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PHN L THUYT
PHYSICAL 9
CHNG I: IN HC
I- NH LUT M IN TR CA DY DN
1- nh lut m: Cng dng in qua dy dn t l thun vi hiu in th t vo hai u dy v t l nghch vi in tr
ca dy
U
- Cng thc: I =
Trong : I:Cng dng in (A),
R
U Hiu in th (V)
R in tr ()
- Ta c: 1A = 1000mA v 1mA = 10-3A
Ch :
- th biu din s ph thuc ca cng dng in vo hiu in th gia hai du dy dn l ng thng i qua gc ta
(U = 0; I = 0)
U1 R1
- Tr s
R=
U
I
khng i vi mt dy dn c gi l in tr ca dy dn .
- n v: . 1M = 103k = 106
- K hiu in tr trong hnh v:
hoc
(hay
Ch :
- in tr ca mt dy dn l i lng c trng cho tnh cn tr dng in ca dy dn .
- in tr ca dy dn ch ph thuc vo bn thn dy dn.
II- NH LUT M CHO ON MCH C CC IN TR MC NI TIP
1/ Cng dng in v hiu in th trong on mch mc ni tip
- Cng dng in c gi tr nh nhau ti mi im:
I=I1=I2==In
- Hiu in th gia hai u on mch bng tng hiu in th gia hai u mi in tr thnh phn:
U=U1+U2++Un
2/ in tr tng ng ca on mch ni tip
a- in tr tng ng (Rt) ca mt on mch l in tr c th thay th cho cc in tr trong mch, sao cho gi tr ca hiu
in th v cng dng in trong mch khng thay i.
b- in tr tng ng ca on mch ni tip bng tng cc in tr hp thnh:
Rt=R1+R2++Rn
3/ H qu:Trong on mch mc ni tip (cng I) hiu in th gia hai u mi in tr t l thun vi in tr in tr
U1 R1
=
U2 R 2
3/ H qu
R .R
1 2
- Mch in gm hai in tr mc song th: R td = R + R
1
I1 R 2
=
I2 R1
IV- IN TR DY DN PH THUC VO CC YU T CA DY
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N TP VT L 9
PHN L THUYT
PHYSICAL 9
l
S
Trong :
l chiu di dy (m)
S1 = d1
S2 d 2
4
- Cng thc tnh tit din ca dy theo bn knh (R) v ng knh dy (d): S=R 2 = d
- i n v:
1m = 100cm = 1000mm
1mm = 10-1cm = 10-3m
1mm2=10-2cm2=10-6m2
U2
R
A
t
3) Ch
- S ot ghi trn mi dng c in cho bit cng sut nh mc ca dng c , ngha l cng sut in ca dng c khi n hot
ng bnh thng.
- Trn mi dng c in thng c ghi: gi tr hiu in th nh mc v cng sut nh mc.
V d: Trn mt bng n c ghi 220V 75W ngha l: bng n sng bnh thng khi c s dng vi ngun in c hiu
in th 220V th cng sut in qua bng n l 75W.
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N TP VT L 9
PHN L THUYT
PHYSICAL 9
P1 R1
A
H = 1 .100%
A
* o in nng tiu th
- Lng in nng c s dng c o bng cng t in. Mi s m trn cng t in cho bit lng in nng s dng l 1
kiloat gi (kW.h).
