Th tch mu em i phn tch l 10ml. Mu phn tch c pha long 10 ln. 2368mgO2/l 5/ Trong xc nh COD, kim tra dung dch chun FAS ngi ta s dng dung dch chun gc l K2Cr2O7 0,05N. Kt qu: khi ly 10ml FAS chun ht 14ml dung dch K2Cr2O7. Tnh nng dung dch chun FAS: 0,07N 6/ Trong xc nh COD, kim tra dung dch chun FAS ngi ta s dng dung dch chun gc l K2Cr2O7 0,1N. Kt qu: khi ly 10ml FAS chun ht 9,5ml dung dch K2Cr2O7. Tnh nng dung dch chun FAS: 0,095N

PHN 2: PHN TCH CHT LNG T

Bi 24: Chun b mu t

Bi 24: Chun b mu t
1. Ly mu phn tch
Ly mu t i din theo TCVN 7538-1: 2007 (ISO 10381-1) 5.2 S dng mu t kh khng kh, c x l s b theo TCVN 6647 : 2007 (ISO 11464 : 2006).

Bi 24: Chun b mu t

Bi 24: Chun b mu t
3. Nguyn tc Da trn s chnh lch v khi lng gia mu t kh khng kh v mu t kh kit sau sy nhit t 100 0C n 105
0C

n khi lng khng i tnh m v h s kh kit

ca mu t.

Bi 24: Chun b mu t
4. Cch phn tch
Sy hp ng mu (4.4) nhit t 100 0C n 105
0C,

trong bnh ht m n nhit trong phng (t

20 min n 45 min), xc nh khi lng hp ng mu (P3).

Cn khong 5,0 g t c lm kh trong khng

kh trn cn phn tch (4.3), cho vo hp ng mu (4.4), xc nh khi lng lng t v hp (P1).

Bi 24: Chun b mu t
4. Cch phn tch
Sy hp c mu t trong t sy (4.1) nhit t 100 0C n 105 0C n khi lng khng i. Lm ngui hp c mu t trong bnh ht m n nhit trong phng (t 20 min n 45 min). Ly hp c mu t ra khi bnh ht m, xc nh ngay khi lng bng cn phn tch (P2 ).

Bi 24: Chun b mu t
5. Cng thc tnh m (A) ca mu t tnh bng phn trm nc theo t kh kit (%), c tnh theo cng thc
P 1 P 2 A% x100 P 1 P 3

Bi 24: Chun b mu t
5. Cng thc tnh
H s kh kit (k) c tnh theo cng thc

100 A k x100 100

Bi 25: Xc nh t trng, dung trng v xp ca t

1. Xc nh t trng ca t

1.1. ngha

Bi 25: Xc nh t trng, dung trng v xp ca t

1. Xc nh t trng ca t

1.2. Nguyn tc
Dng picnomet c th tch 50-100ml. C th thay bng bnh nh c c hp, lm bng loi thy tinh bn c th un nu c

Bi 25: Xc nh t trng, dung trng v xp ca t

2.Xc nh dung trng ca t

Bi 25: Xc nh t trng, dung trng v xp ca t

3.Xc nh xp ca t

Bi 27: chua ca t
I. chua trao i
1. ngha Bit tnh cht t. Bit nguyn nhn gy nn tnh cht t.

a ra bin php ci to.

2 Nguyn tc Chit rt ion H+ bm trn b mt ht keo t bng dung

dch KCl 1N

II. chua thy phn ca t

1. ngha

Bit c mc cha no baz ca t.

Xc nh c lng vi cn thit bn cho t.

2. Nguyn tc

Dng 1 mui kim mnh axit yu (thng l CH3COONa)

trao i H+ v Al3+ t keo t