1

Bi tp chng 1
1.1 Hi nhit ca l nung bng bao nhiu nu bit mi giy l pht ra mt nng lng bng 8,28
calo qua mt l nh c kch thc bng 6,1cm
2
. Xem l nung l mt vt en tuyt i.
1.2 Tm cng sut bc x ca mt l nung, cho bit nhit ca l bng t = 727
0
C, din tch ca ca l
bng 250cm
2
. Xem l l vt en tuyt i.
1.3 Vt en tuyt i c dng mt qu cu ng knh d = 10cm nhit T khng i. Tm nhit
T, cho bit cng sut bc x nhit cho bng 12kcalo/pht.
1.4 Nhit ca si dy tc vonfram ca bng n in lun bin i v c t nng bng dng in
xoay chiu. Hiu s gia nhit cao nht v thp nht bng 80
0
C, nhit trung bnh bng
2300K. Hi cng sut bc x nhit bin i bao nhiu ln, xem dy tc bng n l vt en tuyt
i.
1.5 Nhit ca vt en tuyt i tng t 1000 K n 3000 K. Hi:
(a) Nng sut pht x nhit ton phn ca n tng bao nhiu ln?
(b) Bc sng ng vi nng sut pht x cc i thay i bao nhiu ln?
1.6 Mt vt en tuyt i nhit T1= 2900 K. Do vt b ngui i nn bc sng ng vi nng sut
pht x cc i thay i = 9m. Hi vt lnh n nhit bng bao nhiu?
1.7 Nhit trn b mt lp da ca bn gn bng 35
0
C. Tnh bc sng ng vi nng sut bc x cc
i pht ra t lp da ca bn?
1.8 Tnh nng lng photon theo n v eV ng vi cc tn s: (a) 5.10
14
Hz, (b) 10GHz, (c) 30MHz.
1.9 Mt i radio FM c cng sut 100kW v hot ng vi tn s 94MHz. Hi c bao nhiu photon
pht ra mi giy t i ny?
1.10 Cng sut bc x nhit ca Mt Tri l 3,74.10
26
W. Gi s bc x pht ra t Mt Tri c bc
sng 500nm. Hy tm s photon pht ra t Mt Tri trong mi giy?
1.11 Tm gii hn quang in i vi cc kim loi c cng thot 2,4eV, 2,3eV, 2eV.
1.12 Gii hn quang in ca kim loi dng lm catt ca t bo quang in 0= 0,5m. Tm:
(a) Cng thot ca electron khi tm kim loi .
(b) Vn tc ban u cc i ca cc quang electron khi catt c chiu bng nh sng n sc
bc sng = 0,25m.
1.13 Chiu mt bc x in t n sc bc sng = 0,41m ln mt kim loi dng lm catt ca t
bo quang in th c hin tng quang in xy ra. Nu dng mt hiu in th hm 0,76V th
cc quang electron bn ra u b gi li.Tm:
(a) Cng thot ca electron i vi kim loi .
(b) Vn tc ban u cc i ca cc quang electron khi bn ra khi catt.
1.14 Cng thot ca kim loi dng lm catod ca t bo quang in W0 = 2,48eV. Tm:
(a) Gii hn quan in ca tm kim loi .
(b) Vn tc ban u cc i ca cc quang electron khi catod c chiu bng nh sng n sc
bc sng = 0,36m.
(c) Hiu in th hm khng c mt electron no n c anod.
2



1.15 Khi chiu mt chm nh sng c bc sng = 0,234m vo mt kim loi dng lm catod ca t
bo quang in th c hin tng quang in xy ra. Bit tn s gii hn ca catod 0= 6.10
14
Hz. Tm:
(a) Cng thot ca electron i vi kim loi .
(b) Hiu in th hm khng c mt electron no n c anod.
1.16 Tm nng lng v ng lng ca photon ng vi bc sng = 0,6m.
1.17 Tm nng lng v ng lng ca photon ng vi bc sng = 10
-12
m.
1.18 Photon c nng lng 250keV bay n va chm vi mt electron ng yn v tn x Compton
theo gc 120
0
. Xc nh nng lng ca photon sau tn x?
1.19 Photon ban u c nng lng 0,8MeV tn x trn mt electron t do v thnh photon ng vi bc
x c bc sng bng bc sng Compton. Tnh:
(a) Gc tn x.
(b) Nng lng ca photon tn x.
1.20 Tnh nng lng v ng lng ca photon tn x khi photon ti c bc sng = 5.10
-12
m n va
chm vo electron t do v tn x theo gc 60
0
v 90
0
.
1.21 Trong hin tng tn x Compton, bc x tia X c bc sng n tn x trn electron t do. Tm
bc sng , cho bit ng nng cc i ca electron bn ra bng 0,19MeV.
1.22 Tm ng lng ca electron khi c photon bc sng = 0,05A
0
n va chm v tn x theo gc
= 90
0
. Gi s lc u electron ng yn.
1.23 Mt vt bc x nhit c xem l vt en tuyt i, pht ra cc bc x in t c bc sng .
Nu nhit ca vt l 300
o
C th vt pht x mnh bc sng no? Cho hng s Wien b = 2,9.10
3
mK.
1.24 Khi nhit ca vt en tuyt i tng ln hai ln th bc sng ng vi cc i ca nng sut
pht x ca vt s tng hay gim bao nhiu ln?
1.25 Cng sut bc x ca vt en tuyt i thay i nh th no, nu bc sng ng vi nng sut
pht x cc i ca n gim hai ln?
1.26 nh sng c bc sng 600nm trong chn khng th tn s ca n l bao nhiu?
1.27 Mt photon c tn s 4.10
8
MHz th c bc sng trong chn khng bng bao nhiu?
1.28 Photon c bc sng = 0,4m th c khi lng bao nhiu?
1.29 B mt ca mt vt en tuyt i bc x mt cng sut P = 10
5
kW. Bc sng ng vi cc i
ca nng sut pht l max = 0,6 m. Cho bit: = 5,67.10
8
W/m
2
K
4
; b = 2,9.10
3
mK. Tnh din tch
b mt ca vt .
1.30 Chiu mt chm sng n sc = 0,3m vung gc vo mt din tch 4cm
2
. Tnh cng ca
chm sng ti, bit s photon p vo din tch trong mi giy l 9,04.10
13
ht.
1.31 Mt vt bc x nhit coi l vt en tuyt i, pht ra cc bc x in t c bc sng . Nu
nhit ca vt l 300
o
C th vt pht x mnh bc sng no? Cho hng s Wien b = 2,9.10
3
mK.
3