1 kW.h = 3 600kJ =3 600 000J
1J =
1
kWh
3600000
VIII- NH LUT JUN-LENX (Tnh nhit lng ta ra trn dy dn khi c dng in chy qua)
* nh lut: Nhit lng ta ra trn dy dn khi c dng in chy qua t l thun vi bnh phng cng dng in, t l thun
vi in tr v thi gian dng in chy qua
* Cng thc: Q = I2.R.t
Trong : Q: nhit lng ta ra (J)
I: cng dng in (A)
R: in tr ( )
t: thi gian (s)
* Ch :
- Nu nhit lng Q tnh bng n v calo (cal) th ta c cng thc: Q=0,24I2Rt
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N TP VT L 9
PHN L THUYT
PHYSICAL 9
2
- Ngoi ra Q cn c tnh bi cng thc : Q=UIt hoc Q = U t
R
Pci
Qci
N TP VT L 9
PHN L THUYT
PHYSICAL 9
N TP VT L 9
PHN L THUYT
PHYSICAL 9
- My pht in xoay chiu c hai b phn chnh l nam chm v cun dy dn. Mt trong hai b phn ng yn gi l stato,
b phn cn li quay gi l rto.
- C hai loi my pht in xoay chiu:
+ Loi 1: Khung dy quay (Rto) th c thm b gp (hai vnh khuyn ni vi hai u dy, hai vnh khuyn t ln hai thanh
qut, khi khung dy quay th vnh khuyn quay cn thanh qut ng yn). Loi ny ch khc ng c in mt chiu b
gp (c gp). my pht in mt chiu l hai bn khuyn t ln hai thanh qut.
+ Loi 2: Nam chm quay (nam chm ny l nam chm in)_Rto
- Khi rto ca my pht in xoay chiu quay c 1vng th dng in do my sinh ra i chiu 2 ln. Dng in khng thay i
khi i chiu quay ca rto.
- My pht in quay cng nhanh th HT 2 u cun dy ca my cng ln. Tn s quay ca my pht in nc ta l 50Hz.
12-Cc tc dng ca dng in xoay chiu o cng dng in v hiu in th xoay chiu.
- Dng in xoay chiu c tc dng nh dng in mt chiu: tc dng nhit, tc dng pht sng, tc dng t
- Lc in t (tc dng t) i chiu khi dng in i chiu.
- Dng ampe k v vn k xoay chiu c k hiu AC (hay ~) o gi tr hiu dng ca CD v HT xoay chiu. Khi mc
ampe k v vn k xoay chiu vo mch in xoay chiu khng cn phn bit cht (+) hay (-)..
- Cc cng thc ca dng in mt chiu c th p dng cho cc gi tr hiu dng ca cng v HT ca dng in xoay chiu
13-Truyn ti in nng i xa:
- Khi truyn ti in nng i xa bng ng dy dn s c mt phn in nng hao ph do hin tng ta nhit trn ng dy.
- Cng sut hao ph do ta nhit trn ng dy dn t l nghch vi bnh phng hiu in th t vo hai u dy dn
P 2 .R
Php =
U2
- gim hao ph trn ng dy truyn ti in nng i xa ta c cc phng n sau:
+ Tng tit din dy dn (tn km)
+ Chn dy c in tr sut nh (tn km)
+ Tng hiu in th (thng dng)
- Khi truyn ti in nng i xa phng n lm gim hao ph hu hiu nht l tng hiu in th t vo hai u dy dn bng cc
my bin th.
14. My bin th
- Khi t mt hiu in th xoay chiu vo hai u cun dy s cp ca mt my bin th th hai u ca cun dy th cp xut
hin mt hiu in th xoay chiu.
- Khng th dng dng in mt chiu khng i (dng in mt chiu) chy my bin th c.
U1 n1
=
- T s hiu in th hai u cc cun dy ca my bin th bng t s gia s vng ca cc cun dy .
U2 n 2
- Nu s vng dy cun s cp (u vo) ln hn s vng dy cun th cp (u ra) my gi l my h th. Nu s vng dy
cun s cp nh hn s vng dy cun th cp th gi l my tng th.
- 2 u ng dy ti in v pha nh my in t my tng th gim hao ph v nhit trn ng dy ti, ni tiu th t
my h th xung bng HT nh mc ca cc dng c tiu th in
- SIN
=i l gc ti
- KIN
' =r l gc khc x
- Khi tia sng truyn t khng kh sang cc mi trng trong sut rn, lng khc nhau th gc khc x nh hn gc ti. Ngc li,
khi tia sng truyn t cc mi trng trong sut khc sang khng kh th gc khc x ln hn gc ti.
