Bi 1 : Tnh cht chung ca kim loi I. Cu to 1.

V tr ca kim loi trong bng tun hon

Cc nguyn t ho hc c phn thnh kim loi v phi kim. Trong s 11 nguyn t ho hc ! "i#t c$ t%i g&n ' nguyn t l kim loi. Trong "(ng tu&n hon cc nguyn t kim loi c$ m)t * + , -h$m ./ 0tr1 hiro2 v ../. , -h$m .../ 0tr1 "o2 v m3t ph&n c45 cc nh$m .6/7 6/7 6./. Cc nh$m 8 0t1 .8 #n 6...82. , 9 l5nt5n v 5ctini7 c :#p ring thnh h5i hng * cui "(ng.

. Cu to ca ngu!"n t# kim loi

-guyn t; c45 h&u h#t cc nguyn t kim loi <u c$ =t >l>ctron * l%p ngoi c?ng 017 @ ho)c A>2. Th= BC + -5 + 1s @s @p As E
@ @ D 1

Fg + 1s @s @p As E

/l + 1s @s @p As Ap

Trong c?ng chu kG7 nguyn t; c45 nguyn t kim loi c$ "n k=nh nguyn t; l%n hHn v iIn t=ch ht nhn nhJ hHn so v%i nguyn t; c45 nguyn t phi kim. Th= BC :Kt chu kG @ 0"n k=nh nguyn t; c "iLu BiMn "Nng n5nom>t7 nm2 +
11-5 1@Fg 1A/l 1OPi 1QR 1DP 1SCl

71QS

71AD

71@Q

711S

711

71 O

7 ''

$. Cu to tinh th% ca c&c kim loi

9&u h#t cc kim loi * i<u kiIn thTng <u tUn ti B%i Bng tinh thL 0tr1 9g2. Trong tinh thL kim loi7 nguyn t; v ion kim loi nNm * nhVng nWt c45 mng tinh thL. Cc >l>ctron ho trX lin k#t y#u v%i ht nhn nn BM tch khJi nguyn t; v chuyLn 3ng tY Bo trong mng tinh thL. Z5 s cc kim loi tUn ti B%i "5 kiLu mng tinh thL ph[ "i#n s5u + a' Mng tinh th lc phng Trong tinh thL7 thL t=ch c45 cc nguyn t; v ion kim loi chi#m SO\7 c]n li @D\ l cc kh> r^ng. Thu3c loi ny c$ cc kim loi + 8>7 Fg7 _n7...

b) Mng tinh th lp phng tm din Cc nguyn t;7 ion kim loi nNm trn cc `nh v tm cc m)t c45 hGnh lap phHng. Trong tinh thL7 thL t=ch c45 cc nguyn t; v ion kim loi chi#m SO\7 c]n li @D\ l cc kh> r^ng. Thu3c loi ny c$ cc kim loi + Cu7 /g7 /u7 /l7...

c' Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi Cc nguyn t;7 ion BHng kim loi nNm trn cc `nh v tm c45 hGnh lap phHng. Trong tinh thL7 thL t=ch c45 cc nguyn t; v ion kim loi ch` chi#m Db\7 c]n li A@\ l cc kh> r^ng. Thu3c loi ny c$ cc kim loi + ci7 -57 d7 67 Fo7...

,1,

(. )i"n k*t kim loi

Lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc ng !n t" # ion kim loi t$ong mng tinh th %o &' tham gia c(a cc )l)ct$on t' %o*

... T=nh chet vat l= chung c45 kim loi

1. Tnh +,o
dhc v%i phi kim7 kim loi c$ t=nh Bfo + BM rgn7 BM Bt mJng v BM kKo si. 6ng l kim loi c$ t=nh Bfo c5o7 c$ thL Bt thnh l mJng #n mhc nh sng c$ thL :uyn iu5. dim loi c$ t=nh Bfo l vG cc ion BHng trong mng tinh thL kim loi c$ thL trt ln nh5u BM Bng m khjng tch r5 khJi nh5u nhT nhVng >l>ctron tY Bo chuyLn 3ng B=nh k#t chWng v%i nh5u.

