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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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HNH HC HA HNH - HNH CHIU PHI CNH LI NI U Phi cnh l phng php biu din vt th da trn php chiu xuyn tm. Hnh biu din ca phng php ny m phng mt ngi quan st s vt c chiu qua con ngi ln vng mc. Cho nn phng php ny rt thng dng trong ngnh kin trc xy dng v l mt cng c khng th thiu i vi ngi lm cng tc sng tc, thit k kin trc.Ngy nay nhng chng trnh m phng khng gian ba chiu rt mnh c th thit lp nhanh chng nhng bn v phi cnh rt p. Tuy nhin, trong hot ng sng tc, cng c chnh vn l phc tho bng tay v biu din tng di dng hnh chiu phi cnh. Nhng gio trnh trc y v chng trnh ny thng nng v l thuyt hnh hc v hn ch rt nhiu khi phi th hin nhng cng trnh kin trc gm rt nhiu chi tit phc tp. L mt ngi lm vic trong ngnh thit k kin trc v l ging vin ca b mn Hnh hc ha hnh, tc gi xin gii thiu ti liu ny, mong ng gp mt vi kinh nghim xin chia s vi mi ngi. Hy vng y l mt ti liu c ch khng nhng i vi sinh vin kin trc v cn cho c kin trc s. y l ln u tin bin son mt ti liu va p ng nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu, ng thi va l cm nang ca ngi c nn khng th trnh nhng thiu st. Rt mong c s ng gp ca ngi c. Xin vui lng lin lc tc gi qua
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Da vo mt tranh m ta c cc phng php hnh chiu phi cnh sau : o Phi cnh mt tranh phng thng ng

Phi cnh vi mt tranh l mt cu

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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Phi cnh vi mt tranh l mt tr

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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Phn A : PHI CNH MT TRANH PHNG THNG NG (PHI CNH 2 IM T) Bi 1 : IM NG THNG MT PHNG 1. H thng mt phng hnh chiu :

V T
M M2 MM2 = h
B B B B

: mt phng vt th : mt tranh : y tranh : im nhn : chn im nhn : cao im nhn : mt phng tm mt : ng tm mt, ng chn tri : im chnh : tia chnh : khong cch chnh

t M MM MM = k

Trong khng gian, chn mt mt phng nm ngang lm mt phng vt th V (ni t cc vt th) v mt phng thng ng lm mt tranh

T giao nhau thnh mt ng thng gi l y tranh .

Mt im M c gi l im nhn (mt ngi quan st). Hnh chiu bng ca M ln mt phng V l M2 c gi l chn ca im nhn. MM2 = h gi l cao im nhn. Mt phng tm mt M
B B B B

nm ngang song song vi mt phng V i qua im nhn M. Mt phng tm mt V ct mt tranh

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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T thnh mt ng thng gi l ng tm mt (hoc ng chn tri). ng thng qua M,


vung gc vi mt tranh

T c gi l tia chnh. Tia chnh ct mt tranh ti im chnh M.

MM= k c gi l khong cch chnh. 2. thc ca mt im :

Gi s c mt im A bt k. Chiu thng gc im A ln mt phng vt th V ta c A2 gi l


B B

chn (hoc hnh chiu bng) ca im A. Chiu xuyn tm M ln lt hai im A v A2 ln mt


B B

tranh T ta c hai hnh chiu A (phi cnh ca im A) v A2 (phi cnh chn ca im A).
B B

Ta thy AA2 lun vung gc vi y tranh . Cp hnh chiu phi cnh A v phi cnh chn
B B

A2 gi l thc ca im A.( thc l hnh v biu din ta xc nh ca mt im)


B B

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Cc im thng gp khc : o o o o o 3. im B thuc mt phng V im C thuc mt tranh T im D thuc mt phng tm mt M im E thuc mt phng vt th V im F bt k ng thng :

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ng thng c xc nh qua hai im xc nh. Hnh v sau minh ha phi cnh ca mt ng thng qua hai im A v B.

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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Cc ng thng c bit : o ng thng chiu bng : (ng thng c vung gc vi mt phng vt th) c r V

ng thng chiu phi cnh : ( ng thng i qua im nhn M) d VM

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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im t ca mt ng thng : l phi cnh im v tn ca ng thng. Hnh v minh ha cch xc nh im t F ca ng thng l ( phi cnh chn F2 thuc ng tm mt t).
B B

ngha v mt hnh hc ca im t : cc ng thng song song vi nhau th c chung mt im t. im t ca mt ng thng l giao im ca mt tranh T vi mt ng thng i qua im nhn M, v song song vi ng thng cho.