- Khi tng (hoc gim) gc ti th gc khc x cng tng (hoc gim).
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N TP VT L 9
PHN L THUYT
PHYSICAL 9
- Mt chm tia ti song song vi trc chnh ca thu knh hi t cho chm tia l hi t ti tiu im ca thu knh.
- Dng thu knh hi t quan st dng ch thy ln hn so vi khi nhn bnh thng.
- Trong :
l trc chnh
F, F l hai tiu im
O l quang tm
OF=OF = f gi l tiu c ca thu knh
b) ng truyn ca ba tia sng c bit qua thu knh hi t:
(1): Tia ti i qua quang tm th tia l tip tc i thng (khng b khc x) theo phng ca tia ti.
(2): Tia ti song song vi trc chnh th tia l i qua tiu im.
(3): Tia ti i qua tiu im th tia l song song vi trc chnh.
c) nh ca vt to bi thu knh hi t:
- Nu d<f cho nh o, cng chiu vi vt v ln hn vt
- Nu d=f khng cho nh
- Nu f<d<2f cho nh tht ngc chiu vi vt v ln hn vt
- Nu d=2f cho nh tht ngc chiu vi vt v bng vt
- Nu d>2f cho nh tht ngc chiu vi vt v nh hn vt.
d) Dng nh to bi thu knh hi t:
- Mun dng nh AB ca AB qua thu knh (AB vung gc vi trc chnh, A nm trn trc chnh), ch cn dng nh B ca B
bng cch v ng truyn ca hai trong ba tia sng c bit, sau t B h vung gc xung trc chnh l ta c nh A ca A.
e) Cng thc ca thu knh hi t
h d
=
h' d'
1 1 1
1 1 1
- Quan h gia d, d v f: = + nu l nh o th =
f d d'
f d d'
- Trong :
- Chm tia ti song song vi trc chnh ca thu knh phn k cho chm tia l phn k.
- Dng thu knh phn k quan st dng ch thy nh hn so vi khi nhn bnh thng.
- Trong : l trc chnh
F, F l hai tiu im
O l quang tm
OF=OF = f gi l tiu c ca thu knh
b) ng truyn ca hai tia sng c bit qua thu knh phn k:
(1): Tia ti song song vi trc chnh th tia l ko di i qua tiu im.
(2): Tia ti n quang tm th tia l tip tc truyn thng theo phng ca tia ti.
(3): Tia ti i qua tiu im th tia l song song vi trc chnh (tia ny c bit khc vi thu knh hi t)
c) nh ca vt to bi thu knh phn k:
- Vt sng t mi v tr trc thu knh phn k lun cho nh o, cng chiu, nh hn vt v lun nm trong khong tiu c ca
thu knh.
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7
N TP VT L 9
PHN L THUYT
PHYSICAL 9
- Trong :
4- My nh
* Cu to:
- Gm hai b phn chnh: vt knh, bung ti. Ngoi ra trong my nh cn c ca iu chnh sng v ca sp, ch t phim.
- Vt knh ca my nh l mt thu knh hi t.
* S to nh trn phim:
- nh trn phim ca my nh l nh tht, nh hn vt v ngc chiu vi vt.
- iu chnh nh r nt trn phim ngi th nh iu chnh khong cch t vt knh n phim. Vt cng gn ng knh th nh
trn phim cng to
- Cng thc:
h d
=
h' d'
5- Mt:
* Cu to:
- Hai b phn quan trng nht ca mt l : th thy tinh v mng li (cn gi l vng mc).
- Thy tinh th ng vai tr nh vt knh trong my nh nhng c tiu c thay i c, cn mng li nh phim nhng khong
cch t mng li n th thy tinh khng thay i c.