. Tnh +-n .i/n dhi )t m3t hiIu iIn th# vo h5i &u By kim loi7 nhVng >l>ctron tY Bo trong kim loi sk chuyLn 3ng thnh B]ng c$ h%ng t1 cYc m #n cYc BHng7 to thnh B]ng iIn. dim loi Bln iIn tt nhet l /g7 s5u $ #n Cu7 /u7 /l7 m>7... -hiIt 3 c45 kim loi cng c5o thG t=nh Bln iIn c45 kim loi cng gi(m Bo * nhiIt 3 c5o7 cc ion BHng B5o 3ng mnh c(n tr* B]ng >l>ctron chuyLn 3ng. $. Tnh +-n nhi/t T=nh Bln nhiIt c45 cc kim loi cnng c gi(i th=ch "Nng sY c$ m)t cc >l>ctron tY Bo trong mng tinh thL. Cc >l>ctron trong v?ng nhiIt 3 c5o c$ 3ng nong l%n7 chuyLn 3ng h^n lon v nh5nh ch$ng s5ng v?ng c$ nhiIt 3 thep hHn7 truy<n nong lng cho cc ion BHng * v?ng ny nn nhiIt l5n truy<n c t1 v?ng ny #n v?ng khc trong khi kim loi. ThTng cc kim loi Bln iIn tt cnng Bln nhiIt tt. (. &nh kim Cc >l>ctron tY Bo trong tinh thL kim loi ph(n : h&u h#t nhVng ti5 sng nhGn they c7 Bo $ kim loi c$ vf sng lep lnh gi l nh kim. +,m li - +.nh ch/t #t l. ch ng c(a kim loi nh n,i 0 t$n g! nn 10i &' c, m2t c(a cc )l)ct$on t' %o t$ong mng tinh th kim loi*

III. Tnh cht ho& h0c chung ca kim loi

Trong m3t chu kG7 nguyn t; c45 cc nguyn t kim loi c$ "n k=nh tHng i l%n hHn v iIn t=ch ht nhn nhJ hHn so v%i phi kim7 s >l>ctron ho trX =t7 lYc lin k#t v%i ht nhn c45 nhVng >l>ctron ny

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tHng i y#u nn chWng BM tch khJi nguyn t;. 6G vay7 t=nh chet ho hc chung c45 kim loi l t.nh kh"* FF
np

p n>

1. T&c +1ng 23i 4hi kim

-hi<u kim loi c$ thL kh; c phi kim #n s o:i ho m7 Ung thTi nguyn t; kim loi "X o:i ho #n s o:i ho BHng. a3 +c %ng #4i clo 9&u h#t cc kim loi <u c$ thL kh; trYc ti#p clo to r5 mui cloru5. +h. % - qy srt n$ng J chy mnh trong kh= clo to r5 kh$i mu nu l nhVng ht chet rrn srt0...2 cloru5. 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 Trong ph(n hng ny m> ! kh; t1 C l :ung Cl. 2 b' +c %ng #4i o5i 9&u h#t cc kim loi c$ thL kh; t1 O2 :ung O. +h. % - dhi t7 "3t nhjm chy mnh trong khjng kh= to r5 nhjm o:it. 4Al + 3O2 2Al2 O3 c' +c %ng #4i l h 6nh -hi<u kim loi c$ thL kh; lu husnh t1 S :ung S . Rh(n hng c&n un n$ng 0tr1 9g2. +h. % Hg + S HgS
0 0 +22 0 2 0 0 to +3 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 to + 3 1

Fe + S FeS

to

+22

. T&c +1ng 23i +ung +ch a5it

a' 74i % ng %8ch 9:l; 9<=>? lo@ng -hi<u kim loi c$ thL kh; c ion 9 trong cc Bung BXch 5:it trn thnh hiro. +h. % b' 74i % ng %8ch 9A>B; 9<=>? 2c
+5
p