1.32 Nng lng nh nht ca phton kch thch hin tng quang in xy ra i vi mt kim loi
l 1,9eV. Tnh gii hn quang in ca kim lai ?
1.33 nh sng c bc sng = 0,55.10
6
m chiu vo b mt mt kim loi gy nn hiu ng quang
in. Electron bn ra c ng nng cc i bng 0,26 eV. Hy xc nh cng thot ca vt liu . Cho
bit: h = 6,625.10
34
J.s ; c = 3.10
8
m/s; 1 eV = 1,6.10
19
J.
1.34 Cng sut bc x ca mt vt en tuyt i bng 10
5
kW. Tm din tch b mt bc x ca vt
nu bc sng ng vi nng sut pht x cc i ca n bng 0,7m. Cho hng s Wien: b = 2,9.10
3

mK.
1.35 B mt kim loi nng chy c din tch 10cm
2
, mi pht bc x mt nng lng 6.10
4
J. Tnh nhit
ca kim loi nng chy , xem n l vt en tuyt i. Cho hng s Stefan Boltzmann l =
5,7.10
8
W/m
2
K
4
.
1.36 Mt l luyn kim c ca s quan st rng 4cm x 6cm, pht x vi cng sut 10kW. Xc nh nhit
ca l, bit rng nng sut pht x ton phn ca l ch bng 60% nng sut pht x tan phn ca
vt en tuyt i cng nhit . Cho hng s Stefan Boltzmann: = 5,7.10
8
W/m
2
K
4
.
1.37 Mt l luyn kim hot ng ch n nh khi nhit ca l l 2500K. nhit ny l pht
ra mnh nht bc sng no? Cho hng s Wien: b = 2,9.10
3
mK.
1.38 Mt l nung c nhit nung 1000
0
K ca s quan st c din tch 250cm
2
. Xc nh cng sut
bc x ca ca s nu coi l l vt en tuyt i. Cho hng s: = 5,7.10
8
(W/m
2
K
4
).
1.39 Gii hn trong hin tng quang in i vi xri l 0,653m. Xc nh nng lng nh nht
ca photon kch thch hin tng quang in xy ra.
1.40 Mt t bo quang in lm bng kim loi c gii hn quang in l 0= 0,578 m. Chiu vo t
bo quang in nh sng c bc sng bng 0 . Tnh cng thot electron ca kim loi .
1.41 Nhit ca si dy tc trong bng n ang pht sng l 2500
0
K. T s gia nng sut pht x
ton phn ca dy tc trong bng n so vi vt en tuyt i cng nhit bng 0,3. Tm din
tch b mt bc x ca si tc bng n. Bit cng sut tiu th in ca bng n l 25W v xem in
nng chuyn ha hon ton thnh nng lng ca bc x in t. Cho = 5,67.10
8
W/m
2
K
4
.
1.42 Mt t bo quang in lm bng kim loi c gii hn quang in l 0=0,578m. Chiu vo t bo
quang in nh sng c bc sng bng 0 . Tnh cng thot ca electron trn b mt kim loi trn v
vn tc ca electron quang in khi n anod bit hiu in th gia anod v catod l 4,5V.
1.43 Trong hin tng tn x Compton, bin i bc sng ca photon trc v sau khi tn x s
ln nht khi gc tn x ca photon bng bao nhiu?
4



Bi tp chng 2
2.1 Tnh bc sng De Broglie ca electron v proton chuyn ng vi ng nng 1 keV. Ti ng
nng bng bao nhiu bc sng ca chng bng 1 A
0
?
2.2 thay i v bc sng De Broglie ca electron bng 2 khi nng lng ca electron tng thm
200 eV. Tm bc sng ban u ca electron?
2.3 Tnh bc sng ca hydro chuyn ng vi ng nng T k
2
3
K
B
= trong cht kh nhit 0
0
C?
2.4 Trong th nghim nhiu x electron, khi electron c gia tc qua hiu in th 8 kV.
(a) Tm bc sng De Broglie ca electron?
(b) Tm bc sng v nng lng ca photon m s cho ra cng nn nhiu x nh electron trn
cng mt mu?
2.5 Tm bc sng ca neutron c cng bc sng ca photon nng lng 22 keV?
2.6 Tnh bc sng De Broglie ca qu bng r c khi lng 0,5kg khi n chuyn ng vn tc
10m/s? Ti sao ta khng nhn thy hnh nh nhiu x khi qu bng xuyn qua l rng ca ci vng
trn?
2.7 Mt con rui c khi lng 10
-4
kg bay qua ci bn vi vn tc 2mm/s. Tnh bc sng De Broglie
ca n v so snh vi kch thc ca ht proton khong 1fm (1fm = 10
-15
m).
2.8 Mt cu sinh vin nng 80 kg va hc xong v tnh cht sng ca vt cht, cu ta ngh rng cu ta
c th b nhiu x khi i qua ca 81cm, dy 12cm. (a) Nu bc sng ca cu sinh vin vo
khong cng kch thc ca ca th s nhiu x mi r nt. Vy cu sinh vin ny phi i qua
ca nhanh bao nhiu c nn nhiu x r nt? (b) Ti tc ny th cu sinh vin phi mt bao
lu mi qua ht c ca?
2.9 Tnh ng lng ca electron c bc sng 0,4nm?
2.10 Tnh bc sng ca electron di chuyn tc 3/5c? c l vn tc nh sng.
2.11 Khong cch gia cc nguyn t trong tinh th NaCl l 0,28nm. Tinh th ny c nghin cu
trong th nghim nhiu x neutron. Vn tc ca neutron phi bng bao nhiu bc sng ca n
l 0,28nm?
2.12 Thc nghim nhiu x vi chm tia X c nng lng 16 keV cho nn nhiu x no , sau thay
th chm tia X bng chm electron. Hi chm electron phi c ng nng bng bao nhiu cho
nn nhiu x tng t nh nn nhiu x ca tia X trn cng mt tinh th?
2.13 Tnh t s bc sng ca photon nng lng 0,1keV vi bc sng ca electron nng lng
0,1keV?
2.14 Nhiu x neutron bi tinh th c th dng to ra mt b lc vn tc ca neutron. Gi s khong
cch gia cc mt phng tinh th l d = 0,2nm. Mt chm neutron ti ti gc u = 10
0
so vi mt
phng. Neutron ti c vn tc t 0 n 2.10
4
m/s.
(a) Tnh cc bc sng ng vi neutron b phn x mnh ng vi cc mt phng ?
(b) i vi mi bc sng, neutron pht ra ti gc bng bao nhiu?
2.15 Nu ng lng ca qu bng r trong bi tp 2.6 c bt nh tng i l Ap/p = 10
-6
th
bt nh v v tr ca n bng bao nhiu?
5