* S to nh trn mng li:
- nhn r cc vt cc v tr xa gn khc nhau th mt phi iu tit nh hin r trn mng li bng cch co gin th thy
tinh (thay i tiu c ca th thy tinh)
- nh ca vt m ta nhn hin trn mng li c c im l nh tht, ngc chiu v nh hn vt.
- im xa nht m mt c th nhn r c khi khng iu tit gi l im cc vin (k hiu C V), khong cch t im Cv n mt
l khong cc vin. Khi nhn vt im cc vin th tiu c ca th thy tinh nm trn mng li, lc ny th thy tinh c tiu
c di nht.
- im gn nht m mt c th nhn thy c gi l im cc cn (k hiu C C), khong cch t im Cc
n mt l khong cc cn. Khi nhn vt im cc cn mt phi iu tit ln nht (th thy tinh phng
ln nht v c tiu c ngn nht)
- Mt nhn r vt nu vt trong khong t im Cc n im Cv.
* Mt cn th:
- Mt cn th l mt c th nhn r nhng vt gn, nhng khng nhn r nhng vt xa.
- Knh cn l knh phn k. Mt cn phi eo knh phn k nhn r nhng vt xa. Knh cn th thch hp c tiu im F trng
vi im cc vin (CV) ca mt (tiu c ca knh bng khong cc vin)
- Mt b cn khi khng phi iu tit tiu im ca th thy tinh nm trc mng li, im cc cn (Cc) v im cc vin (Cv)
ca mt cn gn hn im cc cn v im cc vin ca mt ngi bnh thng.
* Mt lo:
- Mt lo nhn r nhng vt xa, nhng khng nhn r nhng vt gn.
- Knh lo l knh hi t. Mt lo phi eo knh hi t nhn r nhng vt gn.
- Mt lo khi khng iu tit tiu im ca th thy tinh nm trn mng li, im cc vin ca mt lo nh ngi bnh thng.
6- Knh lp:
- Knh lp l thu knh hi t c tiu c ngn. Ngi ta dng knh lp quan st cc vt nh.
- Mi knh lp c bi gic (k hiu G) c ghi trn vnh knh bng cc con s nh 2x, 3x, 5x knh lp c bi gic cng
ln th quan st nh cng ln.
- Gia bi gic v tiu c f (o bng cm) c h thc:
G=
25
f
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N TP VT L 9
PHN L THUYT
PHYSICAL 9
- Vt cn quan st phi t trong khong tiu c ca knh. Mt nhn thy nh o cng chiu ln hn vt.
7- nh sng trng v nh sng mu:
- Ngun sng trng: nh sng Mt tri (tr lc bnh minh v hong hn) v cc n dy tc nng sng (n pin, n pha t).
- Ngun sng mu:C mt s ngun sng pht ra trc tip nh sng mu (n LED, n Laze, n ng qung co). Cng c th
to ra nh sng mu bng cch chiu chm sng trng qua tm lc mu.
- Tm lc mu: Trong sut (rn, lng, mng mng) c mu. Tm lc mu no th cho mu i qua v hp th nhiu nh sng
mu khc.
2- S phn tch nh sng trng:
- C th phn tch mt chm sng trng thnh nhng chm sng mu khc nhau bng cch cho chm sng trng i qua mt lng
knh hoc phn x trn mt ghi ca mt da CD.
- Lng knh l mt khi trong sut hnh lng tr tam gic. Chiu nh sng t ngun sng trng qua lng knh ta thu c mt di
nh sng mu xp lin nhau: - da cam vng - lc lam chm - tm. (tun theo nh lut khc x).
- Trong chm sng trng c cha nhiu chm sng mu khc nhau.
- Hin tng cu vng, nh sng mu trn vng du, bong bng x phng cng l hin tng phn tch nh sng.