Fe + 2HCl FeCl 2 + H2
+6

+1

+2

9&u h#t kim loi 0tr1 Rt7 /u2 kh; c N 0trong 9-tA2 v S 0trong 9@PtO 2 :ung s o:i ho thep hHn. +h. % 3Cu +8HNO3(lo ng) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO +4H2O Cu + 2H2S O4 ( c) CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O :hC D - 9-tA7 9@PtO )c7 ngu3i lm thC 3ng ho /l7 m>7 Cr7 ...
0 +6 to +2 +4 0 + 5 + 2 + 2

$. T&c +1ng 23i n63c

,A,

Cc kim loi * nh$m ./ v ../ c45 "(ng tu&n hon 0tr1 8>7 Fg2 Bo c$ t=nh kh; mnh nn c$ thL kh; c 9@t * nhiIt 3 thTng thnh hiro. Cc kim loi c]n li c$ t=nh kh; y#u hHn nn ch` kh; c 9@t * nhiIt 3 c5o 0th= BC m>7 _n7...2 ho)c khjng kh; c 9@t 0th= BC /g7 /u7...2. +h. % @-5 p @9@t @-5t9 p 9@
p1 p1

(. T&c +1ng 23i +ung +ch mu7i

dim loi mnh hHn c$ thL kh; c ion c45 kim loi y#u hHn trong Bung BXch mui thnh kim loi tY Bo. +h. % - -gm m3t inh srt 0! lm sch l%p g`2 vo Bung BXch CuPtO7 s5u m3t thTi gi5n mu :5nh c45 Bung BXch CuPtO "X nht B&n v trn inh srt c$ l%p Ung mu J "m vo. Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
0 + 2 + 2 0

B8I 1 : T9:; C;<T C;=:> C?@ AIB )CDI

CEu 1. -han Xnh no Wngu /. Tet c( cc nguyn t s l kim loi. 8. Tet c( cc nguyn t p l kim loi. C. Tet c( cc nguyn t B l kim loi. q. Tet c( cc nguyn t nh$m / l kim loi. p CEu . Ceu hGnh >l>ctron no B%i y c45 ion Cu 0_Cu v @'2 u /. 1s@ @s@ @pD As@ ApD AB1 Os@ 8. 1s@ @s@ @pD As@ ApD AB1 Os1 C. 1s@ @s@ @pD As@ ApD AB' Os@ q. 1s@ @s@ @pD As@ ApD AB1 CEu $. -guyn t Cr c$ s hiIu nguyn t; l @O. .on CrAp c$ ceu hGnh >l>ctron l /. 1s@ @s@ @pD As@ ApD ABQ Os1 8.1s@ @s@ @pD As@ ApD ABO Os@ C.1s@ @s@ @pD As@ ApD ABO q.1s@ @s@ @pD As@ ApD ABA Ap @ @ D CEu (. F3t ion w c$ ceu hGnh >l>ctron 1s @s @p 7 tn c45 nguyn t; w l /. crom. 8. g5li. C. m5gi>. q. nhjm. CEu F. T[ng s ht proton7 nHtron7 >l>ctron trong @ nguyn t; kim loi F v x l 'O7 trong $ t[ng s ht m5ng iIn nhi<u hHn t[ng s ht khjng m5ng iIn l A . P ht m5ng iIn c45 nguyn t; x nhi<u hHn c45 F l 1b. 95i kim loi F v x l&n lt l /. -57 C5. 8. Fg7 C5. C. 8>7 C5. q. -57 d. CEu G. -guyn t; c45 nguyn t x c$ t[ng s ht cH "(n 0p7 n7 >2 "Nng b@7 trong $ s ht m5ng iIn nhi<u hHn s ht khjng m5ng iIn l @@. x l kim loi /. Fg 8. /l C. m> q. C5 CEu H. -guyn t srt c$ s hiIu nguyn t; l @D. Trong "(ng tu&n hon7 srt thu3c /. chu kG O nh$m 6.../. 8. chu kG O nh$m 6...8. C. chu kG O nh$m .6/. q. chu kG Q nh$m 6...8. CEu I. F3t nguyn t c$ s thh tY trong "(ng tu&n hon l A1. 6X tr= c45 nguyn t trong "(ng tu&n hon l /. chu kG O7 nh$m .../ 8. chu kG A7 nh$m .../ C. chu kG O7 nh$m ./ q. chu kG A7 nh$m ./. CEu J. q!y cc ion kim loi no s5u y c$ c?ng ceu hGnh >l>ctron u /.11-5p7 1@Fg@p7 1A/lAp. 8. 1'dp7 11-5p7 1@Fg@p. p p p C. 11-5 7 1'd 7 ASw" . q. 1'dp7 @ C5@p7@1PcAp. CEu 1K. dim loi c$ 3 Bln iIn tt nhet l /. /g 8. Cu C. /l q. m> CEu 11. dim loi c$ 3 chng l%n nhet l /. Cr 8. y C. m> q.Cu