2.16 Mt electron xuyn qua khe rng 10
-8
m. Tnh bt nh v thnh phn ng lng ca electron
trn hng vung gc vi khe v nm trong mt phng cha khe?
2.17 Mt sng radar o tc ca mt qu bng nng 144g l 137,32 0,10 km/h.
(a) Tnh bt nh cc tiu v v tr ca qu bng?
(b) Nu tc ca proton c o cng chnh xc vi qu bng th bt nh cc tiu v v tr
ca proton bng bao nhiu?
2.18 Mt nguyn t hydro c bn knh 0,05nm.
(a) Tnh bt nh v ng lng ca electron b giam trong nguyn t?
(b) T cu a) hy tnh ng nng ca electron?
(c) Php tinh trn c ng vi ng nng ca electron trng thi c bn (13,6 eV) khng?
2.19 Mt vin n c khi lng 10g bay vi vn tc 300m/s; vn tc c o chnh xc n 0,04%.
(a) Tnh bt nh cc tiu v v tr ca vin n?
(b) Mt electron c vn tc 300m/s o vi chnh xc 0,04%. Tnh bt nh cc tiu v v tr
ca electron?
(c) Bn c kt lun g v cc kt qu ny?
2.20 Mt xung radar c bc sng trung bnh 0,1cm ko di trong 0,1s.
(a) Tnh nng lng trung bnh ca photon?
(b) Tnh bt nh nh nht v nng lng ca photon?
2.21 Mt chm electron xuyn qua khe n rng 40nm. B rng ca vng nhiu x trn mn cch khe
1m l 6,2cm. Tnh ng nng ca electron xuyn qua khe?
2.22 Electron c gia tc qua hiu in th 38V, sau chm electron xuyn qua mt khe hp. B
rng vng nhiu x trn mn cch khe 1m l 1,13mm. Tnh b rng ca khe?
2.23 Ht Omega (O) phn r trong 0,1ns sau khi n c sinh ra. Nng lng ngh ca n l 1672MeV.
Tnh bt nh tng i v nng lng ngh ca n (AE0/E0)?
2.24 Ht nhn c cc mc nng lng cng ging nh nguyn t. Ht nhn trng thi kch thch c
th chuyn n trng thi c mc nng lng thp hn bng cch pht ra tia gamma. Thi gian
sng trng thi kch thch l 1ps. Tnh bt nh v nng lng ca tia gamma pht ra?
2.25 Chng minh rng bc sng De Broglie ca mt electron c gia tc qua hiu in th U l
U / 226 , 1 = , tnh bng nm v U tnh bng volt.
2.26 Mt qu bng khi lng 50g chuyn ng vi vn tc 30m/s. Nu vn tc c o vi chnh
xc 0,1% th bt nh cc tiu v v tr ca qu bng bng bao nhiu?
2.27 Mt ht proton c ng nng 1MeV. Nu ng lng c o vi chnh xc 5% th bt nh
cc tiu v v tr ca qu bng bng bao nhiu?
2.28 Chng ta mun o ng thi bc sng v v tr ca photon. Gi s bc sng o c l 6000 A
0

vi chnh xc mt phn triu. Tnh bt nh cc tiu v v tr ca photon?
2.29 Mt chm electron n nng ti mt khe rng 0,5nm cho nn nhiu x trn mn cch khe 20cm.
Khong cch gia hai cc tiu nhiu x lin tip l 2,1cm, hy tnh nng lng ca chm electron
ti?
2.30 Mt ht mang in tch q khi lng m c gia tc qua hiu in th nh V.
(a) Tm bc sng De Broglie ca n? Gi s ht chuyn ng phi tng i tnh.
6



(b) Tnh bc sng ca ht nu n l electron v hiu in th l 50V.
2.31 Xc nh bc sng De Brogile ca mt vi ht t do c khi lng m = 10
27
kg v ng nng
200eV.
2.32 Dng h thc bt nh t.E h xc nh rng nh nht ca mc nng lng ca
electron trong nguyn t hydrogen trng thi kch thch c thi gian sng 10
8
s.
2.33 Ht vi m chuyn ng trn trc Ox, c bt nh v ng lng bng 2% ng lng ca n.
Tnh t s gia bc sng de Broglie v bt nh v ta x ca ht . Cho bit xp h
2.34 Ht electron khng vn tc u c gia tc qua hiu in th U nh. Tnh U, bit rng sau khi
gia tc, ht electron chuyn ng ng vi bc sng De Broglie l .
2.35 Mt photon c nng lng bng nng lng ngh ca electron th c bc sng bao nhiu?
2.36 Mt electron c ng nng ban u 10eV, c gia tc bi hiu in th 90V. Tm bc sng De
Broglie ca electron sau khi c gia tc.
2.37 Tnh tn s ca sng De Broglie lin kt vi electron t do c ng nng 10eV.
2.38 Bc sng De Broglie ca mt proton khng tng i tnh l = 0,113 pm; khi lng ca n l
mp= 1,67.10
27
kg. Tm tc ca n?
2.39 Mt electron c khi lng me = 9,1.10
31
kg, chuyn ng t do, c nng lng E = 1,6.10
19
J.
Tnh bc sng De Broglie ca electron .
2.40 Electron chuyn ng trn trc Ox trong phm vi 10
10
m, ngha l bt nh v v tr x=10
-10