* Ch : Nu sau lng knh ch c mt mu duy nht th chm sng chiu vo lng knh l chm sng n sc.
3- S trn cc nh sng mu:
- Khi chiu 2 hay nhiu mu vo cng mt ch trn mn trng th ch mn trng l mu ta thu c khi trn.
- Trn hai nh sng mu vi nhau ta thu c nh sng mu khc.
- C nhiu nh sng mu vi nhau c mu mi.
- c bit, c th trn cc nh sng , xanh lc v xanh lam vi nhau c nh sng trng. Ba mu l ba mu c bn ca
nh sng.
+ Khi trn cc nh sng vi nh sng xanh lc ta c mu vng.
+ Khi trn nh sng vi nh sng xanh lam ta c mu en sm.
+ Khi trn cc nh sng xanh lc vi nh sng xanh lam ta c mu xanh ha bnh thm.
+ Khi trn cc nh sng c mu t n tm li vi nhau ta cng c nh sng trng.
4- Mu sc cc vt di nh sng trng v di nh sng mu:
- Khi nhn mt vt c mu no th c nh sng mu t vt n mt ta.
- Vt c mu trng c kh nng tn x tt c cc nh sng mu.
- Vt c mu no th tn x mnh nh sng mu , nhng tn x km nh sng cc mu khc.
- Vt mu en khng c kh nng tn x bt k nh sng mu no.
5- Tc dng ca nh sng:
- nh sng c cc tc dng nhit, tc dng sinh hc v tc dng quang in. iu chng t nh sng c nng lng.
- Trong cc tc dng trn, nng lng ng sng c bin i thnh cc nng lng khc nhau.
- nh sng c tc dng sinh hc. Con ngi, cc ng vt v cc loi cy xanh cn phi c nh sng duy tr s sng.
- nh sng c tc dng quang in. nh sng chiu vo pin quang in lm cho pin pht ra c dng in.
- nh sng mang nng lng.
- Trong cc tc dng nu trn, quang nng chuyn ho thnh cc dng nng lng khc nh: nhit nng, in nng v nng
lng cn thit cho s sng.
CHNG V: S BO TON V CHUYN HA NNG LNG
1. S chuyn ha nng lng:
- Ta nhn bit c 1 vt c nng lng khi vt c kh nng thc hin cng (c nng) hay lm nng cc vt khc ( nhit nng)
- Ta nhn bit c ho nng, in nng, quang nng khi chng chuyn ho thnh c nng hay nhit nng.
- Ni chung mi qu trnh bin i trong t nhin u km theo s chuyn ha nng lng t dng ny sang dng khc hay truyn
t vt ny sang vt khc.
- C nng ca mt vt l tng ng nng v th nng ca n. Th nng hp dn ca vt c khi lng cng ln v cng cao.
ng nng ca vt cng ln khi vt c khi lng cng ln v chuyn ng cng nhanh.
2. nh lut bo ton nng lng:
- Nng lng khng t nhin sinh ra hoc t nhin mt i m ch bin i t dng ny qua dng khc hoc truyn t vt ny sang
vt khc. nh lut ny dng cho mi lnh vc ca t nhin.
3. S chuyn ha nng lng trong cc nh my pht in
- Nhit in: nng lng ca nhin liu b t chy c chuyn ha thnh c nng ri thnh in nng.
- Thy in: th nng ca nc trn h cha c bin i thnh ng nng ri thnh in nng.
- in gi: ng nng ca gi c bin i thnh in nng.
- Pin mt tri: bin i trc tip quang nng thnh in nng.
- in ht nhn: nng lng ht nhn c bin i thnh nhit nng ri thnh c nng cui cng thnh in nng.
Trong nh my nhit in, thy in, in ht nhn, u c my pht in trong c nng c chuyn ha thnh in
nng.
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N TP VT L 9
PHN L THUYT
PHYSICAL 9
Email: QuangTruong2106@gmail.com
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