,O,

CEu 1 . * i<u kiIn thTng kim loi * thL lJng l /. -5 8. d C. 9g q. /g CEu 1$. -gTi t5 iuy %c kim loi nhz l kim loi c$ t` khi /. l%n hHn Q 8. nhJ hHn Q C. nhJ hHn D q. nhJ hHn S CEu 1(. -guyn nhn gy nn t=nh chet vat l= chung cc kim loi gUm t=nh Bfo7 t=nh Bln iIn7 t=nh Bln nhiIt v nh kim l Bo /. ceu to mng tinh thL kim loi 8. cc >l>ctron tY Bo trong kim loi C. t` khi c45 kim loi q. 3 "<n lin k#t c45 kim loi CEu 1F. dim loi c$ t=nh chet vat l= chung l t=nh /. o:i ho 8. "X kh; C. kh; q. Bln iIn CEu 1G. Z5 s kim loi c$ ceu to th>o "5 kiLu mng tinh thL s5u + /. Tinh thL lap phHng tm khi7 tinh thL th BiIn <u7 tinh thL lap phHng tm BiIn. 8. Tinh thL lCc phHng7 tinh thL lap phHng tm BiIn7 tinh thL lap phHng tm khi. C. Tinh thL lCc phHng7 tinh thL th BiIn <u7 tinh thL lap phHng tm BiIn. q. Tinh thL lCc phHng7 tinh thL th BiIn <u7 tinh thL lap phHng tm khi. CEu 1H. cin k#t kim loi l lin k#t /. c hGnh thnh Bo lYc hWt t{nh iIn giV5 ion BHng v ion m. 8. c hGnh thnh nhT cc c)p >l>ctron giV5 cc nguyn t;. C. sinh r5 Bo lYc hWt t{nh iIn giV5 cc >l>ctron tY Bo v cc ion BHng7 cc >l>ctron k#t B=nh ion BHng v%i nh5u. q. c sinh r5 Bo sY nhTng c)p >l>ctron ch5 lin k#t c45 nguyn t; ny cho nguyn t; ki5 L hGnh thnh lin k#t. CEu 1I. T=nh chet ho hc )c trng c45 kim loi l /. t=nh kh;. 8. t=nh o:i ho. C. v15 c$ t=nh kh; v15 c$ t=nh o:i ho. q. khjng c$ t=nh kh;7 khjng c$ t=nh o:i ho. CEu 1J. qung BXch CuPtO tc BCng c v%i tet c( kim loi trong B!y /. /l7 m>7 Cu. 8. Fg7 m>7 /g. C. Fg7 _n7 m>. q. /l7 9g7 _n. CEu K. Trong s cc ph&n t; 0nguyn t; ho)c ion2 s5u7 ph&n t; v15 $ng v5i tr] chet kh;7 v15 $ng v5i tr] chet o:i ho l /.Cu 8. C5@p C. t@, q. m>@p

,Q,

LMN M:
1C 1O8 @q 1Qq Aq 1D8 Oq 1SC Q/. 1b/. DC 1'C S8 @ q b/ '/ 1 / 118 1@C 1A8

,D,