m. S dng h thc bt nh Heisenberg xp h, nh gi bt nh v vn tc ca electron.
Cho me= 9,1.10
31
kg , h = 6,62.10
34
Js.
7




Bi tp chng 3
3.1 Tnh nng lng nh nht ca electron b giam trong vng c kch thc ht nhn (1fm)?
3.2 Mt electron b giam trong mt hp c chiu di 1nm. Tnh ln ng lng ca n trng thi n
= 4?
3.3 Mt hn bi c khi lng 10g b giam trong hp di 10cm v chuyn ng vi vn tc 2cm/s.
(a) Tnh s lng t n ca hn bi?
(b) Ti sao ta khng th quan st c s lng t ha nng lng ca hn bi?
3.4 Gi s electron trong nguyn t hydro chuyn ng trong ging th mt chiu c chiu di 2a0 (a0
l bn knh Bohr). Tnh nng lng trng thi c bn ca nguyn t hydro v so snh vi nng
lng trng thi c bn 13,6eV?
3.5 Ht trong mu ging th thng c dng tnh nng lng trng thi c bn. Gi s bn c
mt ht neutron b giam trong ging th mt chiu c chiu di bng ng knh ht nhn (10
-14
m).
Tnh nng lng trng thi c bn ca neutron b giam trong ging th?
3.6 Mt electron b giam trong ging th mt chiu c nng lng trng thi c bn l 40 eV.
(a) Nu electron dch chuyn t trng thi kch thch th nht n trng thi c bn th pht ra
photon c bc sng bao nhiu?
(b) Nu tng chiu di ca ging th ln 2 ln th nng lng ca photon thay i nh th no i
vi cng php dch chuyn nh cu a)?
3.7 Mt electron b giam trong ging th mt chiu. Khi electron thc hin php dch chuyn t trng
thi kch thch th nht n trng thi c bn n pht ra photon nng lng 1,2eV.
(a) Tnh nng lng trng thi c bn (theo n v eV) ca electron?
(b) Lit k tt c cc nng lng (theo n v eV) ca photon c th pht ra khi electron bt u t
trng thi kch thch th hai thc hin cc php di chuyn hoc trc tip hoc qua trng thi trung
gian v trng thi c bn? Hy cho thy cc php dch chuyn ny bng s mc nng lng.
(c) Tnh chiu di ca ging th (theo n v nm)?
3.8 Mt proton v mt deuteron ti ro th dy 10fm, cao 10MeV. Mi ht c ng nng 3MeV.
(a) Ht no c xc sut xuyn ro cao hn?
(b) Tm t s cc xc sut xuyn ro ca hai ht?
3.9 Theo cc th trn hnh di y, th no ch ra hm sng Schrdinger c ngha vt l? i
vi hm sng khng c ngha vt l hy ch ra ti sao?


8




3.10 Mt ht c m t bi hm sng:

> <
s s |
.
|

\
| t
=
4 / , 4 / 0
4 / 4 /
2
cos
) (
a x a x khi
a x a khi
a
x
A
x
(a) Xc nh hng s chun ha A?
(b) Tnh xc sut m ht s c tm thy trong khong x = 0 n x = a/8?
3.11 Mt electron t do c hm sng: ) 10 . 5 sin( ) (
10
x A x = , x tnh bng m.
(a) Tnh bc sng De Broglie ca electron?
(b) Tnh ng lng ca electron?
(c) Tnh nng lng ca electron (theo n v eV)?
3.12 Trong mt vng khng gian, ht c nng lng khng c hm sng:
2 2
/
) (
a x
Ae x

=
(a) Tm th nng U theo x.
(b) V U theo x.
3.13 Hm sng ca mt ht c cho bi: ) sin( ) cos( ) ( kx B kx A x + = , trong A, B v k l hng
s. Chng minh rng l nghim ca phng trnh Schrdinger, gi s ht chuyn ng t do (U =
0) v tnh nng lng tng ng ca ht.
3.14 Mt electron b giam trong hp mt chiu c chiu rng 0,1nm.
(a) V s mc nng lng ca electron ln n mc n = 4.
(b) Tm tt c bc sng ca photon pht ra khi electron dch chuyn t n = 4 v n = 1.
3.15 Xt mt ht chuyn ng trong hp mt chiu c cc cnh bn ti x = -a/2 v x = a/2.
(a) Vit hm sng v mt xc sut cho cc trng thi n = 1, n = 2 v n = 3.
(b) V hm sng v mt xc sut theo x.
3.16 Mt electron b by trong h th su v hn b rng 0,3nm.
(a) Khi electron trng thi c bn, tnh xc sut tm thy n trong khong 0,1nm tnh t bn tri
h th.
(b) Lp li php tnh trn cho trng hp electron trng thi kch thch th 99 (n = 100).
3.17 Tm v tr m mt xc sut pht hin ht l cc i v cc tiu i vi ht chuyn ng trong
hp mt chiu trng thi th n. Kim tra li kt qu vi n = 2.
3.18 Hm sng
2
) (
x
Cxe x
o

= m t cho dao ng t iu ha mt trng thi no .
(a) Dng phng trnh Schrdinger trong dao ng iu ha, hy tnh gi tr o theo khi lng m
v tn s gc e v tnh nng lng trng thi ny?
9



