Harappan Drainage system Rectangular intersecting roads Sanitary system

Mauryan Monolithic Pillars Finely carved capitols Bull capitol and Sarnath capitol Stupas start during this period 4 gateways Surface built with bricks Viharas and Chaityas Barabar Caves

Shunga Satvahanas Kushan Sculpture developed The emperor himself was a divine authority Buddha was first time given a human form during this time Early classic architecture Carved railings and gateways around Buddhist shrines

Gupta period Pallavas Mandaps, Rathas and finely carved panels and pillars Shore temple at Mahabs is a structural temple Ratha temple is a rock cut temple Kanchipuram also has temples Panels depict shiva as Natraja History of Pallavas Beginning of Hindu temples temple at Deoghar, Udaigiri caves in Orissa Vaishnavite temple in Vidisha

Cholas Tanjaur Temple: 65 m tall vimana Pillared halls and sculptures depicting Bharatas natyashastra Fine paintings

Pandyas Built high outerwalls and gopuram Their gopurams can be seen from long distances

Hoysalas Belur and Halebeed temples Profusion of manifold pillars with rich and intricate carvings Panels depict gods and goddesses

Orissa Temples Lingraja temple 40 m high Sun Temple

Nagara, Dravida and Visara

Table 1

Nagara Temples called PRASADA Shikhara is curvilinear No role of pillar No tank No enclosure Mahadeva Temple

Dravida

Visara Combination of Dravida and Nagara (Chalukyas).

Shikhara pyramidal Pillar important Tank may be there Enclosure and gopuram Vimana Brihadeshwara Eg Some in Khajuraho, Sirpur etc

Cave architecture
Progressed in three phases Buddhist Jain Ajivika caves (3rd BC to 2nd AD) Kaneri, Nashik, Udaigiri Ajanta Ellora Cave (5th to 7th AD) Elephanta Ellora and Mahabs (7th to 10th)

Sculpture
Two major schools Gandhara Greco-Roman Style North West India Stone and stucco Madhura Indigenous style UP Bihar White spotted red sandstone used Forms of Brahmanical deities crystallised for the first time in this art form

Themes of Buddha and Bodhisatvas in Both