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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im t ca mt s ng thng thng gp : o ng thng bng b // V : im t thuc ng tm mt t

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ng thng c vung gc vi mt tranh T : im t trng vi im chnh M

ng thng bng d to vi mt tranh mt gc 45 : im t thuc ng tm mt v cch

im chnh mt khong cch bng khong cch chnh k. im t ny gi l im c ly (D- v D+)

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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im c ly thng dng xc nh li vung mt bng ca mt cn phng biu din theo phng php phi cnh mt im t.

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 4. Mt phng :

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Mt phng c th c biu din di dng sau : o Mt phng i qua ba im

Mt phng qua hai ng thng ct nhau

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection o Mt phng qua hai ng thng song song

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Mt phng qua mt im v mt ng thng

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Mt phng c bit : Mt phng chiu bng vung gc vi mt phng vt th (ABC) r V

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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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Mt phng chiu phi cnh i qua im nhn M : (ABC) V M

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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ng t ca mt mt phng : l phi cnh ng thng v tn ca mt phng. Do ta tm phi cnh hai im v tn ca hai ng thng ca mt phng. Do ng t ca mt mt phng chnh l ng thng i qua hai im t F v G ca hai ng thng a v b ca mt phng.

ngha hnh hc ng t ca mt mt phng : ng t ca mt phng P c xc nh bng cch v qua im nhn M mt mt phng P // P. P giao vi mt tranh T theo mt giao tuyn chnh l ng t ca mt phng P.

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Sau y l ng t ca mt s mt phng thng gp : o

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Mt phng bng song song vi mt phng vt th : ng t trng vi ng tm mt t.

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection o

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Mt phng chiu bng vung gc vi mt phng vt th : ng t l mt ng thng vung gc y tranh

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection o

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Mt phng chiu phi cnh : ng t trng vi phi cnh ca mt phng (phi cnh mt phng chiu phi cnh l mt ng thng)

o Mt phng vung gc vi mt tranh : ng t i qua im chnh M

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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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o Mt phng vung gc vi y tranh : ng t va vung gc vi y tranh, ng thi i qua im chnh M

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Bi 2 : GIAO GIA NG THNG V MT PHNG

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Trng hp c bit : v giao khi c mt ng thng hay mt mt phng chiu (chiu bng hoc chiu phi cnh) o V d 1 : V giao ca mt phng chiu bng (ABC) vi ng thng l.

o V d 2 : V giao ca mt phng (a x b) vi ng thng chiu ng d.

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection o V d 3 : V giao ca mt phng (p//q) vi (a//b)

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Trng hp tng qut : dng phng php mt phng ph o V d 1 : V giao ca mt phng (a x b) vi ng thng l (dng mt phng ph chiu bng

R)

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o V d 2 : V giao ca mt phng (ABC) vi ng thng l (dng mt phng ph chiu ng

R)

Vt ca mt phng o Vt ca ng thng : l giao im ca ng thng vi mt phng vt th v mt tranh Vt vt th ca ng thng l giao im ca ng thng vi mt phng vt th Vt tranh ca ng thng l giao im ca ng thng vi mt tranh

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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o Vt ca mt phng l giao tuyn ca mt phng vi mt phng vt th v mt tranh. Do , mun xc nh vt ca mt mt phng, ta v vt ca hai ng thng ca mt phng .

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Vt vt th ca mt phng v2P l giao tuyn ca mt phng vi mt phng vt th
B B

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Vt tranh ca mt phng v1P l giao tuyn ca mt phng vi mt tranh


B B

Vt tranh v1P v vt vt th v2P ca mt mt phng lun ct nhau ti mt im thuc y


B B B B

tranh Vt tranh v1P v ng t vP ca mt mt phng lun song song vi nhau


B B

Vt vt th v2P v ng t vP ca mt mt phng lun ct nhau ti mt im trn ng


B B

tm mt t

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Vt tranh, vt vt th v ng t ca mt s mt phng o Mt phng bng

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection o Mt phng chiu bng

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Mt phng chiu phi cnh

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection o Mt phng vung gc vi mt tranh

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o Mt phng vung gc vi y tranh

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Giao tuyn ca hai mt phng c biu din di dng vt : ni hai giao im ca hai vt cng tn (cng l vt tranh hay vt vt th hoc ng t)

o V d 1 : Hai mt phng P v Q c giao tuyn l ng thng qua hai giao im E ( giao ca hai vt vt th) v K (giao im ca hai vt tranh)

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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o V d 2 : Hai mt phng P v Q c giao tuyn l ng thng ni hai im F (giao im ca hai ng t) v K (giao im ca hai vt tranh)