(b) T iu kin chun ha, hy xc nh hng s chun ha C?
3.19 Mt electron c m t bi hm sng

>
<
=

0 ) 1 (
0 0
) (
x e Ce
x
x
x x

trong , x tnh bng nm v C l hng s
(a) Tm gi tr C hm sng chun ha?
(b) Tm v tr x xc sut tm thy electron l ln nht?
3.20 Mt proton v mt deuteron (cng in tch nhng khi lng gp 2 ln khi lng proton) ti
hng ro th c b dy 10fm v cao 10MeV. Mi ht c nng lng 3MeV, hi:
(a) Ht no c xc sut xuyn ro cao hn?
(b) Tm t s xc sut xuyn ro gia hai ht ny?
3.21 Mt vi ht chuyn ng trong ging th mt chiu, c nng lng 9eV trng thi kch thch th
hai. Tnh nng lng nh nht ca ht.
3.22 Mt vi ht chuyn ng trong ging th mt chiu, c nng lng bng 16eV trng thi n = 3.
Tnh nng lng ng vi trng thi n = 4.
3.23 Mt vi ht c khi lng m, chuyn ng trn trc x trong trng th c dng h th cao v hn,
b rng a th hm sng trng thi c nng lng En l |
.
|

\
| t
=
a
x n
sin
a
2
) x (
n
. Trong trng thi ng
vi n = 2, tnh xc sut tm thy ht ln nht ti ta x.
3.24 Mt vi ht c khi lng m, chuyn ng trn trc x trong trng th c dng h th cao v hn,
b rng a th hm sng trng thi c nng lng En l |
.
|

\
| t
=
a
x n
sin
a
2
) x (
n
. Tnh xc sut tm thy
ht trong phm vi t 0 n a/2 trng thi c bn.
3.24 Ht vi m trong ging th mt chiu, cao v hn, b rng a. Xt hai trng thi n = 1 v n = 3. Tm
ta x m ti xc sut tm ht hai trng thi ny bng nhau.
3.25 Mt electron chuyn ng trong ging th mt chiu, su v hn, b rng a. Xc sut tm thy
electron s ln nht v tr no, nu xt trng thi kch thch th hai?
3.26 Mt vi ht c khi lng m, chuyn ng trn tc Ox trong ging th cao v hn c rng a.
Nu vi ht trng thi c bn th mt xc sut tm thy ht bng 1/2a v tr no?
10



3.27 Mt vi ht c khi lng m, chuyn ng trn trc x trong trng th c dng h th cao v hn,
b rng a th hm sng trng thi c nng lng En l |
.
|

\
| t
=
a
x n
sin
a
2
) x (
n
. Xc sut tm thy ht
ti v tr x = a/4 trit tiu khi ht trang thi n bng bao nhiu?
3.28 Gi s electron trong nguyn t c coi nh trong ging th mt chiu su v hn, b rng a = 2
nm. Tnh bc sng ca photon pht ra khi electron dch chuyn t mc n = 5 xung mc n = 3.
11




Bi tp chng 4
4.1 Tnh bc sng ca 3 vch u tin trong dy Balmer ca nguyn t hydro.
4.2 Tnh bc sng ca 3 vch u tin trong dy Lyman ca nguyn t hydro.
4.3 Bc sng = 102,6 nm ca photon pht ra trong dy Lyman tng ng vi gi tr n bng bao
nhiu?
4.4 (a) Tnh bn knh qu o th 1, 2 v 3 ca electron trong nguyn t hydro.
(b) Tm vn tc ca electron trn ba qu o ny.
4.5 (a) V s mc nng lng ca ion He
+
, (Z = 2).
(b) Tnh nng lng ion ha ca ion He
+
.
4.6 V s mc nng lng ca ion Li
2+
, (Z = 3).
4.7 Tnh bn knh qu o th nht ca He
+
, Li
2+
v Be
3+
.
4.8 Nguyn t hydro ang trng thi c bn hp th mt photon v chuyn ln trng thi kch thch
th 2.
(a) Tnh nng lng photon b hp th bi nguyn t?
(b) Nu nguyn t tr v trng thi c bn th hy tnh cc nng lng photon m nguyn t c th
pht ra?
4.9 Mt photon pht ra t nguyn t hydro khi electron dch chuyn t trng thi n = 3 v trng thi m
= 2. Tnh nng lng, bc sng v tn s ca photon.
4.10 Tnh nng lng ca mt photon m c th lm cho (a) electron dch chuyn t trng thi m = 4
ln trng thi n = 5, v (b) electron dch chuyn t trng thi m = 5 ln trng thi n = 6.
4.11 (a) Tnh bc sng di nht v ngn nht trong dy Paschen. (b) Tnh nng lng photon tng
ng vi cc bc sng ny.
4.12 Tnh th nng v ng nng ca electron trng thi c bn ca nguyn t hydro.
4.13 Nguyn t hydro ang trng thi c bn. Bng cch dng l thuyt nguyn t Bohr, hy tnh (a)
bn knh qu o, (b) ng lng ca electron, (c) mmen ng lng ca electron, (d) ng nng, (c)
th nng, (e) nng lng ton phn.
4.14 Nguyn t hydro ang trng thi n = 3 chuyn v trng thi c bn pht ra photon. (a) Tnh bc
sng ca photon. (b) Tnh ng lng v ng nng ca nguyn t git li.
12



4.15 Mt electron ang trng thi n = 3 ca nguyn t mt electron khi lng M ng yn chu s
dch chuyn v trng thi c bn. Chng minh rng vn tc git li ca nguyn t khi pht x photon
c cho bi:
M 9
hR 8
v
H
=
4.16 p dng c hc c in cho mt electron trng thi dng ca nguyn t hydro, hy chng minh
rng r ke m L
2
e
2
= v e = / e k m L
4 2
e
3
. y, k l hng s Coulomb, L l ln ca mmen ng lng
qu o ca electron, v me, r, e, e l khi lng, bn knh qu o, in tch, tn s gc ca electron.
4.17 (a) Chng minh rng tn s ca electron qu o chuyn ng quanh ht nhn c in tch +Ze l
|
.
|

\
|
t
= v
3 3
4 2 2
e
e
n
1
2
e Z k m

Ch : xut pht t
r 2
v
e
t
= v
(b) Chng minh rng tn s ca photon pht ra khi electron nhy t qu o ngoi v qu o
trong c th vit: ) m n (
m n 2
m n
2
e Z k m
n
1
m
1
h a 2
e kZ
2 2 3
4 2 2
e
2 2
0
2 2
e

|
.
|

\
| +
t
=
|
.
|

\
|
= v

13



Bi tp chng 5
5.1 Mt hn c khi lng 1kg quay trn mt ng trn vi bn knh 1m trong chu k 1s. Tnh s
lng t qu o l m t cho chuyn ng ny?
5.2 Xt mt electron trng thi l = 3. Tnh ln mmen ng lng qu o L v cc gi tr cho
php ca Lz theo gc u hp bi L v Lz .
5.3 Lit k tt c cc trng thi ca nguyn t hydro ng vi s lng t chnh n = 2. Tnh nng lng
ca mi trng thi .
5.4 Tnh xc sut m electron trng thi c bn ca nguyn t hydro s c tm thy bn ngoi bn
knh Bohr th nht.
5.5 Mt electron c mmen ng lng qu o l 4,714.10
-34
J.s. Tnh s lng t qu o ca
electron trng thi ny.
5.6 Xt electron trng thi n = 4, l = 3 v ml = 3. Tnh: (a) Mmen ng lng qu o, (b) Hnh
chiu ca mmen ng lng qu o ln trc khng gian z.
5.7 Mmen ng lng qu o L ca Tri t quay quanh Mt tri 4,83.10
31
kg.m
2
/s. Gi s mmen
ng lng qu o ny b lng t ha, hy tm: (a) gi tr l ng vi L, (b) thay i % ca
ln L khi l thay i t l n l + 1.
5.8 Hm sng ca electron trng thi c bn trong nguyn t hydro l
0
/
2 / 3
0
1 1
) (
a r
e
a
r

|
|
.
|

\
|
t
=
(a) V th biu din hm sng theo r.
(b) Chng minh rng xc sut tm thy electron gia r v r +dr l rdr r t 4 ) (
2

(c) Chng minh rng hm sng c chun ha.
(d) Tm xc sut m electron nm trong khong r1 = a0/2 n r2 = 3a0/2.

5.9 (a) Xc nh s lng t l v ml ca ion He
+
trng thi ng vi n = 3.
(b) Tnh nng lng trng thi ny.
5.10 (a) Xc nh s lng t l v ml ca ion Li
2+
trng thi ng vi n = 1 v n = 2.
(b) Tnh nng lng trng thi ny.
5.11 Tnh cc gi tr ca Lz ca electron lp v con d.
5.12 Tnh mmen ng lng qu o ca electron trng thi 4d v 6f trong nguyn t hydro.
5.13 Nguyn t hydro trng thi 6g.
(a) Tnh s lng t chnh n.
(b) Tnh nng lng ca nguyn t.
(c) Tnh cc gi tr s lng t qu o v ln mmen ng lng qu o ca electron.
14



(d) Tnh cc gi tr ca s lng t t ml. ng vi mi gi tr ml hy tm hnh chiu ca vect
mmen ng lng qu o ln trc khng gian z v gc hp bi vect mmen ng lng
qu o vi trc z.
5.14 Gi s nguyn t hydro trng thi 2s. Ly r = a0, hy tnh cc gi tr ca: (a) ) (
0 2
a
s
, (b)
2
0 2
) (a
s
, (c) ) (
0 2
a P
s

5.15 Nu k n spin ca electron th s c bao nhiu trng thi kh d (b s lng t khc nhau)
ca electron trong nguyn t trng thi: (a) n = 1, (b) n = 2, (c) n = 3, (d) n = 4 v (e) n = 5?
Kim tra li kt qu theo nguyn l s trng thi khi d ca electron trong nguyn t l 2n
2
.
5.16 Lit k tt c cc b s lng t ca electron trong: (a) lp v con 3d, (b) lp v con 3p.
5.17 Xt nguyn t mt electron trng thi n = 2. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca s lng t j v mj
trng thi ny.
5.18 Tm tt c gi tr ca j v mj i vi electron trng thi d.
5.19 Mt electron trng thi 4F5/2: (a) Tm cc gi tr ca s lng t n, l v j, (b) Tnh ln ca
mmen ng lng ton phn ca electron, (c) Tnh hnh chiu ca mmen ng lng ton phn
ln trc khng gian z.
5.20 (a) Xut pht t S L J

+ = i vi mmen ng lng ton phn ca electron, hy tm tch s S L

.
theo cc s lng t j, l v s.
(b) Bng cch dng u = cos . . S L S L

, vi u l gc gia L v S, hy tm gc gia mmen ng lng
qu o v mmen spin ca electron cc trng thi: P1/2, P3/2, H9/2 v H11/2.
5.21 (a) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t oxy (Z = 8)
(b) Vit cc gi tr s lng t n, l, ml v ms ca mi electron trong nguyn t oxy.
5.22 C bao nhiu trng thi ca electron thuc lp n = 4 c cng s lng t ms?
5.23 Xt mt vch quang ph n: h = 3D 2P trong quang ph ca kim loi kim khi cha tnh n
spin ca electron. Hi nu tnh n spin th vch n ni trn s c my vch st nhau (bi my)?
5.24 Xt mt vch quang ph n: h = 3P 2S trong quang ph ca kim loi kim khi cha tnh n
spin ca electron. Hi nu tnh n spin th vch n ni trn s c my vch st nhau (bi my)?
5.25 Lp n = 3 cha y electron, trong s c bao nhiu electron cng s lng t ml = 1?
5.26 C bao nhiu trng thi ca electron trong nguyn t hydro ng vi mc nng lng kch thch -
0.85 eV?
5.27 Nguyn t hydro ang trng thi c bn E1 = -13,6 eV nu hp thu mt photon c nng lng
12,75 eV th n chuyn sang trng thi kch thch th my?
5.28 Cc nguyn t hydro ang trng thi cbn E = -13,6 eV nu c kch thch bi photon c
nng lng 12,75 eV th c th cho nhiu nht my vch quang ph?
15