Giao im ca ng thng vi mt phng biu din di dng vt : dng phng php mt phng ph biu din di dng vt o V d 1 : Mt phng ph l mt phng chiu phi cnh

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection o V d 2: Mt phng ph l mt phng chiu bng

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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Bi 3 : V PHI CNH T HAI HNH CHIU THNG GC Biu din im o Cch 1 : Qua A, v hai ng thng bng a v b

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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection o Cch 2 : Qua A, v ng thng bng q v ng thng chiu phi cnh p

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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Biu din hnh hp ch nht o Cch 1 : V h thng cc ng bng ngang v dc vung gc vi nhau

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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection o Cch 2 : Kt hp chm cc tia chiu phi cnh

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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Phng php v phi cnh dnh cho kin trc

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Hai phng php v phi cnh trn d hiu tuy nhin kh thc hin khi phi biu din mt cng trnh kin trc phc tp. Phng php sau y ci tin t phng php v cch 2 trn. Tuy nhin d hiu, xin trnh by qu trnh thay i xy dng phng php dng hnh ti u nht. o Cch 2 ci tin ln th 1 :
B B B B

Thay v phi tin hnh o v ly cc im t 2 a qua : ta xoay mt bng sao cho 2 nm ngang.

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection o Phng php sau cng :

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Hnh chiu phi cnh nh i nu ta t mt tranh trc vt th nh phng php trn. Do , ta t mt tranh T2 ra sau vt th hnh phi cnh c phng i nhiu hn.
B B

Phng php chn mt tranh v im nhn o Phng php chn mt tranh : ni cch khc l xoay mt bng sao cho mt chnh din ca cng trnh hng v im nhn nhiu hn mt ph (gc to bi mt chnh din vi mt tranh khong 30 o Phng php chn im nhn : V tr im nhn Trnh hiu ng qu bin dng khng cn thit, v tr im nhn khng nn qu gn cng trnh. Gc to bi hai tia tip xc hai mp ngoi ca cng trnh trong khong t 30 n 45 (phi cnh ni tht c th ln hn khong 60)

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Tia chnh nm khong mt phn 3 gc Nguyn tc chn cao im nhn

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cao im nhn ca mt cng trnh kin trc thng chn theo cao ca mt ngi quan st h y 1.50m. Nu cn c theo chiu cao cng trnh H th h < H/3 hoc h > 2H/3. Nu th hin phi cnh tng th mt cng trnh kin trc th h >> H Nu th hin phi cnh cng trnh kin trc trn a hnh i ni th h < 0

Mt s phng php h tr khi v phi cnh o Chia on thng theo t l

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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o t cao

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection o Xy dng li vung

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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Bi 4 : BNG TRN HNH CHIU PHI CNH Ngun sng Ngun sng l mt im hu hn (bng n trn,)

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Ngun sng v tn (mt tri,)

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Bng ca mt im im A bng ln mt phng vt th V

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im A bng ln mt phng chiu bng

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection im A bng ln mt phng bt k

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Bng ca on thng on thng AB bng ln mt phng V

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection on thng bng AB bng ln mt phng V

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on thng chiu bng AB bng ln mt phng V

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection on thng chiu bng AB bng ln mt phng V v mt phng chiu bng

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on thng chiu bng AB bng ln mt phng V v mt phng bt k

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection on thng AB bng ln mt phng V v mt phng chiu bng

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on thng AB bng ln mt phng V v mt phng bt k

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Bng ca hnh phng Bng ca hnh phng ABCD

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on thng AB ln hnh phng

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Bng ca mt s mt hnh hc c bn Bng hnh hp ch nht vi ngun sng hu hn

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Bng ca hnh hp ch nht vi ngun sng v tn

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Bng ca mt nn

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Bng ca mt tr

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Phi cnh v bng ca mt s chi tit kin trc Bng ca bc thm tam cp

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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Bng ca u ct vung

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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Bng ca u ct trn

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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Bng ca hc tng

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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Bng ca ci gh

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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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Phn B : PHI CNH MT TRANH NGHING (PHI CNH 3 IM T) Trng hp 1 ( Q < 90) : H thng cc mt phng hnh chiu

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Cch xc nh ng tm mt v im t S v thc ca im A (A; A2)


B B

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Cch t cao cho im A

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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Phng php dng phi cnh mt hnh hp ch nht

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection

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Trng hp 2 (Q > 90) : H thng cc mt phng hnh chiu

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Cch xc nh ng tm mt v im t S v thc ca im A (A; A2)


B B

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Cch xc nh cao ca im A

Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Phng php dng phi cnh mt hnh hp ch nht

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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection Bng trn hnh chiu phi cnh mt tranh nghing

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