5.29 Trong nguyn t cc lp K, L, M u y. Xc nh tng s electron ca cc trng thi p trong cc
lp .
5.30 Mc nng lng c bn ca electron ha tr trong nguyn t Liti l 2
2
S1/2 . Gi s electron c
kch thch ln mc nng lng 3
2
P3/2 th khi dch chuyn v cc mc nng lng thp n c th cho
nhiu nht my vch quang ph?
5.31 Tnh gi tr hnh chiu moment ng lng qu o ca electron trng thi d.
5.32 Tnh bc sng di nht ca vch quang ph trong dy Lyman trong quang ph ca nguyn t
Hydro. Cho bit hng s Rydberg R = 3,27.10
15
s
-1
; c = 3.10
8
m/s.
5.33 Tnh bc sng ngn nht ca vch quang ph trong dy Balmer trong quang ph ca nguyn t
Hydro. Cho bit hng s Rydberg R = 3,27.10
15
s
-1
; c = 3.10
8
m/s.
5.34 Mc nng lng ca electron ha tr trong nguyn t Liti trng thi c bn l 2
2
S1/2. Nu
electron c kch thch ln trng thi c mc nng lng 3
2
D3/2 th khi dch chuyn v cc mc nng
lng thp, c th cho ti a my vch quang ph?
5.35 Nguyn t hydro ang trng thi c bn c nng lng -13,6eV th nhn c nng lng kch
thch 13,056eV. Hi trong quang ph vch pht x s c ti a my vch quang ph?
5.36 Nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t hydro khi n ang mc c bn l 13,6eV. Nu nguyn t
ang trng thi kch thch th nht m hp th mt nng lng 2,856eV chuyn ln trng thi c
mc nng lng cao hn th khi tr v, n s pht ra my vch ph trong dy Lyman?
5.37 Electron trong nguyn t hydro ang trng thi c biu din bng hm sng 200 th hp thu
mt nng lng 2,856eV. Tnh s vch quang ph ti a c th thu c sau . (Bit rng nng lng
ion ha ca nguyn t Hydro khi n mc c bn l 13,6eV).
5.38 Nguyn t hydro trng thi c bn, c kch thch bi mt nh sng n sc c tn s f. Kt
qu l sau n pht ra 3 vch quang ph. Tnh gi tr f, cho bit nng lng ion ha ca hydro l
13,6eV; hng sRydberg = 3,27.10
15
s
-1
.
5.39 Nguyn t hydro ang trng thi c bn, mun thu c 6 vch quang ph th cn phi cung cp
mt nng lng bao nhiu cho electron? (Nng lng ion ha l 13,6eV).
5.40 Mt electron trong ngun t kim loi kim ang trng thi ng vi s lng t =3 v ml = 2.
Gc gia vect mmen ng lng L

v trc Oz bng bao nhiu?

5.41 Tnh ln ca vect mmen ng lng khi electron trng thi 2p.
23



PH LC
A. Cc hng s vt l
Hng s Gi tr
Vn tc nh sng, c
Hng s hp dn, G
Hng s Planck, h
Hng s Boltzmann, kB
Hng s Stefan Boltzmann, o
Hng s Rydberg, R
Bn knh Bohr, a0
Hng s Avogadro, NA
Khi lng neutron, mn
Khi lng proton, mp
Khi lng electron, me
in tch c bn, e
Hng s t, 0
Hng s in, c0
Hng s Coulomb, k
Magneton Bohr, B
Magneton nhn, N
n v klnt, u
3.10
8
m/s
6,673.10
-11
N.m
2
.kg
-2

6,626.10
-34
J.s
1,38.10
-23
J.K
-1

5,67.10
-8
W.m
-2
.K
-4

1,1.10
7
m
-1

5,292.10
-11
m
6,022.10
23
mol
-1

1,675.10
-27
kg (= 939,565 MeV/c
2
)
1,673.10
-27
kg (= 938,272 MeV/c
2
)
9,11.10
-31
kg (= 0,511 MeV/c
2
)
1,6.10
-19
C
4t.10
-7
N/A
2

8,85.10
-12
C
2
/N.m
2

1/4tc0 (= 9.10
9
N.m
2
/C
2
)
9,274.10
-24
J/T (= 5,788.10
-5
eV/T)
5,05.10
-27
J/T (= 3,152.10
-8
eV/T)
931,5 MeV/c
2
(= 1,66.10
-27
kg)
B. Php bin i n v
1 eV = 1,6.10
-19
J
1 cal = 4,184 J
1 u = 931,5 MeV/c
2

1 MeV/c
2
= 1,073.10
-3
u = 1,783.10
-30
kg
1 A
0
= 10
-10
m = 0,1 nm
1 fm = 10
-15
m
1 in = 2,54 cm
1 MeV/c = 5,344.10
-22
kg.m/s
1 mi = 1609 m
hc = 1,24.10
3
eV.nm = 1,986.10
-25
J.nm
c = 1,973.10
2
eV.nm = 3,162.10
-26
J.nm
kBT = 0,02525 eV ti T = 300 K
ke
2
= e
2
/4tc0 = 1,44 eV.nm
1 barn = 10
-28
m
2

1 curi = 3,7.10
10
phn r/s
24




C. Bng khi lng nguyn t
S nguyn t,
Z
Tn nguyn t K hiu S khi, A Khi lng nguyn t, u
0 (neutron) n 1 1,008665
1 Hydro
Deuterium
Tritium
H
D
T
1
2
3
1,007825
2,014102
3,016049
2 Helium He 3
4
3,016029
4,002603
3 Lithium Li 6
7
6,015122
7,016004
4 Beryllium Be 7
8
9
7,016929
8,005305
9,012182
5 Boron B 10
11
10,012937
11,009306
6 Carbon C 11
12
13
14
11,011433
12,000000
13,003355
14,003242
7 Nitrogen N 13
14
15
13,005739
14,003074
15,000109
8 Oxygen O 15
16
18
15,003066
15,994915
17,999160
9 Fluorine F 19 18,998403
10 Neon Ne 20
22
19,992440
21,991386
11 Sodium Na 22
23
24
21,994437
22,989770
23,990964
12 Magnesium Mg 24 23,985042
13 Aluminum Al 27 26,981538
14 Silicon Si 28
31
27,976926
30,975363
15 Phosphorus P 31
32
30,973761
31,973907
25



16 Sulfur S 32
35
31,972071
34,969032
17 Chlorine Cl 35
37
34,968853
36,965903
18 Argon Ar 40 39,962383
19 Potassium K 39
40
38,963707
39,963999
20 Calcium Ca 40 39,962591
21 Scandium Sc 45 44,955910
22 Titanium Ti 48 47,947947
23 Vanadium V 51 50,943964
24 Chromium Cr 52 51,940512
25 Manganese Mn 55 54,938049
26 Iron Fe 56 55,934942
27 Cobalt Co 59
60
58,933200
59,933822
28 Nickel Ni 58
60
64
57,935348
59,930790
63,927969
29 Cupper Cu 63
64
65
62,929601
63,929766
64,927794
30 Zinc Zn 64
66
63,929146
65,926036
31 Gallium Ga 69 68,925581
32 Germanium Ge 72
74
71,922076
73,921178
33 Arsenic As 75 74,921597
34 Selenium Se 80 79,916522
35 Bromine Br 79 78,918338
36 Krypton Kr 84
89
83,911508
88,917563
37 Rubidium Rb 85 84,911792
38 Strondium Sr 86
88
90
85,909265
87,905617
89,907738
39 Yttrium Y 89 88,905849
40 Zirconium Zr 90 89,904702
41 Niobium Nb 93 92,906376
26



42 Molybdenum Mo 98 97,905407
43 Technetium Tc 97
98
96,906364
97,907215
44 Ruthenium Ru 102 101,904349
45 Rhodium Rh 103 102,905504
46 Palladium Pd 106 105,903484
47 Silver Ag 107
109
106,905093
108,904756
48 Cadmium Cd 114 113,903359
49 Indium In 115 114,903879
50 Tin Sn 120 119,902199
51 Antimony Sb 121 120,903822
52 Tellurium Te 130 129,906223
53 Iodine I 127
131
126,904468
130,906118
54 Xenon Xe 132
136
131,904155
135,907220
55 Cesium Cs 133 132,905447
56 Barium Ba 137
138
144
136,905822
137,905242
143,922845
57 Lanthanum La 139 138,906349
58 Cerium Ce 140 139,905435
59 Praseodymium Pr 141 140,907648
60 Neodymium Nd 142 141,907719
61 Promethium Pm 145
146
144,912743
145,914708
62 Samarium Sm 152 151,919729
63 Europium Eu 153 152,921227
64 Gadolinium Gd 158 157,924101
65 Terbium Tb 159 158,925343
66 Dysprosium Dy 164 163,929171
67 Holmium Ho 165 164,930319
68 Erbium Er 166 165,930290
69 Thulium Tm 169 168,934211
70 Ytterbium Yb 174 173,938858
71 Lutecium Lu 175 174,940768
72 Hafnium Hf 180 179,946549
73 Tantalum Ta 181 180,947996
27



74 Tungsten W 184 183,950932
75 Rhenium Re 187 186,955750
76 Osmium Os 191
192
190,960928
191,961479
77 Iridium Ir 191
193
190,960591
192,962923
78 Platinum Pt 195 194,964774
79 Gold Au 197 196,966551
80 Mercury Hg 202 201,970625
81 Thallium Tl 205 204,974412
82 Lead Pb 203
204
206
207
208
210
211
212
214
202,973375
203,973028
205,974449
206,975880
207,976636
209,984163
210,988735
211,991871
213,999798
83 Bismuth Bi 209
211
208,980384
210,987258
84 Polonium Po 207
208
209
210
214
218
206,981570
207,981222
208,982404
209,982848
213,995176
218,008966
85 Astatine At 210
211
209,987131
210,987470
86 Radon Rn 211
220
222
210,990575
220,011368
222,017570
87 Francium Fr 223 223,019731
88 Radium Ra 223
224
225
226
228
223,018501
224,020186
225,023604
226,025402
228,031064
89 Actinium Ac 227 227,027747
90 Thorium Th 228 228,028715
28



230
232
230,033128
232,038051
91 Protactinium Pa 231
233
231,035880
233,040242
92 Uranium U 231
232
233
234
235
236
238
239
231,036264
232,037129
233,039628
234,040947
235,043924
236,045563
238,050785
239,054289
93 Neptunium Np 237
239
237,048168
239,052933
94 Plutonium Pu 239
242
244
239,052158
242,058737
244,064198
95 Americium Am 241
243
241,056824
243,061372
96 Curium Cm 243
244
245
246
247
248
243,0614
244,0627
245,0655
246,0672
247,070346
248,072343
97 Berkelium Bk 247
248
249
247,070298
248,073107
249,0750
98 Californium Cf 249
251
249,074845
251,079579

D. Cc gii Nobel v Vt l (k hiu P) v ha hc (k hiu C)
Nm Vt l (P)
hoc
ha hc (C)
Tc gi v cng trnh
1901 P Wilhelm Roentgen, khm ph ra tia X (1895)
1902 P Hendrik A. Lorentz, d on hiu ng Zeeman; Pieter Zeeman, khm
ph ra hiu ng Zeeman, s tch cc vch ph trong t trng.
1903 P Antoine-Henri Becquerel, khm ph ra s phng x; Pierre v Marie